Building Science 2 Portfolio

Page 1

BUILDING SCIENCE 2

BLD 6130/ ARC 3413

EDWIN HO KHAI VUN PORTFOLIO

PROJECT 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design Aim & Objective The objective of this assignment is to enable students to have a deeper understanding and determine the characteristics of acoustic and lighting of a space and their requirement in an intended space. Lastly, students are required to produce a documentation of the analysis conducted in the chosen site.

Subject

:

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413])/(BLD61303)

Project

:

Project 1 [Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design]

Tutor

:

Mr. Siva

Group Members

:

Chin Jovi

0317924

Edwin Ho Khai Vun

0314846

Evon Low Siew Cheng

0318156

Koay Hui May

0317986

Lim Li Ern

0318327

Ng Wan Zew

0317746

Table of Content

Abstract 1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Introduction 1.1 Aim and Objectives 1.2 Site Introduction Measured Drawings 2.1 Floor Plan 2.2 Section A-A 2.3 Section B-B Lighting 3.1 Literature Review 3.1.1 Abstract 3.1.2 Project Background 3.1.3 Case Study 3.1.4 Research Methodology 3.1.5 Measure Result Analysis 3.1.6 Conclusion 3.2 Research Methodology 3.2.1 Measuring Devices 3.2.2 Data Collection Method 3.2.3 Limitations and Constraints 3.3 Identification of Existing Conditions 3.3.1 Lighting Condition on Site 3.3.1.1 Daylighting 3.3.1.2 Artificial Lighting 3.3.2 Material Reflectance on Site 3.3.3 Light Fixtures and Specifications 3.4 Lighting Analysis 3.4.1 Tabulation of Data 3.4.2 Ecotect Daylight Simulation 3.4.3 Daylight Factor Analysis and Calculations 3.4.4 Artificial Lighting Analysis and Calculations 3.4.5 Artificial Light Indication and Specifications 3.5 Conclusion Acoustic 4.1 Literature Review 4.1.1 Project Background 4.1.2 Case Study 4.1.3 Measurement Result 4.1.4 Integrated Acoustic Solutions

5.0 6.0 1.0

4.1.5 Conclusion 4.2 Research Methodology 4.2.1 Measuring Devices 4.2.2 Data Collection Method 4.2.3 Procedure of Data Collection 4.2.4 Limitation and Constraints 4.3 Identification of Existing Conditions 4.3.1 External Noise Sources 4.3.2 Internal Noise Sources 4.4 Acoustic Analysis 4.4.1 Tabulation of Data 4.4.2 Sound Pressure Level (SPL) 4.4.3 Sound Reduction index (SRI) 4.4.4 Reverberation Time (RT) 4.5 Conclusion Conclusion Reference list Lighting Analaysis

1.0

Introduction

1.1

Aim and Objectives

Aim & Objective The objective of this assignment is to enable students to have a deeper understanding and determine the characteristics of acoustic and lighting of a space and their requirement in an intended space. Lastly, students are required to produce a documentation of the analysis conducted in the chosen site.

1.2

Site Introduction

Figure 1.2a: Perspective view of site, Bow Wow Café The site that was chosen for Project 1: Lightning and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design is Bow Wow Café which is located in the bustling part of Puchong, Selangor. The café is a dog themed café which customers can bring their pet dogs to this café. The study area consists of the whole floor of the café. The façade of the café is mostly covered with glass panels which allows natural lighting to penetrate into the café and lit up the interior space. Besides, it also allows the customers to look outside which is the view of the busy streets. The café is located on the first floor of a corner lot which is next to the main junction into the street, therefore, this has significantly affect the acoustic values.

2.0

Measured Drawings

Figure 2.0a: Zone 1 - Mass Dining Area

Figure 2.0b: Zone 2 - Private Dining Area

Figure 2.0c: Zone 3 - Smoking Area

Figure 2.0d: Section D-D

3.0

Lighting

3.1

Literature Review

3.1.1

Project Background

An important issue today is the mitigation of the energy consumption of buildings, which contributes in a very significant way to global warming. Within this framework electric lighting is responsible for a large fraction of the electricity consumption of office buildings in Europe (46%), despite the growing electricity demand of other electrical appliances, such as computers (34%), ventilation (7%) and air conditioning (8%); it is very significant for non-residential buildings in Switzerland, such as commercial and industrial buildings. An optimal lighting system should contribute to enhance the task contrast and discrimination, leading to better visual performance and comfort for users. 3.1.2

Case Study

Figure 3.1.2a: Exterior of LESO building in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Figure 3.1.2b: Cross-section of the anidolic zenithal collector showing ray-tracing of the diffuse daylight component through the system (rays emitted by the sky vault.) The visual comfort assessment of integrated daylighting and electric lighting systems was carried out in an office room (W x D x H: 3.40 x 5.00 x 2.80m) of the LESO solar experimental building located on the EPFL campus in Lausanne, Switzerland. The room facade, oriented due south, is equipped with a wooden framed double glazing window (3.20 x 1.00m) and a clearstory (3.20 x 0.70m) located above an external light-shelf (Figure 3.1.2c). An anidolic daylighting system is placed next to the upper window and works as a zenithally daylight collector. Most of the captured light flux, which includes both diffuse and direct daylight components, is reflected and redirected towards the room ceiling and the back wall (see Figure 3.1.2d).

The visual comfort assessment was carried out from the current user’s workplace; it was realized while the subject actually performed visual tasks under his preferred lighting conditions. The external textile blinds were controlled in order to prevent glare due to sun patches on the work plane. The desk and the VDT screen placed in front of the user were the main objects visible on the CCD camera images (see Figure 3.1.3a): snapshots were taken under different lighting conditions.

Figure 3.1.2c: View of the southern facade of the LESO solar experimental building

Figure 3.1.2d: Cross-section of the southern facade of the LESO solar experimental building: (left) anidolic daylighting system inoperation; (right) anidolic daylighting system non-operating (covered by a black curtain) The visual comfort assessment was carried out from the current user’s workplace; it was realized while the subject actually performed visual tasks under his preferred lighting conditions. The external textile blinds were controlled in order to prevent glare due to sun patches on the work plane. The desk and the VDT screen placed in front of the user were the main objects visible on the CCD camera images (see Figure 3.1.3a): snapshots were taken under different lighting conditions.

3.1.3

Research Methodology

The visual comfort assessment was carried out from the current user’s workplace; it was realized while the subject actually performed visual tasks under his preferred lighting conditions. The external textile blinds were controlled in order to prevent glare due to sun patches on the work plane. The desk and the VDT screen placed in front of the user were the main objects visible on the CCD camera images (see Figure 3.1.3a): snapshots were taken under different lighting conditions. Four different sky conditions, corresponding to clear sky, intermediate sky, overcast sky and night time, were considered during the visual comfort assessment. The specific contribution of the anidolic daylighting system to room illumination, leading to a better luminance balance through a lighter ceiling, was examined by means of a particular experimental set-up: a thick-black curtain was placed for that purpose on the reflective surfaces of the device from time to time (see Figure 3.1.3a, right) in order to eliminate temporally the light flux issuing from the daylighting system. Users switched the electric lighting system on during dimmed daylighting conditions in order to obtain the required desk illuminance on the work plane.

Figure 3.1.3a: Location of different targets in the view field of the observer

Figure 3.1.3b: View of the working space within an office room of the LESO solar experimental building; a CCD digital camera and a point-to-point luminance meter are located at the user’s place (observer)

Figure 3.1.3c: Marked area of windows, desk, walls, workplace and VDT screen created for luminance mapping 3.1.4

Measurement Result Analysis

Luminance contrasts The luminance contrast occurring on the different surfaces in an office room is a very important factor with regard to the assessment of visual comfort and the evaluation of glare risks. It can be applied to both direct and indirect (reflected) components of daylighting and electric lighting, which can also induce glare sensations. The different luminance contrasts, which occurred in the office room, were monitored and analysed accordingly, serving as a first step for more comprehensive visual comfort assessment. Vertical and work-plane illuminances play an important role in an office environment; this is particularly true in office rooms equipped with VDT screens, which are characterized by low screen luminance (100cd/m2). To avoid excessive luminance contrasts in office rooms (in between the VDT screen and its immediate surroundings), the different room surfaces’ luminance must be kept low enough. Glare rating Discomfort glare is a sensation of annoyance or pain caused by high luminances located in the view field, which does not affect visual performance. Two causes of glare have been identified so far: excessive luminance contrasts in the view field and saturation of the visual system. Excessive contrasts are usually caused by very bright surfaces, which are perceived in a much darker environment (such as a pocket light spot on the floor in a cellar for instance). Saturation affects the visual system when the retina is stimulated by a too large amount of light (such as a pocket light beam oriented towards the eyes for instance). Daylighting within buildings can cause either effect or each of them in an individual manner. In any case, glare calculations do not distinguish between these two effects. Nowadays none of the formulae, which are available for daylight discomfort and glare rating, is unanimously recognized as a standard at the international level. The most cited one is the daylight glare index (DGI) (Equation 3).

The latter is a modified version of the IES glare index formula (IES GI) (Equation 1) is suggested by Hopkinson for large glaring sources. The relationship in between the two glare indexes (DGI and IES GI) for a given light source is expressed by (Equation 2). Because the tolerance to glare is higher for daylighting than for electric lighting, as shown by several authors, a more specific formula was elaborated for daylight. It has been shown, moreover, that the glare sensation caused by a single window does not depend on its size and the distance to the latter: it is a function of the sky luminance perceived through the window. The modified glare formula DGI, expressed by (Equation 3), was created accordingly for large-area glaring sources, such as windows; its use was recommended for daylighting conditions.

Equation 1, 2, 3 and 4 Another glare index, recommended by the CIE is the UGR (Equation 4), which was considered for electric lighting conditions. This formula is widely used for visual comfort analysis of office rooms under electric lighting conditions. Glare rating of Daylighting System

Table 3.1.4a: Luminance contrasts observed for different lighting modes

Table 3.1.4b: IES GI, DGI and UGR glare rating scales

Table 3.1.4c: Visual comfort and glare risks assessment for 13 different lighting modes The luminance contrast values for paper and VDT tasks observed under certain daylighting conditions, such as clear and intermediate skies, are generally larger than the CIE-recommended values, as shown in Table 3.1.4a, this is mainly due to the low luminance of the VDT screen compared to the high luminance of the white sheet of paper lit by daylight and the high luminance of the window (Table 3.1.4c). More reasonable values were observed for overcast skies and night time conditions due to the lower luminance of the room environment (Table 3.1.4a). It was also observed that the anidolic system reflects most of the daylight flux towards the ceiling, where the light bounces and is diffused towards the room surfaces during clear sky conditions. The luminance contrast between the VDT screen and the ceiling is much larger in this case than for other sky conditions. However, the glare indexes (Table 3.1.4c) indicate that the luminance of the ceiling produces lower glare sensations in this case than for intermediate and overcast skies due to the more balanced luminances on the work plane. One concern remains, however: the reflection of the bright ceiling on the VDT screens, in particular in the case of using a glossy cathode ray tube monitor.

Apart from that, the presence (or absence) of a daylight flux due to the anidolic daylighting system had no significant impact on luminance contrasts: it contributed moreover to improve the latter for clear and intermediate skies, as shown in Table 3.1.4a (configuration I-b vs. I-a for instance). The contribution of the anidolic daylighting system (together with the side windows) plays, however, a significant role regarding visual comfort. Higher glare indexes were generally observed for daylighting conditions compared to electric lighting, as shown in Table 3.1.4c. Table 3.1.4c shows that the anidolic daylighting system leads to lower DGI values in comparison to a side window (which means better visual comfort): DGI values of 25.5 (instead of 26.8), 25.4 (instead of 26.6) and 16.9 (instead of 18.4) were observed for clear, intermediate and overcast sky conditions, respectively. This can be explained by the better luminance balance, leading to lower luminance contrasts, which is achieved due to the daylight flux collected and redirected deep into the room by the anidolic system. For the same reasons, DGP values for the office room equipped with the anidolic system, assessed using Evalglare, were also lower than those of the side window.

Integrated daylighting and electric lighting systems Using the electric lighting under overcast sky improves the visual comfort of a lighting environment: this is why users generally decide to turn the artificial lighting on. The electric light flux provides a more homogeneous luminance distribution on room surfaces for rather smooth daylight conditions. Combining electric lighting with daylighting may also contribute to mitigate glare risks, the artificial light flux lowering the contrast between the bright sky luminance and the indoor environment. Sound DGI values were also found in this case, as illustrated in Table 3.1.4c: they were all significantly lower than those observed for identical daylighting conditions in the absence of electric light.

Electric lighting system Indirect lighting modes based on floor lamps with compact fluorescent tubes improve visual comfort in the presence of VDT screens, even during night time. The luminance contrast between the VDT screen and the surrounding walls is compatible in this case with CIE recommendations; this is not the case for the direct lighting mode. The contrast between VDT and the window for a direct lighting system is obviously higher due to the brightness of the room. UGR values were significantly lower for indirect lighting modes (which mean an improvement of visual comfort) than for direct lighting (Table 3.1.4c): UGR values of 13.2 were observed in the first case vs. 23.4 in the second case. Task lighting did not improve the situation: the use of two 60W incandescent lamps led to the poorest observed visual comfort and highest luminance contrast. The desk illuminance, observed during night time for the indirect lighting mode, is comparable to the one observed with daylight under overcast sky conditions: no significant discomfort glare was pointed out in both cases, indicating rather optimal lighting conditions 3.1.5

Conclusion

The anabolic daylighting system delivers definitively a larger light flux into an office room than conventional side windows. This led to larger work-plane illuminance (in the working space) and also contributes to improve the luminance balance in the whole room (mainly through light redirection on the ceiling and walls). Luminance contrasts between the work plane, the room surfaces and the sky perceived through the windows are reduced accordingly, also lowering glare risks; this is particularly

true for clear and intermediate sky conditions. Sun shadings, such as Californian blinds for instance, remain, however, necessary to avoid glare due to an excessive daylight flux. Electric lighting remains necessary for very dark lighting conditions (e.g. late afternoon in wintertime for instance); this is also true for nightshift work. Among the lighting modes considered in this study, indirect lighting provided better visual comfort in an office room, as demonstrated through the assessment of different glare indexes and luminance contrasts. Indirect lighting is probably for that reason the preferred lighting mode in an office space, especially when VDT screens are used. The direct lighting mode, based on high-efficacy fluorescent tubes and efficient luminaries, remains the most energy-efficient lighting mode. It will probably be so until other advanced light sources, such as LED, reach a comparable luminous efficacy (up to 60–90lm/W for fluorescent tubes). Combining different lighting modes, aiming towards efficient task lighting, is another possible alternative.

3.2

Research Methodology

3.2.1 Measuring Devices (A) Digital Lux Meter

Figure 3.2.1a: Digital Lux Meter FEATURES Sensor used the exclusive photo diode and Built-in low battery indicator. multi-color correction filters, spectrum meet C.I.E. standard. Sensor COS correction factor meet standard. LSI-circuit use provides high reliability and durability. Separate light sensor allows user take LCD display provides low power measurements of an optimum position. consumption. Precise and easy readout, wide range. Compact, light-weight, and excellent operation.

High accuracy in measuring

LCD display can clearly read out even of high ambient light.

Table 3.2.1a: Features of Digital Lux Meter

Display

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS 13mm (0.5”) LCD Power Supply

Ranges

0-50,000 Lux. 3 Ranges

Zero Adjustment Over- input

Internal Adjustment

Sampling Time Sensor Structure Operating Temp. Operating Humidity

0.4 second

Weight

Main Instrument: 108x73x23 mm Sensor probe: 82x55x7 mm 160g with batteries

The exclusive photo diode and color correction filter 0 to 50°C

Accessories Included

Instruction manual Carrying case

Power Consumption Dimension

Indication of “1”

DC 9V battery. 006P, MN 1604 (PP3) or equivalent. Approx. DC 2 mA.

Less than 80% R.H Table 3.2.1b: General Specifications of Digital Lux Meter

Range

ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS (23 ± 5°c) Resolution Accuracy 1 Lux ± (5% + 2d) 10 Lux ± (5% + 2d) 100 Lux ± (5% + 2d)

2,000 Lux 20,000 Lux 50,000 Lux Note: Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lamp of 2856k temperature The above accuracy value is specified after finis, the zero adjustment procedures Table 3.2.1c: Electrical Specifications of Digital Lux Meter

(B) Camera

Figure 3.2.1b: Camera It is used to capture the light condition within the area. It is also to capture the lighting appliances.

(C) Measuring Tape

Figure 3.2.1c: Measuring Tape Measuring tape is used to measure the height position of the lux meter at 1m and 1.5m to ease the data collection for light illuminance level. It is also used to measure grid line on floor while taking the readings.

3.2.2

Data Collection Method

Figure 3.2.2a: Data Collection Method In prior to data collection, 2m x 2m gridline are drawn in plan as a guideline to record readings. The data collections are taken on 9 April 2016 and 12 April 2016 at time 1400 and 2000 respectively. Data with lux meter (cd/m2) was achieved by placing the photo-detector and the device at the chosen position with the height of 1.5m and 1m. Readings are then taken noted. Each record was done by facing the similar direction to synchronize the result.

Procedure of Data Collection

1. Identify 2mx2m grid line and the position of the reference point

2. Hold the lux meter at 1m and 1.5m height at each reference point

3. Record the readings of the lux meter at each reference point

4. Specify the variables (light sources) that affect the data collected

5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for day time and night time readings to collect 2 sets of data for comparison

6. Tabulate and calculate the data collected which will then be used to determine the light quality according to MS 1525

3.2.3

Limitations and Constraints

Human Error: Shadows play and important role when operating the lux meter. These shwdows might affect and alter the meter readings causing an inaccurate reading. Besides that, the position and angle in which the sensor is held, in height or direction would also affect the readings. To lessen the effect of this error, the number of readings taken at a specific spot was taken multiple times and the average reading was calculated in order to ensure a more accurate reading.

Device Error: The lux meter, being an electronic device, may take a few seconds for the reading to be stabilized. This is due to the high sensitivity of the sensor which may cause a delay in displaying the exact reading. Readings taken before the stabilization value may cause readings taken to be inaccurate and leave a large gap or difference between readings. The discrepancy caused by this error was overcome by waiting a few seconds until the reading has stabilized before recording data, and also by taking more readings and calculating the average.

Natural Causes: Weather can cause a major difference in the readings taken. Weather changes during the period of data collection would affect the data collection. Therefore, Data was taken during different times of the day when the weather was constant and the average value was calculated.

3.3

Identification of Site Condition

3.3.1 Light Condition On Site 3.3.1.1 Day Lighting

Figure 3.3.1.1: Site Condition in the morning During the day, sunlight streams into the space from the large windows that cover almost 50% of the front faรงade. The effect of daylight can be felt mostly in the mass dining, private dining and smoking zones. This light seems almost too bright and glaring as some blinds installed along the large windows are used to control and reduce the amount of sun entering the space. They are usually pulled halfway down in the afternoon to reduce the contrast of light intensity from the outside with the artificial lights within the shop. The smoking area has no blinds installed and can be too bright in the daytime. The spaces located slightly further away from the window, such as the counter area and the rear end of the mass dining area however, feels rather comfortable as they are lit with the combination of the less intense sunlight and artificial lighting. The kitchen and toilet areas are unaffected by the presence or absence of daylight, as they are not in close proximity of any windows and area solely lit by artificial lighting.

3.3.1.2 Artificial Lighting

Figure 3.3.1.2a: Site Condition at night During the night, the artificial yellowish light gives off provides a hazy and relaxed mood rather than a focused and tense one, as tables are carefully placed between lights and not directly below them, so as not to cause glare from the reflection of the glossy tabletop. The shop area is relatively well and uniformly lit, with no obvious dark areas or bright areas at sitting level. The smoking room however is rather poorly lit and can be rather dim at night.

Figure 3.3.1.2b: Kitchen Condition at Site The kitchen is lit by fluorescent lighting and therefore is unaffected by the presence or absence of daylight, ensuring that the kitchen staff can fully concentrate on their jobs without any fluctuating lighting levels.

3.3.2

Material Reflectance on Site Component

Material

Colour

Wall

Red Brick

Surface Finish Matte

Light Reflectance Value (%) 20

Table Top

Dark Timber

Gloss

10

Table Leg

Steel

Gloss

30

Chair

Plastic

Matte

60

Backrest

Light Timber

Gloss

75

Flooring

Concrete

Gloss

25

Cushions

Fabric

Matte

20

30 15

Picture Frames

Plastic

Gloss

80

10

Artificial grass

Plastic

Gloss

25

Chair

Light Timber

Gloss

75

Chair Cushion

Dark Fabric

Matte

10

Partition

Light Concrete

Matte

30

Wall

Paint

Matte

13

70

Counter

Glass

Gloss

7

Blinds

Plastic

Matte

80

Fence

Timber

Gloss

17

Counter

Aluminium

Gloss

140

Wall

Tiles

Gloss

70

3.3.3

Light Fixtures and Specifications Product Brand Types of Lights Types of Fixture Types of Luminaries Power (w) Luminous Flux (lm) Color Temperature (k) Color Rendering Index Average Life Rate

Philips Evolution LED 3� Artificial Light LED Adjustable Downlight Wide Flood 19 1000 3000 90 60000

Product Brand Types of Lights Types of Fixture Types of Luminaries Power (w) Luminous Flux (lm) Color Temperature (k) Color Rendering Index Average Life Rate

Philips LyteCaster LED Accent Artificial Light LED Accent Downlight Spot 120 800 3000 90 50000

Product Brand Types of Lights Types of Fixture Types of Luminaries Power (w) Luminous Flux (lm) Color Temperature (k) Color Rendering Index Average Life Rate

Philips NA Angle T8 strip Artificial Light Linear Lighting White Light 40 120 8000 80 12000

Product Brand Types of Lights Types of Fixture Types of Luminaries Power (w) Luminous Flux (lm) Color Temperature (k) Color Rendering Index Average Life Rate

Philips Candle LED Artificial Light Candle Light Flood Light 3.5 530 2700 80 25000

Figure 3.3.3: Indication of Light Fixtures

3.3.4

Indication of Light Fixtures

Zone A Public Dining Area

Figure 3.3.4a: Pubic Dining Area highlighted on plan. Indication

Picture

Type of Artificial Light Philips Evolution LED 3�

Numbers of Unit 41

Light Distribution description LED adjustable down light with wide flood

Philips LyteCaster LED Accent

14

LED accent down light with spot light

Philips Candle LED

5

Candle Light with flood light

Table 3.3.4a: Type of Light in Zone A

Zone B Private Dining Area

Figure 3.3.4b: Highlighted Private Dining Area in plan Indication

Picture

Type of Artificial Light

Numbers of Unit

Philips Evolution LED 3�

41

Table 3.3.4b: Type of Light in Zone B

Light Distribution Description LED adjustable down light with wide flood

Zone C Smoking Area

Figure 3.3.4c: Highlighted Smoking Area in plan Indication

Picture

Type of Artificial Light Philips Candle LED

Table 3.3.4c: Type of Light in Zone C

Numbers of Unit 5

Light Distribution Description Candle Light with flood light

Figure 3.3.4d: Section diagram showing the distribution of artificial light from the lighting fixtures placed in specific points in the interior to illuminate the space

Figure 3.3.4e: Section diagram showing the distribution of artificial light from the lighting fixtures placed in specific points in the interior to illuminate the space

3.4

Data Tabulation

Date: 4 April 2016 Grid A 1 2 3 300 4 110 5 300 6 1900 7 80 8 1500 9 1340 10 160 11 155 12

Light Data (x10 lux) Time: 1400 Weather: Sunny B C D E 750 850 100 200 45 20 600 500 200 156

140 350 110 50 60 17 370

800 500 80 300 100 15 850

200 520 450 1200 150 120 450

Height: 1.5m F G 360 55 1390 120 850 70 650

350 55 100 50 235 30 200

Table 3.4a: Light Data on 4th April at 1.5m

Date: 4 April 2016 Grid A 1 2 3 790 4 900 5 450 6 1100 7 100 8 1800 9 1800 10 130 11 122 12

Light Data (x10 lux) Time: 1400 Weather: Sunny B C D E 1350 1050 450 95 125 80 740 900 250 200

400 440 250 70 230 80 305

770 440 120 480 130 54 430

360 730 750 800 130 130 480

Table 3.4b: Light Data on 4th April at 1.0m

Height: 1.0m F G 500 120 1100 220 725 80 630

210 50 75 80 165 35 190

Figure 3.4a: Lighting Data at 2pm

3.4.1

Light Data at 6pm

Light Data (x10 lux) Date: 12 April 2016 Time: 2000 Weather: Sunny Grid A B C D E 1 2 250 300 90 210 3 4 250 90 230 1300 4 290 250 44 230 220 5 20 80 410 125 29 6 1120 200 445 120 100 7 630 22 1950 82 185 8 37 110 282 345 242 9 35 40 10 45 39 11 36 33 12

Height: 1.5m F G 300 11 400 80 174 150 300

335 280 23 30 490 40 110

Table 3.4.1a: Light Data on 12th April at 1.5m

Date: 12 April 2016 Grid A 1 2 3 30 4 280 5 89 6 589 7 274 8 38 9 33 10 33 11 30 12

Light Data (x10 lux) Time: 2000 Weather: Sunny B C D E 45 266 130 132 144 58 78 19 32 29

355 230 64 395 290 960 32

230 240 145 190 138 152 261

260 915 275 127 135 200 155

Table 3.4.1b: Light Data on 12th April at 1.0m

Height: 1.0m F G 356 55 630 85 210 25 28

280 32 67 130 78 82 50

Figure 3.4.1a: Lighting Data at 6pm

Lighting and Data Analysis Average Luminance Calculation Zone A (Public Dining Area) Time

Weather

1400 - 1500 Sunny 2000 - 2100 Clear Sky Zone B (Private Dining Area)

Time

Weather

1400 - 1500 Sunny 2000 - 2100 Clear Sky Zone C (Smoking Area) Time

Weather

1400 - 1500 2000 - 2100

Sunny Clear Sky

Luminance lx (1.0m) 54 - 1800 30 - 900

Average Luminance lx 331.81 141.35

Luminance lx (1.5m) 15 - 1500 4 - 1120

Average Luminance lx 285.04 195.12

Luminance lx (1.0m) 50 - 1100 32 - 915

Average Luminance lx 433.89 339.33

Luminance lx (1.5m) 55 - 1390 11 - 1300

Average Luminance lx 386.67 369.89

Luminance lx (1.0m) 200 - 1800 19 - 33

Average Luminance lx 565.33 29.33

Luminance lx (1.5m) 155 - 1340 33 - 45

Average Luminance lx 418.5 38

Daylight Factor Calculation Zone A (Public Dining Area) Average lux reading At 1.0m working plane (sitting position), lx At 1.5m working plane (standing position), lx Average lux value, lx

DF =

E (internal)

E (external)

DF (morning) = =1.03%

DF =

30000

E (external)

DF (evening) = =0.56%

Zone A (Public Dining Area)

141.35

285.04

195.12

308.43

168.24

× 100% ; where E (external) was measured to be 30000 lx

308.43

E (internal)

331.81

× 100%

× 100% ; where E (external) was measured to be 30000 lx

168.24 30000

× 100%

As shown from the table and calculations, the public dining area has the daylight factor of 1.03% (average) in the morning and 0.56% (poor) in the evening. This indicates that there are insufficient daylighting systems or daylighting design aspects being implemented in this café. The only means of daylight entering the space would be from the curtain wall that covers the front façade of the shop that faces the street. However, during the day, the employees usually pull the window blinds half to three quarters the way down and rely more on artificial lighting to illuminate the space. This action on their part is highly inefficient as it wastes electrical energy when daylight could just be let into the dining area during the day to illuminate the space.

Daily Intensity in Different Condition Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 20,000 lux 1000-2000 lux <200 lux 400 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Zone A (Public Dining Area) Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky Typical overcast day midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Sunrise, sunset on clear day (ambient illumination) Fully overcast, sunset or sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset or sunrise

Daylight Factor DF (%) >6 3~6 1~3 0~1

Distribution Very bright with thermal and glare problem Bright Average Dark

Zone B (Private Dining Area) Average lux reading At 1.0m working plane (sitting position), lx At 1.5m working plane (standing position), lx Average lux value, lx

DF =

E (internal)

E (external)

DF (morning) = =1.36%

DF =

30000

E (external)

DF (evening) = =1.18%

Zone B (Private Dining Area)

339.33

386.67

369.89

415.28

354.61

× 100% ; where E (external) was measured to be 30000 lx

410.28

E (internal)

433.89

× 100%

× 100% ; where E (external) was measured to be 30000 lx

354.61 30000

× 100%

As shown from the table and calculations, the public dining area has the daylight factor of 1.36% (average) in the morning and 1.18% (average) in the evening. This indicates that there are somewhat adequate daylighting systems or daylighting design aspects being implemented in this space. The space is rather small and faces one of the front curtain walls of the shop. However, the window blinds were adequately controlled to allow just the right amount of sunlight to enter the space without it being too bright or too dark. However, the morning and evening readings to not differ too much in this space, indicating that daylight does not affect the illumination too much as windows only cover one side of the space and it is more reliant on artificial lighting to illuminate the space.

Daily Intensity in Different Condition Zone B (Public Dining Area) Illuminance Example 120,000 lux Brightest sunlight 110,000 lux Bright sunlight 20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky 1000-2000 lux Typical overcast day midday <200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday 400 lux Sunrise, sunset on clear day (ambient illumination) 40 lux Fully overcast, sunset or sunrise <1 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset or sunrise Daylight Factor DF (%) >6 3~6 1~3 0~1

Distribution Very bright with thermal and glare problem Bright Average Dark

Zone C (Smoking Area) Average lux reading At 1.0m working plane (sitting position), lx At 1.5m working plane (standing position), lx Average lux value, lx

DF =

E (internal)

E (external)

DF (morning) = =1.64%

DF =

30000

E (internal)

DF (evening) = =0.11%

29.33

418.28

38

419.92

33.67

× 100% ; where E (external) was measured to be 30000 lx

308.43

E (external)

565.33

Zone C (Smoking Area)

× 100%

× 100% ; where E (external) was measured to be 30000 lx

33.67

30000

× 100%

As shown from the table and calculations, the public dining area has the daylight factor of 1.64% (average) in the morning and 0.11% (poor) in the evening. This indicates that there are somewhat adequate daylighting systems or daylighting design aspects being implemented in this space. However, the space might be too reliant on sunlight as the difference in the readings between morning and evening area are rather large. This situation can be rectified by increasing the number of lights in installed in this space.

Daily Intensity in Different Condition Zone A (Public Dining Area) Illuminance Example 120,000 lux Brightest sunlight 110,000 lux Bright sunlight 20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky 1000-2000 lux Typical overcast day midday <200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday 400 lux Sunrise, sunset on clear day (ambient illumination) 40 lux Fully overcast, sunset or sunrise <1 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset or sunrise Daylight Factor DF (%) >6 3~6 1~3 0~1

Distribution Very bright with thermal and glare problem Bright Average Dark

Artificial Light Calculation Zone A (Public Dining Area)

Location

Zone A (Mass Dining Area)

Area

153.24 m²

Height of Luminaries

3.1m

Height of work level

0.8m

Vertical distance from work place to luminaries

2.3m

Standard illuminance

100 lux

Reflection factors

Ceiling: Black paint (0.3) Wall A: Glass (0.9) Wall B: White (0.85) Wall C: Exposed Concrete (0.3) Wall D: Red Brick (0.2)

Room index

= =

Utilization factor (Base on given utilization factor table)

đ??żđ??ż Ă— đ?‘Šđ?‘Š (đ??żđ??ż + đ?‘Šđ?‘Š)đ??ťđ??ť

153.24 (28.045)2.3

= 2.38 0.65

Maintenance factor

0.8

Type of light

Philips Evolution LED 3� 1000lm, yellow light(3000k)

Number of lighting fixture Illuminance level required

49 đ??¸đ??¸ =

đ?‘ đ?‘ Ă— đ??šđ??š Ă— đ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆ Ă— đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€ đ??´đ??´

=

49 Ă— 1000 Ă— 0.65 Ă— 0.8 153.24

= 166.28 ������

166.28đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ − 100đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ = 66.28đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ According to MS1525, Zone A is 66.28 lux more than the requirement. Number of light required

đ?‘ đ?‘ = =

đ??¸đ??¸ Ă— đ??´đ??´ đ??šđ??š Ă— đ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆ Ă— đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€

100 Ă— 153.24 1000 Ă— 0.65 Ă— 0.8

= 29.47 ����������

≈ 30 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™

According to MS1525, Zone A needs 30 lamps to fulfill the requirement.

49 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ − 30 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ = 19 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ According to MS1525, Zone A is 19 lamps more than the requirement. Artificial Light Calculation Zone B (Private Dining Area)

Artificial Light Calculation Zone C (Smoking Area)

Location

Zone B C (Smoking (Private Dining Area)Area)

Area

28.62 38.18 m²

Height of Luminaries

3.1m 3.0m

Height of work level

0.8m

Vertical distance from work place to luminaries

2.3m 2.2m

Standard illuminance

100lux 150 lux

Reflection factors

Ceiling: Black Whitepaint Plaster (0.3) (0.85) Wall A: Glass (0.9) Wall A: Glass (0.9) Wall B: Red Brick (0.2) Wall B: White (0.85) đ??żđ??ż Ă— đ?‘Šđ?‘Š = đ??żđ??ż Ă— đ?‘Šđ?‘Š = (đ??żđ??ż + đ?‘Šđ?‘Š)đ??ťđ??ť (đ??żđ??ż + đ?‘Šđ?‘Š)đ??ťđ??ť 28.62 = 38.18 = (11.15)2.3 (5.36 + 7.168)2.2 = 1.11 = 1.39 0.52 0.52

Room index Room index

Utilization factor (Base on given utilization factor Utilization factor (Base on given utilization factor table) table) Maintenance factor Maintenance factor Type of light Type of light Number of lighting fixture Number of lighting fixture Illuminance level required Illuminance level required

0.8 0.8 Philips Evolution LED 3â€? Philips Candle LED 1000lm, yellow light(3000k) Neutral white(4500k) 9 5 đ?‘ đ?‘ Ă— đ??šđ??š Ă— đ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆ Ă— đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€ đ??¸đ??¸ = đ?‘ đ?‘ Ă— đ??šđ??š Ă— đ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆ Ă— đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€ đ??´đ??´ đ??¸đ??¸ = đ??´đ??´ 9 Ă— 1000 Ă— 0.52 Ă— 0.8 = 5 Ă— 530 Ă— 0.52 Ă— 0.8 28.62 = 38.18 = 130.82 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ = 28.87 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™

130.82đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ 150đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ − 28.87đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ − 100đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™==121.13đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ 30.82đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ According to MS1525, Zone B C lacks is 30.82 of 121.13 lux more lux than to fulfill thethe requirement. requirement. Number of light required

đ?‘ đ?‘ = =

đ??¸đ??¸ Ă— đ??´đ??´ đ??šđ??š Ă— đ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆ Ă— đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€

150 100Ă—Ă—38.18 53.62 1000 530 Ă—Ă—0.52 0.52Ă—Ă—0.8 0.8

= 6.88 25.98���������� ����������

≈7 26đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™

According to MS1525, Zone C needs 26 lamps to fulfill the requirement. According to MS1525, Zone B needs 7 lamps to fulfill the requirement. 26 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ − 5 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ = 21 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™

9 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ − 7 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ = 2 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™

According to MS1525, Zone C lacks of 21 lamps to fulfill the requirement. According to MS1525, Zone B is 2 lamps more than the requirement.

Afternoon and Night Light Contour Plan (diagrams and description)

As seen from this diagram, sunlight streams into the space from the large windows that cover almost 50% of the front façade. The effect of daylight can be felt mostly in the mass dining, private dining and smoking zones. The spaces located slightly further away from the window, such as the counter area and the rear end of the mass dining area however do not receive any direct sunlight as they have no other openings to the street or skylights.

Artificial lights installed in the space were the Philips Evolution LED 3� down lights that effectively brighten the spaces that are further away from the window, especially the counter and smoking areas to allow for better illumination of the internal spaces.

As shown is a combination between the artificial lighting and natural lighting in the space. The lamp distribution is adequate, or in some areas, rather excessive artificial lighting, especially in the internal spaces.

3.5 Conclusion Lighting is of utmost importance in a restaurant as it serves to set the mood and atmosphere of the dining area and is required for the staff to work in an efficient manner. The usage of warm spotlights in the dining area adds to the atmosphere of the space but the narrow light spread might be insufficient to efficiently illuminate the space. From our observation and data, the Mass Dining and Private Dining Areas receive an adequate to large amount of daylight that can be controlled by the means of some adjustable window blinds that cover at least 2 sides of the zone. However, the blinds are usually pulled a bit too low and the amount of daylight entering the space is too little as the staff rely more on artificial lighting that over-illuminate the space in the day and result in energy wastage, where, they could very well take advantage of the daylight that would illuminate the area. This action by the staff might be to minimize thermal gains by sacrificing the lack of daylighting, but by installing excessive luminaires, they are also contributing to thermal gains to the internal spaces. Ideally, thermal gains and daylighting should be thought out and planned to achieve a balance without eliminating one element for the other.

Figure 3.5a: The blinds that cover most of the windows on Mass Dining Area From our calculations we have also discovered that the lighting choice at Bow Wow CafĂŠ is far from ideal. Even though they currently have 19 lamps exceeding the standard, they chose to use spotlights that have a rather narrow beam. Any reduction in number of lights would result in an environment that has a large number of areas that are either too dark or too bright. Thus, our suggestion would be to use lights that have a wider beam or diffused lighting to avoid dark or bright spots.

Figure 3.5b: The narrow beam emitted by the spotlight in Dining Area, Philips Evolution LED 3�.

Figure 3.5c: Light proposal with wider beam. The smoking area on the other hand, relies too heavily on natural lighting as it is far too dim at night and requires an additional 21 lamps to meet the MS1525 standard. It also uses lamps that are too weak as adding 21 lamps into such a small area would not be efficient or visually desirable, we would suggest the usage of more powerful lamps or lamps that have a higher F (luminous flux) value so that the number of lamps can be reduced.

Figure 3.5d: The dim beam emitted by the spotlight in Smoking Area, Philips Candle LED.

Figure 3.5e: Light proposal with stronger beam.

Overall, this cafĂŠ is well lit but relies far too much on artificial lighting that result in energy wastage due to their efforts in avoiding thermal gains from daylight entering the space. Making small changes to the light type and distribution however would solve most of the problems experienced, for example, reducing the number of lights in the dining area and allowing more daylight to enter the space especially during the day, and switching the light type in the smoking room to a more powerful lamp, reducing its reliance on daylight and avoiding the addition of too many luminaires in a small space, all while having a more uniform distribution of luminaires.

4.0

Acoustic Analysis

4.1

Literature Review

Acoustic comfort is an important consideration in the design and construction of office buildings. Since the acoustic performance of a building will affect its inhabitants psychologically, sociologically and physiologically, post-occupancy evaluations of acoustic performance are often necessary to ensure that acoustic design features are effective. Since acoustic quality is often affected by the interplay among the building's interior, structural, envelope and mechanical systems, it is critical to assess acoustic quality in an integrated manner. Subjective views of occupants regarding acoustic quality in the office and warehouse spaces are also sought. It was found that both objective and subjective data support each other. By understanding how these problems are caused by the interactions among the different building systems, specific solutions were proposed. This project is motivated by an effort to promote workplace comfort and sustainability within the framework of corporate social responsibility.

4.1.1

Project Background

Since provision of acoustic comfort can be considered as a form of employee welfare and a decisive factor of workers’ productivity, many companies in Singapore are paying more attention to enhancing workplace acoustics. Kua (2009) devised a set of guidelines on corporate social responsibility, known as Corporate sustainable-developmental responsibility (CSdR), in which acoustic parameters are considered as one of the measures of the social aspect of corporate-level sustainability. Three Singapore based multi-national companies participated in the project and adopted these guidelines in a trial.

4.1.2

Case Study

Figure 11: SKF Office Building located on Changi South Lane, Singapore.

This detailed acoustic evaluation was conducted on the main office building of one of the companies. The building is located in Singapore. It is three-storeyed and has two mezzanine floors. The floors at the warehouse are built as flat floors for trucks movements within the storage facility. The building is built with post-tension reinforced concrete slab (thickness of 310mm) at the first and second storeys, and metal truss roofing at the third storey. The average column span is 8.1 and 13.6m, and columns are positioned centre-to-centre of the grid. The floor-to-floor height is generally 4.4m. The building uses a variable refrigerant volume system for air-conditioning with the outdoor units located on the roof; the end unit is in the form of a fan coil unit (FCU) in the office.

4.1.3

Measurement Result

Locations A –D (refer to Figure 2) were found among the highest measured noise levels during the boundary noise measurements. Noise measurements were carried out for a period of 15min at each location with a 5min interval. The measured maximum noise levels (LAeq,5min) within the 15min interval were found to be within the specified limit of 75dBA LAeq according to the guidelines by NEA. The corresponding statistical acoustical quantities are presented in Table 1. The indoor noise map for the 1M, 2M and second floor warehouse (presented in Figure 3) showed that the noise levels were all within the maximum permissible level of 85dBA LAeq set by the MOM. Instantaneous noise measurements were carried out at various locations in the office. It was observed that the average instantaneous SPL fluctuation was in the range of 3dBA. It was therefore considered that the overall noise level was generally steady. Spot measurements (LAeq,1min) were later taken at several locations to create a noise map for different office spaces. The results are summarized in Table 2. Even though the statistical acoustical quantities for evaluation of the space at each specific measurement location were not studied, the variation of the SPL within the indoor space illustrated the fluctuation of acoustic pressure over the entire office space during the time of measurement.

Figure 12 | Boundary noise measured at four different locations

Table 11 |Summary of boundary Noise Measurement

Figure 13 | Noise map for second floor office

Table 12 | Summary of indoor noise measurements

4.1.4

Intergraded Acoustic Solutions

A building can be divided into four main systems: the structural, interior, facade (or envelope) and mechanical systems. The prescription of acoustic solutions is done in an integrated manner; that is, modifications are made to either all or a few of these four building systems so that they result synergistically in better acoustic quality in the building.Furthermore, the improvement of acoustic quality should not be achieved at the expense of thermal comfort, indoor air quality, spatial quality, visual quality and building integrity. The control of overall outdoor noise was poor according to the above measurement as the outdoor vehicle noise is considered as one of the most obvious. Such insufficient sound isolation can be effectively addressed by improving both the envelope and interior systems: that is, looking at the envelope and interior systems as constituting an integrated solution. Presently, the provision of a single glazing window only provides a moderate range of sound insulation (approximately 10dBA). Reapplication of some of the window seals around numerous windows was therefore recommended. The company is currently considering the use of double glazing windows for office areas facing major road traffic. The use of the double glazing window with an air gap in between provides a better control of outdoor low-frequency traffic noise. A double-glazed window with 4 16 6mm will typically achieve a minimum of 25–30dB sound reduction. The improvement on the structural system can be done via the use of an acoustical ceiling and an absorptive wall surface to provide improved speech intelligibility and control of echo in the office spaces

was suggested. Secondly, higher workstation partitions were recommended (around 1.72m) to replace the existing systems. The recommendation for improving to the interior and mechanical systems are made for the company. Firstly, background noises from air-conditioner diffuser units could be controlled through the use of a low-noise fan and by controlling the fresh air speed. Secondly, further improvement could be made by the application of absorptive lining in the duct. Generally, a rectangular duct lined with a 100mm thick rock wool blanket (nominal density 80kg/m3 ) and an airspace of 300mm has a typical attenuation of 3 – 9dB/m for frequencies ranging from 125 to 500Hz, 9 –6dB/m for frequencies ranging from 500Hz to 2kHz, and 6 –1dB/m for frequencies ranging from 2 to 4kHz.

4.1.5

Conclusion

This article presents an assessment of the acoustical quality of an office building. Objective measurements show the degree to which the chosen building’s working environmental conditions satisfy the evaluation criteria. The FCU of the HVAC system was identified as a possible noise source within the office space. Sound insulation was an even greater challenge, considering that the offices are situated next to warehouses. The interior designs of the office space were responsible for poor RT and low speech intelligibility and privacy. The choice of partial height partitions (even though acoustically insulated) also contributed to negative acoustical performance within the office space. The perimeter closed offices were also affected by traffic noise on the roads outside the building and vehicles at the loading and unloading bay within the building.

4.2

Issues on Acoustic Design

4.2.1

Acoustic Comfort Acoustic comfort greatly affects the mood of the inhabitants within one building. Indoor noise and outdoor noise directly dictate the acoustic comfort or discomfort. Generally, indoor noise is associated with human activities in the premise:; outdoor noise emanates from traffic as well as activities conducted outside the building.

4.2.2

Acoustic and Productivity Spatial acoustics may contribute to productivity in particular building. Unconducive acoustic environments may dampen productivity. The productivity also depends on the building’s functions as well as the type of patrons that occupy the building, “Acoustical comfort” is achieved when the workplace provides appropriate acoustical support for interaction, confidentiality and concentrative work” (GSA, 2012).

4.2.3

Acoustical Discomfort and Health Noise is an increasing public health according to the World Health Organization’s Guideline for Community Noise. Noise can have several adverse health effects, hearing loss; sleep disturbances; cardiovascular and psychophysiological problems, etc. Articulate measures have to be carried out to ensure that acoustical discomfort does not exist in spaces where there is human occupation.

4.3 4.3.1

Research Methodology Measuring Devices a)

Sound Level Meter The sound level meter is an instrument used to measure sound pressure level commonly used in noise pollution study in the quantification of different variety of noise especially in industrial, environmental and noise.

Standard References Grade of Accuracy Quantities Displayed Display: LCD/ Display Resolution Frequency weighting: A/ Time weighting Lp Time Integration Measurement Range Linearity Overload Dimensions/ weight Battery Environment: Relative Humidity Temperature CE marking b)

IEC 804 and IEC 651 Not Assigned Lp, Lp Max, Leq 1dB Fast Free or user defined 30-120dB/ Range: 30 – 90 & 60 -120 ± 1.5 dB From (± 1.5dB max) 93dB and 123dB Peak 160 x 64 x 22mm / 150g without batteries Alkaline 6LR61 Storage < 90%/ measurement< 90% Storage < 55 °C /0 °C measurement< 50 °C Comply with EN50061 – 1and EN 50062 -1

Figure 14: Sound Level Meter

Camera Camera is used to capture sources of noise and the components that will affect the acoustic performance on site.

c)

Measuring Tape Measuring tape is used to measure the height of the sound level meter at a constant 1 meter high.

4.3.2

Data Collection Methods

To obtain accurate reading, the sound level meter was placed at the same height from floor at every point which is 1.5m. This standard is being used as it enables the reading of sound level meter to be more accurate. The person holding the sound level meter will not talk and make any noises to ensure the readings will not be affected during data collection. Each recording was done by facing the similar direction to synchronize the result. Plans with a perpendicular 2m x 2m grid line are used as a guideline while recording the readings and plotted on the plan. Same process is repeated in each zone as well as different time zone (peak and non-peak hour)

1. Identify 2mx2m grid line and the position of the reference point

4. Specify the variables (noise sources) that affect the data collected

2. Hold the sound level meter at 1m height at each reference point

3. Record the readings of the lux meter at each reference point

5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for peak and non-peak hours, to collect 2 sets of data for comparison

6. Tabulate the data to determine the sound quality based on Chartedred Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Standard

Figure 14: Procedure of Data Collection for Acoustic

4.3.3

Limitations and Constraints

Human Limitation The digital sound level meter device is very sensitive to the surrounding with ranging of recording between data difference of approximately 3-4 of stabilization. Hence, the data recorded is based on the average data shown on the screen. The device might have been pointed towards the wrong path of the sound source, hence causing the readings taken to be slightly inaccurate.

Sound Sources Stability During peak hours, the vehicles sound from the main street varies from time to time, influencing the data collection process.

4.4 4.4.1

Case Study External Voices

Figure 15: Noise sources at Bow Wow cafe Located in Jalan Kenari 19, Bandar Puchong Jaya. Bow Wow Cafe is sandwiched by two busy streets, Jalan Kenari 19 amd 19a. Vehicular movements is the prominent factors that contributes to the external noise. During peak hour, traffic alone has contributed the noise fluctations at 75 – 85 dB as well as 55 -60 dB at non-peak hour. Besides, the junction at Jalan Kenari 18 and 18a both contributes to the increase of noise level around the vicinity of the compound.

Figure 16: Junction in front of Bow Wow CafĂŠ

4.5 4.5.1

Interior Noise Sources Zone 1: Mass Dining Area

CEILING AIR VENT COFFEE MACHINE COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE CASHIER COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE STEREO COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE BASIN COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE HUMAN ACTIVITY COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE

4.6 4.6.1

Interior Noise Sources Zone 1: Mass Dining Area

CEILING AIR VENT COFFEE MACHINE COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE CASHIER COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE STEREO COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE BASIN COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE HUMAN ACTIVITY COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE

4.7 4.7.1

Interior Noise Sources Zone 1: Mass Dining Area

CEILING AIR VENT COFFEE MACHINE COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE CASHIER COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE STEREO COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE BASIN COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE HUMAN ACTIVITY COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE

4.8 4.8.1

Interior Noise Sources Zone 1: Mass Dining Area

CEILING AIR VENT COFFEE MACHINE COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE CASHIER COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE STEREO COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE BASIN COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE HUMAN ACTIVITY COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE

4.9 4.9.1

Interior Noise Sources Zone 1: Mass Dining Area

CEILING AIR VENT COFFEE MACHINE COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE CASHIER COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE STEREO COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE BASIN COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE HUMAN ACTIVITY COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE

4.10

Materials on Site

4.11 Acoustic Analysis 4.11.1 Tabulation of Data Zone 1 – Mass Dining Area)

70 - 67 66 - 63 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE 62 - 59 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE 58 - 55 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE 54 - 50 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE

Grid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

A

B

56 57 52 54 51 53

55 59 54 57 55 59 56

C 58 57 57 54 54 57 54 59

D 57 53 56 58 63 59 64 61 65

E

F

55 64 61 62 58 60

56 60 60 64 64

G

54 56

(Zone 2 – Private Dining Area)

70 - 67 66 - 63 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE 62 - 59 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE 58 - 55 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE 54 - 50 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE

Grid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

A

B

C

D

E 59 52 57

F 57 52 56 54

G 58 53 52 52

(Zone 3 – Smoking Area)

70 - 67 66 - 63 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE 62 - 59 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE 58 - 55 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE 54 - 50 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE

Grid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A

B

C

56 54 55 54

50 52 53 52

52 53 52 50

D

E

F

G

(Zone 4 – Kitchen)

70 - 67 66 - 63 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE 62 - 59 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE 58 - 55 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE 54 - 50 COFFEE MACHINE

CHINE

Grid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A

B

C

D

E

F

68 64 62

69 68 63

70 65 65

G

References List McMullan, R. (1998). Environmental science in building. Basingstoke, England: Macmillan. Pohl, J. (2011). Building Science: Concepts and Application. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. Stein, B., Reynolds, J., & McGuinness, W. J. (1992). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-residential buildings (first revision). (2007). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia.

Professional Lighting Fixtures & Controls | Philips Lighting. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2016, from http://www.lightingproducts.philips.com/ DIGITAL LUX METERS. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2016, from http://tmi.yokogawa.com/products/portableand-bench-instruments/luxmeters/digital-lux-meters/

Through out this project, I have learn some knowledge about light analysis and acoustic. First, I am able to produce a complete documentation on analysis of space in relation to lighting for example natural daylighting and artificial lighting. I learn to use the lux meter to measure the spaces and able to produce an analysis of factor which affect the lighting design of space. Besides, I also learn more about lighting layout and arrangements by using certain methods and calculations for instants lumen method and psali. Another than that, I understand and could able to determine the characteristic and function of day lighting and artificial lighting within the intended space. Next, I learn to cooperate with the group members to complete this project. Time management is important so that we can able to have site visit to the chosen site to have analysis and also to produce certain analysis and transfer it into report and presentation board. I can able to produce a good quality of documentation of images, drawings and detailing of the construction elements which is relevant to lighting design using Autocad and Ecotect. Lastly, I can demonstrated the analysis and conclusion based on mathematical calculations and validation method.

PROJECT 2: Integration Project

This project is an integration project with Design Studio 5. The aim is to integrate the understanding of the principles of lighting and acoustic in the context of the final design. It encompasses advanced daylighting systems and the integration of electrical lighting, strategies for noise management and room acoustic. The objective is to show the understanding of lighting and acoustic principles in the design. The sustainability issue is to solve the design problems.

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (BLD 61303/ ARC 3413) PROJECT 2: INTEGRATION PROJECT

NAME

: EDWIN HO KHAI VUN

STUDENT ID

: 0314846

TUTOR

: MR. SIVA

1|P age

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objective………………………………………………………………………………… 3 1.2 Project Description…………………………………………………………………….. 3 1.3 Floor Plans……………………………………………………………………………… 4-6 2.0 LIGHTING 2.1 Daylighting Factor Analysis…………………………………………………………… 2.1.1 Newspaper and Magazine Area……………………………………….. 2.1.2 Meeting Room…………………………………………………………… 2.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis…………………………………………………………….. 2.2.1 Café………………………………………………………………………. 2.2.2 Second Floor Individual Reading Pod………………………………... 2.3 PSALI 2.3.1 Second Floor Individual Reading Pod………………………………… 2.3.2 Sitting Lounge…………………………………………………………….

7 7-8 9-10 11 11-14 14-17 18-20 20-23

3.0 ACOUSTIC 3.1 External Noise Calculation…………………………………………………………….. 3.1.1 Sound Pressure Level Calculation: -Sitting Lounge……………………………………………………………. - Library First Floor Reading Area……………………………………… 3.2 Reverberation Time Calculation………………………………………………………. 3.2.1 Children Reading Area………………………………………………….. 3.2.2 Second Floor Reading Pod……………………………………………… 3.3 Sound Transmission Loss Calculation……………………………………………….. 3.3.1 Children Reading Area…………………………………………………… 3.3.2 Sculpture Workshop………………………………………………………

24-30 31-32 33 33-35 35-36 37 37-40 40-42

4.0 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………….

43

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Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objectives This project is an integration project with Design Studio 5. The aim is to integrate the understanding of the principles of lighting and acoustic in the context of the final design. It encompasses advanced daylighting systems and the integration of electrical lighting, strategies for noise management and room acoustic. The objective is to show the understanding of lighting and acoustic principles in the design. The sustainability issue is to solve the design problems.

1.2 Project Description The design intention is to make people appreciate and experience the old charm of Sentul, in the form of an art library; by making them slow down their pace in terms of walking or driving. The facade with contrasting effect if people come down Jalan Haji Salleh on either directions. From the KTM commuter station, passerby will be greeted with a purposes built huge-angular blank wall frontage. The objective is to deter people from zooming pass the site and aroused their curiosity to find out more about the building. The angular wall also carved out the entrance to the building. If the passerby coming in from the Fennel condominium direction, they will greeted by huge bright openings that stretches from the ground to the sky. This will give the passerby the biggest invitation to the building. By combing these two effects, it is to give the visitors an experience of contrast- solid and void, enclosure and openness. The library also provides art program to invite art lovers and students from nearby schools. Through art, bring user unexpected sights to get to know from the people and places in Sentul. Pockets spaces are introduce at different level and different area to reflect the activities at Sentul and capture views. The pocket space are not just for reading, could also double as painting room or studio. So artist and reader can both paint or read at different position within the library.

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1.3 Floor Plans

Figure 1.3.1 Ground floor plan

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Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

Figure 1.3.2 First floor plan

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Figure 1.3.2 Second floor plan

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2.0 LIGHTING 2.1 Daylighting Factor Analysis

Where,

đ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇ =

đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸ (đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘– đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–, đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž đ?‘Žđ?‘Ž đ?‘”đ?‘”đ?‘”đ?‘”đ?‘”đ?‘”đ?‘”đ?‘”đ?‘”đ?‘” đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?) Ă— 100% đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸ (đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘–)

Ei : Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plane Eo : The unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance, average day light level in Malaysia (EH) is assumed to be 32000 lux. A standard sky is assumed to give a minimum level of illuminance on the ground.

According to MS1525, Day Light Factor distribution as below: Zone DF (%) Distribution Very Bright >6 Very large thermal and glare problems Bright 3-5 Good Average 1-3 Fair Dark 0-1 Poor Table 2.1.1 Daylight factor and distribution

2.1.1 Newspaper and Magazine Area

Figure 2.1.1.1 Newspaper and magazine area

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The selected newspaper and magazine area is located at ground floor. The reason being chosen natural light can be used as the illuminant under which the reading area located. The dynamic properties of natural light are perceivable and constantly change the perception and appearance of the space. Floor Area (m2 ) Area of opening exposed to sunlight Daylight Factor

Given Eo= 32000lux đ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇ =

đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸ đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸

2.186 =

70.12m2 Perimeter: 3.65m Height: 4.2m Area:15.33m2

15.33 Ă— 100% 70.12 = 21.86% Ă— 0.1 = 2.186%

=

Ă— 100%

đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸ Ă— 100% 32000

đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸ = 700 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™

The selected exhibition area has a daylight factor of 2.186%, and natural illumination of 700 lux. Based on the requirements of MS1525, the newspaper and magazine area has a fair factor which lower than 3% and it will cause the space has a low daylight during cloudy day. Therefore, based on recommended illuminance categories, newspaper and magazine area need 500lux. Window hood are provided practical addition to keep the interior and shield the windows from the sun. The interior with curtain blinds to avoid too much glare problems during afternoon sun.

Figure 2.1.1.2 Ecotect generated daylight contour diagram in newspaper and magazine area 8|P age

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

2.1.2 Meeting Room

Figure 2.1.2.1 Meeting room

The selected area is the meeting room. It is located at the first floor, which is facing north direction. The reason being chosen is to study the area which exposed to daylight. The meeting room is design have more opening and with an outdoor balcony. Floor Area (m2 ) Area of opening exposed to sunlight Daylight Factor

Given Eo= 32000lux đ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇ =

3=

đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸ đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸

21.55m2 Perimeter: 4.05m+4.24m=8.3m Height: 3.3m Area: 27.39m2 4.05 + 4.24 = Ă— 100% 27.39 = 30.30% Ă— 0.1 = 3%

Ă— 100%

đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸ Ă— 100% 32000

đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸đ??¸ = 960 đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™

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The selected meeting room has a daylight factor of 3%, and natural illumination of 960lux. Based on the requirements of MS1525, the meeting room meets the requirements Therefore, based on the design, the meeting room is located at back elevation and has large opening facing north orientation so that it has a good daylight in the room.

Figure 2.1.2.2 Meeting room’s opening mostly facing north

Figure 2.1.2.3 Ecotect generated daylight contour diagram in meeting room

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2.2 Artificial Lighting Calculation 2.2.1 Café

Figure 2.2.1.1 Cafe

The selected café is located at ground floor. Sufficient and even distribution of lighting is needed to create a warm ambiance and to light up the café for better vision and create a comfortable environment while having meals at the same time enjoying views and exhibition. According to the standard requirement for a café need 150lux.

Material Properties Material Concrete Light Timber Glass Panel Fabric

Function Wall Floor Ceiling Furniture Wall Curtain Blinds

Color Grey Grey Grey Light Brown White White

Area (m2) 33.12 48.75 48.75 7.08 45.21 45.21

Surface Type Matte Gloss Matte Gloss Gloss Matte

Reflectance Value 70 25 70 75 45 25

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Fixture Properties Type of Fixture

LED Downlight

Product Brand & Code Nominal Life (hours) Wattage Range (w) Voltage (v) CRI (Color Rendering Index) Color Temperature (k) Color Designation Lumens

Calculite LED 7" Cylinder 25000 32 277 80 3000 Warm Light 2000

Lumens Method Calculation Location Dimension of Room Total Floor Area Types of Lighting Fixtures Lumen of Lighting Fixtures /F (lux) Height of Luminaire (m) Height of Work Level Mounting Height /H (Hm) Standard Illumination Required According to MS1525 Reflection Factor Room Index /RI (K)

đ??żđ??ż Ă— đ?‘Šđ?‘Š đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = đ??ťđ??ťđ??ťđ??ť (đ??żđ??ż + đ?‘Šđ?‘Š)

Utilization Factor /UF Maintenance Factor /MF

CafĂŠ Length: 7.8m Width: 6.25m Height of Ceiling: 3.45m 7.8m x 6.25m= 48.75m2 LED Downlight 2000 Lm 3.2m 0.8m 3.45m-0.25m-0.8m = 2.4m 150 Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2 đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.6 0.8

7.8 Ă— 6.25 2.4(7.8 + 6.25) 1625 = 1124 = 1.445 12 | P a g e

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Number of Light Required Lumen Calculation đ??¸đ??¸ Ă— đ??´đ??´ đ?‘ đ?‘ = [ ] đ??šđ??š Ă— đ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆ Ă— đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€ Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† =

Fitting Layout

1 đ??´đ??´ Ă—âˆš đ??ťđ??ťđ??ťđ??ť đ?‘ đ?‘

150 Ă— 48.75 đ?‘ đ?‘ = [ ] 2000 Ă— 0.6 Ă— 0.8 325 = 64 = 8 đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘? đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† =

1 48.75 Ă—âˆš 2.4 8

= 1.028 �� ������ = = 1.028 2.4 = 2.468 Fitting required along 7.8m wall.

7.8 = 3.16 2.468 ≈ 4 đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; Therefore: 4x2= 8 lamps Spacing required for wall 6.25 6.25 = 3.16 2

Figure 2.2.1.2 CafĂŠ light fitting layout

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Figure 2.2.1.3 Ecotect generated artificial light contour diagram in cafe

Figure 2.2.1.4 Ecotect generated artificial light cone section in cafe

There are 8 lights fitting to illuminate the 48.75m2 in cafĂŠ to achieve minimum of 150lux that is required by MS1525 with the sufficient level of illumination, the users can have their meals inside the cafĂŠ comfortably.

2.2.2 Reading Pod at Second Floor

Figure 2.2.2.1 Reading Pod 14 | P a g e

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Material Properties Material Concrete Light Timber Glass Panel Fabric

Function

Color

Ceiling Furniture Floor Wall Curtain Blinds

Grey Light Brown Light Brown White White

Area (m2) 12.54 1.51 12.54 46.86 40

Surface Type Matte Gloss Matte Gloss Matte

Reflectance Value 70 75 60 45 25

Fixture Properties Type of Fixture

LED Downlight

Product Brand & Code Nominal Life (hours) Wattage Range (w) Voltage (v) CRI (Color Rendering Index) Color Temperature (k) Color Designation Lumens

Evolution LED 3" 25000 19 120 90 3000 Warm Light 1000

Lumen Method Calculation Location Dimension of Room Total Floor Area Types of Lighting Fixtures Lumen of Lighting Fixtures /F (lux) Height of Luminaire (m)

Reading Pod at Second Floor Length: 3.8m Width: 3.3m Height of Ceiling: 3.45m 3.8m x 3.3m= 12.54m2 LED Downlight 1000 Lm 3.072m 15 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

Height of Work Level Mounting Height /H (Hm) Standard Illumination Required According to MS1525 Reflection Factor Room Index /RI (K)

đ??żđ??ż Ă— đ?‘Šđ?‘Š đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = đ??ťđ??ťđ??ťđ??ť (đ??żđ??ż + đ?‘Šđ?‘Š)

Utilization Factor /UF Maintenance Factor /MF Number of Light Required Lumen Calculation đ??¸đ??¸ Ă— đ??´đ??´ đ?‘ đ?‘ = [ ] đ??šđ??š Ă— đ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆ Ă— đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€ Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† =

Fitting Layout

1 đ??´đ??´ Ă—âˆš đ??ťđ??ťđ??ťđ??ť đ?‘ đ?‘

0.8m 3.45m-0.178m-0.8m = 2.472m 300 Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2 đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.435 0.8

3.8 Ă— 3.3 2.472(3.8 + 3.3) 5225 = 7313 = 0.714

300 Ă— 12.54 đ?‘ đ?‘ = [ ] 1000 Ă— 0.435 Ă— 0.8 627 = 58 = 10 đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘? đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† =

1 12.54 Ă—âˆš 2.472 10

= 0.45 đ?‘†đ?‘† đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† = = 0.45 2.472 = 1.11 Fitting required along 3.8m wall. 3.8 = 3.4 1.11 ≈ 5 đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; Therefore: 5x2=10 lamps Spacing required for wall 3.3 3.3 = 1.6 2

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Figure 2.2.2.2 Reading pod light fitting layout

Figure 2.2.2.3 Ecotect generated artificial light contour diagram in reading pod

Figure 2.2.2.4 Ecotect generated artificial light cone section in reading pod

There are 10 lights fitting to illuminate the 12.54m2 in cafĂŠ to achieve minimum of 300lux that is required by MS1525 with the sufficient level of illumination, the users can have their read inside the reading pods comfortably.

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2.3 PSALI- Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors 2.3.1 Reading Pod at Second Floor

Figure 2.3.1.1 Reading pod

Fixture Properties Type of Fixture

LED Downlight

Product Brand & Code Nominal Life (hours) Wattage Range (w) Voltage (v) CRI (Color Rendering Index) Color Temperature (k) Color Designation Lumens

Evolution LED 3" 25000 19 120 90 3000 Warm Light 1000

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Lumen Method Calculation Location Dimension of Room Total Floor Area Types of Lighting Fixtures Lumen of Lighting Fixtures /F (lux) Height of Luminaire (m) Height of Work Level Mounting Height /H (Hm) Standard Illumination Required According to MS1525 Reflection Factor Room Index /RI (K)

đ??żđ??ż Ă— đ?‘Šđ?‘Š đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = đ??ťđ??ťđ??ťđ??ť (đ??żđ??ż + đ?‘Šđ?‘Š)

Utilization Factor /UF Maintenance Factor /MF Number of Light Required Lumen Calculation đ??¸đ??¸ Ă— đ??´đ??´ đ?‘ đ?‘ = [ ] đ??šđ??š Ă— đ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆ Ă— đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€ Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† =

Fitting Layout

1 đ??´đ??´ Ă—âˆš đ??ťđ??ťđ??ťđ??ť đ?‘ đ?‘

Reading Pod at Second Floor Length: 3.8m Width: 3.3m Height of Ceiling: 3.45m 3.8m x 3.3m= 12.54m2 LED Downlight 1000 Lm 3.072m 0.8m 3.45m-0.178m-0.8m = 2.472m 300 Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2 đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.435 0.8

3.8 Ă— 3.3 2.472(3.8 + 3.3) 5225 = 7313 = 0.714

300 Ă— 12.54 đ?‘ đ?‘ = [ ] 1000 Ă— 0.435 Ă— 0.8 627 = 58 = 10 đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘? đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† =

1 12.54 Ă—âˆš 2.472 10

= 0.45 đ?‘†đ?‘† đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† = = 0.45 2.472 = 1.12 Fitting required along 3.8m wall. 3.8 = 3.4 1.12 ≈ 5 đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; Therefore: 5x2=10 lamps Spacing required for wall 3.3 3.3 = 1.65 2

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Figure 2.3.1.2 Light fitting layout in reading pod

There are 10 lights fitting at the reading pod. There are controlled by 2 switches. SW1 can be turned off during the day due to sufficient daylighting from the faรงade. SW2 has to be turn on during the day to achieve 300lux requirement of MS1525 and also uniform lighting of the space.

2.3.2 Sitting Lounge

Figure 2.3.2.1 Sitting lounge

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Fixture Properties Type of Fixture

LED Downlight

Product Brand & Code Nominal Life (hours) Wattage Range (w) Voltage (v) CRI (Color Rendering Index) Color Temperature (k) Color Designation Lumens

RS010 Spot 25000 8 240 85 3000 Warm Light 8000

Lumen Method Calculation Location Dimension of Room Total Floor Area Types of Lighting Fixtures Lumen of Lighting Fixtures /F (lux) Height of Luminaire (m) Height of Work Level Mounting Height /H (Hm) Standard Illumination Required According to MS1525 Reflection Factor Room Index /RI (K) đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… =

đ??żđ??ż Ă— đ?‘Šđ?‘Š đ??ťđ??ťđ??ťđ??ť (đ??żđ??ż + đ?‘Šđ?‘Š)

Sitting Lounge Length: 9m Width: 3.5m Height of Ceiling: 4.05m 9m x 3.5m= 31.5m2 LED Downlight 800 Lm 3.842m 0.8m 4.05m-0.208m-0.8m = 3.042m 200 Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2 đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… =

9 Ă— 3.5 3.042(9 + 3.5) 21 | P a g e

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Utilization Factor /UF Maintenance Factor /MF Number of Light Required Lumen Calculation đ??¸đ??¸ Ă— đ??´đ??´ đ?‘ đ?‘ = [ ] đ??šđ??š Ă— đ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆđ?‘ˆ Ă— đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€đ?‘€ Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† =

Fitting Layout

1 đ??´đ??´ Ă—âˆš đ??ťđ??ťđ??ťđ??ť đ?‘ đ?‘

0.39 0.8

140 169 = 0.83 =

200 Ă— 31.5 đ?‘ đ?‘ = [ ] 800 Ă— 0.39 Ă— 0.8 2625 = 104 = 25 đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘? đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† =

1 31.5 Ă—âˆš 3.042 10

= 0.583 đ?‘†đ?‘† đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† = = 0.583 3.042 = 1.775 Fitting required along 9m wall. 9 = 5.07 1.775 ≈ 5 đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; Therefore: 5x5=25 lamps Spacing required for wall 3.5m 3.5 = 0.7 5

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Figure 2.3.2.2 Light fitting layout in sitting lounge

There are 25 lights fitting at the sitting lounge. There are controlled by 5 switches. SW1, SW2, SW3 can be turned off during the day due to sufficient daylighting from the faรงade and the skylight above. SW4 and SW5 have to be turn on during the day to achieve 200lux requirement of MS1525 and also uniform lighting of the space.

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3.0 ACOUSTIC 3.1 External Noise Calculation 3.1.1 Sound Pressure Level Calculation Space: Library Sitting Lounge

Figure 3.1.1.1 Sitting lounge

The sound level assumptions are made during non-peak hour (10am) and during peak hour (5pm). Noise sources are categorized as external traffic noise as well as internal noise. They are marked by human activities along the busy street, along Jalan Haji Salleh.

Recorded Reading Sound Intensity

Traffic Noise at Jalan Haji Salleh Peak Hour Highest Reading: 85dB Lowest Reading: 70dB đ??źđ??ź Using the formula where, đ??żđ??ż = 10đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™10 (đ??źđ??ź ) đ?‘œđ?‘œ

Highest Reading:

85 = 10������10 (

đ??źđ??ź ) 1 Ă— 10−12

đ??źđ??ź = (108.5 )(1 Ă— 10−12 ) = 3.16 Ă— 10−4

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Lowest Reading: 70 = 10������10 (

đ??źđ??ź ) 1 Ă— 10−12

đ??źđ??ź = (107 )(1 Ă— 10−12 )

Total Intensities Combined Sound Pressure Level

= 1 Ă— 10−5

đ??źđ??ź = (3.16 Ă— 10−6 ) + (1 Ă— 10−5 )

= 1.316 Ă— 10−5 Using the formula Combined SPL= 10đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™10 [

đ?‘?đ?‘?2

đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘œ2

] , đ?‘¤đ?‘¤â„Žđ?‘’đ?‘’đ?‘’đ?‘’đ?‘’đ?‘’ đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘œ = 1 Ă— 10−12

������ = 10������10 [

1.316 Ă— 10−5 ] 1 Ă— 10−12

= 71.19đ?‘‘đ?‘‘đ?‘‘đ?‘‘

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Recorded Reading Sound Intensity

Traffic Noise at Jalan Haji Salleh Non-Peak Hour Highest Reading: 65dB Lowest Reading: 57dB đ??źđ??ź Using the formula where, đ??żđ??ż = 10đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™10 (đ??źđ??ź ) đ?‘œđ?‘œ

Highest Reading:

65 = 10������10 (

đ??źđ??ź ) 1 Ă— 10−12

đ??źđ??ź = (106.5 )(1 Ă— 10−12 )

Lowest Reading:

= 3.162 Ă— 10−6

57 = 10������10 (

đ??źđ??ź ) 1 Ă— 10−12

đ??źđ??ź = (105.7 )(1 Ă— 10−12 )

Total Intensities Combined Sound Pressure Level

= 5.012 Ă— 10−7

đ??źđ??ź = (3.162 Ă— 10−6 ) + (5.012 Ă— 10−7 )

= 3.663 Ă— 10−6 Using the formula Combined SPL= đ?‘?đ?‘?2

10đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™10 [đ?‘?đ?‘? ] , đ?‘¤đ?‘¤â„Žđ?‘’đ?‘’đ?‘’đ?‘’đ?‘’đ?‘’ đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘œ = 1 Ă— 10−12 đ?‘œđ?‘œ2

������ = 10������10 [

3.663 Ă— 10−6 ] 1 Ă— 10−12

= 65.64đ?‘‘đ?‘‘đ?‘‘đ?‘‘

According to Australian Acoustic Association, recommended internal noise levels for library general area is 40dB.

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Transmission Loss for Façade Transmission Coefficient of Material Building Element Wall

Window

Material 8x8x18â€? 3cell lightweight concrete masonry units UHPC panels 50mm Rockwool Flexi insulation Soundproof Window, Glazed double strength single panel, 3 žâ€? separation between panels

Surface Area (m2) 114.20

SRI (dB) 55

114.20 114.20

49 47

16.13

48

1. Wall: Lightweight Concrete ������ = 10������

1 ��

đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘? = 55đ?‘‘đ?‘‘đ?‘‘đ?‘‘ 55 = 10đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ 1

đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?

1

đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?

= 105.5

đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘? =

1 105.5

= 3.16 Ă— 10−6

2. Wall: UHPC panels ������ = 10������

1 ��

đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘˘â„Žđ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘? = 49đ?‘‘đ?‘‘đ?‘‘đ?‘‘

49 = 10������

1

đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘˘đ?‘˘â„Žđ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘? 27 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

1

𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢ℎ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

= 104.9

𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢ℎ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =

1 104.9

= 1.26 × 10−5 3. 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 10𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 48𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

47 = 10𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1

𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

1

𝑇𝑇

1

𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

= 104.7

𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =

1 104.7

= 1.995 × 10−5 4. Window 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 10𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

1 𝑇𝑇

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 48𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 48 = 10𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1

𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

1

𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

= 104.8

𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =

1 104.8

= 1.584 × 10−5

28 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

Sound Reduction Index Calculation đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† = 10 log ( đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ = ( Material

SRI (dB)

Lightweight concrete UHPC panels Rockwool Flexi Tempered glass

đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ = (

1

đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ

)

đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘›đ?‘› Ă— đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘›đ?‘› ) đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡ đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´

55

Surface area (m2)(S) 114.2

49 47 28

114.2 114.2 16.13

Transmission Coefficient (T) 3.16 Ă— 10−6 1.26 Ă— 10−5 1.995 Ă— 10−5 1.584 Ă— 10−3

ST (Area x TC) 3.6 Ă— 10−4

1.43 Ă— 10−3 2.27 Ă— 10−3 0.026

3.6 Ă— 10−4 + 1.43 Ă— 10−3 + 2.27 Ă— 10−3 + 0.026 ) 114.2 + 114.2 + 114.2 + 16.13

= 8.376 Ă— 10−5 đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† = 10log(

������ = 10log(

1

đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ

)

1 ) 8.376 Ă— 10−5

������ = 40.8����

85dB – 40.8dB= 44.2dB The overall transmission loss from the Jalan Haji Salleh to the library area is 44.2dB. The sound pressure level at the Jalan Haji Salleh during highest rating is 85dB, the sound that transmitted through the wall into the library area is 44.2dB. According to the noise criteria environment perception, 44.2dB is a suburban living room environment. Besides, it is slightly higher than the standard SPL of the library general area which is 40dB.

29 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

The sound pressure for sitting lounge is 40dB. The combine SPL reading of 71.19dB of Jalan Haji Salleh is too high for sitting lounge. The design solution proposed to address to this issue is to create a buffering zone which is the courtyard facing the front of Jalan Haji Saleh. Besides, the faรงade of the ground floor sitting lounge space is flanked with concrete panels with Rockwool insulation to absorb the sound from the traffic entering the sitting lounge.

Figure 3.1.1.2 Show the Transmission loss from Jalan Haji Salleh into library area -Courtyard as buffer zone -Faรงade treatment

30 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

Space: Library Reading Area at First Floor

Figure 3.1.1.3 Library reading area

Recorded Reading Sound Intensity

Noise Source: Car Services (Highest Reading): 80dB Normal Conversation (Lowest Reading): 60dB đ??źđ??ź Using the formula where, đ??żđ??ż = 10đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™10 (đ??źđ??ź ) Car Services (Highest Reading): 80 = 10đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™10 (

đ?‘œđ?‘œ

đ??źđ??ź ) 1 Ă— 10−12

đ??źđ??ź = (108 )(1 Ă— 10−12 ) = 1 Ă— 10−4

Normal Conversation Lowest Reading: đ??źđ??ź ) 60 = 10đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™10 ( 1 Ă— 10−12 đ??źđ??ź = (106 )(1 Ă— 10−12 )

Total Intensities

= 1 Ă— 10−6

đ??źđ??ź = (1 Ă— 10−4 ) + (1 Ă— 10−6 ) 31 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

Combined Sound Pressure Level

= 1.01 Ă— 10−4 Using the formula Combined SPL= đ?‘?đ?‘?2

10đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™10 [đ?‘?đ?‘? ] , đ?‘¤đ?‘¤â„Žđ?‘’đ?‘’đ?‘’đ?‘’đ?‘’đ?‘’ đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘œ = 1 Ă— 10−12 đ?‘œđ?‘œ2

1.01 Ă— 10−4 ] đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† = 10đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™10[ 1 Ă— 10−12 = 80.04đ?‘‘đ?‘‘đ?‘‘đ?‘‘

The sound pressure for library reading area is 35dB according to Australian Acoustic Association standard. The combine SPL reading of 80.04dB is too high for a reading area. The design solution is to arrange the spaces according to zoning during the design planning stage. A courtyard and the services area are placed before the reading area to act as the buffer zone between the street and the reading area. The outdoor courtyard is also planted with trees that can absorb the noise.

Figure 3.1.1.4 Zoning- service area and courtyard as buffer zone

32 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

3.2 Reverberation of Time Calculation 3.2.1 Children Reading Room during Peak

Figure 3.2.1.1 Children reading area

Room Height: 3.45m Standard Reverberation of Time for Children Reading Room: 0.4 - 0.8s Peak Hours Capacity: 10 people Volume of Children Reading Room: 89.286m3

Component

Wall Floor Ceiling

Material Brickwork, 10mm flush pointing 4mm glass Parquet fixed in asphalt, on concrete Plasterboard 10mm thick backed with 25mm thick bitumen

Absorption Coefficient at 2000 Hz (s)

Sound Absorption (Sa)

34.5

0.22

7.59

Glass panel

41.51

0.05

2.08

Floor finish

42.38

0.06

2.54

Ceiling finish

42.38

0.05

2.12

Function

Wall

Area, m2 (A)

33 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project Cloth-upholstered seats Double seals glass _

Furniture Opening People (peak)

đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.16 Ă—

đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰ đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž

đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.16 Ă—

89.286 29.32

đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.49đ?‘ đ?‘

Component Wall

Floor Ceiling Furniture Opening People (peak)

Material

10

0.58

5.80

Sliding door _

8.5 0.54 10 0.46 Total Absorption

4.59 4.60 29.32

Absorption Coefficient at 500 Hz (s)

Sound Absorption (Sa)

34.5

0.12

4.14

Function

Area, m2 (A)

Brickwork, 10mm flushing pointing Glass panel Parquet fixed in asphalt, on concrete

Glass panel

41.51

0.05

2.08

Floor finish

42.38

0.07

2.97

Plasterboard 10mm thick backed with 25mm thick bitumen

Ceiling finish

42.38

0.15

6.36

Sofa

10

0.58

5.80

Sliding door _

8.5 0.44 10 0.46 Total Absorption

3.74 4.60 29.68

Cloth-upholstered seats Double seals glass _

đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.16 Ă—

đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰ đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž

đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.16 Ă—

89.286 29.68

đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.48đ?‘ đ?‘

Sofa

Wall

34 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

The reverberation time for children reading room in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient is 0.49 while in 500Hz of absorption coefficient is 0.48s. According to the standard of reverberation time, the standard comfort of general use of children reading area is within the range of 0.4 to 0.8s. Hence, the reverberation time of children reading room is within the range of comfort reverberation time.

3.2.2 Reading Pod at Second Floor

Figure 3.2.2.1 Reading pod

Room Height: 3.45m Standard Reverberation of Time for Reading Pod: 0.4 – 0.8s Peak Hours Capacity: 8 people Volume of Reading Pod: 84.80m3 Component

Wall Floor

Material Brickwork, 10mm flush pointing Double glazing Parquet fixed in asphalt, on concrete

Function

Area, m2 (A)

Absorption Coefficient at 2000 Hz (s)

Sound Absorption (Sa)

Wall

23.04

0.22

5.07

Glass panel

52.11

0.02

1.04

Floor finish

33.65

0.06

2.02

35 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

Ceiling

Plasterboard 10mm thick backed with 25mm thick bitumen

Furniture

Timber

Opening People (peak)

Double seals glass _

đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.16 Ă— đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.16 Ă— đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.64đ?‘ đ?‘

Material Brickwork, 10mm flush pointing Double glazing Parquet fixed in asphalt, on concrete

Floor Ceiling

Plasterboard 10mm thick backed with 25mm thick bitumen

Furniture

Timber

Opening People (peak)

Double seals glass _

đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.61đ?‘ đ?‘

0.05

1.68

3.9

0.81

3.16

8.5 0.54 8 0.46 Total Absorption

4.59 3.68 21.24

Absorption Coefficient at 500 Hz (s)

Sound Absorption (Sa)

84.80 21.24

Wall

đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.16 Ă—

Chairs and tables Sliding door _

33.65

đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰ đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž

Component

đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘…đ?‘… = 0.16 Ă—

Ceiling finish

Function

Area, m2 (A)

Wall

23.04

0.12

2.76

Glass panel

52.11

0.05

2.61

Floor finish

33.65

0.07

2.36

Ceiling finish

33.65

0.15

5.05

3.9

0.56

2.18

8.5 0.44 8 0.46 Total Absorption

3.74 3.68 22.38

Chairs and tables Sliding door _

đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘‰ đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´ đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž

84.80 22.38

36 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

The reverberation time for reading pod in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient is 0.64 while in 500Hz of absorption coefficient is 0.61s. According to the standard of reverberation time, the standard comfort of general use of reading area is within the range of 0.4 to 0.8s. Hence, the reverberation time of reading room is within the range of comfort reverberation time.

3.3 Sound Transmission Loss Calculation 3.3.1 Children Reading Area

Figure 3.3.1.1 Sound transmission loss between children reading area and library quite reading area

Transmission Coefficient of Material Building Element Wall

Window

Material Surface Area (m2) 4x8x18� 3-cell 14.87x0.3= 4.46 lightweight concrete masonry units, Common brick, mortared together Soundproof Window, 12.41x3.3= 40.95

SRI (dB) 51

48 37 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

Glazed double strength single panel, 3 ¾” separation between panels Sliding glass door with pieces tempered glass

Door

2.457x 3.3= 8.1

28

5. Wall 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 10𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

1 𝑇𝑇

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 51𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 51 = 10𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1

𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

1

𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

= 105.1

𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =

1 105.1

= 7.943 × 10−6 6. Window 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 10𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

1 𝑇𝑇

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 48𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 48 = 10𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1

𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

1

𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

= 104.8

𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =

1 104.8

= 1.584 × 10−5

38 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

7. Door 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 10𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

1 𝑇𝑇

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 28𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

28 = 10𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1

𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1

𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= 102.8

𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =

1 102.8

= 1.584 × 10−3

Sound Reduction Index Calculation 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 10 log ( 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = (

Material Lightweight concrete with common brick Soundproof Window, Glazed double strength single panel Tempered glass

𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = (

SRI (dB)

1

𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

)

𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 × 𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛 ) 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

51

Surface area (m2)(S) 4.46

48

40.95

28

8.1

3.542 × 10−5 + 6.486 × 10−4 + 0.0128 ) 4.46 + 40.95 + 8.1

Transmission Coefficient (T) 7.943 × 10−6 1.584 × 10−5 1.584 × 10−3

ST (Area x TC) 3.542 × 10−5

6.486 × 10−4

0.0128

= 2.52 × 10−4

39 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

������ = 10log( ������ = 10log( ������ = 36����

1

đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ

)

1 ) 2.52 Ă— 10−4

65dB – 36dB = 30dB The overall transmission loss from the children area to the library quiet reading area is 30dB. The sound pressure level at the children area is 65dB, the sound that transmitted through the wall into the library reading area is 30dB. According to the noise criteria environment perception, 30dB is a suburban living room environment. Besides, it is lower than the standard SPL of the library reading area which is 35dB. Therefore, it is an ideal value for the library reading area as the noise from children area does not penetrate to the reading zone and disrupt the concentration of reading.

3.3.2 Sculpture Workshop

Figure 3.3.2.1 Sound transmission loss between sculpture workshop and library newspaper and magazine area

40 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

Transmission Coefficient of Material Building Element Wall

Door

Material 8â€? cast concrete wall, 2x2â€? wood furring, 1â€? 8pcf rockwool ½â€? gypsum board Sliding glass door with pieces tempered glass

Surface Area (m2) 7.5x3.9= 29.25

SRI (dB) 62

2.457x 3.3= 8.1

28

1. Wall ������ = 10������

1 ��

�������������� = 62���� 62 = 10������ 1

����������

1

����������

= 106.2

���������� =

1 106.2

= 6.309 Ă— 10−7 2. Door đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† = 10đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™

1 ��

�������������� = 28����

28 = 10������ 1

����������

1

����������

= 102.8

�������������� =

1 102.8

= 1.584 Ă— 10−3

41 | P a g e

Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

Sound Reduction Index Calculation đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† = 10 log ( đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ = ( Material

đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ

Cast concrete wall

62

Tempered glass

28

8.1

1.845 Ă— 10−5 + 0.0128 =( ) 29.25 + 8.1

= 3.43 Ă— 10−4

������ = 10log(

������ = 10log(

1

đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ

)

đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘›đ?‘› Ă— đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘›đ?‘› ) đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘‡ đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´đ??´

Surface area (m2)(S) 29.25

đ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘œ

SRI (dB)

1

Transmission Coefficient (T) 6.309 Ă— 10−7 1.584 Ă— 10−3

ST (Area x TC) 1.845 Ă— 10−5 0.0128

)

1 ) 3.43 Ă— 10−4

������ = 34.65����

70dB – 34.65dB= 35.35dB The overall transmission loss from the sculpture workshop to the library newspaper and magazine area is 35.35dB. The sound pressure level at the sculpture workshop is 70dB, the sound that transmitted through the wall into the library newspaper and magazine area is 35.35dB. According to the noise criteria environment perception, 35.35dB is a suburban living room environment. Besides, it is lower than the standard SPL of the library general area which is 40dB. Therefore, it is an ideal value for the library newspaper and magazine as the noise from sculpture workshop does not penetrate to the newspaper and magazine area.

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Building Science 2_ Project 2: Integration Project

4.0 REFERENCES

Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-residential buildings (first revision). (2007). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia. Association of Australian Acoustical Consultants Guideline ... (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2016, from http://www.daydesign.com.au/downloads/AAAC guideline.pdf McMullan, R. (1998). Environmental science in building. Basingstoke, England: Macmillan. Pohl, J. (2011). Building Science: Concepts and Application. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. Illuminance - Recommended Light Levels. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2016, from http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-level-rooms-d_708.html ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS - acoustic. (n.d.). Retrieved June 30, 2016, from http://www.acoustic.ua/st/web_absorption_data_eng.pdf The Noise Guidebook - Preface - HUD Exchange. (n.d.). Retrieved June 30, 2016, from https://www.hudexchange.info/onecpd/assets/File/Noise-Guidebook-Preface.pdf Professional Lighting Fixtures & Controls | Philips Lighting. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2016, from http://www.lightingproducts.philips.com/

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This project aims to integrate the understanding of the principles of lighting and acoustics in the context of final design of studio 5. Through out this project, I am able to show the understanding of lighting and acoustic principles in my final design. I can solve the design problems in relation to sustainability issues for example natural day lighting and site analysis. I can also design spaces base on the knowledge incorporating lighting and acoustic. Besides, I am able to produce site analysis which document, interoret and analyze the site context in relation with lighitng and acoustic. I learn to explore and apply understanding of building physic for example lighting towards building or construction technology and building materials on existing building projects. Next, I can produce the calculations of lighting task and acoustic task. I also understand that critical analysis of the spaces is important to determine the problem and learn how to solve the problems based on my undertanding and research og lighting and acoustic solutions. Lastly, I am able to demonstrate the analysis and conclusion using Autocad, Revit and Ecotect to produce clear images and drawings.

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