Building service final report

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN CENTRE FOR MODERN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (MASSA) BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS)(ARCHITECTURE)

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423)

PROJECT TWO: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

GROUP MEMBER: CHEONG SIEW YING

0314618

CHIA WEE MIN

0315186

CHUA CHANG YEONG

0314044

TAN ZI CIN

0314079

TEOH HUI YU

0313701

WONG VOON YIN

0315151

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

CONTENT ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION TO SETIA CITY MALL ACTKNOWLEDGEMENT FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Literature review......................................................................................................01 1.0 Introduction........................................................................................................01 1.1 Active Fire Protection System...........................................................................02 1.1.1 Fire Classification..................................................................................02 1.1.2 Alarm Initiative Device........................................................................03 1.1.3 Notification Appliances.......................................................................03 1.1.4 Fire Control System...............................................................................04 1.2 Passive Fire Protecting System..........................................................................06 1.2.1 Fire Compartmentation.......................................................................07 1.2.2 Structure Fire Protection......................................................................07 1.2.3 Means Of Escape.................................................................................08 Case Study................................................................................................................09 1.3 Fire Protection System.......................................................................................09 1.3.1 Active Protection Systems...................................................................09 1.3.2 Fire Detection And Alarm System......................................................09 1.3.3 Signal Initiation Mechanisms...............................................................10 1.3.3.1 Smoke Detection...................................................................10 1.3.3.2 Heat Detector.........................................................................11 1.3.3.3 Break Glass..............................................................................12 1.3.4 Signal Processing Systems...................................................................12 1.3.4.1 Fire Control Room...................................................................13 1.3.5 Fire Alarm Notification Appliances....................................................14 1.3.5.1 Fire Alarm Buzzer And Strobe................................................14 1.3.6 Fire Extinguisher....................................................................................15 1.3.6.1 Portable Fire Extinguisher.......................................................15 1.3.7 Water Supply And External Fire Hydrant...........................................17 1.3.7.1 External Fire Hydrant And Hose Reel....................................17 1.3.8 Dry Reiser Systems................................................................................18 1.3.8.1 External Fire Hydrant And Hose Reel....................................18 1.3.9 Hose Reel Systems................................................................................19 1.3.10 Sprinkle Systems..................................................................................21 PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.3.10.1 Wet Sprinkler Systems...........................................................21 1.3.10.2 Types of Sprinkler Head.......................................................22 1.3.11 Smoke Curtain....................................................................................24 1.4 Passive Fire Protection Systems........................................................................25 1.4.1 Zoning And Fire Compartmentation..................................................25 1.4.2 Structural Fire Protection.....................................................................27 1.4.2.1 Fire Coating Protection.........................................................27 1.4.2.2 Fire/Smoke Barrier Door.........................................................28 1.4.2.3 Fire Roller Shutter....................................................................30 1.4.3 Means Of Escape.................................................................................31 1.4.3.1 Fire Evacuation Routes..........................................................31 1.4.3.2 Fire Resistant Escape Staircases...........................................32 1.4.3.3 Fire Emergency Exit................................................................34 1.5 Conclusion..........................................................................................................36 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 2.0 Introduction........................................................................................................37 2.1 Literature Review...............................................................................................38 2.1.1 Refrigerant Cycle.................................................................................38 2.1.2 Components and Functions...............................................................39 2.1.3 Air Cycle..............................................................................................40 2.1.4 Components and Functions...............................................................40 Case Study................................................................................................................42 2.2 Introduction........................................................................................................42 2.3 Cooling Tower....................................................................................................43 2.4 Make Up Water Tank.........................................................................................45 2.5 Centrifugal Chiller..............................................................................................46 2.6 Chiller Water Pump............................................................................................47 2.7 Air Handling Unit (AHU).....................................................................................48 2.8 Cooling Coil........................................................................................................49 2.9 Air Cooled Split Unit...........................................................................................50 2.10 Air Ductwork & Diffuser....................................................................................51 2.11 Conclusion........................................................................................................52 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 3.0 Introduction........................................................................................................53 3.1 Literature Review...............................................................................................54 3.1.1 Aims/Function Of Mechanical Ventilation........................................54 3.1.2 Advantages of Mechanical Ventilation...........................................54 3.1.3 Types of Mechanical Ventilation.......................................................54 3.1.4 Components Involve in Mechanical Ventilation System................56 PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

Case Study................................................................................................................58 3.2 Introduction........................................................................................................58 3.3 Mechanical Ventilation Systems......................................................................59 3.3.1 Exhaust Fan...........................................................................................59 3.4 Smoke Spill System............................................................................................61 3.5 Fresh Air System..................................................................................................65 3.6 Pressurization System.........................................................................................67 3.7 Conclusion..........................................................................................................72 MECHANICAL TRANPORTATION SYSTEM 4.0 Introduction........................................................................................................73 4.1 Literature Review...............................................................................................74 4.1.1 Elevator.................................................................................................74 4.1.2 Basic Components of Traction Elevator............................................74 4.1.3 Basic Components of Hydraulic Elevator..........................................75 4.1.4 Escalator...............................................................................................76 4.1.5 Basic Components of Escalator.........................................................77 4.1.6 Working System....................................................................................77 4.1.7 Arrangement........................................................................................78 4.1.8 Model Size.............................................................................................80 Case Study................................................................................................................81 4.2 Introduction........................................................................................................81 4.3 Machine Room-less Elevator............................................................................82 4.4 Location Layout Of Elevators in Setia City Mall..............................................85 4.5 Components of Setia City Mall- Gearless Elevator........................................87 4.5.1 Gearless Traction Machine.................................................................88 4.5.2 Governor...............................................................................................89 4.5.3 Regenerative Driver.............................................................................90 4.5.4 Polyurethane Coated Steel Belt.........................................................91 4.6 Door System........................................................................................................92 4.6.1 Landing Lanterns..................................................................................92 4.6.2 Call Button............................................................................................93 4.6.3 Car Operating Panel...........................................................................93 4.6.4 Emergency Railing...............................................................................94 4.7 Escalator Introduction.......................................................................................95 4.8 Location Layout of Escalator in Setia City mall..............................................96 4.9 Arrangement......................................................................................................98 4.10 Working System................................................................................................99 4.11 Components of Escalator.............................................................................100 4.11.1 Truss....................................................................................................101 4.11.2 Landing Platforms............................................................................101 PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

4.11.3 Tracks.................................................................................................102 4.11.4 Steps..................................................................................................103 4.11.5 Handrail.............................................................................................104 4.12 Safety System.................................................................................................105 4.12.1 Additional Balustrade......................................................................106 4.12.2 Deflector Brushes..............................................................................106 4.12.3 Yellow Combfingers.........................................................................107 4.12.4 Boot Footprints & Yellow Boundary................................................107 4.13 Conclusion......................................................................................................108 REFERENCES

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423 ABSTRACT The purpose of having this project is to let us understand the basic principles, process and equipment of various building services systems through real life project. Either public or commercial buildings with maximum of 5 storey high is required before proceeding. After selecting the building, we are required to conduct case study on the building services of the particular building, the fields that we covered are the mechanical ventilation, air conditioning system, fire protection system (active and passive fire protection system) and mechanical transportation system.

Setia CIty Mall is selected as our case study building. The reason behind choosing Setia City Mall is because of its sustainability features in the building services as well as passive design and also the generosity of the Setia City Mall staff in providing all the information about the building services. We are grateful towards their help and generosity.

The case study will cover all the topics listed above with details and evidence to support it. At the end of each topic, a conclusion is written containing the summary of our analysis as well as our comments and critiques. All of us carries the same hope which the knowledge we gained in this assignment can be helpful in our future designs.

Group photo with Ms Yukeen from Setia City Mall Management, from left: Chua PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423 Chang Yeong, Teoh Hui Yu, Tan Zi Cin, Ms Yukeen, Wong Voon Yin, Chia Wee Min.(Cheong Siew Ying was absent due to personal reason)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank Setia City Mall for allowing us to visit the building and runs our case study. A special thanks to the person in charge from Setia City Mall Management, Ms Yukeen who helped and assisted us during our site visit by giving us a short lecture about building services in Setia City Mall, and walked us around the building through the prominent service rooms.

It is a genuine pleasure to express our deep sense of thanks and gratitude to our tutor, Mr Rizal. His dedication and keen interest above all his overwhelming attitude to help his students and been solely and mainly responsible for completing our project two. His precious and helpful advice have helped is to a very great extent to accomplish this project.

INTRODUCTION TO SETIA CITY MALL

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

Setia City Mall is a shopping center located at Setia Alam, Shah Alam, joint venture between Malaysia property developer SP Setia and the Asian Retail Investment Fund, a wholesale fund managed by global property and infrastructure group, Lend Lease.

It is a project which costed RM 450 million and was completed in 2002. With over 740,000 square feet of Net Lettable Area, over 2,500 car parks and over 240 retailers spread across 4 levels, the mall is the destination of choice for shopping, dining, entertainment and parklife in the area. Key retailers include Parkson, Golden Screen Cinemas, Fitness First, Zara, Uniqlo, Urbanfresh, Daiso, Harvey Norman, Courts and MPH bookstore.

In addition to leading local and international retailers, the mall also houses an alfresco dining precinct, a 10.5 acre park, a water jet plaza and exceptional children's play facilities. The mall has also received Singapore's Building and Construction Authority (BCA)

Green Mark Gold Award, Malaysia Green Building

Index Silver Award, The Edge-PAM Green Excellence Award and Fiabci Malaysia Property Award 2013.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM LITERATURE REVIEW 1.0

Introduction

According to Zraati.P (2015), there are four aims of Fire Protections, which are: •

To protect building occupants from fire by providing sufficient and safe evacuation routes.

•

To protect building structures from severely damage within specific time – construction methods, fire rated etc.

•

To protect building properties (furniture, equipment etc) from totally damage.

•

To avoid fire from spread out within the building or to another building.

Diagram 1.0: The Fire Triangle Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Fire_tri angle.svg/2 00px-Fire_triangle.svg.png

The fire triangle’s three sides illustrate the three elements of fire, which are heat, fuel, and oxidization. The three elements must be combined in the right proportions for a fire to occur. If any of the three elements are removed, the fire is extinguished. (FireRescue1, 2015)

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.1

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Active fire systems are protection systems that are able to interact with its surrounding by operating fans for smoke extraction, fire sprinkler to control fire, and also opening of a vent to allow assisted ventilation (Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service, 2015). According to Ching & Winkel (2012), active systems such as sprinkles are widely used because it is very effective but subject to interruption of water supply unless emergency water sources with backup pressure are provided. According to Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service (2015), active systems are particularly useful in larger buildings where it is difficult to ventilate central areas through natural openings such as windows, smoke and heat extraction systems are often used. Their purpose is improve the visibility in the building so that occupants can make their exit and to prevent flashover.

1.1.1 FIRE CLASSIFICATION According to NFPA 10: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers (2013), portable fire extinguishers are labelled as follows: CLASS A: solid materials, usually of an organic nature, in which combustion normally takes place with the formation of glowing.

(E.g. paper, wood, textiles) CLASS B: flammable liquids or liquefiable solid, fires often spread rapidly and, unless properly secured, can re-flash after the flames are extinguished (E.g. gases, solvents, oil, gasoline, paint, lacquers, tars and other synthetic or oil-based products) CLASS C: gases, can be caused by flame.

(E.g. hydrogen, propane, butane) CLASS D: combustible metals, unique industrial hazards which require special dry powder agents.

(E.g. magnesium and sodium)

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

CLASS E: electrical equipment can be caused by a spark, power surge or short circuit.

(E.g. wiring, controls, motors, data processing panels or appliances) CLASS F: combustible cooking media, used form commercial food preparation require a special wet chemical extinguishing agent that is especially suited for extinguishing and suppressing these extremely hot fires that have the ability to re-flash.

(E.g. oils and grease)

1.1.2

ALARM INITIATIVE DEVICE

Smoke Detector And Gas Detector Detectors are automatic device that usually sound an audible and visual alarm to alert occupants and also trigger responses in systems such as sprinklers, smoke control systems, or HVAC controls. (Ching & Winkel, 2012)

1.1.3 NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES Fire Alarm Systems In the Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings (2015), fire alarm system can be classified according to several different characteristics, including location, application, connections, coding, and the degree of automation of the detection system. The classification system found in the National Fire Alarm and / Signalling Code (NFPA 72) is used in herein. This code classifies fire alarm system essentially by location and function: - Household fire warning system - Protected – premises system (local alarm) - Off – premises system (connections between local alarms and off – premises equipment and systems). This category includes auxiliary, remote station, proprietary, central station, and municipal alarm systems.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.1.4 FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM Fire Control Room It is the central of the building that controls for the building's fire protection systems, fire pump, secondary water supply, air-handling systems, stairwell door controls, communications and elevator controls. (San Diego Fire-Rescue Department, n.d.)

Water-based system •

Fire Sprinkle - Provides an automatic spray dedicated to the area of fire outbreak. (Hall & Greeno, 2007)

•

Dry Riser - It is in effect an empty vertical pipe which becomes a firefighter hose extension to supply hydrants at each floor level. (Hall & Greeno, 2007)

•

Wet Riser - It is constantly charged with water and essential in building where floor levels are higher than that served by a dry riser. (Hall & Greeno, 2007)

•

External Fire hydrant - Fire hydrant installation consists of a system of pip work connected directly to the water supply main to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and is intended to provide water for the firemen to fight a fire. (Fire Control Engineering, 2015)

•

Hose Reel System - It is firefighting equipment for use as a first aid measure by building occupants.

Non-water based system Portable Fire Extinguisher - Portable fire extinguisher must contain the type of fire extinguishing agent suitable for the fire it is require to extinguish. (Hall & Greeno, 2007)

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

Diagram 1.1.4 a): Types of fire extinguisher Source: http://www.firesure.ie/images/template/fire-classes.png

Although ABC and BC Dry Chemical extinguishers can control a fire involving electronic equipment, the National Fire Code (NFPA 75-1999 edition), Section 6-3-2, specifically advises against dry-chemical extinguishers for fires involving computers or other delicate electronic equipment due to the potential damage from residues.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.2

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTING SYSTEM

Passive fire system are built – in fire protection system features through resistance to fire and reaction to fire improvement provisions such as rated construction that provide fire safety and do not require activation (Diamantes, 2011). Based on the Principles of fire safety engineering: Understanding fire and fire protection (Das, 2014), the concept of passive fire protection is based on the principles of: 1. Controlling likelihood of ignition.

2. Containment of fire and its effects within as area – compartmentation, opening protections, fire stops, dampers, etc.

3. Conferring fire resistance to the structure and building elements for a specific time period – structural fire protection achieved with fireproofing materials.

4. Enhancing reaction-to-fire behaviour of exposed surface such as walls, ceiling, flooring – coating, treatment, cladding, etc.

Passive fire protection buys time for the occupants to escape, and/or the emergency services to safely enter and stay in the building in their effort to fight the fire.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.2.1 FIRE COMPARTMENTATION Fire Compartmentation - Compartment means any part of a building which is separated from all other parts by one or more component walls of compartment floors or by both such walls and floors.

- “Compartment walls” and “Compartment floor” mean respectively a wall and a flor which comply with by-law 148 in UBBL 1984, and which are provided as such for the purpose of by-law 136 to divide a building into compartments for any purpose in connection with by-law 213 or 146 (UBBL,2013)

1.2.2 STRUCTTURE FIRE PROTECTION Fire Coating Protection - Conferring fire resistance to the structure and building elements for a specific time period - Structural fire protection achieved with fireproofing materials (Das, 2014).

- Enhancing reaction-to-fire behaviour of exposed surface such as walls, ceiling, flooring – coating, treatment, cladding, etc. (Das, 2014).

Fire / Smoke Barrier Door - A form of protection to an opening in any wall of floor of a building, or in the structure surrounding a protected shaft, whether the doors is constructed of one or more leaves (UBBL 1984).

Fire Roller Shutter - Provide 1 to 4 hours rated of the self-closing type fire roller shutter as indicated in the plans during a fire event.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.2.3 MEANS OF ESCAPE Fire Evacuation Routes - A route by which persons in any storey of building may reach a place of safety outside of the building and may include the means of passage not being a revolving door, lift and escalator (UBBL 1984).

Fire Resistant Escape Staircase - Staircases are very important elements which often serve as the primary escape route element in any building containing more than one level. As such it is important in planning and designing staircase that consideration is given to issue like usability, practically and predictability (Fire and Rescue Department Malaysia (JBPM), 2006).

Emergency Light and Exit Sign - Illumination obtained through either an independent or secondary source of electricity supply, help to guide public to an exit.

Fire Emergency Elevator - Lift capable of being commandeered for exclusive use of firemen in emergency by using firemen’s switch located adjacent to the fire lift.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

CASE STUDY 1.3

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Setia City Mall is a multi-story building; the developer plays a huge

responsibility to keep the building as safe as possible to the occupants. Fire protection systems are used as to protect the building and occupants from fire. Setia City Mall features both active and passive fire protection systems for fire detection, evacuation, and extinguishing.

1.3.1 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Active fire protection system is a system that protects the buildings and its occupants by using action of moving parts. These systems are usually operated manually and automatic detection and suppression of fires, they required mechanism to detect and extinguish fire.

1.3.2 FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM Interfacing diagram (Figure 1.3.2 a) as a guideline for the control room to detect the location of the fire happening in the shopping mall. The control room is linked to all the fire detects and fire alarm devices of the building.

Figure 1.3.2 a): Fire Detection and Alarm Systems Interface-Single Line Diagram Source: (Setia City Mall, 2015)

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.3.3 SIGNAL INITIATION MECHANISMS LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS Section 225 (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarm together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the tenth Schedule to these by-laws.

1.3.3.1 SMOKE DETECTION Smoke detectors are designed to detect smoke whenever the fire starts. There are two types of smoke detectors; ionization and optical. The ionisation smoke detector is a negative charged plate electrodes attract opposing charged ions. when smoke particles enters the detector, slowing the ions movement which will triggers the alarm (Figure 1.3.3.1 a).

Figure 1.3.3.1 a): Ionisation Smoke Detector Source: http://simplisafe.com/files/images/blog/smoke_detector_diagram_ionization.png

The type of smoke detectors that Setia City mall used is optical smoke detector. This can be seen along the ceiling of the shopping mall. Optical smoke detector detects smoke by using light beams. When smoke enters the detector, light beam is deflected upwards onto a photoelectric cell, then trigger the alarm (Figure 1.3.3.1 b).

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

Figure 1.3.3.1 b): Optical Smoke Detector Source: http://www.atss.in/fire-alarm-system/fire-alarm-devices/smoke-detector/

Figure 1.3.3.1 c): Smoke Detector at Setia City Mall, Shah Alam

1.3.3.2 HEAT DETECTOR Heat detectors are used where smoking is permitted. It is designed to identify a fire in its more advance stage; their response time is longer than smoke detectors. These heat detectors will activate when the temperature reaches 47⁰C, during the rapid rise of the temperature. The smoke detection device that being used is Edward Systems Technology's Signature Series® Detection & Alarm. This detector has layers of sensors built in; photoelectric detectors, heat detector, carbon monoxide sensor, smoke chamber, and carbon monoxide sensor (Intelligent Signature Series® Detection & Alarm, 2010). In Setia City Mall, this device is programmed to initiate the sprinkler and the fire alarm systems.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.3.3.3 BREAK GLASS

Figure 1.3.3.2 a): Break Glass @ Setia City Mall, Shah Alam

Break glass call point is a manual systems, occupant will be able to raise the alarm when there is a fire. that usually installed near the exits and should be visible and easily accessible, 1.5 meters above ground level, and alarm distance should be less than 30 meters.

1.3.4 SIGNAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS Section 239 Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switch board.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.3.4.1 FIRE CONTROL ROOM

Figure 1.3.4.1 a): Fire Control Room (Setia City Mall, 2015)

The control room act as a centralized heart of the building, monitoring and control all major M&E services and also fire controlling. Signals from automatic smoke and fire detectors and manual call points, the fire control room acts as the centre of verification mechanisms. Whenever the fire is detected, the fire panel will identify the area location where the signal were sent, so that action will be taken immediately toward the specify area. The direct telephone connecting to the fire fighting station allows the security working in the control room contacting the fire brigade for instance. The control room at Setia City Mall is monitored 24 hours and only accessible by staffs and trained security guards.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.3.5 FIRE ALARM NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS Section 237 (2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with two-stage alarm systems with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.

1.3.5.1 FIRE ALARM BUZZER AND STROBE

Figure 1.3.5.1 a): Fire Alarm Buzzer and Strobe

The fire alarm buzzer usually located above the manual call point.

When the manual call point is activated one the break glass is broken, the strobe will flashed its signal lights. From the Fire Control Room, it will detect the activated strobe location once the signal is sent.

The fire alarm buzzer also works together with the automatic fire detecting systems, such as the smoke detector, water flow detector and alarm systems. Once these devices triggers whenever the smoke is detected, the strobe will start to activate its signals. The frequency of fire alarm buzzer is high and can be clearly heard by occupants even though there is background noise around them. The required volume of the fire buzzer is 45dB to 120dB, so that audible signals can be sent to the occupants.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.3.6 FIRE EXTINGUISHER LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS Section 227 Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

1.3.6.1 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER Portable fire extinguisher is a device used to extinguish and control small amount of fire in an emergency situation. In Setia City Mall, fire extinguishers can be found in many places such as entrance, exits, lifts lobbies, staircases, toilets, restaurants and so on.

According to Hall & Greeno (2007), a portable fire extinguisher must contain the type of fire extinguishing agent suitable for the fire it is required to extinguish. It must be identifiable by colour coding for its intended purpose.

Fire can be classified: Class A - organic solids ; wood, paper, cloth.

Class B - flammable liquids; petrol, oil, paint Class C - flammable gases; methane, propane, acetylene Class D - flammable metals; zinc, aluminium, uranium Electrical - not specifically classed because it can apply to any of the other classification Class F - cooking oil and fat.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

Diagram 1.3.6.1 a): Types of fire extinguisher Source: http://www.firesure.ie/images/template/fire-classes.png

Figure 1.3.6.1 a) Dry Powder Extinguisher

Figure 1.3.6.1 b Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher

In Setia City Mall, there are two common types of portable fire extinguisher can be seen which are the dry powder extinguisher (Figure 1.3.6.1 a) and the carbon dioxide extinguisher (Figure 1.3.6.1 b).

Dry Powder Extinguisher This is a powder based agent extinguisher. It prevents the chemical reaction between fuel, heat, and oxygen. Therefore it is suitable for mix fire risk environment especially flammable liquid and flammable gasses involving natural gases, hydrogen, oil, etc.

Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher This contains agents displaces carbon dioxide, removes heat from the combustion zone. It is suitable for class B, C, and E involving flammable liquid, gasses and electrical hazards.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.3.7 WATER SUPPLY AND EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANT LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS Section 225 (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.

1.3.7.1 EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANT AND HOSE REEL

Figure 1.3.7.1 a) : Typical hydrant installation from water main to external hydrant.

(Source: http://www.shahfiresafety.in/service.html)

Figure 1.3.7.1 b) : External Fire Hydrant and Hose Reel

The external fire hydrant is connected to the water supply to provide water to each hydrant outlet for the fire fighter to fight fire. The water will be discharged into the fire truck engine then pump and sprayed into the fire. A fire hose is provided next to the external fire hydrant.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

1.3.8 DRY REISER SYSTEMS LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS Section 230 (1) Dry rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 metres but less than 30.5 metres above the fire appliances access level.

1.3.8.1 EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANT AND HOSE REEL

Figure 1.3.8.1 a): Breeching Inlets covered with cabinets.

Figure 1.3.8.1 b): Landing Valve (Source: http://image.made-inchina.com/2f0j00PCgEFWvdZMuU/LandingValve.jpg)

By achieving the UBBL requirement, dry riser systems were used in Setia City Mall. Dry riser are normally dry and depend on the fire engine to pump water into the system. The system itself comprises a riser pipe with landing valves at each floor and to which rubber-lined hose with nozzles that can be connected to direct the water jet at fire. The breeching inlet into it which the firemen pump water are provided on the ground level and connected to the bottom of the dry risers (Shah Fire Safety, 2015). These breeching inlet were usually locked by cabinet, this can also be seen in Setia City Mall.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

Figure 1.3.8.1 c): Schematic Diagram Layout of Dry Riser System in Setia City Mall @ Shah Alam (Setia City Mall, 2015)

1.3.9 HOSE REEL SYSTEMS

Figure 1.3.9 a): Hose Reel in Setia City Mall @ Shah Alam

The hose reel systems are fire fighting equipment for use as a first aid measure by building occupants. They usually located where users are least PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

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likely to be endangered by fire; staircase landing, near the fire exits.

According to Hall & Greeno (2007), the hose most distant from the source of water should be capable of discharging 0.4l/s at a 6m distance from the nozzle, when the two most remote hose reels are operating simultaneously.

These hose reels were located by all the dry risers at the stairwell. Fire extinguishers are commonly seen next to the hose reel.

Figure 1.3.9 a): Schematic Diagram Layout of Hose Reel System in Setia City Mall @ Shah Alam (Setia City Mall, 2015)

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1.3.10 SPRINKLE SYSTEMS LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS Section 228 (1) Sprinkle valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.

(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the fire alarm when activated.

Section 248 (1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted on red .

1.3.10.1

WET PIPE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

Figure 1.3.10.1 a): Layout plan of sprinkler distribution in Setia City Mall @ Shah Alam.

(Setia City Mall, 2015)

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The sprinkler systems is to detect, control and extinguish fire. This system consist of sprinkler tank, pump, pipe work, valves, and sprinkler heads. In Setia City Mall, wet pipe systems were used, it is the simplest and most widely used application. Pipe work is permanently charged with water. It is only suitable in premises, where temperatures remain above zero, although small section of exposed pipe work could protected by trace element heating.

1.3.10.2 TYPES OF SPRINKLER HEAD In Setia City Mall, sprinkler were made by galvanized iron which is able to prevent corrosion. The pipes all were painted in red based on the requirement of UBBL. Several types of sprinkler heads can be found in the mall, such as pendant sprinkler head, upright sprinkler head and concealed sprinkler head. Pendant sprinkler head and upright sprinkler head can be seen in the fire escape route and parking area. As for the concealed sprinkle heads, it is often spotted along the public area of the mall and shops, due to the aesthetic looks of it. These sprinkler heads are placed 2-2.5 meter apart from one another, so that there will be at least a sprinkler for every 12 meter square.

Figure 1.3.10.2 a): Pendant Sprinkler Head (Source:http://www.archtoolbox.com /materials-systems/firesupression/sprinklerheadtypes.html)

Figure 1.3.10.2 b): Upright Sprinkler Head (Source:http://www.archtoolbox.com /materials-systems/firesupression/sprinklerheadtypes.html)

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Figure 1.3.10.2 c): Concealed Sprinkler Head (Source:http://www.archtoolbox.com /materials-systems/firesupression/sprinklerheadtypes.html)

Most of the sprinkler used in Setia City Mall is quartzoid bulb, which is a glass tube is used to retain a water valve on its seating. The glass tube contained heat detecting liquid, when it reaches a specific temperature, it expands to shatter the glass and open the valve. Water then flows on to the deflector, dispersing as spray over the source of fire. The mechanisms for the concealed type are also the same as the normal sprinkle, but its' covers will drop when heat is detected, then the sprinkler head will function like normal.

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1.3.11 SMOKE CURTAIN

Figure 1.3.11 a): Smoke curtain in Mall

Smoke curtains helps to channel the smoke to appropriate area in the building and minimize the spread of the smoke in the shopping mall. It also helps to control the flow of the smoke.

Smoke curtains is link to the fire alarm and smoke detector, once the fire alarm triggers or the smoke is detected, the smoke curtain will automatically activated to prevent the smoke and heat transfer to one another area. In Setia City Mall, these smoke curtain are made out of fire rated fabric that able to withstand hot air and smoke up to 600â °C for more than 120minutes.

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1.4 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Passive fire protection are used to contain fire or slow the spread efficiently for the occupants to escape in given time, and/or the emergency services to safely enter and stay in the building in their effort to fight the fire.

These systems are built-in fire protection system design features through resistance to fire and reaction to fire improvement provisions such as rated construction that provide fire safety and do not require activation.

Components of passive fire protection system includes fire compartmentation, means of escape, emergency door, fire lift, fire roller shutter, fire evacuation circulation and assembly point.

1.4.1 ZONING AND FIRE COMPARTMENTATION LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE REQUIREMENTS Section 86 (1) All party walls shall generally be of not less than 200 mm total thickness of solid mansory or in-situ concrete which may be made up of two separate skins each of not less than 100 mm thickness if constructed at different times Section 137 In any building which exceeds 30metres in height, any floor which is more than 9 metres above ground floor level which separates one storey from another storey, other than a floor which is either within a maisonette or a mezzanine floor shall be constructed as a compartment floor.

GUIDE TO FIRE PROTECTION IN MALAYSIA PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION: SHOPPING CENTRES AND SHOP COMPARTMENTS The size of shop compartments shall not exceed 14,000 cubic metres and 4000 square metres floor area for fully sprinkled buildings and shall be fully compartmented from any other parts of the shop area.

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Fire compartmentation protection is a passive method that confines fire and smoke within a certain zone for certain amount of time, delaying flame and smoke spread throughout the building. It works to protect the building’s structural integrity and provides protected spaces through which building occupants can evacuate in time given.

Figure 1.4.1 a): Zoning and Fire Compartmentation in Setia City Mall (Setia City Mall, 2014)

Setia City Mall is divided into three zones, which are the red zone at North and East entrance, blue zone at South entrance and the green zone at West entrance, each with access to the car park areas (Figure 1.2.1.1). The shop lots are compartmented according to the zoning of the area which allows the fire control room manager to recognize the location of the area with fire detected easily.

The retail shops and large stores in Setia City Mall are compartmented by the walls in every level which act as fire stops. Each back door of the shops is accessible with fire escape route corridors connected to outside of the mall, with fire walls and floors protection as a method for fire separation which divided the building into cells to prevent the passage of fire from one

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cell to another for a given period of time.

Figure 1.4.1 b:) Compartmentation of retail shops in a shopping centre.

Sources: Guide To Fire Protection In Malaysia, 2006

1.4.2 STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION 1.4.2.1 FIRE COATING PROTECTION LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE REQUIREMENTS Section 102 Combustible materials used in the construction of the building shall be at least 80 mm clear of any casing to any flue required for the conveyance of smoke or other products of combustion.

To ensure the building structure is able to withstand heat during fire evacuation, the safety measures of fire proofing must be taken into consideration in early stages of design and construction to enhancing reaction to fire behaviour, especially the fire resisting structural components and the choice materials used.

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In Setia City Mall, the evacuation route is protected by reinforced concrete wall with fire proof cladding plaster which is fire resistive and noncombustible. Meanwhile, the ductworks which attached on the ceiling are coated by fire proof lightweight duct wrap to provide heat insulation while prevent the fire destroy the services.

Figure 1.4.2.1 a): The building structure is made of reinforced concrete clad by plaster.

Figure 1.4.2.1 b): The ductworks is coated by fire proof lightweight duct wrap .

1.4.2.2 FIRE/ SMOKE BARRIER DOOR LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE REQUIREMENTS Section 162 (4) Openings in partition enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour.

Section 164 (1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.

Section 173 (2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.

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Buildings are compartmented to delay the spread of fire from one place to another. The compartments are usually linked by fire doors to allow the flow of human traffic in the building. The fire door functioned as a barrier to stop the fire spreading when they are closed during fire. These fire doors are designed to provide resistance for up to 2 hours when the building in a fire.

Figure 1.4.2.2 a): The fire doors are usually located at car parks and escape staircases.

Figure 1.4.2.2 b): Some of the fire doors are opened near the entrance of car park and shopping mall.

In Setia City Mall, the fire door is designed with magnetic door holder, which used to hold doors open and release the door, controlled by remote switch or Setia City Mall control room. However, in the event of a fire emergency, the magnet will released and the automatic door closer will close the door in one hour as the door tripped by an fire alarm.

Figure 1.4.2.2 c): The fire doors in Setia City Mall is designed with magnetic holder. Source: http://www.fireengineering.com/ for-fire-doors.html

Figure 1.4.2.2 d): The automatic door closer.

Source:http://www.deafequipment.co.uk/images/freedo r_dwg.jpg

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1.4.2.3 FIRE ROLLER SHUTTER LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE REQUIREMENTS Section 102 Combustible materials used in the construction of the building shall be at least 80 mm clear of any casing to any flue required for the conveyance of smoke or other products of combustion.

Fire roller shutter have similar function as fire barrier door, which is to compartmentalise a building and prevent the rapidly spreading of fire from one place to another. The roller shutter will close automatically on a signal from the fire alarm activation. They are usually in 1 to 4 hour of fire rating.

In Setia City Mall, the fire roller shutter is located at every entrance of the mall and also at the opening of escape staircases. The roller shutter is controlled by an electrical motor roller shutter, coated with fire resistant steel roller. The fire roller shutter will close automatically once it triggered by a fire alarm

Figure 1.4.2.3.a): The roller shutter is built-in with lintel of the entrance.

Figure 1.4.2.3b): The component of motor-controlled fire roller shutter.

Source:http://www.omcblinds.com/product/Motor%20 Driving%20System%20for%20Roller%20Shutters.htm

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1.4.3

MEANS OF ESCAPE

1.4.3.1

FIRE EVACUATION ROUTES

LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE REQUIREMENTS Section 174 (1) Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaces at not less than 5 metres apart measures between the nearest edges of the openings.

(2) Each exit shall give direct access to – (a) A final exit (b) A protected staircase leading to a final exit; or (c) An external route leading to a final exit.

Section 171 (1) When appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits.

Means of escape is a planed escape route to direct a shortest route to a place safety. Means of escape consists of unprotected areas, leading direct to exit, protected areas and leading to exit.

In Setia city Mall, the fire escape route is labelled in every floor plan of mall and attached in every entrances and at the front of the lift. The fire escape route is located at every backdoor of retail shops and nearby the lifts and washrooms.

Figure 1.4.3.1 a):

Figure 1.4.3.1 b):

The escape route can be found in the floor plan attached in the front of the lift and entrance at every floor.

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1.4.3.2

FIRE RESISTANT ESCAPE STAIRCASES

LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE REQUIREMENTS Section 168 (1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircase.

(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the 7th schedule to these By-laws.

(3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width to a maximum of 75mm.

(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings. Doors giving success to staircase shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

During an fire event, lift system will be shut down to prevent occupants from being trapped. Thus, fire escape staircase will be the means of escape from the building, allow the occupants to be in a safer open space at the ground floor assembly point. The stairs should be protected by fire resisting structural components and e able to prevent the fire from entering.

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Figure 1.4.3.2 a): As the floor plan shows the emergency staircases and escape routes areemergency located near lifts and washrooms.

In Setia City Mall, the staircases are located near the

washrooms and entrance of the mall (Figure 1.4.3.2 a).

lifts,

The emergency

staircase is connected with fire barrier doors at every level of the mall as well as the car parking areas. Typically for fire escape staircases in Setia City Mall is designed in U-shaped by providing a landing at each flight of the staircases.

The material used for the staircases is reinforced-concrete, where reinforcedconcrete is a fire resisting materials with low thermal conductivity, functioned as a fire barrier.

Figure 1.4.3.2 b): The fire escape which located at the fire escape route.

Figure 1.4.3.2 c): The fire escape which located at the entrance of the mall from car park area.

In Setia City Mall, there are two types of emergency staircases. In Figure 1.4.3.2 b, the staircase is enclosed with compartment with a permanent opening at roof level for ventilation .The opening will be close when there is a fire event, causing pressurization in the space of stairways to

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prevent the fire entering the escape staircases route. This staircase can only be use when there is fire emergency.

In Figure 1.4.3.2 c, the fire escape staircase has controllable openings for ventilation in every floor which located near the entrance of the mall, as it function as an alternative walkway for user when the lift broken down.

Figure 1.4.3.2 d): The measurements of fire escape staircases.

Sources: Guide To Fire Protection In Malaysia, 2006.

1.4.3.3

FIRE EMERGENCY EXIT

LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE REQUIREMENTS Section 172 (1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

(2) A sign reading “Keluar” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately

apparent.

(3) Every exit sign shall be have the word “Keluar” in plainly legible letters not less than mm high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.

(4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

(5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than 15 watts each.

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The electric supply of a building will be cut down when the fire event happened to prevent electricity leakage. The failure of lighting system will causing the emergency light which powered by batteries automatically switched on with high level of illumination to guide the occupants to the exit safely. Also, the “Keluar” sign will be lighten up to show the nearest exit. The “Keluar” sign is designed as a pictogram of a man running towards a door, with bright green background and capitalized ‘Keluar” word on the board which is visible in distance.

Figure 1.4.3.3 a): The “Keluar” sign is located at every exit doorway.

Figure 1.4.3.3 b): The emergency light mounted wall is placed in every escape route.

Figure 1.4.3.3 c): The “Keluar” sign guide the occupants to the nearest exit point.

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1.5

CONCLUSION Through the site visit of Setia City Mall, we have found that Setia City

Mall has very sufficient fire protection system completed with necessary components. From the choice of system used in the building after the case study, we can conduct that Setia City Mall aims for the safety of occupants and the good maintenance of the mall as its top consideration when it comes to fire protection. Furthermore, to ensure the sufficient and efficient of the system, the equipment is strictly follows and fulfils the requirements by Uniform Building By-Law 1984. With annual inspections by the official from Fire & Rescue Department of Malaysia, the license will be renewed after rectifying issues suggested by the officials, in order to make sure that the systems operations and their components are functional at all times.

In a nutshell, we have learnt the importance of a building’s services to implicate into the building design in architecture, which can provide comfortable surrounding and safety of user, especially for the fire protection system with consideration of building design combined with passive fire protection.

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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 2.0 INTRODUCTION Malaysia climate is hot and humid throughout the year and with minimum passive ventilation, air- condition is much needed in every building to achieve thermal comfort for the occupants. According to MS 1525 2007, the normal comfort room temperature should be around 23 to 26 ºC to maintain the body temperature at a constant 37 ± 0.5 ºC. To achieve comfort room temperature (23 to 26 ºC) aids from air condition is needed.

Room comfort condition is depending of different factors such as air temperature, clothing, metabolic rate and should consider on dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and air movement (MS1525, 2007).

Air conditioning system regulates the temperature by removing the heat from the air inside the building and release the collected heat to outdoors. This air conditioning system involves 2 cycles which are refrigerant cycle and air cycle.

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2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.1 REFRIGERANT CYCLE Evaporator helps to absorb the heat and removed through a condenser.

Diagram 2.1.1 Source : http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/how-heat-pump-works

There are 4 components in refrigerant cycle which are evaporator, condenser, expansion valve and compressor.

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2.1.2 COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS COMPONENTS

FUNCTIONS

1. Evaporator

The evaporator coil transfers heat from the warm air to the cool refrigerant (Walter & Alison, 2015)

2. Condenser

Rejects the heat absorbed from the air along with the heat added to the system

during

the

compression

process. (Walter & Alison, 2015)

3. Expansion valve

A valve or small fixed size tubing or orifice that meters liquid refrigerant into the evaporator.

4. Compressor

Vapor

is

compressed

by

the

compressor, causing it to become very warm, as high as 200째F, and pumps it to the condenser.

Table 2.1.2 :Component and Function of Refrigerant Cycle

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2.1.3 AIR CYCLE A process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned. Air cycle refrigeration systems use air as their refrigerant, compressing it and expanding it to create heating and cooling capacity.

(Services, 2015)

Heat inside the room is removed and

the return air is

absorbed by the evaporator. The medium to absorb the heat can be either air or water. Distribution of air can be either through ducts or chilled water pipes.

2.1.4 COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS COMPONENTS

FUNCTIONS

1. Chillers

Chillers remove heat gathered by the recirculation of chilled water system as it cools the building. (Benjamin & John, 2010)

2.Cooling Tower

Cooling towers are evaporative coolers used for cooling water or other working medium to near-ambient temperature.

Evaporation of water is used by cooling tower to reject heat from the system.

(Iklimnet.com, 2015)

3.Air Handling Unit

Air Handling Unit ( AHU ) is a central air conditioner station that handles air that supplied into the buildings by ventilation ductwork. AHU treats the air by filtering, cooling

or

heating,

humidifying

dehumidifying. (AHU magazine, 2015)

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or

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4.Air Filter

Filter the dust in the air and reduce the dust release to the room

5.Blower Fan

To propel the air for distribution to remove heat from the condenser.

6.Ductwork and Diffuser

Discharging

supply

air

in

different

directions and planes and arranged to promote

mixing

of

primary

air

with

secondary room air (Walter & Alison, 2015).

7.Clean Air Intake

To renew the contents of air to be distributed

Table 2.1.4: Component and Function of Air Cycle

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CASE STUDY 2.2 INTRODUCTION Setia City Mall is recognized as the first certified green mall in Malaysia which has the double honor of the (GBI) Malaysia Green Building Index Silver Award and the Singapore BCA Green Mark Gold Award. For the services , Setia City Mall continues the theme of the mall green mall, the services used are sustainable and energy efficient to ensure the mall can be a very energy efficient . In Setia City Mall, there are a total of 5000RT capacity chiller. The chiller plant system were optimized with chiller installation of four high COP of 6.4 for 1000RT chiller and two COP of 5.9 for 500RT chiller. Other than that, in Setia City Mall, all AHU’s are equipped with high efficiency motor and high performance fan with total combined efficiency averaging at 65%.

According to MS1525 2007, when the dry bulb temperature reached 23⁰C to 26⁰C thermal comfort is achieved. In Setia City Mall, during standard operations, the average indoor air temperature is set at 24⁰C ± 1 with a relative humidity of 50–65% at air speeds lower than 0.2 m/s. This is applicable in all air-conditioned areas, and regulated based on CO2 level below 900 ppm for better air quality within the Mall. ( Setia City Mall,2015 ) Table 2.2 below shows the list of air conditioning equipment in Setia City Mall.

System Description ( List of Equipment ) System Chiller system

Components  Centrifugal chiller with total capacity of 5000 RT ( 2 nos 500 RT chiller , 4 nos 1000 RT chiller )  Cooling Tower with total capacity of 7000 RT

Air Distribution System

 Air Handing Unit  Air Cooled Split Unit

Table 2.2 : List of air conditioning equipment in Setia City Mall.

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2.3. COOLING TOWER

Figure 2.3 : Components in induced draft cooling tower for large building Source: (Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Building, 2015)

Cooling tower , Figure 2.3 is a device which cools water by evaporation in air.

Water is cooled to wet bulb temperature of air. ( Sarao & Gabbi,1985) Cooling tower is divided into three types : natural draft, forced-or induced draft tower which use mechanical fan system and using three different operating modes. The cooling tower type used in Setia City Mall is the induced draft cooling tower Figure 2.3.1.

Figure 2.3.1 : Induced draft cooling tower at Setia City Mall rooftop.

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Figure 2.3.2 :Make-up water tank ( blue)connecting to the cooling tower

Setia City Mall have 6 units of Cooling tower with total of 7000 RT located at the roof top and each connecting with the Make-up Water Tank and chiller plant by 2 pipes, cooling water return ( CWR ) and cooling water supply ( CWS ). Figure 2.3.2 The heated return water ( CWR ) from the condenser of chiller is flow to the top of the cooling tower and flow down. The air move in opposite direction of the water this the water is cooled down. Figure 2.3.3 The cooled water in the basin, which is the cooling water supply ( CWS ) is then flow back to the chiller and this process repeats.

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Figure 2.3.3 show how the heated return water ( CHWR )flow in to the cooling tower from above and the air moves in opposite direction aids in cooling. The cooled water supply ( CHWS) is then flow back to the chiller. (Whitman, Johnson & Tomczyk, 2000)

2.4 MAKE UP WATER TANK

Figure 2.4 makeup water tank ( blue ) at rooftop of Setia City Mall

Figure 2.4.1 : cooling tower fill methods ( electronic sensor) (Whitman, Johnson & Tomczyk, 2000)

Makeup Water Tank Figure 2 .4 operates on the principle of evaporation, water is continuously lost from the system. When the water is simultaneously lost from the system, the electrodes will sense the water level is too low, then a solenoid valve is opened and makeup water is allowed to enter cooling tower Figure 2.4.1 PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

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2.5 CENTRIFUGAL CHILLER

Figure 2.5: Centrifugal Chiller 1000 RT at Chiller Plant Room located at rooftop.

Centrifugal chillers Figure 2 .5 are usually large refrigeration units with compressors that can be driven either by an electric motor or a turbine driven by steam or gas. These chillers usually use a cooling tower as the heat rejection device (Benjamin & John, 2010). In Setia City Mall, there are 6 units of centrifugal chiller four 1000 RT chiller and 2 with 500 RT. When the chilled water return from the AHU through Chilled Water Return ( CHWR ) , the water enters the evaporator of the chiller and through condenser, the heated water is then pump to the cooling tower to be cooled. The chilled water supply ( CHWS ) from the cooling tower is then supply to the chiller and from the chiller through Chilled Water Supply ( CHWS ) back to AHU and this cycle repeats Figure 2.5.1

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Figure 2.5.1 schematic diagram of how the chiller works Source: http://talkintrashwithuhn.com/2013/06/03/how-are-you-keeping-cool/

2.6 CHILLER WATER PUMP

Figure 2.6: Chiller water pump in chiller plant room at Setia City Mall rooftop.

The chilled water pump Figure 2.6 in Setia City Mall is a multi pump system. Multi pump system comprised of primary chilled water pumps and secondary chilled water pumps. The primary chilled water pump flows water through the evaporator side of the chiller whereas the secondary pumps flow water through the AHU. Another pump is condenser pump which flow water to the cooling tower to remove heat from the machine. (Abston, 2014)

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2.7 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)

Figure 2.7: Components in Air Handling Unit ( AHU ) Source:(Electrical-knowhow.com, 2015)

Air handling units (AHUs) Figure 2.7 also known as Air handlers are used to supply and circulate air around a building. For cooling, AHU is connected to central plant such as chillers, receiving chilled water for heat exchange with the incoming air. (SAV Systems, 2015) The AHU in Setia City Mall is separated into tenants area and back of the house and the AHU for tenants are located close to their premise whereas for the general purposes are located at the rooftop.

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2.8 COOLING COIL

Figure 2.8 Show the process when warm air is blown in touch with the cooling coil and how the cool air is discharged.

Source :(Breatheeasyairfilterstore.blogspot. my,2015)

Figure 2.8.1: CHWS and CHWR pipe connecting from the chiller to AHU

Cooling process happens when the cooling water supply ( CHWS ) pass through the cooling coil. Figure 2 .8 When the warm air is blown in, the warm air is cooled by contact with the cooling coil, The Cooling water is then leave the cooling coil return to the chiller by Cooling water return system ( CHWR ) Figure 2.8.1. Then the chiller discharge the cooling water and flow back to cooling coil and this progress repeats. (Curtis, 2006)

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2.9 AIR COOLED SPLIT UNIT

Figure 2.9: Ceiling cassette type unit at lift waiting area

Figure 2.9.1 :Ceiling suspended unit at indoor mall.

In this split system, divided into two, outdoor unit which is the condenser and indoor unit which is the evaporator. The evaporator is the component that absorbs heat into the refrigeration system and whereas the condenser pumps out the heat . For Setia City Mall, indoor unit ceiling cassette type Figure 2.9 is seldom used for the esthetic purpose of the interior ceiling. instead, ceiling suspended unit is used Figure 2.9.1. The ceiling cassette type is used at the lift waiting area which connect the parking and the mall.

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2.10 AIR DUCTWORK & DIFFUSER Duct system provides a controlled path for air flow for air supply and return air.

(Hvac-for-beginners.com, 2015) For return air, no mechanism is in the duct. A diffuser Figure 2.10

is defined (ASHRAE, 2013) as a circular, square,

rectangular, or linear air distribution outlet, generally located in the ceiling, and serve for supply air or as intakes for return air. In Setia City Mall, the ductwork are hidden in the suspended ceiling and only at back of the house of Setia City Mall, the ductwork is exposed. As for the diffuser, the supply air and the return air diffuser Figure 2.10.1 are placed close by to assure the air cycle runs smoothly. (Benjamin & John, 2010)

Figure 2.10 : Supply air diffuser with exposed ductwork

Figure 2.10.1: Return air diffuser with ductwork enclosed

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2.11 CONCLUSION The air conditioning system in Setia City Mall is very energy efficient. This high energy efficiency air-conditioning system actually aids in saving cost for the mall and also a small step to save the nature, killing two birds in one stone.

The air conditioning system in Setia city Mall is controlled by a system called Building Management System (BMS). To run the mall smoothly, Setia City Mall is equipped with the latest building management system which provides centralized monitoring and control of all major M & E services in the building, real-time control and monitoring, monitor M&E equipment electricity usage.

The ductwork and piping system and the air conditioning system in Setia City Mall are all clearly labeled for ease of maintenance and all the piping and ductwork are connected to the BMS system for ease of detecting malfunction.

With the energy efficient air conditioning system, thermal comfort in Setia City Mall is achieved. Setia City Mall is well implementing the idea of sustainability in both building design and operations, to reduce impact to environment and also ensure the comfortable of occupants in the building. In short, real thanks to Ms Yukeen from Setia City Mall service department for guiding us during the site visit, her explanation on the air conditioning system is clear and easy to understand.

LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 SPACE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION Section 41 (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant buildings by laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 3.0 INTRODUCTION According to Walter T. Grondzik(2010), air motion and relative humidity are significant comfort determinants. The comfort determinants of air motion, relative humidity and air quality in indoor often require mechanical devices.

In commercial development, mechanical ventilation is typically driven by air handling units(AHU) connected to ductwork within the building that supplies air to and extracts air from the interior. Mechanical ventilation is used to control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled. Mechanical ventilation may be controlled by a building management system(BMS) to maximize occupant comfort and minimize energy consumption.

In this chapter, we will be discuss on mechanical ventilation system applied in Setia City Mall, Shah Alam. Setia City Mall are recognized by Green Building Index(GBI), which car park are fully natural ventilation. Thus, the mechanical ventilations that we can find in Setia City Mall are exhaust fan, smoke spill system, fresh air system and pressurization system.

source: sustainable-plumbing.co.uk

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3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1.1 AIMS/ FUNCTION OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION 

Expel stale air containing water vapor, carbon dioxide, airborne chemicals and other pollutants.



Draw in outside air, which presumably contains fewer pollutants and less water vapor.



Distribute and circulate the outside air throughout the building.

(Energy Star, n.d)

3.1.2 ADVANTAGES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION 

Better indoor air quality. Indoor air can be more polluted than outdoor air, especially in public spaces like malls. Mechanical system help to remove allergens, pollutants, and etc.



Provides more control. With the use of mechanical system, it provide proper fresh air flow along with appropriate locations for intake and exhaust.



Improved comfort. Besides from allow constant flow of outside air into the

building,

it

also

provide

filtration,

dehumidification,

and

conditioning of the incoming outside air.

(Energy Star, n.d)

3.1.3 TYPES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION 

supply system



extract system



balance/ combines system

The systems can be equipped with the following controls: twenty-four hour timers, interval timers, speed controller, indoor air quality sensors and dehumidistat.

(CLEAR, n.d) PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

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MS 1525: 2007 Where appropriate the EMS should start and stop mechanical ventilation equipment such as supply or exhaust fans. Some applications may require a number of fans to be grouped together as a column zone for start and stop control by the EMS. Control should be based on, but not limited to: (a) time schedules (b) carbon monoxide level in parking garages or carbon dioxide level in large rooms with highly variable occupancy (c) duty cycling algorithm (Malaysian standard, 2007)

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3.1.4 COMPONENTS INVOLVE IN MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM Components Fan

Photo/ diagram

Functions - Remove heat, humid and polluted air - Bring in outdoor air for comfort ventilation(people) and convection cooling(building)

Filters - Sift the external air before

releasing

into

room - Trap and prevent dust, smoke, bacteria from entering building - Usually installed at the inlet grille

Ductwork

- Channel outside air towards the room or the air

from

the

room

towards the outside - Usually in round or rectangular section

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Fire dampers

-

Placed

compartment avoid

the

at wall

fire

to

from

spreading from room to room.

Diffusers

- Located at the edge of the ductwork where the air is released into the room

( C. A. Balaras, n.d) Table 3.1.4: Component and Function of Mechanical Ventilation System

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CASE STUDY 3.2 INTRODUCTION Mechanical ventilation are basically function to draw in nature air from outside and expel the state air to create better ventilation within the building, improve the air circulation and air quality of interior spaces.

To avoid symptoms of sick building syndrome, mould growth and low air quality, provision of air circulation must be integrated with building design. Air infiltration can be achieved by natural and mechanical ventilation. In Setia City Mall, the car park are fully nature ventilated. While for the retails area, mechanical ventilation are used, mostly in kitchen and washroom area.

Besides from extracting out the polluted indoor air, mechanical ventilation also helped to distribute the air collected throughout the entire building or the targeted area. Setia City Mall are considered as large size building, which will be using different kinds of mechanical ventilation compared to other buildings.

Requirement for an acceptable amount of fresh air supply in a building will vary depending on human activities. Air change per hour or ventilation rate is preferred criterion for system design. This can be calculate by dividing the quantity of air by the room volume and multiplying by the occupancy. (Hall & Greeno, 2007)

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3.3

MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS

3.3.1 EXHAUST FAN

Exhaust fan is very vital in controlling the interior environment by venting out unwanted odors, particulates, smoke, moisture, and other contaminants in the air. Exhaust fan are easy to be installed and can be situated in many locations. Setia City Mall uses central exhaust systems, which is more than one fan drawing air from the entire building using networks of ducts. Exhaust fan can be found easily in washroom and kitchens as these spaces have higher amount of pollutants. High moisture content of air creates conducive living environment for molds and also affect the air quality. Exhaust fan are installed to vent out warm, moist and polluted air to outside efficiently. (Conjecture Corporation, 2014)

Figure 3.3.1.: Exhaust fan draw the air from kitchen and blown out at the roof. source: http://www.collisgroupinc.com/default.asp?pID=14

According to Setia City Mall, 13 units of kitchen exhaust fans and smoke extraction fans are installed in food and beverage tenants, to vent contaminants such as cooking odors to outside building. It also remove grease in air which lingers in the kitchen. To replace the air exhausted, fresh air fan are installed to provide fresh air into kitchen. Toilet exhaust fan are installed in all washroom to purify the air from pollution and excessive heat.

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Figure 3.3.2 & Figure 3.3.3: The exhaust fan(output) on the rooftop of Setia City Mall.

System

Components

Mechanical Ventilation

Units

Kitchen Exhaust Fan

13

Kitchen Make Up Fresh Air Fan

13

Smoke Make Up Fan

23

Smoke Extraction Fan

45

Pressurization Fan

36

Toilet Exhaust Fan

30

Fresh Air Fan

9

Table 3.3.1: List of equipment of mechanical ventilation in Setia City Mall. source: Setia City Mall Management

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

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LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 SPACE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION Section 41 (4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained with accordance with the requirement of the Third Schedule to the By-Laws. The provision of the By-Laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water closets, bathrooms and corridors.

3.4 SMOKE SPILL SYSTEM Building smoke spill system was installed in Seita City Mall based on safety fire regulation in order to extract smoke out of the building during emergencies. It is designed to remove smoke from an occupied building to allow occupants to escape the building safely. It usually consists of large fans to draw smoke from the building, dampers and vents that open in a fire to allow the smoke to exists the building with the aid of smoke barrier. Setia City Mall makes up for the volume of air extracted with incoming air from AHU(Air Handling Unit).

To supplement this, the main entrance door will be opened during a fire to ensure ample supply of make-up air to drive the smoke out of the building.

(Figure 3.4.1)

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Figure 3.4.1: Mechanical ventilation operated by smoke spill system source: Setia City Mall Management

Setia City Mall also use smoke spill system to perform regular indoor air flushing to enhance the air quality within the mall. Indoor air flushing carry out one month once, to prevent sick building syndrome, and to ensure the building is less humidity. High moisture content of air creates a conducive living environment for molds. (Figure 3.4.2)

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Figure 3.4.2: Sick Building Syndrome Source: http://www.socalindustrialrealestateblog.com/how-green-building-combats-sickbuilding-syndrome/

The axial exhaust fans are located on the rooftop of Setia City Mall. It is very huge that we can see it from interior space. It function to mechanically remove smoke from the atrium of the building with the large axial of fans.

When a certain amount of smoke is detected in the mall, these axial exhaust fans will start operating by sucking out the smoke to the rooftop, allowing smoke and harmful gasses to exit the building while the occupants in the building escape. (Figure 3.4.3, Figure 3.4.4)

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Figure 3.4.3 & Figure 3.4.4 : Smoke spill vent (output) on roof top of Setia City Mall

As mentioned early, Setia City Mall has a total of 45 nos of smoke extraction fans and a total of 23 nos of smoke make up fans. Basically, smoke spill system at Setia City Mall are located at the middle part of the mall. (Figure 3.4.5)

Figure 3.4.5 : Location of smoke extraction fan on roof top source: Setia City Mall Management

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LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE REQUIREMENTS Section 249 In windowless building, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exit.

Section 251 Where smoke venting facilities are installed for purposes of exit safety in accordance with the requirements of this Part they shall be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke during the period of time necessary to evacuate the area served using available exit facilities with a margin of safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies.

3.5 FRESH AIR SYSTEM Fresh air is introduced into the building by fresh air fans. Fresh air system mixing the outside air which consists of higher oxygen level with the indoor air that circulates inside building. It uses for carbon dioxide monitoring and control. Fresh air system has components such as filter and temperature sensors. The temperature sensors use to determine the outside temperature, and take in less air when the temperature at outside rises. The circulated air travels via ducting from the interior spaces to respective AHU and vice versa.

(Figure 3.5.1)

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Figure 3.5.1 : Fresh air system in Setia City Mall source: Setia City Mall Management

Carbon dioxide sensor is also provided for all AHUs to ensure that adequate fresh air is delivered to all the visitors and occupants of the building. This type of control allows precise control of fresh air intake into the building to optimize the building performance for both the occupants comfort and energy use.

Thermal comfort meters have been installed throughout Setia City Mall to ensure the average indoor air temperature is set at 24â °C Âą 1for occupants' comfort.

Figure 3.5.2 : Fresh air fan source: http://www.systemair.com/my/Malaysia/

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LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE REQUIREMENTS Section 41 (2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved mans of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that stipulated volume of fresh air specifies hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not function.

3.6 PRESSURIZATION SYSTEM Pressurization system is an exhaust system for fire protection. Pressurization system is function to protect escape routes and fire-fighting shafts against the ingress of smoke. (Colt, 2014) When there is fire, fire alarm triggered and this pressurization system will activate. It functions to protect the fire escape route and fire staircase against the smoke in the event of fire. When pressurization system activated, the fire escape staircase will be gently pressurized with fresh air, which prevents hazardous smoke and gasses from entering.

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Figure 3.6.1 : pressurized staircase system schematic source: Setia City Mall Management

Figure 3.6.2: Pressurization system

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Figure 3.6.3 : smoke damper source: http://www.coltinfo.co.uk/pressurisation-system-smoke-fire-ventilation.html

Setia City Mall equipped with latest building management services (BMS) comprised of a network of various independent which are NCUs(ControllerNetwork Controllers Units, and main control PC to provide centralized access and facility wide control functions. Pressurized system can be found in every staircase in Setia City Mall, including the lobby staircase and fire escape staircases. The door to the fire escape staircase are closed for security purposes. During emergencies, the fire escape staircase's doors will all be released when someone break the break glass or control room push the door released button.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

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Figure 3.6.4 : Pressurized staircase at Setia City Mall

According to colt(2014), Pressurization system consists of three main components which will create a positive pressure difference which prevents lobbies and staircases contained with smoke.

1. Air supply - where air is injected into the area that will be protected.

2. Pressure relief - to avoid overpressure of a space when the doors are closed.

3. Air release - air and smoke is release from the adjoining fire area.

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Figure 3.6.5 : Pressurization system activated when there is fire. source: http://www.kmccontrols.com.hk/products/smoke_control.html

LAWS OF MALAYSIA UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 ACT 113 STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 FIRE REQUIREMENTS Section 200 Mechanical pressurization of the staircase enclosure to the standard of performances as specified in section 7 of the Australian Standard 1668, Part 1 - 1974 or any other system meeting functional requirements of the D.G.F.S.

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3.7 CONCLUSION Mechanical system in Setia City Mall are high efficient due to holistic design of overall building. The mall kept to the UBBL (Uniform Building By-Laws) by providing sufficient mechanical ventilation in kitchens, washrooms, corridors including services areas.

The ACMV system at Setia City Mall is well equipped to operate at highest efficiency. In terms of zoning, the mechanical ventilation components are closely placed to avoid energy wastage and risk of malfunction.

Even after Setia City Mall had built for years, the maintenance jobs are still excellent until today. Through this site visit to Setia City Mall, we learned that their maintenance routine are seperate by weekly, monthly and annually.

They are paying attentions to the occupants safety and needs. While we walk through the escape routes lead by Miss Yukeen, we can see that the pipes and ducts are clearly labeled for ease of maintenance.

In short, thermal comfort in Setia City Mall is achieved as the building ventilation design rules and regulations are followed. Setia City Mall has well accomplished their idea of sustainability in both building design and operations, to reduce impact to environment and also ensure the comfortable of occupants in the building.

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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 4.0 INTRODUCTION Development of modern technology has led to the creation of mechanical transportation not only in it helps reducing energy, it saves lot of time. It has become a critical component that may be found within, around and in general association with modern buildings and developments which functioned to move goods or people either vertically or horizontally.

According to Uniform Building By-Laws 1984, Section 124: For all nonresidential buildings exceeding 4-storey above or below the main access level, a minimum of one lift shall be provided.

In Setia City Mall, vertical transportation like elevator and escalator are employed and they plays an important rules to carry people between floors of 4 levels in order to control the flow of crowd in the mall.

The ideal performances of mechanical transportation including: 

Minimum waiting time



Comfortable acceleration



Accurate levelling



Reliable emergency



Easily operated controls



Safe operation of mechanical equipment

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4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1.1 ELEVATOR Vertical transportation such as elevators are commonly used in modern buildings having more than three stories. Elevators are advance vertical transportation tools for transporting people and goods from floor to floor.

There are two main types of elevators that commonly used in building which are traction elevator and hydraulic elevator. Traction elevator includes gearless traction machines and geared traction machines, meanwhile, hydraulic elevator includes conventional plunger type hydraulic elevator, hole-less hydraulic elevator and roped hydraulic elevator.

4.1.2 BASIC COMPONENTS OF TRACTION ELEVATOR

Figure 4.12 : Main components of a typical traction type passenger elevator.

Source: http://www.expresslift.co.in/images/traction.jpg

Traction elevator system can be consider as most popular due to its flexibility.

There are two types of traction lifts which are geared and gear-less. Geared traction lift consists of two parts: the gear box and the electric motor. It PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

machinery located at the top of the building or basement. Traction elevator common used in high rise building. (Expresslift.co.in, 2015)

4.1.3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

Figure 4.1.3 Main components of a conventional holed hydraulic elevator.

Source: http://rendsm.hyperbody.nl/images/5/57/Project17_Fig2.jpg

The elevator car rests on hydraulically active steel plunger that descends into a hole in the ground. The hole is a buried hollow steel cylinder into which oil is pumped, under pressure, to raise the car. The oil pump located inside the fluid tank.

(Mechanical

and

Electrical

Equipment

For

Buildings,

2015)

Major advantage of hydraulic units is the absence of an overhead machine room, a penthouse and traction equipment. (Mechanical and Electrical Equipment For Buildings, 2015)

Hydraulic elevators are best applied to low speed, low rise applications such as office buildings and residential buildings up to four stories in height, low rise department stores, malls, basement and parking garage shuttles, theatre elevators PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423 and stage lifts and freight application of all sorts - in particular, those intended for very heavy loads. In addition, hydraulic elevator is also a very useful application for the disabled person who cannot use escalators or negotiate stairs. (Mechanical and Electrical Equipment For Buildings, 2015)

4.1.4 ESCALATOR An escalator or moving walks is a convey transport device or ’moving staircase’ functioned to transport people. It is power-driven, and continuously moving with no waiting interval. It consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that constantly moving up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Escalators have the capacity to move large numbers of people without wasting much space, because they can be placed in the same as the install of a staircase.

According to Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia, the standard size of escalator: -Inclination with maximum 30º -Speed of maximum 45m/min -Rise 240mm max.; Depth 380mm min. and Width between 580mm~1100mm -Skirt panel of maximum 4.0mm

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4.1.5 BASIC COMPONENTS OF ESCALATOR The Escalator consists of the following components: -Landing Platforms -Truss.

-Tracks.

-Steps.

-Handrail.

-Escalator Exterior (Balustrade).

-Drive system.

-Auto-Lubrication System.

-Braking system.

-Safety devices.

-Electrical & Control Systems.

Figure 2.2 Basic components of a typical escalator.

Source: (imgarcade.com)

4.1.6 WORKING SYSTEM The operation of escalator works according the following steps: (a) The core of an escalator is a pair of chains, looped around two pairs of gears & an electric motor run it. (b) The motor and chain system are housed inside the truss, a metal structure extending between two floors. (c) As the chain move, the steps always stay level. (d) At the top and bottom of the escalator, the steps collapse on each other, creating a flat platform. This make it easier to get on and off the escalator.

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4.1.7 ARRANGEMENT

Single Unit The single unit used to link two levels. It is suitable for buildings with passenger traffic flowing mainly in one direction. Flexible adjustment to traffic Figure 4.1.7: Elevator Layout Source: http://syneyelevator.en.made-in-china.com

flow is possible.

Interrupted Arrangement ( One Way Traffic) This arrangement is somewhat inconvenient for users, but advantageous for department store owners, since the short detour to the next unit and spatial separation between up and down travel

is

ideal

for

leading

customers

past

strategically placed advertising displays.

Figure 4.1.7.1: Elevator Layout Source: http://syneyelevator.en.made-in-china.com

Parallel, interrupted arrangement ( two way traffic) This arrangement is used mainly in department stores and public transport buildings with a heavy traffic volume. When there are three or more escalators, it should be possible to reverse the Figure 4.1.7.2: Elevator Layout Source: http://syneyelevator.en.made-in-china.com

traveling direction according to the traffic flow.

This arrangement is economical, since no inner lateral claddings are required.

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Continuous Arrangement ( One Way traffic) This arrangement is used mainly in smaller department stores to link three levels. It requires more space than the interrupted arrangement Figure 4.1.7.3: Elevator Layout Source: http://syney-elevator.en.made-inchina.com

Crisscross, continuous arrangement (two way traffic) This arrangement is used mainly in major department

stores,

public

buildings

and

public transport buildings where transport times between several levels should be kept to a minimum.

Figure 4.1.7.4: Elevator Layout Source: http://syney-elevator.en.made-inchina.com

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4.1.8 MODEL SIZE Escalator step widths Width (between Single-step balustrade capacity panels) mm in 400 mm 16 One passenger, in with feet together

Size

Very small

Small

600 mm

24 in

One passenger

Medium

800 mm

32 in

Large

1000 mm

40 in

One passenger + one package or one piece of luggage.

Two passengers — one may walk past another

Applications

A rare historic design, especially in older department stores Low-volume sites, uppermost levels of department stores, when space is limited Shopping malls, department stores, smaller airports Mainstay of metro systems, larger airports, train stations, some retail usage

Energy usage Energy consumption kW 3.7 kW

hp 5 hp

3.7 kW

5 hp

7.5 kW

10 hp

7.5 kW

10 hp

Table 4.1.8: Model Size

According to Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia, the standard size of escalator: -Inclination with maximum 30Âş to provide the highest traveling comfort and maximum safety for user -Speed of maximum 45m/min -Rise

240mm

max.;

Depth

380mm

min.

and

Width

580mm~1100mm -Skirt panel of maximum 4.0mm

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between

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

CASE STUDY ELEVATOR 4.2 INTRODUCTION According to UBBL clause 124, a lift shall be used for non - residential buildings that exceed 4 stories above or below main entrance. It is also essential in buildings less than 4 stories of access for older or disabled people is considered.

Vertical transportation has been a very important component especially in the present construction industry. High rise buildings and skyscrapers have become very common and thus requires a method of transportation to and from the respective floors. With the advances in technology, different types of vertical transportation have been invented such as geared and gearless traction elevators with machine room, hydraulic elevators, machine room less elevators and machine room less elevators. The system used for case studying building Setia City Mal is motor room less elevator (MRL) system installed by OTIS Elevator company. This system can eliminate the need of fixed machine room.

There are three groups of lifts can be found in Setia City Mall of varying public and private use. Basically all the lifts are however easily accessible to the public except for the goods lift. Setia City Mall uses units of the model OTIS 4000 elevators for its machine room less gearless installation.

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4.3 Machine Room-less Elevator Otis branded machine room-less elevator is used in Setia City Mall. Machine room-less elevator are a type of traction elevator which do not required a machine room at the top of the hoist way, the traction hoisting machine is installed either on the top side wall of the hoist way or on the bottom of the hoist way.

Figure 4.3 : Machine Room-less elevator Source :http://www.otis.com/site/us/OT_DL_CommonImages/Ba4_Machine-roomless.jpg

Machine room-less elevator designed for buildings with the height about two and 3 stories, this system employs a smaller sheave than conventional geared and gearless elevators. The reduced sheave size, together with a redesigned machine, allows the machine to be mounted within the hoist way itself, by eliminating the need of bulky machine room on the roof. Just as unique are the flat polyurethane- coated steel belts, an Otis invention for the Gen 2 elevator system, that replace the heavy, woven steel cables that have been been the industry standard since 1800s. The belts make the smaller sheave PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

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possible. They are only 3mm thick, yet they are as strong as woven steel cables and far more durable, flexible and space saving. (Otis.com) Besides take up less space in a building since no machine room is required, Machine room-less elevators also consume 30% to 80% less power while running compare to other types of elevator system. It have significantly higher standby power requirements compares to other elevator system.

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Figure 4.3.1.1 : Machine room less elevator Source: Setia City Mall

Figure 4.3.1.2: Schematic of Setia City Mall Elevator Source: Setia City Mall

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4.4 LOCATION LAYOUT OF ELEVATORS IN SETIA CITY MALL LOWER GROUND FLOOR

Figure 4.4 : Lower Ground Floor Source : Setia City Mall Services Management

UPPER FLOOR

Figure 4.4.1 : Upper Floor Source : Setia City Mall Services Management

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Fire Lift Disable / Pas Goods Lift Lift

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423

FIRST FLOOR

Figure 4.4.2 : First Floor Source : Setia City Mall Services Management

SECOND FLOOR

Figure 4.4.3 : Second Floor Source : Setia City Mall Services Management

Fire Lift Disable / Pas Lift Goods Lift

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4.5 COMPONENTS OF SETIA CITY MALL - GEARLESS ELEVATOR

Gearless Machine Governor

Regenerative Driver

Polyurethane coated steel belt

Door System

Figure 4.5 : Components of elevator Source : Setia City Mall Services Management

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4.5.1 Gearless Traction Machine

Figure 4.5.1 Gearless Traction Machine Source: http://www.bluestarelevatorsindia.com/images/geared-machine.jpg

In general, a gearless machine is chosen where the rise is more than 76m, and very smooth, high speed operation is preferred. According to Otis, gearless traction elevator usually operate at speeds greater than 500 feet per minute (2.54 meters per second). A gearless traction machine is considered superior to a geared machine because it is more efficient and quieter in operation which required less maintenance and has long life.

In gearless traction machine, woven steel cables called hoisting ropes are attached to the top of the elevator car and wrapped around the drive sheave in special grooves. The other ends of the cables are attached to a counterweight that moves up and down in the hoist way on its own guiderails.

The combined weight of the elevator car and the counterweight presses the cables into the drive sheave grooves, providing the necessary traction as the sheave turns. (Otis.com) In addition to that, a gearless traction machine consists of a DC or AC motor, the shaft of which is directly connected to a brake wheel and driving sheave.

The elevator hoist ropes are positioned around this sheave. The absence of gears means that the motor must run at the same relatively low speed as the driving sheave. Generally, gearless machines are operate for passenger service with a car capacities of 907kg to 1814 kg. (Grondzik, Kwok and Reynolds).

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4.5.2 Governor

Figure 4.5.2 Governor Source: http://vignette1.wikia.nocookie.net/elevation/images/e/e8/DOUBLE_SAFETY_AND_DOUBLE_ WAY_OVER-SPEED_GOVERNOR_0_detail.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20130114110211

Generally, in machines room-less elevator, governor is located in the hoist way, mounted on or near the elevator machine. Therefore, accessing the resetting a governor over speed switch is time consuming, complicated and costly. Governor act as a stop device in case the elevator runs beyond the rated speed. It limits the car to safe speed.

When an elevator reaches a predetermined over speed, the switch located in a governor opens and power is removed from the machine motor and brake. The braking mechanism that operates in response to movement of the elevator remains disable until the switch is manually reset.

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4.5.3 Regenerative Driver

Figure: 4.5.3 Regenerative Driver Source: https://www.asme.org/getmedia/eeea51e1-47ed-48cf-aecd58969f70bcaf/Energy_Efficient_Elevator_Technologies-02.jpg.aspx?width=340

Regenerative drives are another remarkable advancement in energyefficient elevator technology. They recycle energy rather than wasting it as heat. The permanent magnet motors in Otis’ ReGen drives are capable of bidirectional energy flow.

When power flows into the motor, it creates a lifting torque on the shaft and elevator sheave, lifting the carriage. When the carriage travels down, the motor acts as a generator, transforming mechanical power into electrical power and pumping current back into the facility’s electrical grid to use elsewhere.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

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4.5.4 Polyurethane Coated Steel Belt

Figure 4.5.4 Polyurethane Coated Steel Belt Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Otis_Flat_PolyurethaneCoated_Steel_Belts_Daniel_%C3%85hs.JPG

Machine room-less system uses flat polyurethane coated steel belts as replacement of heavy woven steel cables. According to Otis, it is lightweight, flexible reinforced steel belts, enveloped in a tough polyurethane jacket that improves traction and requires no lubrication. They are only 3mm thick, yet they are as strong as woven steel cables and far more durable, flexible and space saving. The coated steel belts are quieter, 20 percent lighter and have a life span two to three times longer than conventional ropes. In addition, superior flexibility allows the belts to bend around smaller diameter sheaves, resulting in more efficient transfer of power from the machine to the car. Flat belts also have more surface area at the point of contact, which significantly reduces noise and wear on the sheave.

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4.6 DOOR SYSTEM Doors for passenger elevators are power operated and are synchronized with the leveling controls so that the doors are fully opened by the time a car comes to complete stop at a landing. The closing time, however, varies with the type of door and the size of openings. A two speed door design is used where space conditions dictate or where a wide opening is required.

Figure 4.6 : Front Elevation of Setia City Mall Commercial Elevator

4.6.1 Landing Lanterns

Figure 4.6.1 : Landing Lantern located at Front Elevation of Setia City Mall Commercial Elevator

The main purpose of landing lantern is to indicate whether the respective elevator is going downward or upward to a certain floor. The landing lantern placed at visible place from any angles within the elevator lobby.

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

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4.6.2 Call Button

Figure 4.6.2: Call Button located at Front Elevation of Setia City Mall Commercial Elevator

Call buttons are used to request for a elevator and each floor that requires a elevator must have its respective call buttons. Once requested by pressing on the button, the button will illuminated to indicate that the request has been received and the elevator is on its way to the passenger.

4.6.3 Car Operating Panel

Figure 4.6.3 : Car Operation Panel

Every car panel is equipped with full- access buttons for call registry, door open, alarm, emergency stop , and firefighter control. It also provided an intercom device that permits communication with the building control office. The emergency button usually have different colors from the floor PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

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selection button and door close- open button. Once the emergency button is pressed, the button will trigger and alarm, it will activate the intercom at the same time. The close- open button allows the users to close and open the door at their own timing.

4.6.4 Emergency Railing

Figure 4.6.4 : Emergency Railing

According to the EN81 ISO/TR 11071 standards, grab bard must be provided on both sides and the rear of the elevator car, positioned at a height between 900mm to 1200mm from the lifting landing finished floor level.

These bars must be positioned in such a way that all the users in the elevator are able to grab onto it at any direction.

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Laws of Malaysia Uniform Building By laws 1984 ACT 113 STREET, GRAINANGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 CONSTRUCTIONAL REQUIREMENT Section 124 For all non - residential buildings exceeding 4 stores above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

FIRE REQUIREMENTS Section 152 Clause 152(1) every opening in lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.

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ESCALATOR 4.7 INTRODUCTION

Figure 4.7 : Escalator (OTIS X0-508) Source: http://strassmedia.com.my/setia-city-mall/

The model of escalators installed in Setia City Mall is OTIS X0-508 which combines an energy efficient modular design with new safety features and elegant look. This standby escalators are equipped with motion sensor to regulate usage. Whenever the escalator platform detects moving weight on it, the escalators work at normal speed. Else, if there is no load on the platform for estimated duration of 60 seconds, it will being escalating at crawling speed.

A maximum rise of 8m (standard) makes the escalator adaptable to wide range of customer applications. This model adopts several new safety measures highlighted by a newly patented stainless steel step design- more sturdy and has been developed so that the steps mesh into each other, minimizing the possibility of entrapment.

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4.8 LOCATION LAYOUT OF ESCALATOR IN SETIA CITY MALL The movement of customers within Setia City Mall is facilitated with escalators which distributed adequately along the path. The escalators is situated directly in the main line of traffic where they can be easily seen by the general public. Escalators in Setia City Mall placed with a dominating presence, allowing potential riders to easily locate the escalators, recognize the individual escalator’s destination and move easily and comfortably.

Sufficient lobby space is provided for queuing where anticipated, particularly at discharge points.

Figure 4.8: Lower Ground Source: Setia City Mall Services Management

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Figure 4.8.1: Upper Ground Source: Setia City Mall Services Management

Figure 4.8.2 : First Floor Source: Setia City Mall Services Management

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Figure 4.8.3 :Second Floor Source: Setia City Mall Services Management

4.9 ARRANGEMENT

Figure 4.9 : Parallel, Side-by-side

Parallel, Side-by-side This arrangement of escalators is strategically situated to force the passengers to make a brief detour to the following escalator. This arrangement is economical, since no inner lateral claddings are required.

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Figure 4.9.1 : Double Scissors, Side-by-side

Double Scissors, Side-by-side The allowance of continuous traffic flow, providing a high efficient transportation for passengers over multiple floors. It’s suitable for specific one direction flow of traffic in the mall.

4.10 WORKING SYSTEM The operation of escalator works according the following steps: (a) The core of an escalator is a pair of chains, looped around two pairs of gears & an electric motor run it. (b) The motor and chain system are housed inside the truss, a metal structure extending between two floors. (c) As the chain move, the steps always stay level. (d) At the top and bottom of the escalator, the steps collapse on each other, creating a flat platform. This make it easier to get on and off the escalator.

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4.11 COMPONENTS OF ESCALATOR The major components of a standard escalator installation are shown in figure below:

Figure 4.11 : View of a standard escalator showing the principal parts.

Source: Drawing courtesy of Otis Elevator Co.

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4.11.1 Truss

Figure 4.11.1 : Escalators’ Truss Source: sincher.en.made-in-china.com

The entire escalator device is supported by the truss which is a welded steel frame that bridges the lower and upper landings. Two side sections of escalators joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just below the top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms through concrete or steel supports. The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper and lower sections.

4.11.2 Landing platforms

Figure 4.11.2 : Landing Platform Source: http://www.slideshare.net/arwaabuamara/escalators-40672861

Platforms are to house the gears and motors of escalators. The top platform contains the motor assembly and the main drive gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler sprockets. These sections also anchor the ends of the escalator truss. In addition, the platforms contain a floor plate and a comb plate. The floor plate provides a place for the passengers to PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

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stand before they step onto the moving stairs while the comb plate is the piece between the stationary floor plate and the moving step which can minimize the gap between the stair and the landing, helps prevent objects from getting caught in the gap.

4.11.3 Tracks

Figure 4.11.3 : Sectional View of Escalators’ Track Source: www.electrical-knowhow.com

The tracks are steel angles attached to the truss on which the step rollers are guided, thus controlling the motion of the steps. The tracks formed by the step-wheel track (for front wheel) and the trailer-wheel track (for the back wheel). The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the combplate. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks converge so that the front and back wheels of the steps are almost in a straight line to lay in a flat sheet-like arrangement. The tracks carry the steps down along the underside of the truss then again assume a staircase configuration. This cycle is repeated continually as the steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom again.

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4.11.4 Steps

Figure 4.11.4 : Escalator Steps Source: http://www.nblilong.com/en/images/cpt01.jpg

Steel steps of escalators with both the riser and the tread cleated with comb-like protrusions to give ribbed appearance. The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. The front and back edges of the steps are each connected to wheels. The rear wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track. As described above, the position of the tracks controls the orientation of the steps.

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4.11.5 Handrail

Figure 4.11.5 : Internal Structure of Escalators’ Handrail Source: http://g01.s.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1uw_2FFXXXXaDXVXXq6xXFXXX5/220581618.jpg

The handrail is pulled along its track by a chain that is connected to the main drive gear which functioned to provide a convenient handhold for passengers while riding the escalator. It constructed of four distinct sections which are sliding layer, tension member, inner construction components and cover.

The sliding layer (or “glider ply”) is a layer of cotton or synthetic textile which are to allow the handrail to move smoothly along its track. The tension member which consists of steel cord, provides the handrail with tensile strength and flexibility. The inner construction components, which are made of chemically treated rubber designed to prevent the layers from separating.

Finally, the outer layer, which is the cover, is a blend of synthetic polymers and rubber that designed to resist degradation and provide protection from environmental conditions, mechanical wear and tear, and human vandalism.

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4.12 SAFETY SYSTEM According to Mrs. Yukeen, the services management assistant of Setia City Mall, vertical transportation is the most potential services which accidents happened often. Safety performance of escalators is a major concern in escalator design to ensure customers’ safety as well as to reduce court cases.

Additional Balustrade Combfingers

Deflector Brushes

Yellow Boundary

Boot Footprints Figure 4.12 : Additional Balustrade of Escalator Source: Setia City Mall Services Management

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4.12.1 Additional Balustrade

Figure 4.12.1: Additional Balustrade of Escalator

The additional balustrade of 1.5 meters high used as barricade or an anticlimb barrier alongside the track prevents passengers from climbing over the escalator’s balustrade particularly the children

4.12.2 Deflector Brushes

Figure 4.12.3: Additional Balustrade of Escalator Source: http://www.nlb.gov.sg/sure/escalator-brushes/

Also known as skirt brushes, these black stiff bristles are mounted at the side of an escalator as an indicator to warn passengers and encourage them to keep away from the extreme sides of step in order to reduce the chance of step-to-skirt entrapments.

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4.12.3 Yellow Combfingers

Figure 4.12.4: Yellow Combfingers Source: www.electrical-knowhow.com

The yellow safety combfingers help alert passengers to step carefully by highlighting the transition area between the moving steps and the stationary combplate. Older person or people with poor vision find it easy to recognize and will pay attention when entering or leaving the unit.

4.12.4 Boot Footprints & Yellow Boundary

Figure 4.12.5: Additional Balustrade of Escalator

The foot sign marked on the steps to give awareness and to make sure passengers stand within the yellow boundary and keep away from step’s edge especially the kids

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4. 13 CONCLUSION The vertical transportation system in Setia City Mall effectively controls the traffic flow of the mall as they are well planned with strategic in term of location, arrangement and type of system used.

The mechanical transportation system of the mall is green and sustainable.

Energy consumption in Setia City Mall is cut significantly with the use of the gearless machines of elevator which is compact design with high energy saving. As well as the use of Standby Escalator which the sensors switch the escalators into “sleep� mode when no one using.

Besides, the elevator which is gearless also provide smooth ride with reduced low speed vibration. This allow the highest comfortable for users while using the elevators. Safety is always the first consideration for users while using mechanical transportation. The safety features for both elevators and escalators in Setia City Mall is highly effective in order to avoid injuries.

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Works, S. (2015). Science of Heating: How a Heat Pump Works. Air & Water. Retrieved 7 November 2015, from http://www.air-n-water.com/how-a-heat-pump-works.htm Worldaircond.com,. (2015). Cooling Tower - Air Conditioning | Air Conditioner Malaysia | Air Conditioning Malaysia. Retrieved 15 November 2015, from http://www.worldaircond.com/cooling-tower.html

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