WAN (Wide Area Network) A WAN (Wide Area Network) is a network that covers a broad area (i.e., any telecommunications network that links across metropolitan, regional, national or international boundaries) using leased telecommunication lines. Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence, this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. The Internet can be considered a WAN as well, and is used by businesses, governments, organizations, and individuals for almost any purpose imaginable.
Figure 1 WAN
(Wide Area Network)
Related terms for other types of networks are personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.
Figure 2 WAN Terms
WAN (Wide Area Network) CPE (Customer Premises Equipment)- CPE is equipment that’s typically owned by the subscriber and located on the subscriber premises. Demarcation Point- The demarcation point is the precise spot where the service provider’s responsibility ends and the CPE begins. It’s generally a device in a telecommunications closet owned and installed by the telecommunications company. It’s your responsibility to cable from this box to CPE, connection would be CSU/DSU or ISDN interface. Co-Central Office- this point connects the customer’s network to the providers switching network. Local Loop- The local loop connects the Demark to the closet switching office, which is called Central Office. Toll Network- The toll network is a trunk line inside a WAN provider’s network. This network is a collection of switches and facilities owned by the ISP. T1 = 1.544 Mbps E1 = 2.048 Mbps (Europe) T3 = 44.736 Mbps (45 Mbps)
WAN Connection Type 1. Leased lines- These are referred to as a point to point or dedicated connection. A leased line is a pre-established WAN communication path that goes from the CPE, through the DCE switch, then over to the CPE of the Remote site. Allowing DTE networks to communicate at any time with no setup procedures before transmitting data. When cost is no object, it’s really the best choice. It uses the synchronous serial lines up to 45 Mbps. HDLC and PPP encapsulations are frequently used on leased lines. 2. Circuit Switching- When we hear the term circuit switching, think phone calls. The big advantage is cost. We only pay for the time we actually use. No data can transfer before an end to end connection is established. Circuit Switching uses dial-up modems or ISDN, and is used for low bandwidth data transfer. 3. Packet Switching- This is a WAN switching method, which allows us to share bandwidth with other companies to save money. Packet switching can be thought of as network that’s designed to look like a leased line yet charges you more like circuit switching. But there is a downside if you need to transfer data constantly, just forget about this option. Instead, get yourself a leased line. Packet switching will only really work for you if your data transfers are the busty type – not continuous. Frame-relay and X.25 are packet switching technologies with speed can range from 56 kbps up to T3 (45 Mbps).
WAN (Wide Area Network)
Figure 3 WAN
Connection Types
DLCI (Data Link connection Identifier) Leased Lines – Dedicated Lines (T1-1.544 Mbps, E1-2.048 Mbps) Circuit Switching- On demand bandwidth between locations. Dial up modems, ISDN. Packet Switched- Shared, but guaranteed bandwidth between locations Frame-relay, ATM. WIC (WAN Interface Card) WIC-1T - One serial port per card (Older) WIC-2T - Two serial ports per card (Newer) T1 card - WIC T1 DSU (RJ-45 Female port) HDLC (High Level Data link control (Cisco proprietary)) PPP (Point to Point (Industry standard protocol)) DB 60 – It would connect one side of WIC T1 and another side would be V.35 CSU/DSU. LCP (Link Control Protocol)- If the authentication is match then. LCP allows opening connection. If the username or password would not match then LCP will closed the connection.
WAN (Wide Area Network) PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)- Older version, used to send password in clear text. CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)- Password Send in Hash format. We need to configure the username and password same at both the ends If the password would not match then LCP sent “trm” sent – means terminate the connection. CIR (Committed Information Rate) LAR (Local Access Rate) LMI (Local Management Interface)- It is a language speak between customer router and service provider’s router. PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) DLCI’s are locally significant
Frame Relay PVC Design 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Hub and spoke Full Mash (Most Expensive) Partial Mash. Multipoint Design (In the same subnet) Point to Point Design (If we use different subnet)
We can use DLCI number 16 to 2007 Router #sh frame-realy LMI Router #sh frame-relay Map Router #sh frame-relay PVC LCP (Link Control Protocol)- A method of establishing configuring maintaining and terminating the point to point connection. Authentication (PAP, CHAP). NCP (Network Control Protocol)- A method of establishing and configuring diff network layer protocols for transport across the PPP link. Both LCP and NCP are Layer 2 Protocols. SVC (Switched Virtual Circuits)- Are more likely phone calls. The virtual is established when data needs to be transmitted after transmission the data, it would be terminated. DLCCI Values are used on frame-relay interfaces to distinguish between different virtual circuits.
WAN (Wide Area Network) Point to Point- Used when a single virtual circuit connects one router to another. Each Point to Point subinterface requires its own subnet. Multi Point- This is when the router is the center of a star of virtual circuits that are using a single subnet for all routers serial interfaces connected to the frame-relay clouds.
Figure 4 Cisco
HDLC Frame Format
Practical  HDLC
Figure 5 Topology
R1 (config) #int s0/0 R1 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 R1#no shut R2 (config) #int s0/0 R2 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 R2#no shut R1#ping 192.168.1.2 Successful
WAN (Wide Area Network) Here we can see By default HDLC is running on both the routers Serial interfaces. That’s why routers serial interface is able to ping. If we want to change HDLC to PPP or Frame-realy, we can change it from it here R1 (config) #int s0/0 R1 (config-if) #encapsulation hdlc/ppp/frame-realy Now we will use here PPP
Figure 6 Topology
R1 (config) #int s0/0 R1 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 R1#no shut R2 (config) #int s0/0 R2 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 R2#no shut R1 (config) #int s0/0 R1 (config-if) #encapsulation ppp R2 (config) #int s0/0 R2 (config-if) #encapsulation ppp Here we can see communication would be established R1#ping 192.168.1.2 Successful R2#ping 192.168.1.1 Successful Now we will apply Authentication here (PAP & CHAP) R1 (config) #username R2 password cisco R2 (config) #username R1 password cisco (Password must match on both sides) R1 (config) #int s0/0 R1 (config-if) #ppp authentication chap R2 (config) #int s0/0 R2 (config-if) #ppp authentication chap R1#ping 192.168.1.2 successful R2#ping 192.168.1.1 successful
WAN (Wide Area Network) Now we will use Frame-Relay
 Partial Mesh
Figure 7 Topology
Now we will configure first Frame-relay switch Router (config) #host FRSW Router (config) #frame-relay switching FRSW (config) #int s0/0 FRSW (config-if) #encapsulation Frame-Relay FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay intf-type dce FRSW (config-if) #clock rate 64000 FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 102 interface s0/1 201 FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 103 interface s0/2 301 FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 104 interface s0/3 401 FRSW (config-if) #no shut FRSW (config-if) #Int s0/1 FRSW (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay intf-type dce FRSW (config-if) #clock-rate 64000
WAN (Wide Area Network) FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 201 interface s0/0 102 FRSW (config-if) #no shut FRSW (config-if) #Int s0/2 FRSW (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay intf-type dce FRSW (config-if) #clock-rate 64000 FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 301 interface s0/0 103 FRSW (config-if) #no shut FRSW (config-if) #Int s0/3 FRSW (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay intf-type dce FRSW (config-if) #clock-rate 64000 FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 401 interface s0/0 104 FRSW (config-if) #no shut Now we will go on HO Router Router (config) #host HO HO (config) #int s0/0 HO (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 HO (config-if) #no shut HO (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay Now we will go on Bo1 Router Bo1 (config) #int s0/0 Bo1 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 Bo1 (config-if) #no shut Bo1 (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay Now we will go on Bo2 Router Bo2 (config) #int s0/0 Bo2 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0 Bo2 (config-if) #no shut Bo2 (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay Now we will go on Bo3 Router Bo1 (config) #int s0/0 Bo1 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.4 255.255.255.0 Bo1 (config-if) #no shut Bo1 (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay
WAN (Wide Area Network) HO # ping 192.168.1.2 HO # ping 192.168.1.3 HO # ping 192.168.1.4 Successful Bo1#ping 192.168.1.1 Successful Bo1#ping 192.168.1.3 This will not ping, because this is partial mash. It will only ping HO. Now on HO HO #sh frame-realy pvc HO #sh frame-relay map Here we will see three map Now on Bo1 Bo1#sh frame-relay map Here we will see only one. 
Fully Mash
We will make it fully mesh now.
Figure 8 Topology
WAN (Wide Area Network) FRSW (config) #int s0/1 FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 203 interface s0/2 302 FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 204 interface s0/3 402 FRSW (config) #int s0/2 FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 302 interface s0/1 203 FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 304 interface s0/3 403 FRSW (config) #int s0/3 FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 402 interface s0/1 204 FRSW (config-if) #frame-relay route 403 interface s0/2 304 FRSW (config-if) #do sh history Now on Bo1 Bo1#sh frame-relay map Here we will see all three entries Bo1#ping 192.168.1.3 Bo1#ping 192.168.1.4 Successful Bo2#sh frame-relay map Here we see all three entries Bo2#ping 192.168.1.2 Bo2#ping 192.168.1.4 Now we will make it once again partial mash FRSW (config) #int s0/1 FRSW (config-if) #no frame-relay route 203 interface s0/2 302 FRSW (config-if) #no frame-relay route 204 interface s0/3 402 FRSW (config-if) #int s0/2 FRSW (config-if) #no frame-relay route 302 interface s0/1 203 FRSW (config-if) #no frame-relay route 304 interface s0/3 403 FRSW (config-if) #int s0/3 FRSW (config-if) #no frame-relay route 402 interface s0/1 204 FRSW (config-if) #no frame-relay route 403 interface s0/2 304 Now it is once again Partial mesh Here we will use different subnets between HO and Bo. Here we will change the IP of Bo3
WAN (Wide Area Network) Bo3 (config) #int s0/0 Bo3 (config-if) #ip add 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 Bo3 (config-if) #no shut Now Bo3 should not ping with the HO. Here we will make some changes on HOs router. HO (config) # int s0/0 HO (config-if) #no ip add HO (config-if) #encapsulation frame-relay HO (config-if) #no shut Now here we will create sub interfaces HO (config) #int s0/0.1 multipoint HO (config-subif) #ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 HO (config-subif) #frame-relay interface-dlci 102 HO (config-fr-dlci) #frame-relay interface-dlci 103 HO (config) #int s0/0.2 point to point HO (config-subif) #ip add 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0 HO (config-subif) #frame-relay interface-dlci 104 HO # sh frame-relay map Serial0/0.1 (up): ip 192.168.1.2 dlci 102(0x66,0x1860), dynamic, broadcast,, status defined, active Serial0/0.1 (up): ip 192.168.1.3 dlci 103(0x67,0x1870), dynamic, broadcast,, status defined, active Serial0/0.2 (up): point-to-point dlci, dlci 104(0x68,0x1880), broadcast status defined, active HO #ping 192.168.1.2 HO #ping 192.168.1.3 HO #ping 10.1.1.1 All successful Now here we will create static map between Bo1 and Bo2 Bo1#Ping 192.168.1.3 It would not ping, because it has only the connectivity with HO. Bo1#sh frame-relay map Bo1 (config) #int s0/0 Bo1 (config-if) #frame-relay map ip 192.168.1.3 201 Bo2 (config) #int s0/0 Bo2 (config-if) #frame-relay map ip 192.168.1.2 301
WAN (Wide Area Network) Bo1#sh frame-relay map We would see here two entries Bo1#ping 192.168.1.3 Bo1#ping 192.168.1.1 Bo1#traceroute 192.168.1.3 Now we will perform routing between HO and Bo HO (config) #int fa0/0 HO (config-if) #ip add 192.168.101.1 255.255.255.0 HO (config-if) #no shut HO (config-if) #router ei 100 HO (config-router) #network 0.0.0.0 HO (config-router) #no auto summary Now on Bo Bo1 (config) #int fa0/0 Bo1 (config-if) #ip add 192.168.102.1 255.255.255.0 Bo1 (config-if) #no shut Bo1 (config-if) #router ei 100 Bo1 (config-router) #network 0.0.0.0 Bo1 (config-router) #no auto summary HO#sh ip route HO#sh frame-relay PVC