US Budget Crisis

MILTON EZRATI is chief economist for Vested, a contributing editor at The National Interest, and author of “Thirty Tomorrows” and “Bite-Sized Investing.” Milton Ezrati

Federal Financial Mess

The relentless rise in entitlements lies at the root of the problem

Even before the recent spate of spending legislation, the authoritative Congressional Budget Office (CBO) warned of the precarious state of Washington’s finances. Its figures show that the relentless growth in entitlements will push up budget deficits and add to the nation’s already heavy accumulation of public debt.

By 2032, the CBO concluded, outstanding government debt held by the public will rise to 110 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) and to 185 percent by mid-century, far higher than most any time in the nation’s history.

Here, in broad strokes, is what the CBO expects. Federal revenues from all sources will grow in tandem with the economy, taking, on average, slightly more than 18 percent of GDP each year. The spending side of the ledger will expand faster. Federal outlays will jump to 25.8 percent of the economy by the mid-2030s from 23.8 percent this year. They’ll then climb to about 28.9 percent by mid-century, a relative expansion of 5.1 percentage points.

According to the CBO, Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and lesser entitlements will rise to 13.7 percent of GDP in the mid-2030s and 14.9 percent by mid-century from an estimated 10.8 percent this year. That 4.1 percentage point relative increase amounts to more than four-fifths of the expected relative rise in all spending. The rest of the spending increase will come from the need for Washington to pay interest on an enlarged debt load, itself the result of past increases in entitlement spending.

In many respects, the CBO’s forecast is a straightforward extrapolation of past trends. For decades, the outsized growth of entitlements has driven government spending to ever greater portions of the economy. Between 1970 and this year, entitlements rose to 10.8 percent of GDP from 7.6 percent. That growth offset the overall budgetary relief that might have accrued to the drop in defense spending to 3.5 percent of GDP from 7.8 percent. So despite this decline in Pentagon demands, overall federal spending has risen to 23.8 of GDP from 18.7 percent.

Bleak as the CBO extrapolation of these trends looks, its estimates may be too optimistic. They assume, for example, that defense spending will hold steady at about 3.5 percent of GDP, but in today’s geopolitical climate, defense outlays are more likely to rise. On entitlements, there are also signs of budgetary optimism. Three considerations offer perspective.

First, the CBO made its projections before President Joe Biden ordered student debt relief or signed two large spending measures: the CHIPS for America Act and the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). Although the White House insists that these two pieces of legislation will more than pay for themselves, independent analyses, including that of the CBO, indicate that Washington will likely increase spending and otherwise enlarge deficits.

Second, the government has already decided to continue the subsidies under the Affordable Care Act, even though they were set to expire. Especially given how aspects of the IRA suggest enlarged subsidies along these lines, spending in this area will likely accumulate over time to enlarge the portion of the budget and GDP absorbed by entitlements.

Third, and most significant, is the likely impact of aging on the country’s population. The baby boomer generation is retiring and will vastly increase the population of dependent retirees. In 1970, for example, roughly 10 percent of the population was 65 years old or older. By 2019, that figure had grown to 16 percent. The Census Bureau estimates that by the mid2030s, that figure will rise to 21 percent and 22 percent by mid-century. This huge proportion of older people can’t help but increase demands for Social Security, Medicare, and other federal entitlements. CBO estimates try to account for this trend but likely insufficiently.

None of this is to say that entitlements—already at two-thirds or more of the federal budget–are the wrong way for Washington to spend. That’s a political decision. Economics can only point out that past and likely future practices condemn federal finances to ever-growing debt burdens until Washington takes one of three admittedly difficult steps: 1) get control over entitlements, at least enough to moderate their rapid growth rate, 2) accommodate the ever-increasing demand of entitlements by sacrificing other government services, as was done with defense in the past but in today’s geopolitics no longer seems possible, or 3) tell the voters that they must pay more in taxes so that their representatives don’t have to make these difficult decisions.

As the CBO has made clear, albeit indirectly, these are the only ways to avoid a debt burden that many already describe as unsupportable.