EESTEC Publications: 46th issue by EESTEC Publications

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Contents

Table of

.01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06

MEET THE TEAM

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

RADIO WAVES AND ITS USAGE AREA

SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUELS

RENEWABLE ENERGY

AUTOMATION IN MODERN FARMING

Team Leader Gonzalo Sáenz de Ugarte “Hello there, I’m Gonzalo, from LC Madrid, the Project’s leader for this mandate. I decided to apply for this position after being a member of this team last year and seeing the potential it has. We’ll be working hard this mandate to provide you with interesting articles and content. Hope you enjoy the reading!”

Meet The Team Designer Leonor Rebolo

“Hi, I’m Leonor, from LC Aveiro. After being a member of Design Team for a year, I decided to focus my work and join this Project’s board as designer. I’ve always been passionated about art and I took this opportunity to further develop my design skills in a different area: the creation of magazines.”

Content Team Coordinator Ozan Çetin “Hi! I’m Ozan, from LC Instanbul and being Content Coordinator for Publications Project is a marvelous opportunity to learn how to work with sparkling minds and guide them to create excellent content without limits.“

Lana Kejzar

Mihai Butnariu

Ceren Büken

Tugba Erim

Michail Chytiroglou

Anupama Vashishtha

PR Team Coordinator Eren Uzunoglu “Hello, I’m Eren! I’m from LC Instanbul and EESTEC is where I realized my creativity and passions!”

Antonis Margaronis

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Cristina Zafiu

Akat Karagöz

Artificial Intelligence 6

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Mihai Butnariu

What kind of friend is A.I to you? You are at a party with your friend enjoying a beer together and he starts talking to you about a new car he wants to buy. He talks about a Volkswagen and he is so passionate about it that you feel he’s gonna marry that car and put a diamond ring on the steering wheel. Anyway, you finish the topic and go about your business to dance and drink with the rest of the people at the party. Next morning, you wake up and when you open google, you get flooded with car prices from VW, youtube has three ads stacked on top of each other of the new Golf model. The last thing that’s missing are two guys dressed in black knocking at your door asking if you have a moment to talk about electric cars. How does your phone know that your friend talked to you about cars last night? Is he listening to you? Kinda. Remember that picture that your friend found on your phone when he was trying to show you the car he likes? That’s how your phone “listens to you”. Ok, so now that we know, we can finally start dumpster fires in front of Facebook’s headquarters and fight against the robots that lead us. Yes Zuck, we’re looking at you. But before we get our torches and pitchforks, let’s look into this.

A.I. technology is revolutionizing the way we experience the internet

t was called the next big lap in evolution after the industrial revolution. The fact that you get hundreds of ads about a thing you just discussed with your friend is not random and not a one time thing. Did you ever get recommended people on social media that you have a lot of friends in common with? Did you ever listen to a song from a new artist and then Spotify recommended other albums of that artist? Of course it did because this is how A.I. works!

You search for something, the algorithm stores your search and it recommends something similar to you based on the following mindset: ‘’Other people that listened to this song also listened to these other songs. Maybe you’ll like them.” If one day you search for Eminem, 50 Cent and Kanye West, the algorithm is gonna put you in the category of rap fans and suggest you listen to Ice Cube, Snoop Dogg and Taylor Swift. Yes, the algorithm can make mistakes and don’t deny it, you listen to her because she makes good songs. But that’s why every once in a while you find yourself in the same loop of songs that you’ve been listening to for the past 2 months. “Are there no new songs from the other artists?” There are, but not for you.

Artificial Intelligence

Every company uses algorithms to advertise its services and learn more about how you use its products in order to improve them. Phone companies do that too for Android and lOS. Social media apps like instagram and TikTok do it to send you targeted content and Volkswagen uses it to figure out what kind of cars you like. This has improved countless products and services. It’s fair to say that it made our lives better. So if this is such a simple and well intended concept, then what is the big deal?

In order to understand the kind of sorcery A.I. uses we need to look within ourselves. You knew when you were a kid that when your mother shouted at you to come to the kitchen for dinner, the food wasn’t actually ready and she called you for a different reason like helping her set up the table. The first time that happened, you felt betrayed and angry and wanted to call the government so they could solve the problem. The second time that happened, you went down because you forget about the first time she tricked you. Now, the third time she’s shouting at you to come down to eat you don’t move, you just stay in your room “Not gonna fall in that trap again”. You learned something, don’t go to dinner at the first call. But only after a couple of repetitive situations. That’s the same way you figure out that your friend is sad, because her expressions are not the same as the ones she usually has. The feeling that something’s not right is instantaneous just because you were exposed to the same pattern over and over again. When you search something new, the algorithm is exactly like a friend that feels something is not right, it learns the pattern and it adapts. adapts

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How does the A.I. algorithm work?

t is like your friend that tries to make you feel good when you’re down, builds up on the excitement you have and gives you the best sad songs after a breakup by learning your own patterns. It’s the friend that is there for you no matter what and agrees with whatever you say. We all know that friend and we all appreciate him in the moments when we’re down, but do we seek a friend like this all the time? Do we turn to that friend when we want to improve an idea? Do we turn to that friend when we need real feedback? And do we turn to that friend when we are looking for genuine, objective advice? That friend doesn’t want to deceive you, he just wants your attention and wants to be accepted by you. That’s why they agree with you. In psychology, this can be defined as a coping mechanism and you never want a friend that craves for your attention all the time because that is literally exhausting, it breaks trust and it feels deceiving. A friend like this is a good addition on a casual Thursday, or Saturday night. This is the best friend when emotions don’t run high and you have clarity and control over your life. The problem comes when you get too excited or give ground to anxiety and fear. In that moment, the same friend will work against you. Had a breakup? Of course Scorpios are the worst zodiac sign. A new group of people you met did not like you? Of course the world is a dark and dangerous place. Did your parents take away your phone because you did something bad? Of course they hate you and they don’t understand you.

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Artificial Intelligence This friend that we have in those algorithms is creating the bubbles that we all dig ourselves in through what we search, what we believe and what we like. It feeds us the information that we agree with and knowing how we work, it won’t take long until we start believing the things we find on the internet because we only need a couple of repetitive posts or articles. Search one day for something about your zodiac sign, read about it everyday and in less than one month you will start believing in the things that are written there. It makes us feel safe and good about ourselves, not once challenging our assumptions. Try this, everytime you see someone unhappy, see if they look at their social media pages. See if they find a refugee in the friend that is their algorithm.

A.I. can act as a human, but it is not. It doesn’t make conscious decisions, it is not affected by feelings and it is not reasoning with you and we can clearly differentiate between Instagram and your friend Greg that you’re meeting for a beer. So why not make it a better friend, why not add another human dimension to it. We all know that the best of friends do not crave all your attention, they do not agree with everything you say and they are not available 24/7. The best of friends have feelings, goals, perspectives and their own personality. If you feel down they might appeal to your feelings or tell you that you’re doing something wrong. If they don’t agree with your joke, they will tell you and if they have a different perspective on a topic they will listen to you and then say what they think in order to add value, quality and a different perspective about the topic. The current A.I. polarizes us and inflates the bubble we have around us even more, but it can be different. It can challenge our assumptions by being objective and we can still be friends with it, even if we don’t always agree with its opinions. After all, we all fight with our friends when we truly believe in something and we have different kinds of friends. Why not make A.I. our smart friend, or our funny, crazy friend or our philosophical friend. Why not create different A.I. for social media that will give us better relationships as the current one is only eroding the existing, real ones.

Subtitle #1EniasitIcitemporias es etur sum labo. Iciae nobit lab imus eic te ma digni-

Artificial Intelligence

If we wouldn’t let a friend like this create discord in our tribe for all our history as people, why do we let him do that now in the form of an algorithm on social media?

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Radio Waves 14

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Tugba Erim

Radio Waves and its usage area Radio waves were predicted by mathematical work done in 1867, by a Scottish mathematical physicist, James Clerk Maxwell. His mathematical theory, now called Maxwell’s equations, predicted that a coupled electric and magnetic field could travel through space as an “electromagnetic wave”. wave” Maxwell proposed that light consisted of electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength. After those developments, German physicist, Heinrich Hertz, demonstrated the reality of Maxwell’s electromagnetic waves by experimentally generating radio waves in his laboratory, showing that they exhibited the same wave properties as light in 1887. Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi developed the first practical radio transmitters and receivers around 1894–1895. Radio communication began to be used commercially around 1900. The modern term “radio wave” replaced the original name “Hertzian wave” around 1912.

Well, how can we define radio waves? Radio waves are electromagnetic waves which have longer wavelengths than other electromagnetic waves. They occur with radio frequency. We can transport the information without needing concrete substances like wires, by air. Like all electromagnetic waves, radio waves in a vacuum travel at the speed of light, and in the Earth’s atmosphere at a close, but slightly lower speed. Radio waves are generated by charged particles undergoing acceleration, such as time varying electric currents. Naturally occurring radio waves are emitted by lightning and astronomical objects, and are part of the blackbody radiation emitted by all warm objects. Radio waves carry the energy by electromagnetic oscillation generator into space. In the arc field, for example, in high electric frequency passes, or in space, many short transient oscillations occur in the electrical forces. The frequency of the spark waves indicates how many times per second the direction of the sparkle current in the emitter changes, and thus the magnitude of the spark and the magnetic field at each point in space change per second. The frequency is measured in Hertz, a unit named after the German scientist, Heinrich Hertz.

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Subtitle #2 Il radio videssimil ho

How are waves created?

adio waves are radiated by charged particles when they are accelerated. They are produced artificially by time-varying electric currents, currents consisting of electrons flowing back and forth in a specially-shaped metal conductor called an antenna. An electronic device called a radio transmitter applies oscillating electric current to the antenna, and the antenna radiates the power as radio waves. Radio waves are received by another antenna attached to a radio receiver. When radio waves strike the receiving antenna, they push the electrons in the metal back and forth, creating tiny oscillating currents which are detected by the receiver.

R adio Waves

How are radio waves created?

rom quantum mechanics, like other electromagnetic radiation, such as light, radio waves can alternatively be regarded as streams of uncharged elementary particles called photons. In an antenna transmitting radio waves, the electrons in the antenna emit the energy in discrete packets called radio photons, while in a receiving antenna the electrons absorb the energy as radio photons. An antenna is a coherent emitter of photons, like a laser, so the radio photons are all in phase. However, from Planck’s relation (E=hv) the energy of individual radio photons is extremely small, from 10−22 to 10−30 joules. It is so small that, except for certain molecular electron transition processes, such as atoms in a maser emitting microwave photons, radio wave emission and absorption is usually regarded as a continuous classical process, governed by Maxwell’s equations.

R adio Waves

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Radio waves have been an important part of our lives since they were developed. They are used in various fields, such as radio, Wi-Fi, GPS, mobile phones, firewalls, bluetooth, NFC (near field communications, as mobile banking, shopping etc.).

Renewable Energy 20

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C eren Büken B ken

What is ocean energy? Ocean energy refers to all forms of renewable energy derived from the sea. There are three main types of ocean technology: wave, tidal and ocean thermal. All forms of energy from the ocean are still at an early stage of commercialisation. Wave energy remains more costly than the other ocean technologies. Tidal range (see explanation below) has been deployed in locations globally where there is a strong tidal resource (for example La Rance in France, Sihwa in South Korea), while tidal stream has been demonstrated at pilot scale.

The key marine renewable energies W in d E n e r g y Wind energy is currently at the most advanced stage of development, and the signs are extremely promising. Experts estimate that offshore wind power alone could, in the future, supply about 5000 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity a year worldwide – approximately a third of the world’s current annual electricity consumption of about 15,500 terawatt-hours (1 terawatt-hour = 1 trillion watts).

Renewable Energ y

Wa v e E n e r g y The global technical potential of wave energy is estimated at 11,400 TWh per year. Its sustainable generating potential of 1,700 TWh per year equates to about 10 per cent of global energy needs.

T id al E n e r g y Tidal power plants work in a similar way to power plants at a reservoir – except that the water masses do not flow downhill but are moved back and forth with tidal flows. Unlike other forms of ocean energy, tidal energy has been utilized commercially for some time. The La Rance tidal power station began operations in 1966 at St. Malo, on the Atlantic coast in northern France, where the La Rance River flows into the sea. At high tide, the water flows upstream through the large turbines of the power station, and at low tide it flows downstream again. The 240 megawatt (MW) power station (1 megawatt = 1 million watts) has a similar output to a gas-fired power station.

Ocean-current Energy Ocean current energy can also be harnessed using submerged rotors which are driven by the motion of the water. It has been estimated that ocean current power stations and tidal power plants together could harness several 100 terawatt-hours of electricity per year worldwide. For some time now, tests have been carried out on some rotor concepts, such as the Seaflow system, the prototype of which commenced operations off the English coast in 2003. Its successor, SeaGen, is now rotating in the Strangford Narrows off the Irish coast. Under this concept two rotors are mounted on the tower of the plant. This increases the electricity yield and balances out the high construction and start-up costs.

Energy derived from temperature differences at various ocean depths (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion – OTEC) Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep water to generate power. To maintain the steam cycle in an OTEC power plant, the temperature difference must be at least 20 degrees Celsius. The technology is therefore better suited to warmer sea regions. Warm water is used to vaporize a liquid that boils at low temperatures and produces steam that drives a turbine. The cold seawater (4 to 6 degrees) is then pumped from a depth of several 100 meters and used to cool the steam and condense it back into liquid form.

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Renewable Energ y

Energy derived from the different salt content of freshwater and saltwater (osmotic power) The osmotic power plant is an entirely new way of generating energy. It exploits the osmotic pressure which builds up between freshwater and saltwater when they are pumped into a double chamber and separated by a special semi-permeable membrane. The technology is still in its infancy. In 2009, however, members of a Norwegian syndicate constructed the world’s first osmotic power station on the Oslo Fjord. The plant is designed principally to develop this technology, at present generating only few kilowatts of electricity. However, the sustainable global production capacity of osmotic power could in the future amount to 2000 TWh annually.

Government support for the energy systems of the future There is no doubt that major advances have been made in developing technologies to harness renewable energy from the oceans. Although many technologies show commercial promise, virtually, all of them depend on subsidies since they are driven by small, young businesses. Apart from the technological and economic risk, one difficulty is to achieve project sizes which would make such investment viable. Subsidies for these technologies are therefore essential and various nations offer such programmes.

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Sustainable Aviation Fuels 26

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Anupama Vashishtha

he pandemic brought the world to a standstill. With people confined to their homes, transport emissions are reduced to levels like never before. With cars off the roads, public transportation halted and flights grounded, the skies cleared up and pollution indices dipped. Transport is a major contributor to global warming with aviation.

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The global aviation industry produces around 2% of all human-induced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Aviation is responsible for 12% of CO2 emissions from all transport sources, compared to 74% from road transport.

While electrification has swept the automotive industry with the majority of carmakers going the e-vehicle route, the same is not true for the aviation industry. The other tool in our arsenal to combat emissions apart from electrification of the transport sector is alternative fuels. A lot of talk is ongoing over hydrogen fuels, which end up producing water post combustion. Simple, right? Well, the transition is not so much.

Organic waste, such as used oil is collected

SAF can reduce by 80 % the lifecycle of carbon emissions The resulting mixture of standard jet fuel and SAF is ready to use

shift to hydrogen fuels requires a major overhaul of the infrastructure, which not only includes the engines but also the storage, production and safe transport of such fuels. This is bound to take some time before the existing supply chains can be modified to accommodate the change. Same is the case with most synthetic and bio fuels.

Enter SAF, which very conveniently stands for Sustainable Aviation Fuel. Fuel SAF is a proven aviation fuel alternative which has been reported to produce 80% less greenhouse gases than conventional fuels used in aircrafts today. If that is not impressive enough in itself, SAF is also a drop-in fuel, meaning it does not need changes to be made to the existing storage, delivery and fuel systems. So a change to SAF will require drastically lesser investment to adapt the current infrastructure. Sulphur oxides, particulate matter and overall lifecycle emissions can be reduced by up to 40% when SAF is blended with conventional jet fuels in 1:1 ratio.

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Sustainable Aviation Fuels Another interesting aspect of SAF is the net zero emission concept. The renewable biomass, which is the primary component of SAF production, absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere. So when SAF combustion takes place in the aircraft, the resulting carbon dioxide produced will be reabsorbed as the next generation of feedstock is grown. This results in no net addition of CO2 in the lifecycle of the fuel. Currently SAF is produced by processing inedible waste fats and oils. Further optimisation to utilise bio waste from municipal, agricultural and industrial waste for the production of SAF in the future provides further scope of increasing sustainability. The possibility of using recycled or recaptured CO2 for SAF production has immense potential. Aviation being a central tool in our connected world whether it is carrying people or freights, is inextricable from the future of our planet. A future that is sustainable. Decarbonization of the industry is key to this vision. SAF holds the promise to deliver this vision. Whether it does so or electrification and hydrogen based fuels steal the show, is something that remains to be seen.

Automation in Modern Farming 30

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Michail Chytiroglou

No farming for old men? In Greek culture, Aesop’s Fable of The Boy who Cried Wolf is a short tale about an immature young stockbreeder who is constantly fooling his fellow villagers by crying for help, and telling them that a wolf is threatening his livestock. At first, the villagers quickly rush to help him, only to find the young man laughing at them and to realise that it was a false alarm. However, when a real wolf eventually appears, nobody responds to the stockbreeder’s alarms, and as a result, all his sheep get devoured by the ravenous wolf. Aesop’s Fables are enlightening and instructive, especially to younger audiences, as they deem behaviors, such as lying, as inappropriate by linking them to fairly recognizable pictures, like the one of an irresponsible farmer in the countryside. Today, however, lying towards one’s colleagues is quite an inconsequential problem inside the farming industry, since the latter faces a huge challenge: providing the humankind with enough resources to feed an ever-growing population in a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly manner. To do so, technology experts and scientists from both industry and academia have been developing solutions in the form of software and automation machinery, a common example tractors These vehicles, with the aid of of which is robotic tractors. computer vision, light detection technologies (e.g. LiDAR) and GPS systems can acquire adequate data on the geomorphology of the land and the nutritional needs of the field. This data enables them to function independently, without the physical presence of a driver. Similarly, it should be noted that all stages of crop cultivation can be automated, automated thanks to the development of robotic seeders, harvesters and weeders.

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Automation is cost cutting by tightening the corners and not cutting them

- Haresh Sippy

Another iconic, yet revolutionary innovation is Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones. Despite common misconceptions, which suggest that drones are used drones only in movies by supervillains with destructive intent, just like Mysterio did in Spider-man: Far From Home (2019) to defeat Peter Parker in London bridge, in reality they are already used to facilitate crop monitoring and surveillance.

But how exactly do they accomplish that? Drones can execute crop-dusting of the fields through liquid sprayers and payload tanks attached to them. They are a more affordable solution to irrigation, pesticisation and fertilisation of small arable lands (ranging from a few to a few tens of acres wide) than manned aircrafts. In addition, they can spray in sharply sloped and uneven locations, which mechanisms such as ground spraying rigs cannot access. It is also crucial to mention that, apart from loading the tank of the drone, there is no human interaction with chemical compounds that could endanger one’s health.

Did you know? “Eutrophication is a process that occurs in lakes or closed shallow bays, due to a large concentration of nutrients, such as nitrates and phosphates, above normal limits. It is partly caused by the disposal of excessive quantities of fertilizers in the water and can lead to increased masses of plankton (some of which toxic) and wetlands flora, dissolved oxygen depletion, and loss of desirable fish species. The control of fertilizer wastage can significantly contribute to the limitation of this problem.” EESTEC Publications Project

But if no human is involved in the process, how is the performance of the drones determined?

he answer lies in the employment of smart sensors in multiple areas inside the field, thanks to which management of resources becomes automated and efficient. The sensors provide the drone with information on soil quality (acidity levels, temperature, nutrients, humidity), potential pests and diseases, as well as a weather forecast for the upcoming days, or even weeks. Based on the acquired data, the drone optimizes its spraying performance with great localized precision, and this way, wastage of resources can be minimized. Artificial sensory receptors may also be attached to the collars of cattle or other farm animals, animals in order to monitor their vital signs and day-to-day habits. They remotely inform the owner of the animals’ indices of well-being by analyzing their ruminating patterns, behavior towards their mates and sleep cycle and its quality. Special Infrared Thermography (IRT) cameras allow the timely detection of fever, infections and inflammatory diseases, such as mastitis, and enable the punctual response by the stockbreeder, which will have a positive impact on their livestock and finances.

Automation in Modern Farming

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Did you know? “Mastitis is a potentially fatal inflammation of the cow’s mammary gland, which is usually caused by bacteria entering the teat canal and moving into the udder tissue. Toxins released by mastitis bacteria damage milk-secreting tissue and ducts throughout the mammary gland, reducing milk yield and quality. Early detection of mastitis in cows is crucial, as it enables the stockbreeder to limit the spread of infection within the herd, minimise the impact on milk quality, and improve the probability of successful treatment.”

Automation in Modern Farming

According to the collected data, the owner will know the optimal time to provide the livestock with food, medical care, and opportunity to mate and reproduce, rather than guess or act based on previous experience. Both of the latter practices are quite empirical in nature, and there is plenty of trial and error involved as a result. It appears that the vast majority of the aforementioned technologies require the connection of trackers, sensors, computers and even self-driving vehicles. The Internet of Things (IoT) offers countless possibilities for farming practices, enabling farmers to monitor their farm’s operations from home through a network of interconnected devices.

T hat said, w hat will happen to those w ho are unable to adapt quickl y and e f f ecti vel y to the latest technological ad vancementes? The answer may not be that optimistic for traditional farmers without technical knowledge and expertise, just like the boy who cried wolf. But unlike him, numbers do not lie!

Did you know? A thermographic camera, also called an infrared camera or thermal imager, is a device that creates an image using infrared (IR) radiation, similar to a common camera that forms an image using visible light. Instead of the 400–700 nanometre (nm) range of the visible light camera, infrared cameras are sensitive to wavelengths from about 1,000 nm to about 14,000 nm. The practice of capturing and analyzing the data they provide is called thermography.

ccording to data provided by the European Statistical Office (Eurostat), there was a decline in the regular agriculture labour force by 9.5 million people (by over 30%) between 2005 and 2016. Meanwhile, the majority of total farm managers in 2016 were 55 years old or above, with only 1 out of 20 being 35 years old or younger. A higher percentage of young farmers managed medium and large-sized farms (worth 25000 EUR or more) compared to older age classes. Apparently, this percentage became progressively lower through each older class of farm managers, with over 80% of farmers aged 65 years or older managing small subsistence farms (worth 8000 EUR or less). In part, this distinction could be explained by the fact that young farmers had on average higher levels of educational attainment in terms of specialized agricultural training and had followed up-to-date professional courses, including those on modern and innovative farming techniques. This knowledge has definitely given them insight on how to manage effectively more complex farms with larger necessities.

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Automation in Modern Farming

It is possible that many of them still consider agriculture to be a market with little to no future, discouraged by the fact that it is dominated by an aging social group. However, it is only a matter of time until more people see the opportunities for innovation and advancement in this highly underestimated, yet equally promising field.

9.8 M: M: The number of workers in agriculture in the EU in 2016

7.7 M: M: The projected number of workers in agriculture in the EU by 2030

There is a pojected decline of more than 20% or 2 Million farm workers totally in the EU the EU in 2016

Citations Sheikh, Knvul. “A Growing Presence on the Farm: Robots.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 13 Feb. 2020, https://www.nytimes. com/2020/02/13/science/farm-agriculture-robots.html. Benjamin Ringuet Product and Solution Manager | senseFlyShare, et al. “The Role of Drone Technology in Sustainable Agriculture.” PrecisionAg, 25 May 2021, https://www.precisionag.com/in-field-technologies/drones-uavs/the-role-of-drone-technology-in-sustainable-agriculture/. Schlechtriem, Michelle. “How Smart Farming Is Transforming Agriculture.” Meili Robots, Meili Robots, 24 Sept. 2021, https://www.meilirobots.com/resources-list/smart-farming-guide. 22, Sciforce -June, et al. “Smart Farming: The Future of Agriculture.” IoT For All, 8 Dec. 2021, https://www.iotforall.com/smart-farming-future-of-agriculture. “Smart Farming: How Automation Is Transforming Agriculture.” Pinduoduo, https://stories.pinduoduo-global.com/agritech-hub/ how-smart-farming-automation-is-transforming-agriculture Rose, David Christian, et al. “Responsible Development of Autonomous Robotics in Agriculture.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 20 May 2021, https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-021-00287-9. King, Anthony. “Technology: The Future of Agriculture.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 27 Apr. 2017, https://www.nature.com/ articles/544S21a Mehrabi, Zia, et al. “The Global Divide in Data-Driven Farming.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 2 Nov. 2020, https://www.nature.com/ articles/s41893-020-00631-0. “Thermographic Camera.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 Nov. 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camera. Poonia, Ramesh C. Smart Farming Technologies for Sustainable Agricultural Development. IGI Global, 2019. “Farmers and the Agricultural Labour Force - Statistics.” Farmers and the Agricultural Labour Force - Statistics - Statistics Explained, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Farmers_and_the_agricultural_labour_force_-_statistics#Fewer_ farms.2C_fewer_farmers.

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Winter Call The Winter Call is open and this is the chance for you to enroll in one of these international teams! Join us and get the chance to meet new people, work on a different EESTEC level and develop your skills!

Public Relations Team

IT Team - eestec.net

Publications Project Content Team and PR Team

SSA External Affairs Team

Do you want to make EESTEC shine? That’s what the PR Team’s all about! PR Team works on improving the public image of our association, mainly through social media and helping branches improve their PR and branding. Join this big team and you’ll get the opportunity to try out many different types of tasks (Content, Education, Branding, Digital). Along the way you’ll enhance skills such as creativity, time management and communication! Do you want to help on the release of the new EESTEC website? Join the EESTEC.net team! If you have awesome ideas on how to improve it, or if you simply know your way around web development and want to learn more, then roll your sleeves up, fill the application form and get to code! With tons of new features rolling out, the EESTEC.net team is working towards it's goals for this year and we need people like you to finally retire the old website for good. So, while you wait to be logged in on your account on the old eestec.net, make the leap and join us! (and then go out and walk your dog or something, it’s that slow...). Do you want to help creating more content as the one you’ve read so far? Publication Project Content Team and PR Team are waiting for you! The Content Team is responsible for writing the articles featured in the Project’s publications, as well as taking care of the rest of the content the Publications Project creates throughout the year (interviews, etc.). Joining this team will help you develop your writing skills, your ability to synthesize information and how to write a coherent article using multiple sources. If you like writing, researching interesting topics and helping others learn about science and technology related topics, this is definitely your team! The PR Team is responsible for creating posts promoting the content produced by the Content Team and for maintaining an active social media presence by making posts about science and technology related topics. This team will provide you with PR and even some design experience, while also helping you learn how to investigate and find information related to scientific topics. If you like public relations and science, or think that the international PR team might be a bit too much, then you’ll find here your happy spot! Do you have mutual interest in soft skills and PR? SSA External Affairs Teams is the othe place to be! If you are a team player and interested in soft skills and PR this is a great opportunity for you. As part of SSA External Affairs Team, you will have the chance to combine your creativity with your passion for the Project and contribute to the brand image of the SSA, not only inside, but also outside of EESTEC too.