The Magnificent Seven

The

Magnificent

Seven First Year Student Engineering Drawings 2003 - 2010

Foreword Engineering sketching, in our course, functions as a tool for creativity, design, and analysis rather than strictly for technical representation. This component is taught by an artist-inresidence and is worth one-third of a full-year course grade. The technical drawing components (orthographic, isometric, etc.) are developed as supporting elements to the evolution of ideas rather than as an end in themselves.

Students are taught how to convey ideas quickly by sketching on paper quickly and correctly. Sketching used for ideation is integral to creativity. As a design tool, engineering sketching is being used to visualize engineering concepts such as movement, forces, and stresses. During the latter part of the course students are asked to use their newfound drawing abilities to explore projects ranging from biomimicry, inclusive design, design for development to the history of design, and design styles. The students are shown how to construct these drawings during ‘live’ drawing sessions.

The students are taken through the steps required for drawing complex objects (ranging from hand-tools to an IC engine – Fig. 1).

The start of each drawing lecture simulates gesture drawing commonly seen in Fine Arts: students are shown slides of objects for roughly one minute and are asked to translate these objects into perspective or isometric sketches. A series of videos has been developed to reach all 750 first year students – making drawing ‘help’ available in the middle of the night when most students are finishing their work.

The Materials and Construction lab project was given two years in a row with slightly varying formats. This assignment asked for a top view orthographic without descriptions.

Drawing Assignment - 2D Orthographic [or top view]: The following step is from your Materials and Construction project: “4. The item will be disassembled. ALL parts must be retained. (The use of zip top bags is highly recommended).�

Arrange all parts belonging to your item according to material and/or function (your choice). Take a digital picture looking straight down at your arrangement so that each of you (in a team of 4) has a digital photograph to work from at home. Draw each item as shown in your photograph on a sheet of 12 x 18 inches. Scale the parts so the image fills the entire sheet.

Use pencils and colored pencils.

The following assignment was created in response to our in lab Materials and Construction project. During this project students took a small object apart and documented and recorded each component and tested material properties.

Drawing Assignment: [De]construction The following steps are from your Materials and Construction project: “2. Take apart your object. Identify materials used.

3. Make a list of parts and materials. Sketch parts in your logbook.

4. Identify the function of each part (describe what each part does).

5. Start thinking about why these materials were used? Consider material characteristics such as strength to weight ratio, failure modes, tolerances, recyclability, grade of material, ease of manufacture, ease of assemble, ease and accuracy of material removal (drilling, sawing…), aesthetics, etc.”

Use the information gathered in your logbook to create a one-page (12” × 18”) summary in the style of Da Vinci.

You have to use pencil, but may add color, pen and ink, or other materials.

Draw a minimum of 5 components of your object - you may choose the complexity of your components.

Try to draw these components in isometric - orthographic or perspective are also acceptable as alternatives.

Add relevant text, testing diagrams and/or formulas.

Note: You do not have to write in mirror script.

Some years the drawing assignments were completely independent from lab activity and based around a theme. The theme of the semester was, in this case, skateboards. The goal of this assignment was to give student technical drawing practice (orthographic and isometric), but to add an element of freedom.

Drawing assignment - Two Parts Part 1: Isometric skateboard with orthographic Using the layout below include the following: • A good copy of the isometric skateboard sketch done in class • A good copy of the top, front, and side orthographic views as sketched in class. Please check the orthographic chapter of the manual posted with this assignment.

Part 2: Skateboard deck design On the lower ~ one third of your page • Draw/paint/collage/etc... a skateboard deck that is somehow (however hidden or obvious) about you.

• You are allowed to base your design on an existing deck, but you have to reference the source.

Please use proper IEEE citation.

A skateboard assignment - this time a sectioned skateboard wheel in orthographic and isometric. The second part of the assignment was designed to start intergrating student knowledge from other classes and to visualize this more abstract knowledge.

Drawing assignment - Two Parts Part 1: Isometric skateboard wheel with orthographic Using the layout below include the following: • A good copy of the isometric skateboard wheel sketch done in class • A good copy of the top, front, and side orthographic views.

Part 2: Loci and stress diagrams On the lower ~ one third of your page • Draw the path (loci line) described by a point on the outer edge of the rolling wheel. The wheel has a diameter of 51 mm - use a 1:1 scale.

• Draw your researched version of the various stresses exerted throughout the skateboard wheel by a rider on a stationary board - including the soft tire, and harder rims & spokes. You may print out the drawing provided, paste it securely to the 12” × 18”, and draw the stress gradients (à la FEA) on top with a coloured pen.

Reference consultations with your fellow students, coaches, or professors using IEEE format.

This assignment was created during a lab project that involved the design of space saving devices and innovative use of space for an inclusive design project.

Assignment 3: Collapsibles – objects that, in one way or another, fold out for “action” and fold up for “storage” In this assignment you will explore the isometric and orthographic projections. You will be drawing a “collapsible” item. Think of the following words when you are choosing your object: stress, folding, creasing, assembling, hinging, rolling, sliding, nesting, inflating, fanning.

On a 12” x 18” sheet draw an isometric of your object in its action (folded out) state. Please consider the layout of your page – leave enough space for each of your drawings (including part 2, below) and include a legend on the front and the back of your page (as shown below).

On the same side of the same 12” x 18” sheet draw all three orthographic views of the same object in its storage (folded up) state. Include dimensions with your orthographics.

This series of drawings was also based on a thematic drawing series. One of the engineering professors had several two-stroke engines. These were taken apart and each major component became a drawing assignment. The assignments included orthographic, isometric and oblique projections. Students also looked at gear ratios, parts lists, tolerancing, sectioning and exploded diagrams.

After teaching the drawing component of the design course for 5 years the number of student enrolling was reaching 700+. A series of drawing videos was produced to provide students with practice material which could be accessed at any time. The assignments became based on the drawing videos.

Drawing Assignment - Exploded diagram/Sectioning/Dimensioning: This assignment is based on the ‘cup and saucer’ video: 1. Choose an object (not a cup & saucer) that consists of two parts 2. Draw the parts as an exploded view (: an illustration or diagram of a construction that shows its parts separately but in positions that indicate their proper relationships to the whole) - think about composition: your drawing should be centred on the page and ‘fill’ the page...

3. ‘Section’ a part of your choice - ‘hatch’ the material exposed by sectioning 4. ‘Dimension’ both objects. Please measure and indicate 3 dimensions for each part (width/height and depth) (Note: Dimensioning has been removed in some drawings for clarity).

5. Indicate a scale for the object if you cannot draw the parts 1:1 Note: Please make sure all 30 degree angles are, in fact, 30 degrees and all verical lines are vertical...parallel lines should also be parallel...

Assignment 4: Isometric Exploded Diagram In this assignment you will explore the isometric projection. You will be drawing an exploded diagram both in class and at home. [at home] On a 12” Σ 18” sheet draw a good copy of an exploded diagram.

The object you draw should come apart into a minimum of 4 parts. [at home] On the same 12” Σ 18” sheet glue an 8.5” Σ 11” sheet of paper. On this sheet explain the engineering term “tolerancing” and describe how tolerancing applies to the object you have drawn. Engineering graphics books in the library have information about this concept. You may include images and/or graphics on this 8.5” Σ 11” sheet. Please include your references in ieee format. Please include a legend on the front and the back of your page (see below).

Drawing assignment 4 - Two Parts Part 1: Exploded diagram showing chassis (partial) and crumple zone Using the layout below include the following: • A good copy of the isometric chassis sketch done in class showing where the crumple zone will attach - for now, show the approximate space your crumple zone will occupy • Dimension known outer edges of the chassis and crumple zone using parallel dimensioning (see dimensioning pdf in drawing 4 folder). Please note: pay attention to the angle of your projection/extension lines when dimensioning in isometric.

Part 2: Methods of attaching On the left ~one third of your page • using an exploded diagram, show two different methods how the crumple zone might attach to the front of the chassis: you may use orthographic and/or isometric projections to show these two attachment methods examples of exploded diagrams can be found on page 2 and 3 of your assignment

Students are taught to sketch by using basic shapes. We start with an isometric cube, followed by an isometric pyramid, cylinder and sphere. This assignment was an exercise in working in reverse; seeing basic shapes in complex objects.

Drawing assignment - Using basic shapes for drawing In this assignment you are being asked to abstract a complex shape to the underlying basic shapes. The more basic shapes you can show the better. Use your full 12” x 18” sheet for this assignment. Draw your basic shapes in the isometric projection.

1/ Choose either an example from the provided pdf or your own image.

Your own image should be comparable in complexity.

2/ If you choose an item from the pdf, descibe the item in the ‘title’ portion of your legend (I do not need to see a picture). If you choose your own item, please adhere a picture to the back of your 12” x 18” sheet.

One of the lab projects was designing equipment for a multi-function platform in Ghana is conjunction with Engineers Without Borders. Students researched communities and based on a needs assessment designed implements that could run on a two-stroke diesel engine. Exercise bicycles in the labrooms were used to test the prototypes the students created.

Assignment: MFP redesign drawing.

In this assignment you will explore the isometric and orthographic projections.

1. On a 12” x 18” sheet draw the redesigned MFP part you are working on with your group. Your drawing should include two elements: [1] a dimensioned orthographic (i.e., the actual dimensions of the as-built device), and [2] an isometric view of the redesigned part (exploded for clarity if necessary).

2. On another 12” x 18” sheet complete an assembly drawing that includes two elements: [1] a parts list, and [2] a simple (not exploded) isometric version of your part (sectioned for clarity if necessary) showing how your part interfaces with adjoining parts.

An exercise in observation using oblique projection. Students could use plan, cavelier or cabinet oblique for this assignment.

Drawing assignment - Meccano forward and reverse drive mechanism You’ll be shown a “forward and reverse drive” mechanism during the short lab. Draw it in your choice of oblique as large as will fit onto your 12” × 18” page.

• The mechanism has gears; draw them as shown on page 3 – as cylinders with diameters equal to the pitch circles. Draw detailed gear teeth where enmeshed with the adjacent gear.

• Draw the gear ratios as shown on page 3 – note: the example is in isometric projection.

• Using parallel dimensioning, show the main measures required to replicate the Meccano model as if using your drawing as the only reference.

Drawing assignment 3 - Meccano forward and reverse drive mechanism Page 2

space width tooth thickness

top land face width face

addendum circle

flank bottom land

addendum dedendum pitch point

pitch circle clearance base circle

base circle pitch circle addendum circle

dedendum circle

Drawing assignment 3 - Meccano forward and reverse drive mechanism Page 3

note the gear ratio ‘arrows’ (for every half turn of the small gear, the large gear turns a quarter)

Gears should be drawn as pitch circles with gear teeth showing where the gears are ‘enmeshed’

Student camshaft drawing from Engg 253 in 2004 Note that this drawing is in isometric and that drawing 3 is in oblique.

Drawing assignment - Object in projections (2 pages total) Choose an object; the object can be a tool, a kitchen utensil, or anything else that has a equal level of complexity.

Page 1 (drawing 5): an isometric drawing of your chosen object with the correct accompanying three-view orthographic - please dimension two of the three orthographic projections.

Page 2 (drawing 6): an oblique drawing of your chosen object and your choice of a 1- or 2-point perspective (also of the same object).

Research and draw your version of the various stresses exerted within the object while in normal use: use either your oblique or your perspective drawing for this. Use a color-coding system.

Drawing assignment - 1 & 2 pt Perspective/ Race strategy analysis Part 1 • Draw a portion of the race track for your lego vehicle in 1 and 2 pt perspective - you may include fictional detail.

Part 2 • Draw a plan/top orthographic - using a colored ‘ribbon’ of varying intensity show your race strategy (the ribbon indicates the width of your vehicle/ variations in color can indicate different speeds).

• On the back of your 12” x 18” write a brief explanation of your race strategy.

This assignment was given during the space elevator design project. Students were designing a lego robot tether climber. In this assignment student were challenged to think about space travel, space elevators and possibilities.

Drawing Assignment: Tether climber 1. Using one of the sketches created in lecture with the guest speaker, draw a ‘good copy’ using isometrics and orthographics on a sheet of 12” x 18”. Please use rulers/templates or other to create these drawings. All isometric construction angles must be 30 degrees.

2. Develop and further detail each part of the climber. Explain each part on your drawing - your text may be word-processed.

3. Add 4 additional components to the concept you chose to develop.

These parts should have relevant functions to the overall machine.

4. You may add color to enhance your overall assignment.

EWB/ID Project

Drawing Assignment: Design for the other 90% 1. On the top 1/3 of your drawing show images of all the factors that influenced your design for this project. These images may be hand-drawn or found images from the internet or magazines. You should have a minimum of 10 images.

2. From the ideas generated by your group design a device, system or component of a complex object (such as a wheelchair) to help your client in his/her living situation. Draw your sectioned and dimensioned design in the centre of your page: - Section a part of your design to show additional/specific information.

If you section through a solid, add parallel diagonal lines as shown in the example on this page.

- Dimension as shown on the last page of this assignment 3. The bottom third of your page should describe why you decided on your particular design and why you think your design would be successful. Include aspects of the familiarization phase (such as availability of material, geography, political situation and sustainability) and explain how those factors had an impact on your design.

Assignment Part I: In-class Drawing Please bring one sheet of 12” by 18” folded in half - this will be your drawing booklet for the assignment. You may bring rulers, triangles, isometric templates and class notes. Consulting with fellow students during class is also permitted.

You will see 4 slides: - each slide will be shown for 10 minutes - each slide will show multiple images of the same thing, pick one image - all drawings must be in isometric At the end of class you will hand in your 12” by 18” sheet which will have all 4 drawings on it.

Items to practice: - cup and saucer / chairs / basic toy cars/ tea kettles / bottles This drawing will be marked out of 5. There is no redo for this drawing.

Assignment Part II: ‘Good copy’ The lecture slides will go up after the last drawing lecture - pick one item and draw a good copy in isometric on a 12” by 18” sheet. This drawing is due during your last lab of the semester.

Assignment : 2d to 3d (paper fold-up model) - Design Styles In this assignment you will explore the history of design.

On a 12” x 18” sheet draw a 2d development of the building that exemplifies your chosen design style. The 2d building you draw should be one continuous piece and should be able to be cut out and glued together to produce a 3d model (please see example below). You may, instead of drawing, use software for this assignment. Photographic elements may also be included.

On the same 12” x 18” sheet provide a column of text describing the building, the period it represents, and what aspects make this particular building an example of the design style.

Please include your references in IEEE format.

Drawing assignment - Design Style Analysis (in two parts) In this assignment you will be analyzing an object from a design period as discussed in lecture.

Find an image of an object from one of the design periods discussed in lecture - this can be a building, vehicle, piece of furniture, or other. Glue a (~ 6” × 6”) photocopy or printout of this object in the centre of your 12” × 18” sheet of paper.

Part 1: draw two details in your choice of oblique that show why the object is considered specific to that particular period.

Part 2: use the knowledge you have gathered in your other classes over the past 5 months to explain engineering aspects and concepts present in your object. This information may take the shape of written material, equations, schematics, and so on. An example would be the Golden Gate Bridge slide during the lecture which showed tension, compression and other aspects that are taken into consideration when building a bridge.

Please include IEEE-style referencing.

Assignment : 3-d terrain view Carefully read pages two to seven (provided by the Department of Geomatics) and have a look at the spreadsheet in the drawing folder before you start this assignment.

On a 12”x 18” sheets: Construct the tin in 2-d by connecting the points using Delaunay triangulation.

On a second 12” x 18”: Plot the points in 3-d perspective view. The angle pair for your lab can be found in the pdf “angle pairs”.

Assignment 3: Shading your 3-d terrain model Carefully read pages two to four (provided by the Department of Geomatics) and have a look at the spreadsheet in the drawing folder before you start this assignment.

On a 12” x 18” sheets: Compute the slope for each triangle using the excel spreadsheet entitled Shading _Calculation.xls. You must provide one calculation by hand. You may paste your excel sheet on the 12”x 18”.

On the 12” x 18” in the 3-d perspective view: shade the triangles according to the slope value. Use four monochromatic or analogous colours.

Assignment: “How-to” Choose what “how-to” you would like to diagram from these 26 options: 1 ... milk a cow 2 ... do CPR 3 ... fold a T-shirt 4 ... ride a horse Western style 5 ... ride a horse English style 6 ... grip and swing a golf club 7 ... parallel park a car 8 ... carve a pumpkin 9 ... exercise on a plane 10 ... make a grilled cheese sandwich 11 ... take a shoe off a horse 12 ... do a flip turn in a swimming pool 13 ... plant a tree 14 ... build a sand castle 15 ... make a snowman 16 ... change a tire

17 ... throw a split-finger fastball 18 ... make a campfire 19 ... tie a knot 20 ... do the sun salutation 21 ... program an alarm clock 22 ... lasso a steer 23 ... do a reverse inward pike dive 24 ... drive while using a cell phone 25 ... play drums or 26 ... some process from your lab project.

Choose one of three styles of diagram that we explored in class: 1 “What not to do with your baby” 2 Ikea style 3 Lego style.

Drawing Assignment 1 (5%): Packaging Redesign Drawing with Description Individual Assignment - Please read the entire assignment before you start.

5 % of term grade 1. At home or at the supermarket look at products and packaging.

2. Choose or buy a packaged product that looks difficult to open.

3. Is all the packaging print easy for you to read? Are the instructions easy to read?

Open the package. Does it open easily? Do you need a knife or scissors?

4. Ask an older member of your family if he or she can read/ open the package easily.

5. Using the capability descriptions in Part 4 of the Inclusive Design Toolkit (www. inclusivedesigntoolkit.com), identify the user demand of the package. Packaging requires particular demands for thinking, vision and dexterity.

Concentrate on those categories.

6. Enter the user demand information into the on-line Exclusion Calculator to determine the proportion of the British population excluded from using this product, device or space. (The demographics of the British population and the Canadian population are similar enough that the percentage of the population excluded in Britain is likely close to the percentage of the population that would be excluded in Canada.)

7. Re-design and draw, in isometric or orthographic, packaging that is easier to use.

Develop ideas from the ‘Packaging Wheel’ in the ID Resource file. Put a description (see below) of your re-design ideas on your drawing. You may include an image/photograph of your original product.

Re-Design Description and graphics 1. Identify problems with the packaging.

2. Chart the user capability for thinking, vision and dexterity.

3. Record the results of the Exclusion Calculator. Please create a graph of your choice - software is allowed for this graph.

4. Suggest how the package might be re-designed for greater ease of use (use the graph on page 2 as a guideline) the drawing will be an illustration of your redesign suggestions.

Drawing Assignment - Transportation and Design: This assignment is based on the ‘car/plane’ video and the design style lectures: 1. Pick a design style you find most interesting or appealing. Summarize this style in 1 or 2 paragraphs (see sample layout ‘text’).

2. Pick two (2) images that best describe this style and one (1) unrelated image of your choice. These images can be of buildings, furniture, fashion, type, or other.

Attach the 3 images to your 12 by 18 sheet. Please do not use staples.

3. Draw a mode of transportation in isometric that has the characteristics of the design style you have chosen and the ‘unrelated’ image. These characteristics can be subtle or overt in nature.

2. You may use color and/or shading - it is however not required. Construction boxes do not have to be erased.

Winter 2007 | Assignment: 3D Abstraction • Create a 3D representation of your table’s Rube Goldberg steps on 8.5 by 11 inch paper. Use color to distinguish between the various phenomena (see list below) that are included in your 3D image. Include a color-coding system at the bottom of your page.

• You may draw or use software for this assignment (e.g., Google Sketch-up (free), Apple Grapher, Rhino3d, Mathematica, Adobe Illustrator) • Please attach your drawings to your final group report - depending on the size of your group you will have 3 or 4 ‘3D’ pages. Pages must show individual effort.

Things you may want to include: - forces - moments (torque) - potential energy - kinetic energy - motion paths - friction - elastic/inelastic colliosions - spring forces - tensile loading - chemical reactions - phase changes - temperature - bending = =