El Pionero Científico Global, Third Edition 2023, Liceo Guatemala by El Pionero Científico

EL PIONERO

CIENTÍFICO Third edition 2023

It's time to look forward...

Special guest: Dra. Pamela Pennington

Exoplanets Planets that orbit other stars are called exoplanets.

Hurricanes In the Caribbean Hurricane season peaks in September

It has developed innovative methods to control diseases transmitted by insects. These include the development of integrated control methods for the Chagas disease vector and the use of bacteria to sterilize mosquitoes and triatomines, based on a patent filed in Brazil.

Marist Solidarity

New Polynomials Method

This is a kairos time of awakening to the profound crises and opportunities of our time.,

The division of polynomials becomes easy to understand: it consists of just completing a multiplication.

INDEX: ● ●

Editorial Physics Team Internationalization Lightning produces a mineral on Earth Thermodynamics of black holes and the paradox of information loss First photograph of the Sagittarius A black hole The binary gear machine possible proof of the Collatz conjecture Shyhook A new Galaxy? Sleep something that is not only pleasant, your body also needs it and appreciates it The human being: Builder or destroyer? Possible exoplanets new Earths Prostheses and their types Noise and its environmental pollution AMECA, The robot of the Future Special Interview by Dr. Pamela Pennington black holes Division of Polynomials, new method of inverse multiplication Strengthen the Uruapan Social fabric from a Marist Vision Beauties of Space The Solar System and exosolar planets Marist Solidarity for the Care of our Common Home Hurricanes in the Caribbean Climate change and the hurricane season in the Caribbean Nanotechnology: An advance or a danger? The greenhouse effect Extinction Buzzes Physics Team Transcending Into The Future Video game a moment of humor Entertainment Invitation and thanks

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2 3

""Develop the desire for knowledge that hides in the heart of every man and woman"

5 7

Marist Friends of “El Pionero”: A fraternal greeting. 10 12 16 18 19 21 25 26 28 30 32 40 41 45 48 51 54 56

57 58 59 61 65 66 67 68

Personally, it is a joy and a satisfaction to share this simple reflection, inspired by the thoughts of Pope Francis, in your digital scientific magazine. A few weeks ago I witnessed and was pleasantly impressed by the walk and research projects carried out by “Physics Team Marista” at the Liceo Guatemala, guided and accompanied by Professor Frida, as an initiative to develop knowledge and scientific research in the new generations of young people. I consider these words that Pope Francis addressed to scientific researchers inspiring: “I ask you to accompany the formation of new generations by teaching them not to be afraid of the effort of research. The Master also allows himself to be searched: He instills in everyone the certainty that when you search honestly you will find the truth. The change of era needs new disciples of knowledge, and you, dear scientists, are the teachers of a new generation of peacemakers." Congratulations and a word of encouragement in continuing to be passionate seekers of good through scientific research, contributing through “small gestures” that make a difference, the possibility of generating a new social fabric for the sake of greater development, justice and solidarity in our society. Dear young people, do not be afraid of effort and be that new generation of peacemakers! Fraternally, Hipólito Pérez, fms

Internationalization of

Physics Team was formed when I saw the interest of students in Physics 7 years ago, their happy faces come to my mind when they enter my classroom, to receive classes of a scientific subject in hours outside school hours, when observing such different young people of different grades, with groups of friends and opposing interests, treating each other with respect and helping each other, I decided to form the Physics Team group of the Liceo Guatemala, opening the doors to anyone who wanted to enter, giving classes between laughs, jokes between them, some having lunch at the same time to then run to their extracurricular classes in the afternoon that are taught at school, Physics Team was created in the name of God and the Good Mother, When working with faith, with the goal of supporting young people with great brilliant minds and amazing abilities, God goes with us opening unexpected paths, placing wonderful people on those paths who help and support us. At the beginning they were paths that opened to participate in Scientific Olympics and intercollegiate Chess competitions where the members of the Physics Team group obtained and continue to obtain the first places, then the participations in Olympiads and competitions in Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Universidad del Istmo de Guatemala, CIMAT National Science Fair where we beat different educational institutions in our country, always working outside school hours, in the afternoons, evenings, weekends and holidays. The competitions in the universities, in the national science fair and having achieved the first places every year have made us demand more and that our work is of a high level, each project we carry out is thought about the problems that affect our society and seek solutions using science and technology.

On September 19, 2023, Sam King, Director of Integral Ecology for the Marists, invited the students of Physics Team to participate in Marist Green Team in the province of the United States, where 50 students from that country and 14 members of our Team group participated, where they shared their ecological projects that help our planet. On November 17 we participated in a great event called Sowing Seeds of Hope by Global Marist Youth Gathering on Ecology, where we had the opportunity to present two projects of our group and shared it with students of Notre Dame of Marbel University-Integrated Basic Education Department Philippines. Saint Joseph Regional, United States of America, Marist School Marikina Philippines, Christopher Columbus High School United States of America presented wonderful projects to take care of our common home, Br. Allan J. De Castro FMS Provincial Superior of the Marist Brothers of the Province of East Asia, Br. Daniel O'Riordan, FMS Provincial Superior of the Marist Brothers Province of the United States of America, Sam King Director of Integral Ecology for the Marist Brothers of the USA, teachers and students from the Philippines and the United States.

In Pandemic we did not stop working and we continue to carry out scientific projects with social projection and competing thank God always winning the first places, then a new path was opened our newspaper El Pionero Científica, our first edition in 2021 and the second edition in 2022, you can see them on Google where young people carry out scientific research and write articles in areas of science, With different sections using technological tools such as Spotify for those who cannot read thinking about inclusion, to complement the articles each one has a YouTube video also to attract children and young readers as well as sections of games, movies and jokes. It was disseminated worldwide by the Ibero-American Organization for Science, Culture and Education (OEI) and nationally by our school Liceo Guatemala. Reading the invitation in the year 2022 of the Global Compact on Education of our Holy Father Pope Francis of May 14, 2020: "It is time to look forward with courage and hope. May we be sustained by the conviction that the seed of hope is found in education: a hope for peace and justice. A hope of beauty, of goodness; a hope for social harmony." I proposed to my students to make our newspaper bigger and as a group we accepted the invitation to form fraternal bonds at a global level and open this project to young people from countries and different educational institutions.

Brenda Santos, Delegate of Education for Guatemala, Province of Central America, supported us unconditionally, also the coordinator of the curricular area of our educational institution Liceo Guatemala, Sonia Monterroso, told us about the Global Champagnat Network, we decided to contact them, giving us an immediate response. Francisco Javier LLamas Fernández, Project Manager of the Marist Global School Network, Secretariat of Education and Evangelization, Institute of the Marist Brothers, we had a meeting and he gave us words of wisdom that encouraged us to continue, he opened a space for us on the platform being the first group with a project of young students for young people, we thank him for having believed and trusted us, to form our newspaper The Global Scientific Pioneer and we began to knock on doors, We had answers from some institutions that said yes, then no, others didn't give us an answer, but we know that every principle costs and voting more paradigms. We thank all the people who have supported us and the authorities and educational institutions that told us yes and are now part of the Global Scientific Pioneer, they are: the Licensed Director Patricia de la Peña, teachers and students of the Marist School of Guatemala, the Licensed Director Mónica Ulloa, Professor Rosibel Quezada teachers and students of the Marist School of Alajuela Costa Rica, To Mr. Alejandro Juárez Damián, authorities, teachers and students of the Morelos Uruapan Marist Mexico Institute, to Sam King Director of Integral Ecology for the Marist Brothers USA and to LaValla Pollinator Garden USA, to Professor Roberlandy Leyva Herrero, authorities and students of the Pablo Elvio Pérez Cabrera High School, Ciego de Ávila Cuba. We are starting with our first edition, thank you for making our dream come true and we will continue together sharing our interest in science and that our students continue to shine with that light that makes each one unique.

Miss Frida de Villafuerte Coach Physics Team

They discover that lightnin

has produced a mineral on Earth Under certain appropriate circumstances, it is possible for a material to undergo a transformation and become a different one. An example is the process by which carbon, when subjected to a specific combination of pressure and temperature, becomes a diamond. This surprising phenomenon manifested itself in New Port Richey, located in the state of Florida, in an unexpected way for the scientific community. Lightning struck a tree in that region, leading to the formation of a new phosphorus compound. The one who observed and discovered this intriguing event was Matthew Pasek, a geoscientist and professor affiliated with the University of South Florida. Residents living near the affected tree decided to put the resulting mineral up for sale, motivated by the belief in its possible economic value, and it was in this context that Pasek decided to acquire it. Remarkably, what most astonishes this scientist is that this particular material is presented in solid form in the terrestrial environment for the first time recorded, suggesting the possibility of being before the identification of a new mineral group.

"We have never before witnessed the natural formation of this compound in the terrestrial environment. Although minerals with similar characteristics have been found in meteorites and in outer space, we have never detected this specific material anywhere before," Pasek said. This expert in geosciences has spent years investigating the chemical reactions triggered by high-energy events, such as lightning, and how they can generate unique chemical reactions. In this case, such reactions resulted in the creation of a new material that shares properties with both extraterrestrial and terrestrial minerals.

This innovative substance arises from the combination of iron, carbon and a considerable amount of energy. Pasek detailed the process as follows: "When lightning strikes a tree, the ground usually bursts and the surrounding vegetation perishes, leaving a mark. In addition, an electric discharge is produced that crosses rocks, earth and sand, giving rise to fulgurites, also known as 'fossilized rays'."

LESLY CAMILA TOBAR MARROQUIN

Liceo Guatemala

The geoscientist teamed up with Luca Bindi, a professor specializing in mineralogy and crystallography at the University of Florence in Italy. Together, they began an in-depth analysis of how events characterized by elevated levels of energy can cause the formation of unconventional minerals. "It is crucial to understand the amount of energy contained in lightning, as this will allow us to assess the damage potential of an average lightning strike and understand its degree of danger," Pasek said. The team of researchers notes that since Florida holds the title of lightning capital of the world, lightning in this region is intense enough to melt rocks. On this particular occasion, the electric discharge managed to melt the iron present in the roots of the trees and also the carbon contained in the plants. These two elements reacted chemically, giving rise to a fulgurite that had an appearance similar to that of metal. Inside this rock formation was where the phosphate ore in question was located.

Tian Feng, another of the lead researchers involved in the study, graduated from the geology program at the University of South Florida (USF) and strove to recreate the compound in a laboratory setting. However, the results of the experiment were not successful. Based on Pasek's observations, it seems unlikely that this material can be mined for the purpose of using it in applications similar to those of other phosphates. This perspective is due to the exceptional rarity of its natural appearance. Currently, scientists are immersed in the work of establishing whether this finding can be officially recognized as a new mineral.

Referencias bibliográficas Ch, S. (2023, abril 12). Un material formado por un rayo en Florida puede ser un nuevo mineral. swissinfo.ch. https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/eeuu-ciencia_un-material-formado-por-un-rayoen-florida-puede-ser-un-nuevo-mineral/48430734

del Pilar Díaz, M. (2023, abril 13). Descubren por casualidad que un rayo ha producido un mineral inédito en la Tierra. El Confidencial. https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/ciencia/2023-04-13/nuevo-mineral -descubierto-fosforo-meteorito_3610287/

Deutsche Welle. (2023, abril 14). Material formado por rayo en Florida puede ser nuevo mineral. Deutsche Welle.

https://www.dw.com/es/material-formado-por-un-rayo-que-cay%C3%B3-sobr e-un-%C3%A1rbol-en-florida-puede-ser-un-nuevo-mineral/a-65328674

THERMODYNAMICS of black holes and the PARADOX of information loss Did you know that black holes are not really that color? A black hole is a large star in its last phase of life, where an enormous amount of mass is compressed into a tiny size. The reason for its name is that it is a “hole” since any object that falls will no longer be able to get out, and it is “black” because not even light can escape from it. Due to this last detail, a black hole is impossible to see directly, however, there are many indications that they exist.

How are they detected? From theory, it is proposed that we could see them by how they deflect light thanks to an effect known as gravitational lensing: light is bent when passing near a very massive object and consequently multiple images of the object behind are formed. In practice, black holes are surrounded by the gas of an accretion disk that, when heated, allows radiation from the hot gas to be seen.

These cosmological phenomena naturally attract us as they are largely unknown to science. However, we are not going to address that aspect in this article; Our approach is around answering a natural question, what happens to the information inside them? And before doing so, we must first understand how their thermodynamics and the concept of entropy work. Let's start by defining the concept of thermodynamics: it is the area of study of theoretical physics that is born thanks to large-scale energy transformations, as happens in black holes. And as for these, there are two great theories that explain their behavior at a micro and macroscopic level: the General Theory of Relativity and the Theory of Quantum Mechanics.

Next, entropy is defined as the amount of randomness or disorder that exists in the movement of the atoms present in a hot system. Since randomness is the result of the presence of a hidden region, this concept is related to the size of the universe that cannot be seen by the accelerated observer (inside the hole) or the observer outside

scielo.org.co The work of physicists over the years precisely confirms all the

the black hole. That is, the amount of entropy is proportional to the size of the region inaccessible to the observer.

hypotheses made by both theories, however, when applied to extreme situations such as black holes, a destabilizing conclusion is obtained: both pillars that support the enormous scientific progress of the last century are incompatible. This is because the Theory of General Relativity explains large-scale features, while the Theory of Quantum Mechanics is focused on small and light

Revistas Unal

things as its atoms and components.

The paradox of information loss originates due to the contradiction between the principles of general relativity and quantum mechanics, giving rise to multiple explanations about how information could

behave within these objects.

Todas son de alto valor al abordar el problema de la pérdida de información y buscar la forma de unificar la mecánica cuántica con la relatividad general dentro de los agujeros negros. Sin embargo, la resolución definitiva de esta paradoja es un enigma actual de la física teórica al tener múltiples propuestas, cada una con enfoques diferentes.

Therefore, once the previous concepts are understood, it should be noted that regardless of the answer to the question: what

Revistas Unal

happens to the information within them?, the fundamental structure of the black hole remains unchanged. Bibliographic references

Finally, below is a list of proposed solutions to address this paradox:

Preskill's

solutions

(which

turn

propose

five

Cano, J., Pulido, W. (2018). La pérdida de la información dentro de los agujeros negros. Revista de Física de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana y la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, (N° 58), 59-88.

sub-proposals), String Theory, the holographic principle, the Wall

https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/momento/article/view/70378/69275

of Fire and the probability of tunneling. Núñez, A. C. (2006). La paradoja de la pérdida de la información en agujeros negros. Ciencia hoy, Vol. 6 (N° 91), 52-63.

Percy, J. (1993). Agujeros Negros. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. The Universe In The Classroom, Vol. 1 (N° 24)

Ivannia Cadena Diaz Colegio Marista de Alajuela

First photograph of the black hole

SAGITTARIUS A On May 12, 2022, the first photograph of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* was released. This black hole has a mass four million times greater than that of our Sun and is located approximately 26,000 light years from the Sun. planet Earth. This photograph was captured by the Event Horizon Telescope, by its acronym EHT,

To have a concept of what a black hole is, we could define it as the ancient remains of

this telescope is

dead stars, which have a force

a tool very large gravitational force which causes no

created by the union Of eight

material, not even light can escape from these

observatories (National Geographic, 2023, para.2).

existing radio around the whole

This image was the first to be captured of the massive

planet to form

black hole located in the center of the galaxy. Although it

a single telescope

may seem like a simple image, it was achieved thanks to

much more powerful virtual” (Piacente, 2022, para.3).

the long and excellent work carried out by an immense number of collaborators, who also had to take charge of

In 2019, this same telescope captured a photograph of another black hole, this one called M87 and has a mass 6.5 billion times greater than that of our sun. But the photograph of Sagittarius A* according to Hino Fackle, who is a German physicist who was very involved in taking the photograph, in an interview given to the BBC news network said that “It is in our backyard and if you want understand black holes and how they work, this has the answer, because we see it in intricate details” (Amos, 2022, para.10).

the creation of new tools, which allowed us to better understand the discovery of the black hole. .

This image was the first to be captured of the massive black hole located in the center of the galaxy. Although it may seem like a simple image, it was achieved thanks to the long and excellent work carried out by an immense number of collaborators, who also had to take charge of the creation of new tools, which allowed us to better understand the discovery of the black hole. Sagittarius A* spends most of its time inactive and only occasionally absorbs gas and other materials, although there are still certain unknowns about this black hole, thanks to the continuous efforts of the EHT it is planned to learn more about it (Leau, 2022, para. 3). In the following image we can see some of its characteristics and certain components:

Capturing the image of Sagittarius A* was in

some ways more complicated than that of M87, because it is smaller and also because there are clouds of dust and gases which made taking the photograph difficult (AFP, 2022, para. 10). The fact of the discovery and the photograph of this black hole, taken by the EHT, is a very important feat for the world of science, because at the moment they are the only two photographs of black holes that are available, this also shows us the great ingenuity of the team of scientists and represents

great

advance

the

knowledge of these astronomical objects.

FELIPE JOSE ABARCA ALPIZAR Colegio Marista de Alajuela .

The binary gear machine Possible proof of the Collatz conjecture For mathematicians, there is a very simple problem to understand, but which to date no one has been able to prove, it is called the Collatz conjecture, whose main rules are: For any positive integer x: If x is even, divide it by 2 If x is odd, multiply it by 3 and add 1 These two rules are repeated successively until reaching cycle 4, 2, 1.

Ejemplo 1: Conjetura de Collatz

12 .

Several have tried to demonstrate it with methods of all kinds,

CAs you will see, to return the coded number (145) we only have

reaching even complex theories based on analytical geometry,

to multiply the peaks stored in each gear by the powers of 10

statistics and algebra. However, there is a very simple way to

and add them.

study this conjecture, without requiring extensive knowledge of mathematics.

(145= 5*100 + 4*101 + 1*102)

Enumeration gear machine

This is how enumeration systems work. You are constantly

Just like a clock gear system, this machine is a counter that

dividing by 10, each division represents a gear, the remainder is

functions as a positional enumeration system. Each peak in the

the peaks stored in it and the quotients are the path of the next

first gear represents a unit, each complete turn that one gear

gear.

makes will activate a peak in the next gear (figures 2) Now, this example is easy to interpret because it is the one we use daily (base 10). However, the gears can change, which would change the enumeration base and, therefore, we would no longer divide by 10. The Mayans used 20-point gears and the

binary code uses only 2-point gears (figures 4 and 5).

. Ejemplo 2. Sistema de enumeración en base 10

For example, in the first gear I give 145 units, which would activate 14 peaks in the tens and there would be 5 peaks stored in the units. These new 14 peaks would then become 1 peak in the hundreds and 4 peaks stored in the tens. (figure

Ejemplo 4. Sistema de enumeración en base 20 (Mayas)

3). .

Ejemplo 3. Maquina de engranajes base 10

Ejemplo 5. Sistema de enumeración en base 2 (Código Binario)

Now you may wonder: What do gears have to do with the Collatz Conjecture? Well, the answer is that this conjecture is actually a binary code that is constantly modified at its convenience. And the binary gear machine leaves guesswork with

By entering 10 into the coding machine, obeying the Collatz conjecture, we see that these rules are met:

no escape.

Even numbers of spikes give complete turns of In a binary system you constantly divide by 2, the remainders are recorded and the quotients are divided by two again. Even numbers have a remainder of zero and odd numbers have a remainder of one (01011101…). (figure 6)

gears By applying 3x+1 it is as if you were turning the gear more. Odd

numbers

are

transformed

into

even

numbers (b) so that rule “a” is fulfilled The modified binary code is a series of consecutive zeros that would end in 1, if it were not cyclic. (000…01) .

The only way to stop the machine is to divide 1 by 2.

Infinite Binary Gear Machine The previous example is very specific, but we want to demonstrate that absolutely all positive integers end in 1, so we enlarge the machine Ejemplo 6: Codificación binaria

with an infinite number of gears, whose last gear (limit) will not have consecutive (because if not, it would not be the last) (figure 8).

However, the Collatz conjecture modifies this binary code, converting odd numbers into even numbers using 3x+1, causing all divisions to give a remainder of 0 until ending with a remainder of 1 (0000000…01). (figure 7)

. Ejemplo 7: Conjetura de Collatz, en la máquina de engranajes binarios

. .

. Ejemplo 8: Máquina de infinidad de engranajes.

14 .

From this we can induce: If every natural number is binary encodable, then the machine applies to all of them. ●

If you enter any number x>0 into the machine, it will have to return an encoded value. Otherwise, information would be lost (x=0, it is impossible).

●

If you only divide even numbers by two, the binary code will only show sequences of zeros. (00000…)

●

By applying 3x+1 it is as if you were turning the gear more. All gears, no matter how much you increase with 3x+1, will make full turns and therefore encode 0 in binary code.

●

Every binary code must contain at least one 1. Otherwise, the code would be worthless (0 =0000…00) and information would be lost.

●

The only way for the Collatz conjecture to escape the gear machine is to divide 1 by 2 because:

●

If you apply 3x+1 to 1, it will be an infinite loop

●

If you divide any other odd number other than 1 by 2, it will store 1 in the gear and you will have to continue coding with the truncated quotient, as if nothing had happened, and you will not finish.

The final quotient must always be 1. Otherwise, it would start more gears, and therefore more quotients, and would not be considered a final gear. According to part 3, the conjecture tends to convert every binary code to a sequence of zeros (0000...), encoding every number as a power of 2 (000...01). Even if you add an infinity to the machine, it would end up as a power of 2 (2^∞= 000…∞…01). Otherwise, according to paragraph 5 and 2, information would be lost (2^∞=0, it is impossible).

For this we do the following reasoning: We choose any number and convert it into binary code (for example, 104=0001011) If the code starts with zero, it is even, and consecutive zeros (000) are eliminated. If a 1 is found, then the same code is copied running one place to the right, then a 1 is added to the beginning of this and they are added. The process is repeated until a single 1 remains. With this process, we can see that the information entered following the rules of conjecture is reachable and not infinite. The 3x+1 can only be moved one space at a time, while the x/2 (000) can be moved more than one space, so the code would get smaller and smaller until it reaches 1.

Coding scope The only thing we have left to demonstrate is how achievable it is to encode the numbers that we accumulate in the missing gears. That is, when we add

Referencias Veritasium en español. (22 agosto 2021). No Podrás Resolver este Simple Problema Matemático ¿o sí? YouTube. https://youtu.be/q_dvxXc7d2Y

information with 3x+1, this new information is ultimately achievable following both rules.

ABNER ALEXANDER MÉNDEZ CELADA Escuela Marista, Chinautla

Being able to send things to space is very complicated, it requires a lot of time and money to launch a rocket out of the atmosphere and most of these resources are used for combustion, that is, to make the rocket take off and leave the planet. However, all of these charges are disposable when used, so in reality eighty or ninety percent of our rocket is wasted. To reduce this waste, we have come up with several alternatives: Like the space shuttles, which are capable of being reusable since they can enter and land on Earth like an airplane. And today we also have rockets capable of leaving the atmosphere and landing effectively on the ground, as is the case of Space X's Falcon Heavy. However, there is another alternative to make the cost of putting a rocket in space much lower, this is where the Skyhook idea comes to light. Skyhook is an orbiting counterweight station attached to a cable that extends several thousand kilometers into the upper atmosphere. The station is designed so that an aircraft travels to the Skyhook to attach to the tip of the cable, so the rotation of the system provides additional energy to propel it off the planet. In this way, the amount of fuel can be saved, since the trip is shorter to anchor to the hook compared to the traditional method.

Pero para hacer eso, tenemos que hacernos las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cómo construimos un “Catapulta Espacial” ?, ¿Çómo hacemos que permanezca en órbita y no caiga a la Tierra?, y ¿Qué nave usaríamos para esta tarea? Bibliographic references ● ● ● ● ●

Kurgesagt Wikipedia Cueva del lobo Qué pasaría si Expansión

SKYHOOK

Firstly, rare or very difficult to obtain materials are not needed, we already have cables that can tolerate high tensions and temperatures, as is the case with Zylon, and to protect it from other external forces we can thread it with a network of fibers. Now we have to get a weight that serves as a battery, give energy to the ships that leave and obtain it in the same way, by decelerating the vehicles that come from other parts of the solar system: because in addition to catapulting ships, it may also be able to catch vehicles coming from space and slowing them down so they can return to Earth. This transfer of energy will make our catapult have a constant speed and remain in orbit. And if that is not enough, we could use small thrusters to correct its position, traveling around the Earth at more than 25,000 km/h. Now we need a ship suitable to travel through our hook. It must be light and aerodynamic enough to fly at more than 12,000 km/h. which is more or less the speed with which our catapult rotates in low orbit. This means that in addition to putting a huge catapult in space, we also have to build a ship fast enough to almost quadruple the speed of a Lockheed SR-71, the fastest plane currently; However, if we achieve such a feat, it could be cheaper than launching a rocket weighing thousands of tons into space. With these structures, we will be able to make much faster and cheaper trips. Taking into account that we have Mars as the main candidate to go to another planet, as a priority we could launch one of our catapults into Martian orbit to reduce the travel time between Earth and Mars, from nine months, to five or three. Even Skyhook could be a great contribution, not only to space exploration, but also to mining in the solar system, since the location of Mars could be useful to reach the asteroid belt, where we would extract valuable and necessary metals, and to we would send them to Mars. But not only on Mars, due to its location, we could make trips outside the asteroid belt, such as to the external planets. Or perhaps do the opposite and launch ourselves further into the solar system, like Venus or Mercury, which are brimming with solar energy and minerals. For manned travel thanks to the lack of payload, we would make people travel in comfort, in addition to opening space travel to ordinary people, as has already been done today, it will be much more accessible. It is not impossible for the Skyhooks to turn us into an interplanetary civilization, since they make it easier for us to reach each other and the entire solar system, and the best thing is that we already have the resources to do so.

JAVIER CIFUENTES Liceo Guatemala

GALAXY? A NEW

The STScI comments that "They could be interacting galaxies or a galaxy very far away." In the first hypothesis, galaxies interacting with each other can deform, obtaining and forming such a peculiar structure. One of the latest discoveries of the James Webb telescope has left the universe with a new unknown. It is not new for us to know about the vastness that the universe offers, however, there are thousands of things that we are not yet seeing.

Currently there are hundreds of possibilities that could explain this distant formation, but the only one that is ruled out is that it is a star.

In a recent image of the ESA (European Space Agency) it seems to highlight a small sign that we all know, and with which we all question, which curiously is a perfect question mark. The image captured by James Webb offers us a glimpse of two young stars in formation in the constellation of Vela. To everyone's surprise, scientists captured this peculiar structure. In reality, it is not known exactly what it is, but it is assured that it may be one of the first times that something like this is captured.

Who is James Webb? James Webb was a visionary and thanks to his efforts at NASA, space research is today a fundamental pillar in the future of the earth.

Bibliographic references

●

Telescopio James Webb. (2018, August 4). Clubtelescopios.info; admin. http://clubtelescopios.info/destacados/telescopio-jame s-webb/ Rivero, T. (2023, August 8). El James Webb capta un signo de interrogación espacial, y no sabemos qué es. Hipertextual. https://hipertextual.com/2023/08/james-webb-capta-si gno-interrogacion-espacial-no-sabemos-que-es

CARMEN PELAEZ Liceo Guatemala

SLEEP something that is not only pleasant but also your body needs it and appreciates

The simple fact of sleeping, is a great time of day for everyone, but do you know the benefits it brings to the body and health? To have an optimal performance in each of the activities to be carried out during the day, it is essential that you take a break and allow the body and mind to rest; It is essential to sleep an adequate amount of hours so that the body and brain can be restored from the

stress experienced during the day, thus allowing them to function properly. Each person has different sleep needs, but different studies claim that most adults require 7 to 8 hours of sleep daily, unlike some other adults who need to have 9 hours of sleep.

Bibliography:

Currently, not having adequate rest has become a public health epidemic, this because almost half of the population does not sleep what their body needs, this being less than 7 hours a day; This is because many for different reasons happen to go to bed late, followed by starting the next day early to perform each of the relevant activities.

Los 12 beneficios de dormir bien. (2020, 6 abril). https://psicologiaymente.com/vida/beneficios-dormir-bien sobre-un-%C3%A1rbol-en-florida-puede-ser-un-nuevo-mineral/a-65328674

An anti-insomnia drink tested by scientists To improve and perform in every aspect of life, it is essential to organize time and be aware of what will be beneficial for the life and health of each person individually. With this, also to enjoy good health, it is important to take care of and motivate healthy sleep habits in all people, as this allows a better development in all aspects of life.

Ana Gabriela Delgado Ibáñez Liceo Guatemala

BEING HUMAN Builder or destroyer? Today it is known that the human being, unlike the rest of the species in this kingdom, is the only one who has the ability to reason about his actions in daily life, therefore, is the species truly aware of his actions against humanity? basis of life, water? This article will analyze the reflection of some human actions on water resources and their impact on society. But why mention this? Because since 2004, according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), continents such as Africa or Asia were declared vulnerable to the problem of acid rain as a consequence of different regional processes such as industrialization or poor management of the waters.

Livestock farming is on par with agriculture, since animal excrement, food waste, and products from its production do not have the correct disposal management, which seriously affects aquifer systems. When coming into contact with their remains, another factor that affects is the location of the stables, since if they are near rivers or lakes they can become contaminated when washed. Another recommendation is to keep the waste in water-resistant containers to later convert them into natural fertilizer. To understand this problem, we must understand its cause. According to different studies, it has been proven that volcanic eruptions, natural fires, among other natural phenomena release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide to the surface, but it is largely human action. which releases greater quantities of sulfur dioxide as a result of the burning of fuels in industry and in turn produces half of the nitrogen oxide emissions caused by motor

Lastly (in this article) is the discharge of wastewater with both organic and toxic content. The first type occurs in poor water management in some homes, which seek to reduce costs and one of their options is to “skip” an adequate system for water treatment, which only affects the aquifers, Once in this classification, organic waste from the livestock sector is included.

vehicles. When these two pollutants and ammonia (NH3) come into

The second group is the result of the industrial sector, where the

contact with the atmosphere, they oxidize and give way to the

“easiest” way to dispose of chemicals is in water, so although there

formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3). Both

are different regulations for these sectors, they decide in some cases

acids dissolve in the water droplets and fall into the atmosphere.

to ignore them and so, like some homes, save money on something

earth's surface in the form of rain, snow or fog.

“easy” to solve, the problem here lies in something already explained above, since it also affects marine life and the aesthetics of the

Among the consequences of acid rain, one of the main ones is the acidification of ecosystems, for example, if this substance is in constant contact with the surface it can alter biotic organisms such as plants, since it makes them more vulnerable to parasites. and mushrooms. In turn, it causes the appearance of heavy metals, which affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These metals alter the nature of rivers and subsequently continental water masses, seriously affecting the health of fish that come into contact. with these substances. Among other activities carried out by humans that in turn harm water is the planting of crops, considered one of the greatest pollutants, since the constant use of agrochemicals, poor water management and constant surface runoff, produces the contamination of aquifers, which in theory are a source of drinking water for humanity.

environment (change in color and foam production). Almost concluding this article, it is important to emphasize the impact that all these actions have for society, since at first glance it is seen that one of the most affected areas is the coastal area, since in many cases its economy is based on fishing. and if their main source of income is affected as a result of poor water treatment, the economy of these people will also be affected, thus generating an increase in poverty rates in the areas and in turn could affect the economy. from the country. On the other hand, at a health level, the different organisms,

both

terrestrial

and

marine,

would

suffer

the

consequences. At the marine level it has already been discussed, but at the terrestrial level it could alter the food chain, it could make species more susceptible to different diseases, which already It has been seen in humans, since in sectors where water is not considered drinkable they suffer from diseases such as diarrhea.

Bibliographic references ●

Ciclo del Agua: Qué es, Características, Etapas y Dibujo. (2022, septiembre 3). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y Sustentabilidad. https://responsabilidadsocial.net/ciclo-del-agua-que-es-caracteristicas -etapas-y-dibujo/

●

Corporativa, I. (s.f). La lluvia ácida, un peligro real para los seres vivos. Iberdrola. https://www.iberdrola.com/sostenibilidad/lluvia-acida

●

El agua: 4. ¿De qué manera pueden las actividades humanas afectar a los recursos hídricos? (s.f). Greenfacts.org. https://www.greenfacts.org/es/recursos-hidricos/l-2/4-efectos-accione s-humanas.htm

●

EL PROBLEMA DE LA LLUVIA ÁCIDA - IDEAM. (s.f). Gov.co. http://www.ideam.gov.co/web/tiempo-y-clima/el-problema-de-la-lluviaacida

●

La debacle del agua y el ser humano. (2019, junio 21). Pensis. https://www.tec.ac.cr/pensis/articulos/debacle-agua-ser-humano

●

Las actividades humanas y el agua – Dirección de Comunicación de la Ciencia. (s.f). Www.uv.mx. https://www.uv.mx/cienciauv/blog/lasactividadeshumanasyelagua/

●

PIENSA AZUL SAN DIEGO. (s. f). DESECHOS DE ANIMALES Y MASCOTAS. http://chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://w ww.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/pet_waste_fact_sheet_spanish.pdf

●

Imágenes tomadas de: Imágenes de Contaminacion Del Agua. (n.d.). Freepik. https://www.freepik.es/fotos-vectores-gratis/contaminacion-del-agua

Juan Manuel Vargas Hernández Colegio Marista de Alajuela

Throughout

history,

humans

have

made

great

discoveries in the area of technology, allowing its optimal

development

and

general

knowledge

throughout the world. Furthermore, its combination with other areas of science allows us to open up great unknowns such as life outside of Earth. But why limit yourself only to planet Earth? Constant learning about the

universe

has

been

promoted

scientific-technological advances, so that currently many people around us have basic knowledge of the existence of other objects in the sky... However, along with these advances comes a great question: Is there life on other planets?

For more than twenty years, astrophysicists and astrobiologists have worked together on the discovery of exoplanets; which, according to the RAE (2023), are planets that are outside the solar system. By 2017,

around

3,500

exoplanets

were

known,

however, not all of them met the fundamental requirement to be habitable that their temperature be between 0-99°C; because, under these conditions, water can be in a liquid state. An exoplanet is considered close to the solar system if its distance is less than or equal to 100 light years. (Echagüe, 2017, page 62) In that same year, a solar system centered

EXOPLANETS

on an ultra-cool red dwarf star called TRAPPIST 1 (Small Telescope for Transiting Planets and Planets) was located through telescopes in Chile, Morocco and the Canary Islands. Planetesimals). It is located 40 light years from Earth and is made up of seven rocky planets with conditions similar to Earth, of which only 3 of them comply with a possibly habitable zone. : :

The dimensions of these planets are

Current

technology.

The

planet

similar to those of our planet, since

completes its orbit in 9 Earth days.

they are 25% larger than Earth or 10%

(Echagüe, 2017, pages 62-63).

smaller than Earth. The planet in fifth position called “f” is the one most likely

Likewise, 2 exoplanets were located

to be able to host life; However, it

in the constellation of Aquarius, at a

cannot be known with certainty, since

distance of 39 million light years. In

the composition of its atmosphere

this way there are 9 planets with

needs to be studied. For this, a probe

similar conditions, but they orbit

would be needed to work in the place,

different stars. (Echagüe, 2017, page

but it is something very complex for the

62)

24 .

Scientific opinions about extraterrestrial life are neutral, since there is a possibility that life already exists on other planets and human beings are unaware of it; But research for now only focuses on the search for life based on carbon chemistry, because it is the only one known and it is incorrect to say no because the universe is immensely large to know each of its corners.

The future of space research continues to be a very complex and extensive process, since currently only a few possible habitable planets are known, but nothing is certain. And it will be in the future, when technology continues to develop, that other scientists based on current discoveries will explore these sites and learn more about them.

possible new Earths In 2018, NASA launched the TESS

An exoplanet was also located in the

(Transiting

Cetus

Exoplanet

Survey

constellation

called

LHS

Satellite) space telescope into orbit

1140B, which is small compared to

with

the Earth, since it has a radius of 1.4

searching for exoplanets. (NASA,

and its mass is 6.7 times greater

2022) That same year, it was

than the Earth, with a density of 2 ,3.

expected to launch the James Webb

completes its orbit

space

in 25 Earth days, without

the

specific

telescope

purpose

into

space,

analyze the gases in the atmosphere

However, it is a planet

of the planets in TRAPPIST 1 to find

oceanic that does not have

out

emerged areas, which

there

were

indicators

biological activity, however, there

complicates your

was no It was not until December 25,

habitability. (Echagüe,

2021 that it was put into orbit. (BBC,

2017, p. 65)

2021)

Bibliographic references ENRESA. (2017). Otras Tierras a la vista. Estratos, pág. 62-65. Revista Estratos verano 118 (enresa.es) . Infobae. (2 de mayo, 2017). Los 5 planetas más habitables, según la NASA. Los 5 planetas más habitables, según la NASA - Infobae Amos, J. (25 de diciembre, 2021). James Webb: el mayor telescopio espacial de la historia busca la luz de las primeras estrellas. BBC News Mundo. El Telescopio Espacial TESS – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System (nasa.gov) NASA. (15 de diciembre, 2022). El Telescopio Espacial TESS. NASA Exoplanet Exploration. El Telescopio Espacial TESS – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System (nasa.gov)

MARIANA JIMÉNEZ MEJÍAS Colegio Marista de Alajuela

PROSTHESES and its types What is a prosthesis? ●

Superior member:

●

Passive prostheses: They help

A prosthesis is an external device or internal that has the function of replacing

balance the body during a sport, an organ or part of the body, these help

they are the most economical, although they do not allow hand

especially to people who have a

movement. disability from birth or caused by a ●

traumatic accident, its main function is to

Body control prostheses: These are

replace a missing limb or organ.

inexpensive

and

allow

greater use of the prosthesis based

There are two main types of prostheses:

the

use

body

movement, some use a set of Endo

skeletal

prostheses

have

adjustable

and

harness and cables that connect

interchangeable structure, and are covered by soft material

to the opposite limb for greater

in the shape of the limb and covered with synthetic skin.

mobility.

Exoskeletal prostheses are made of a more rigid and ●

durable plastic, which is why they are preferred to be used to replace external parts of the

Myoelectric prosthesis: This type of prosthesis works through the

body. There are

use of small stimuli generated by

several types of prostheses depending of what part of the

our muscles to give greater

body they are, if they are from the upper or lower part, and

mobility. This type is one of the

these would be the general types for each one:

most expensive and heavy due to the battery system it has.

● Hybrid prostheses: They are a combination of prostheses with body and myoelectric movement

JOSHUA EMMANUEL GÓMEZ BENAVIDES

in which a part moves thanks to the body and the hand moves

Escuela Marista, Chinautla

thanks to electrical impulses..

● Specific

prostheses For each activity: these are

prostheses that are made for a specific type for an activity that would otherwise damage a normal or residual limb prosthesis, they are generally used for physical activity (swimming, running), they are usually passive or controlled

Lower member: Lower limb prostheses are the type with the most variants since they have 350 for ankle and foot and 200 for knee, this is because the patient and the evaluator must review option by option to find the prosthesis that has the best balance. comfort and safety for the patient, in turn these are generally Endo-skeletal which allows a simpler adjustment to the prosthesis.

General types:

Ankle and foot systems: these have various adaptations that help in activities, some have hydraulic systems that allow them to adjust to the terrain, others have microprocessors to automatically adjust to the terrain.

Knee prosthetic systems: These are passive pneumatic systems with several axes, some have a microprocessor. Sport-specific foot and knee prosthetic systems: this type of prosthesis is designed to give the user comfort and efficiency to reach the highest level.

Referencias bibliográficashttps://www.revista.unam.mx/vol.6/num1/art01/art01-2d.htm https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0716864014700392 . https://www.fisioterapia-online.com/glosario/protesis https://www.msdmanuals.com/es/professional/temas-especiales/miembro-prot%C3%A9si co/opciones-para-las-pr%C3%B3tesis-de-los-miembros

NOISE AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Causes, effects and actions to combat it

Sound is something fundamental in nature for what we call life. If we

Other less intense sources are found in the same

refer to it from a physical point of view, it is known as the propagation

neighborhoods due to the same personal appliances

of mechanical waves (mostly caused by the vibrations of a body)

working together in a closed space and... who doesn't

through a medium ( in the case of our planet through the air) On the

have that neighbor who turns their speakers on full

other hand we have noise, which according to the Royal Academy of

blast and moves their furniture at 5am without fail

the Spanish Language (RAE) is defined as an annoying sound of

every Sunday? . But this does not stop only in

greater intensity or as a mixture of numerous sounds of this nature.

everyday things or in large cities, military tests of

In any case, these noises are potentially harmful to the environment

large-caliber

and human health.

exceeding Mach 1 (speed of sound. Approximately

Noise can originate in numerous ways and even involuntarily in today's world. As such, there are so many broadcasting sources that we are going to focus on the main and/or most famous ones. One of the most common to find is the noise derived from both air, land and maritime traffic since their engines generate too much noise due to the combustion of hydrocarbons in large quantities or from the numerous horns played at the same time in a traffic jam, if To this we add public/private works and in an area of high industrial activity we only notice more and more how annoying it can be as well as harmful (something that will be highlighted later).

weapons

vehicles

capable

1234.8 km per hour) cause shock waves and extremely sonic booms. dangerous to health. Nature is not far behind, phenomena capable of generating too much noise occur in this, one of the most famous examples was the sonic explosion of the Krakatoa volcano on August 26, 1883, the secondary effects of which we will see a little later, another example is the glaciers in motion . (Clarify that the noises of nature are not as frequent as the rest and the same with the military)

We have already seen the different causes of

This animal loss to predators can cause the excessive increase in species that

these unpleasant sounds (although there are

they control, causing pests. In other cases, animals decide to migrate to other

clearly many more). Now let's move on to the

areas to escape these problems, resulting in the above and an enormous

effects or consequences of these, starting

imbalance in the ecosystem. Do you remember Krakatoa? Well, the time has

clearly with the effects on humans.

come to mention the consequences of that sonic boom that traveled all over the

According to various international studies, 3 out of 4 people (75%) have some degree of hearing loss or some type of acoustic trauma, affecting communication with others. At the

world, that noise was so powerful that it destroyed the eardrums of sailors between 1000 and 3000km away, which is not exact because being a fact from more than a century the records are not precise with what happened and there are variations between the power of the explosion and the distance traveled.

same time, studies by the World Health

After seeing the effects and consequences, it is time to move on to actions to

Organization (WHO) concluded that noise

combat it. Let's start in cities and traffic, several studies recommend reducing the

affects concentration when carrying out work, it

use of vehicles that emit too much noise and opting for quieter alternatives such

also affects the quality of sleep and increases

as electric cars. Remembering the industries, it is recommended to build them in

stress levels along with significant health

areas far from homes so as not to disturb the tenants (which is also an

conditions. blood pressure, things that in

environmental measure), the same happens with airports since the coming and

themselves are bad for humans, affecting their

going of passengers and planes leaves a lot of noise pollution.

lives in the long term. And sounds with much higher frequencies can rupture the eardrums, causing permanent deafness in a person, which leads to several problems for the person's mental health, among other things.

Moving on to that neighbor and his furniture, there are numerous laws applied in several countries that prohibit making noise during people's sleeping hours, ensuring 6 hours of silence for rest and if the neighbor continues to bother you all morning, you can report it to the authorities. relevant and you can get a fine and your day off. The WHO recommends not exposing yourself to sounds above 65

If you are young, it is most likely that you use

decibels for a long time and taking care of the volume of your hearing aids. As a

headphones or "headphones" to do your daily

government measure, there is the creation of quiet areas and the promotion of

activities or occasionally when you go to a

alternative transportation such as the previously mentioned cars. The WHO also

party with music, just because it can cause

recommends using some absorbent materials in home construction to absorb as

serious damage to your hearing, among which

much noise as possible. In the military area, all these tests of weapons of the

are those mentioned above. In nature it also

latest technology and power with high noise emission must be carried out in

has its consequences since a high number of

isolated areas of inhabited localities, in addition to being illegal to fly in

frequencies can disorient several animals,

supersonic aircraft above Mach 0.98 over solid ground. I hope you can find

leading to the reduction of species that use

something new.

waves to reproduce or search for food, in other cases they can die due to an excessive increase in heart rate.

ADOLFO JORGE DÍAZ MORGADO Escuela Secundaria Pablo Elvio Pérez Cabrera

AMECA The Robot of the Future Robotics is one of the scientiﬁc disciplines

that has advanced exponentially in recent decades, and has allowed the creation of a wide variety of robots that have revolutionized the way we interact with the world. One of the most prominent robots in this sense is AMECA (Advanced Mechanical and Cognitive Automaton).

AMECA is the result of years of research and development in the field of robotics. Its story begins in the early 21st century, when advances in artificial intelligence, sensors, and materials technology

allowed

scientists

and

engineers

begin

imagining more advanced and versatile robots. The AMECA project

originated

from

international

consortium

scientists, engineers and artificial intelligence experts. The researchers came together with the goal of creating a robot that could perform a wide variety of tasks, from industrial jobs to home assistance and healthcare.

The development process was a challenge that

involved

the

collaboration

multidisciplinary teams around the world. For more than a decade, these teams worked tirelessly to design, build and refine every aspect of AMECA, from its physical structure to its cognitive software.

1. Physical Structure: Its physical structure is designed to be highly adaptable and versatile. It is built with light but resistant materials that allow it to move with agility and safety in a variety of environments. Its modular design makes it easy to replace and upgrade components.

2. Sensors: It is equipped with a wide range of sensors, including high-resolution cameras,

proximity sensors, and touch sensors. These sensors allow you to perceive your surroundings and make decisions in real time based on the information collected.

3. Processing Unit:

The brain of AMECA is its processing unit, which is powered by an advanced set of processors and .

graphical processing units.

4. Artificial Intelligence: Uses .

cutting-edge

intelligence

algorithms

artificial for

data

processing and decision making. These algorithms allow it to learn and adapt to new situations, improve its performance over time, and communicate

effectively

with

humans.

SANTIAGO DÍAZ .

Liceo Guatemala

DRA. PAMELA PENNINGTON Special guest For this interview, you will be able to learn a little more

That it is a silent disease, that it will take up to 20 years to see the

about the impressive work of Dr. Pamela Pennington,

symptoms, and that in those areas life really happens from one day to the

her great contributions to society and her as a person,

next, makes its recognition very difficult. Something that caught my

who is humble and like us, has a great love for

attention is that when we talked about the disease to the community, a man

science. Dr. Pamela Pennington is currently director of

asked if the disease could be transmitted from mother to child during

the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, and

pregnancy. At that moment was when I realized that we were leaving aside

the Center for Biotechnology Studies (CEB) at UVG.

a very important part, the congenital part, so it really was a moment of light

She became a researcher at the Center for Health

for me, we had to start doing research projects to address how we can

Studies, developing studies and research with the goal

make the diagnosis in pregnant women, and then how we can find babies

of eliminating Chagas disease in Guatemala.

who are infected and treat them. Then I began to move, from just working

Questions:

with the insect I began to work at a social level, collaborating with the health center, with the midwives, with the nurses, and it was like a switch

Her work in rural communities in Guatemala to

for me because it gave another direction to the research.

eliminate Chagas disease deeply moves us. Can you share a significant experience from your work

And not only can it be transmitted congenitally, but it can also occur

in the field that has left a lasting impression on

through blood transfusions, organ transfusions, or by ingesting foods

you?

previously infected by these insects, including through saliva particles between people. How is a solution found for this, or ways

Everything

involves

working

with

participatory

that can mitigate these transmissions?

processes, because one interacts with the people who are affected, and thus they begin to have possible

For transmission by transfusion we already have a law in Guatemala that

ideas of how to solve the problem so that one does not

requires that the blood be screened before the transfusion, so when people

bring the solution but rather builds the solution

go and donate, one of the first phases is to go through a review where they

together with them. In that process we realized that

look for various diseases, including Chagas disease. So with this,

people recognized the insect, they know that it is bad,

transmission through transfusion is reduced. In the case of organ donation,

but they do not know the disease, because the people

the infected person should also be reviewed to prevent transmission.

from the ministry taught them about the insect and that it had to be controlled, but they did not explain about the disease taking into account

And in the case of oral transmission, the only way to eliminate it would be to check and disinfect food before eating it, and in the case of water, boil it. In the communities they have uncovered food, and in the kitchen there are often colonies of insects, so if they do not cover the food after cooking it, the food could become infected and people could become

infected.

it's

lot

education for people who live in the countryside on how to preserve foods after they've been cooked.

Now

speaking

factors

about

biotechnology, a considerable and very shocking technique for us is the Sterile Insect technique that we have also seen used in malaria mitigation. Could you explain more about this technique in depth?

This lowers the insect population and also

They selected a characteristic that allows the

helps reduce the possible transmission of

females to be killed using heat, so when they are

The Sterile Insect technique began in the

diseases. Here in Guatemala, if you have

producing the insects in the production plant,

United

traveled, you have seen signs at some

they treat the eggs with hot water, with the aim

agriculture, it has been expanded to be

borders

say

that only males and not females emerge, all of

able to sterilize the pupae of mosquitoes

Moscamed, it is a system of producing

this based on pure Mendelian genetics. , using

in production in a laboratory, and then

sterile flies to control the Mediterranean fly,

mutagenesis in which, by mutating certain

the adult that emerges inside the pupa

being very effective in controlling the

genes, they select the characteristics they want.

will be a sterile adult. , because the

dispersion of the fly. , and Guatemala has

For this reason, Guatemala is a world reference

sperm

the

the largest production plant in the world,

in the genetics of these flies.

mosquitoes, when released into a natural

and is one of the leaders in the production

environment and crossed with a female

of sterile flies worldwide.

States

are

affected

technology

and

since

for

the

airport

that

born in that normal environment, could no reproduce, they will not be able.

Going to historical issues, the disease was discovered at the beginning of the 20th

All the companies in the world come here to

century, and since that point, it has already

learn how to do part of that process, which

been registered as an endemic disease in 21

is based mainly on genetics. They have a

countries, and being a parasitic disease, how

special strain of fly that, when developed in

is its spread more considerable? in America

the laboratory,

than in other parts of the world?

Taking into account that we have

Yes, really going to the countryside to work

Well, taking advantage of the fact that she

different species of bed bugs dispersed

with the people who in this case let us

is with us, what does Pamela like to do,

throughout the continent, in Guatemala

enter their homes, I remember one time I

what

specifically

types:

was in a very distant community and one

“Rhodnius

Prolixus”

“Triatoma

of the ladies came to offer me a cold drink

Dimidiata”. In the case of Rhodnius

with ice and I said " where did you get the

Prolixus, it lives mostly in palm trees,

ice from? How did you achieve this?"

so it can live in homes with palm leaf

People are very kind, they bring you some

And thus know that behind the important

roofs; and for Triatoma Dimidiata, it

gifts from the little they have. They give

figure, there is a person.

usually pokes around in holes and

you something to eat, something to drink;

holes in adobe houses. However, these

and then it is an experience in which you

I like books of historical novels and also

bugs were brought from South America

can

biographies of scientists. I have a collection of

by marsupials, at the time when North

perspective.

have

two

and

see

problems

from

another

does

she

enjoy?

What

other

interests do you have in mind? What types of readings, perhaps outside of research or academics, do you enjoy?

biographies that make one also see, as you say to people as people, what they were, what drove

America and South America joined. And with the movement of these

How

rural

them to follow a career of that type, what

mammals throughout the continent, so

communities change your perspective?

characteristics made them successful. When it

did

working

these

comes to hobbies, I always recommend not giving

did bedbugs as their hosts. Many times, for example, one of the

up on them, because they make us develop more

Now that I would like to ask you a

problems with Chagas is that there are

skills and have a life besides work. For example, I

little about what your experience

many things inside the house, which are

like working in the garden, I like planting and

has been in the social or impact

places where bed bugs can hide. I

testing natural fertilizers.

aspect, I think because I believe that

remember when we asked the questions

this

when

“Why do they have so many things?” One

researching it and getting to know a

sees them as garbage, right, one thinks

recommend to us?

little more about the context that

they are bottles, they are garbage. For

can be experienced in rural areas

them it is not garbage, they can use it for

And in the area of that in Guatemala,

something else. Things you see when you

what has it been like for you to

are

investigate that and perhaps see a

preconceived ideas of what life is like, it's

reality that is somewhat harsh,

very different there. One cannot expect

right?

people to change their behavior if one

type

projects

already

the

field.

Those

does not understand the reason for their behavior.

you

have

any

books

that

you

Well, I really liked the biography that Marie Curie's daughter wrote, Eva Curie wrote about her mother. I recommend it to you because it is a very deep vision, behind it there is a lot of research on the part of her daughter. There is a book, this one started when I was invited to give a talk to children. I was in a steam activity at the Capouilliez School, it was a nationwide activity and there were I think 300 children. I was asked to give a presentation about

It is important when doing research that has to do with behavioral change, you have to go to the Community to know, to

a scientific career. I started to design the presentation in a Ted Talk style, more or less like that style.

understand. To be able to think of solutions that are appropriate to that situation.

Then, after that activity, I gave the same talk at an activity about STEAM education.

Yes, I do when a student approaches me to

There were some people in the audience who were making books to promote reading

ask me about career options or specialties,

here in Guatemala in a USAID project, and when they saw the talk, they came up with

specializations. I usually have two pieces of

the idea of making a book about a biography of a woman in Guatemala. So we started

advice:

that first story that came out of that talk. After that, when we finished that little book, there was another project that had funds to do another series of two more books. And

First is to look for references on that topic and

then two more books were worked on, one is about Susana Arrechea, she is a chemical

talk to them to see what they can advise; and

engineer and studied nanotechnology, she is also a woman who is trying to change the

that usually opens many doors. For example,

situation in Guatemala, she has a project to bring electricity to communities, to schools

in the session we had at the Science Fair, I told

that They do not have access to electricity. They are using solar energy and part of the

you the story of Pamela Flores, who came to

project is that they put computers in the school and do digital education for women.

me to tell me that she wanted to go to work at NASA, it is how she visualized herself; and

So they are providing basic skills to be able to do entrepreneurship, all of this along with

then we found Luis, who gave us space to talk

access to computers and electrical energy. She is one of those women who can also be

to him, and he told her that he had this

investigated, investigate Susana's story because she is super inspiring. There they also

doctorate opportunity so that a Guatemalan

came out with 5 more stories, from 5 other women. I have always said that one must be

could work on a project in space with him so

careful when they ask you to do something, do it and not stop doing it, because if I had

that she would apply the doctorate and could

not given that talk to the 300 children, that book would not exist.

finish . She recently finished her doctorate there. But if we hadn't knocked on that door, I don't know what would have happened.

Changing little,

the

about

subject

career

something

that

short. One of my students is applying in

can be difficult for many,

England to several universities, when she

but you, who have already

applied she included Oxford. And he told me

lived that experience, what

when he was there receiving the responses

points do you think are

from the universities, he told me: “I received

decision,

important to consider? That decision

the

end

determines a very important part of our lives, we have

to figure out where to apply, don't sell yourself

this response from this University, but not yet from Oxford and I don't know whether to say yes to the University now, or wait.” And what I recommended there was that she wait, in the end they accepted her at Oxford and she

the fear of making a mistake

studied her master's degree there; But if you

or not being very sure. What

underestimate yourself and overthink, “no, they

do you consider in the first

won't accept me,” you can make decisions that

place, and second, how do

limit you in a certain way.

you handle it and how do you support it?

The other piece of advice, when you're trying

the

Thank you doctor, continuing

What has been shown in studies that have

So, I don't know how you feel about

with this interesting interview;

been done is that girls before the age of 15

receiving this, which I think is something

Let's go a little closer to what

have an interest in science, they show

that also, as you say, is something that

you have had in your career, because we want to know: How do you react when you find out

aptitudes, but after the age of 15 they begin to lose their interest, and one of the reasons they have found is because There are not enough role models. On a daily

impacts you and is really impressive, since with that type of accreditation you also become more of an inspiration for

that you are going to be awarded

basis one sees many in the area of art or,

women. and for all types of people who

this year's Medal of Science and

for example, teaching, that is, one sees

want to continue on paths like you.

Technology? And what does that

quite a few models in those areas, but in

mean to you?

the sciences there are very few women

The Las Palmas order was really a big

who can inspire these girls, so counting

surprise too, I didn't expect that, and in part I

When I found out, I first found out

the stories is important; and for example

think it was because of the projects I had with

through an email, and then I wasn't

this month when the Nobel Prize was

sure how the whole process had been,

awarded for the area of Medicine, it was a

because this started a long time ago, I

woman and a man. And that is changing,

didn't know that it was still in process,

there are more and more women who are

because I sent the paperwork more

receiving the Nobel Prize; For example, a

had collaborations with a chemist who works

than two years ago, So it was a

few years ago there were two women for

in Paris, several people, Pamela Flores, for

surprise for me because I didn't expect

gene editing, they discovered what gene

example, went to her laboratory; And I think

it. And my reaction really was how can

editing is, and I think that will change over

that is when one begins to make international

we do so that there are more women

time, but we do need to tell the stories and

collaborations, these types of activities help a

who can also opt to receive that award,

have more women as examples; So for me

lot to strengthen what science diplomacy is,

because when you look at the number

that is what the medal represents.

of men and women who have received

Well, and now we want to applaud

is an opportunity to encourage women

you, because we have also seen

to apply, because there are many

your career and something that we

doing science and who could be eligible to receive that award.

that you received the Order of the

the rank of knights; and I believe

opportunity to disseminate more about

that this is thanks to the great

the role of women in science.

contributions that you have given

me,

then,

represents

the level of the France embassy. We also

because then we make science in these more

visible

developed

countries; and that also allows for more connections, more opportunities for young people to go do an internship.

consider to be very important is

Academic Palms of France, under For

was making visible the work I was doing at

countries

it, it is quite unbalanced; So I think this

women now in Guatemala who are

children from Jules Verne, and I think that

to society and that have been very important in generating changes in it.

So, for me that meant that recognition, Las Palmas set a goal for me, to further promote these collaborations with France and now with other countries, we have a collaboration with Poland, in Italy we have several graduates who are working on projects with mosquitoes; In England we already have several projects

Also from students who are working

And what we want is to vote on

Everyone here has made a total effort

collaboratively with Guatemala, there is

borders, science is so great, I believe

to continue disseminating science, but

a project with leishmaniasis, which is a

that this project at the collegiate level

what would you advise us to stop

is one of the first of its kind; So, what

these paradigms and thus support,

do you advise us?

enter and share the knowledge that

disease transmitted by a fly, which is called Chiclero Ulcer. So it is the result of various strategies of international

they

collaboration and collaborative work with many people that is not just mine, all these recognitions are efforts of many people; And I want you to remember that, that no achievement is the result of a single person, that there is

always

achievements,

team and

behind

that

the must

recognize what others are doing. I thank my students, because without them I could not have done anything we have done, each one of them has played an extremely important role.

And for me science is a way of training

young

people,

for

With collaborations, one has to invest a lot of

young scientists who can continue contributing

and

looking

for

The fact of wanting to internationalize comes

from

wanting

transmit

science with a common and current vocabulary, so that the people who

during

these

years?

you plan meetings, in which you know that

Yes, I have seen projects like that, I have a

they will meet every week at a certain time,

student who is working in a school in San

to follow up on the project; because if you

Miguel Petapa, and the first thing she did was

don't apply that discipline, sometimes you

work with the director so that he accepted the

leave things behind and it doesn't work; So,

project. The difficult thing is sustainability,

for a project between several countries to

because you can start the project, but then it

work, the discipline of periodic meetings and

can fall apart because there are no resources

keeping minutes of what is discussed and

or the person who is going to follow it is not

agreements is very important, because they

there; So my recommendation would be that

are going to have to collaborate and depend

there be support from the director and look for

on someone else giving you work in some

at least two people, who are what we call the

date, then be very clear about that also

champions of the project, who are going to do

about the agreements between everyone.

those who, like you Frida, are passionate about the subject and who are going to do it.

Collaboration is not easy, but right now there

keep doing it because they believe it is

are four skills that are most valued in this

something that can make a difference.

century, one is collaboration, the other is creativity,

solutions.

acquired

time, what I have seen that works is when

science is not the goal itself, but rather it is the part of training new

have

critical

judgment

and

Yes, those champions must be found within

communication; So in this process of making

each institution, and the director must also

your magazine, you are going to develop the

have the vision of what can be done and the

four C's, so you are developing in the

impact.

process the most valued skills for this century, so I congratulate you.

You have to do something that I learned to do

read it, whether they are children or

a few years ago, which was the “Pitch”, they

adults, understand it and that it catches

call it in ventures a key and quick message,

their attention; You are our special

which I can give if I am in the elevator with

guest

someone; So, design a strong message and

the

first

newspaper we have.

international

make the person think: ah, that's super interesting, if it can be done; and it doesn't require so many resources, it takes time to design those messages.

On behalf of the entire group we would like to thank you for your use of time, we know that now it is the most valuable thing, since it is no longer material; But the time, the memories that remain and the teaching that we left, what you have given us has been very valuable and we thank you very much.

Thank you all for the opportunity to share a little, and to get to know you too; and thanks to Frida for that leadership and that passion for teaching that she has, which is something that emanates so naturally. And I really want to thank you because what you are going to do, that magazine is going to impact many, I am sure, many children; It is a work that will last, it will have many fruits in the future. So, don't give up if you encounter some challenges and some obstacles; Always think that what you want is to promote science through communication, and if any of the collaborators decide in the end not to participate, do not be discouraged because that is how collaborations are, sometimes they work very well and sometimes they do not work so well, but if You have to have that discipline of how you are going to manage your collaboration, make your plan.

BLACK HOLE What is a black hole?

For several hundred thousand years, some

A large number of people believe that a black hole captures

star gets too close to these black holes and is

everything it attracts. This is false, a black hole is a region of

torn apart by their powerful gravity. This

space where gravity is so high "escape velocity" is greater than

triggers a burst of X-rays that can be visible...

the speed of light.

for decades, this type of event has already

What would happen if you fell into a black hole?

been recorded in other galaxies.

If you fall into a black hole, rest assured that you have no salvation. You are aware that once inside, the exit is impossible, but the situation is even worse, since you would die before arriving

Can black holes be used to travel through space-time? It has long been a resource recurrent in science fiction

to a black hole. If we

use of black holes to

we approached a

scroll through

black hole

space. It is proposed that by

common by placing the feet in front, the strength of the gravity on these would reach thousands millions of times greater than the force exerted over the head. Consequently, we would be stretched and destroyed as if we were made of plasticine. With a bit of humor, scientists refer to this process as “spaghettification” (that is, we would stretch ourselves as if we were spaghetti). In theory, when the person has reached the black hole, his body would stretch into a very thin stream of matter many kilometers long due to the intense gravity and curvature of space-time.

entering one of these enigmatic phenomena, one could emerge in another region of the universe, having traveled thousands of light years in just an instant. However, this notion is mere fantasy. Black holes warp the fabric of space and time, as if piercing the very fabric of the universe. It has been theorized that under certain conditions, a black hole could form a conduit in space known as a wormhole. By

Are we at risk of being sucked into a black hole? Not really. We are safe, the gravitational force is a black hole that only represents danger when we are very close to it. Surprisingly, its gravity does not differ much

entering a wormhole, theoretically, we could appear in a remote location without having to travel the actual distance between both points.

from that of a star with the same mass. The intensity of gravity is based on the mass of the object and the distance separating us from it. Imagine if the Sun turned into a black hole (don't worry, it's too light for this to happen). In that case, it would have to contract so much that its “event horizon” would be only about 6km (4 miles) in diameter. At 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) from Earth, we would feel the

Bibliographic references Plait, P & Mclin, K. 2006. Agujeros Negros de aquí a la eternidad. UNAM.

same gravity as before the Sun became a black hole. This is because neither the

http://em.fis.unam.mx/public/mochan/clubAstronomiaMH/pdfAg

mass of the Sun nor the distance between us and it have changed. However, if we

NW92JlbD.pdf

were to approach the black hole just a few kilometers away, we would definitely notice the difference. However, the situation changes significantly close to a supermassive black hole located in the

JOSUÉ EMANUEL RAMÍREZ ORTIZ

center of a galaxy.

Escuela Marista, Chinautla

NEW METHOD

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS inverse multiplication Considering

inverse

The first term is uploaded and the

multiplication,

where

question is asked, what number could I

knowing the product and one factor we

have multiplied 4x with to give me 28x2?

operation

division to

want to know the other factor, the division of polynomials becomes easy to understand: it consists of just completing a multiplication.

For example, divide 28x2 -11xy -33y2 between 4x -5y

written

multiplication

incomplete .

●

The new term is multiplied by all the terms of the factor.

41 .

The addition of the column is completed

Since the last term was not exact, a remainder must be added to make the sum result.

by adding a number that added to -35xy

The division quotient is the factor that we found (above), and the remainder is the number

gives -11xy.

that we added last in case the last exact term did not result.

Wondering what number could I have

Extended synthetic division, no longer only between x+a

multiplied 4x to give me 24xy? .

Synthetic division is a very simple way of dividing, but it has one problem: it is only .

applied when the divisor is of the first degree. Well, when we understand the nature of Ruffini's rule well, we can extend it and apply it to divisors of higher degrees. Although this method is practically the same as Horner's method, you will have a demonstration of where it comes from.

●

Finally, multiply 6y by -5y to complete the spaces. Extended synthetic division, no longer only between x+a

Synthetic division is a very simple way of dividing, but it has one problem: it is only applied when the divisor is of the first degree. Well, when we understand the nature of Ruffini's rule well, we can extend it and apply it to divisors of higher degrees. Although this method is practically the same as Horner's method, you will have a demonstration of where it comes from.

Now, if we convert this subtraction (figure 5) as if it were a synthetic division, it would look like this (figure 6). As in Horner's method, in extended synthetic division all the coefficients of the divisor, except the first, are placed vertically and with the signs changed. The rows are

This is where the synthetic division makes sense, since this subtraction is the same as that obtained in Ruffini's Rule. (figure 3)

Figura 3: Regla de Ruffini

Therefore, Synthetic Division arises from a subtraction between the

Figura 5: Resta entre el dividendo y las demás filas

dividend and the rows to find row 1 that has the same coefficients as the quotient. That said, we can extend it to higher degree divisors as follows: .

As in Figure 4, when placing the division as a multiplication we notice that the coefficients in row 1 coincide with those of the quotient. We also

. .

notice that the other rows have a coefficient of the divisor as a common factor. To find the coefficients of the quotient, we must find row 1 by subtracting the rest of the rows from the dividend. They run one column to the right and each new number in the quotient is multiplied by all the terms of the divisor and placed according to their row and column.

Figura 4: División de grado mayor a uno expresado por una multiplicación

In short, synthetic division can be applied to higher degree divisors following the following rules:

All dividend coefficients are placed above (complete and ordered)

All the coefficients of the divisor changed signs (complete and ordered) are placed to the left and Figura 7: División Sintética extendida

vertically. 4.

The first space is crossed out and ∆n+1 spaces are taken, crossing out the rest, where ∆n is the difference between the degrees of the dividend and divisor, and +1 for the independent term. (figure 7)

The spaces move one column per row

The first number of the dividend is lowered and

multiplied by all the coefficients of the divisor, placing the product according to its row and column. (figure 8) 7.

The columns are added and new coefficients of the quotient are found.

The numbers obtained are the coefficients of the

Figura 8: División Sintética extendida

quotient and the remainder. To know the quotient we must add the variable x∆n to the first coefficient, then decrease the exponents one by one until zero (x∆n, x∆n-1, x∆n-2, x∆n-3…x0 ). (figure 9) 9.

The remaining numbers will be the coefficients of the .

remainder. The variable will be placed in these from right to left, increasing the exponent from 0 as far as it goes. (figure 9)

Figura 9: División Sintética extendida Referencias División Sintetica, Regla de Rufini, Método de Horner

ABNER ALEXANDER MÉNDEZ CELADA .

Escuela Marista, Chinautla

Our 3rd grade students. Secondary Schools chose to respond to a social problem. Teams were formed and an advisor was appointed. The participating teams were; Herbalism, Just to Help, Inclusion, Recycling, Forest Fires, Control your Mind, Emotion Management. Students worked collaboratively using the scientific method. Once they integrated their project, they presented it internally, and then took it to the community. On that

Strengthen the Uruapan Social fabric from a Marist Vision

occasion to Leona Vicario primary school.

What experiences do they rescue in the PBL process? Just to help: The teamwork of so many years, moving forward with the entire team, also having the will to make a change for the world. Herbalism:: More than anything we rescued the social aspect that we had, plus the community aspect when we planted the plants and made the creams, when we exhibited in primary school. Control your Mind: I believe that learning to organize ourselves correctly to be able to do what we wanted to do. Herbalism: When we presented in primary school, when we met the children and taught them what herbalism was, we saw the interest they had. Recycled: About teamwork being very necessary to progress. Emotion Management: We are happy that we were able to help children younger than us and from other schools to be able to identify their emotions and coexist with children. Recycling: We went to a school to raise awareness among students about paper recycling.

Do you think that through your project you help your community strengthen the social fabric?

Experience of a recipient student What is the positive thing that you take away from the day-to-day fair of the Morelos Institute?

Inclusion: Yes, because it helps other people

The coexistence that makes us form and the topics that I have already seen in

to be informed about how to treat people with

school.

a disability and not make them less than, to do inclusion.

What were the topics that made you think the most and how can you put them into practice?

Just to Help: Yes because we want to raise awareness of the different economic situations

Recycling taught us to separate the organic from the inorganic and thus no

in society, we want to highlight and defend the

longer contaminate the planet, the other is not to discriminate against boys and

rights of the most vulnerable people.

girls with disabilities and thus be able to integrate them into society as normal

Control your Mind: Yes, because with the topic addressed with our project we managed to raise awareness in a certain way in our school and for them to really know what mental health is and why it is so important. forest fires: Yes, because as they say, two heads are better than one, meaning the more is always the better.

people and forest fires, not to set fire to the hills or forests because we lose a large amount of oxygen. Would you like to be an ambassador for this type of social impact project? Yes, because this way I could make these topics known to some children who still do not see these topics or who have forgotten them. The strengthening of the social fabric in Uruapan from a Marist vision is possible through the sum of the efforts of each of the agents involved in the project. Thanks to our educational model and project-based learning, we focus

Emotion Management: Because we help

our attention on social problems, where we have the opportunity to apply these

people identify their emotions and control them

initiatives and seek to replicate them gradually and permanently, with which we

and because that is very important for daily

can positively impact the community consciousness of society. Uruguayan.

life.

IMU One Project and ABP teams.

46 .

Control your mind

Emotion management

herbalism

Inclusion

Just to help

Forest fires

Instituto Morelos Uruapan México

Recycling

47 .

BEAUTIES OF SPACE THE SOLAR SYSTEM

and exosolar planets The Universe is a complex system that holds great beauty, which we could take as a canvas painted with amazing colors. Its origin is the subject of religious discussions, and scientists since ancient times. In the scientific field, This creation can be explained through several events, such as the Big Bang Theory; or for opinions of a more personal nature, such as beliefs religious. However, without taking into account this aspect, it is established that sidereal space is a site full of multiple amazing celestial bodies and remote places that will continue to be a mystery for the human being. Perhaps you have heard about the System Solar? Well, this consists of one of the small corners of our wide Universe. According to the page National Geographic website (2023), this corresponds to one of the many trillion planetary systems present in the Milky Way; made up mostly for empty space. However, in star systems You can also find a central star and various celestial bodies revolving around them through the gravity, such as planets, asteroids, satellites, among others more. We, the human species, inhabit this system, specifically on the planet called Earth. The Solar System is made up of a central star called Sun. This same is the center of gravity, that is, it maintains to all the stars in their respective places. The sun is extremely massive, it has a large size. and is very massive, so much so that it makes up 99.86% of the mass of the Solar System (National Geographic, 2023). This same one has a temperature extremely high, approximately between 14 and 15 thousand degrees Celsius. The force of gravity of the Sun allows other planets, asteroids, among others, to rotate in the elliptical orbits around. This great star is composed of two very essential chemical elements; 91% is made of hydrogen (H), while the remaining 9% is made up of helium gas. The energy produced by the Sun travels more than 149 billion meters towards our planet. This natural process helps us satisfy our own needs, such as heat, luminosity, vitamin D, etc.

VERÓNICA LEDEZMA ROJAS Colegio Marista de Alajuela

Now, the Sun is accompanied by other celestial

For this reason, these celestial

They

bodies. One of these types corresponds to the

bodies are in their orbits, further

satellites of a planet, or with some

planets, which orbit around it. The eight planets of the

away from the central axis, the Sun.

other type of celestial body. with

Solar System are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,

They are larger in size; Their

some other type of celestial body.

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Each of these is

composition

in an orbit and rotating on its own axis as well. Each of

therefore, they are also known as

the planets has its own period of translation and

gaseous planets. They are: Jupiter,

rotation.

Saturn,

These eight planets are divided into two groups based on their location, called inner planets and outer planets. In the first category we find the planets located closest to the Sun star: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. These are also called rocky planets, since they have a surface made of rock and metal; They are

consists

Uranus

and

gas,

Neptune.

Regarding the number of satellites, Jupiter, due to its large size, has 79;

are

often

confused

with

Their biggest difference from regular planets is that they do not possess the gravitational force required to deflect other asteroids from their orbits.

Saturn has 82, this being the one

Dwarf planets can be found next to

with the largest number of moons;

various asteroids smaller than their

Uranus has 27 in total and finally,

size. In turn, some dwarf planets

Neptune is attributed 14.

correspond to Ceres, located in the

small in size compared to the other category and do

There is also the presence of dwarf

not have rings. In the case of Mercury and Venus they

planets. Like regular planets, they

do not have any satellites; The Earth has a natural

rotate in their own orbits around the

satellite known as the Moon, and on the other hand,

Sun.

Mars, the red planet, has two moons.

asteroid

belt

(area

between

the

planets of Mars and Jupiter); Pluto, Eris, Makemake and Haumea, which are in the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt, located after the planet of Neptune. These last four dwarf planets are called plutoids.

On the other hand, in our Solar System there are other celestial bodies, such as asteroids, which are rocky bodies smaller than dwarf .

planets; some of these are Sedna and

Quaoar

Edgeworth-Kuiper

located

the

belt

and

the

asteroids Vesta, Pallas, Juno and Hygia located in the asteroid belt. Another type corresponds to comets, which are bodies that orbit around the Sun and are found at very low temperatures; That is, they are made of ice, the surface of which turns into They are characterized by having a The second division corresponds to the outer

smaller size than the others and

planets. As their name says, these are found in

have a spherical shape, which

the farthest area of the Solar System.

allows them to be differentiated from satellites.

gas vapor and dust when

be close to the Sun. This gives them the appearance of a

of the central star, thanks to which water

natural obstacle, or that are

tail when transported (tinybop, s.f.). Most of these can be

does not freeze nor evaporate (remember

masked

the

luminous

found in the Oort Cloud, located beyond the orbit of

that water is the most important source of

intensity

their

respective

Neptune. And finally, there are meteoroids, which are

life).

central star.

stones that previously fell from an asteroid or comet that orbit the Sun. The Universe is enormous and goes beyond There are several types of exoplanets

the limits of the Solar System. On the rest of the road

depending on their composition and their appearance, both exterior and interior. We can find the Neptunian planets, which (the planet Kepler-186F is classified as one of this type), of which 1832 planets are known in total; There are also the gaseous planets, of which there are 1691 known in total. . Imagen representativa del planeta enano, Plutón (cnnenespañol, 2019)

These two types differ due to their interior composition, atmosphere, temperature and

Milky and in other galaxies we find the presence of other space bodies. Exoplanets are planets that orbit another central star (in other words, planets that do not orbit the Sun of the Solar System).

size. An example of this is that the Neptunian planets are very similar in size to Neptune and Uranus, while the gaseous planets are more similar to planets like

How many exoplanets have been discovered? Well, to

Jupiter and Saturn.

.date, astronomers have discovered around 5 thousand

exoplanets (RTVE, 2023). These have been very difficult

It is a mystery whether it will be possible to

to find, describe and observe through

observe other exoplanets in the Universe.

a telescope, due to its distance from the planet

Although important advances are made in

Earth and natural obstacles and events

technological tools, such as

that prevent their desired visibility, such as For example, the brilliant glow of the

Bibliographic references Futuro360. (28 de septiembre de 2022). ¿Cuál es la velocidad de rotación de los planetas que conforman el Sistema Solar?https://www.futuro360.com/el-univers o/planetas-rotacion-sistema-solar_2022092 8/ Kent, L. (24 de agosto de 2019). ¿Por qué Plutón ya no es un planeta?(¿o sí lo es?). CNN español. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2019/08/24/plut on-es-un-planeta-no-si-preguntas-prespuest as-nasa/ LaSexta. (18 de noviembre de 2014). Unidos por la gravedad: ¿cu´ntas lunas tienen los planetas del sistema solar?https://www.lasexta.com/tecnologia-te . cnoxplora/ciencia/astronomia/unidos-graved ad-cuantas-lunas-tienen-planetas-sistema-s olar_2014111757fcadb30cf2fd8cc6b0f8d8.h tml Manual del Sistema Solar (s.f.). https://tinybop.com/assets/handbooks/spac e/Tinybop-EL08-Space-Handbk-ES_161130 _115613.pdf National Geographic. (18 de octubre de 2022). ¿Qué es el Sistema Solar y cómo está compuesto? https://www.nationalgeographicla.com/espa cio/2022/10/que-es-el-sistema-solar-y-como -esta-compuesto Rodríguez, H. (23 de marzo de 2023). El sistema solar: qué es, cómo se formó y datos principales. National Geographic.https://www.nationalgeographic .com.es/ciencia/sistema-solar-que-es-como -se-formo-y-datos-principales_18430

stars that surround them. Most of these RTVE. (17 de abril de 2023). ¿Qué hay más allá del Sistema Solar? Los exoplanetas y sus curiosidades?https://www.rtve.es/television/ 20230417/exoplanetas-curiosidades-tipos-si stema-solar-son/2439126.shtml

planets are not habitable for us human beings, however, in 2014 discovered a planet that has characteristics very similar to those of Earth; This was given the name Kepler-186F. According to the

Imagen representativa del asteroide Vesta (microsiervos, 2018)

RTVE page, the reason it might be habitable is its location'; is located at a distance

of exoplanet detection, the laws of .physics cannot be debated, such as the distance at which they are located, that their light cannot reach the Earth due to

some .

RTVE. (22 de octubre de 2021). El Sol: 7 curiosidades científicas increíbles sobre nuestra estrella. https://www.rtve.es/television/20211022/sol7-curiosidades-cientificas-increibles-sobre-n uestra-estrella/2196921.shtml @wicho. (6 de mayor de 2018). La montaña más alta del sistema solar está en el asteroide Vesta, no en Marte. Microsiervos.https://www.microsiervos.com/ archivo/curiosidades/montana-mas-alta-sist ema-solar-en-vesta.html

MARIST SOLIDARITY to Care for our Common Home The Season of Creation offers our global Marist family the chance to renew our commitment to Care for Our Common Home. This is a kairos time of awakening to the profound crises and opportunities of our time, culminating in The Feast of St. Francis on October 4th, when Pope Francis will release his much-anticipated sequel to Laudato Si’.

The Season comes at a pivotal time as the

world

copes

with

record

temperatures, wildfires, and flooding resulting in the loss of thousands of lives in places such as Maui and Libya. It also coincides with the United Nations General Assembly in New York, where global leaders gathered to discuss the climate crisis in anticipation of the United

Nations

Climate

Change

Conference (COP 28) in Dubai from November 30 – December 12.

As a global Marist family, we must come together

SAM KING

to speak out on behalf of a crying Earth. Our Marist charism to shepherd the education and

Director de Ecología Integral,

well being of children demands that we ensure the right to a clean and healthy environment for

Hermanos Maristas EE.UU.

future generations. After all, it is our youth who will be living with the profound ecological changes wrought by the crucial decisions made in this decade.

We are called to “move away from a culture shaped by “ego-s” and adopt that of the “eco-s”— ecology,

ecosystems,

economy

solidarity—to reduce the scandal of indifference and inequality” (Marist Brothers 22nd General Chapter Document [2017]). “We are challenged to awaken in ourselves and those around us an ecological awareness that engages us in caring for ‘our common home.’”

Joe Nacianceno of the East Asia Ecology Ministry has been coordinating weekly Season of Creation gatherings across the Marist world. He writes that, “The Season can help us realize our dependence on God for wisdom and strength to address the climate crisis. We cannot do it by our sheer human and technological prowess. Our prayers give permission to God to enlighten us, inspire us, and make us courageous to change ourselves, and our lifestyles and be caring of our common home.”

He adds that, “We humans are not apart or above the natural world. In fact, we are profoundly dependent on it for survival, and intellectual and spiritual awakening. We belong to Earth, our common home, and thus learn to live in harmony and peace with other earthlings.

Our belonging to our common home

The United Nations’ Intergovernmental

makes us responsible and gives us

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) makes

a sense of urgency to address the

clear that we are living at a time of climate

climate

emergency. Human activity has warmed

emergency,

loss

biodiversity, [and] pollution.”

the planet approximately 1.2° Celsius since pre-industrial levels around 1850.

Such a shift reflects the “ecological

This is due to the emission of greenhouse

conversion”

Pope

gases (GHGs), particularly carbon dioxide

Francis in Laudato Si’. We must

(CO₂) and methane (CH4), resulting from

move beyond a human-centered

the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation,

worldview and toward an ecological

cattle emissions, and myriad other human

spirituality in which we experience

activities. The IPCC is unequivocal: we

the Universe as what Thomas Berry

must act quickly to keep temperatures

calls “a communion of subjects, not

below 1.5 degrees Celsius warming by

a collection of objects.”

2030, if not sooner, to avoid cascading

called

for

climate impacts that could, according to It is worth remembering that the root

some estimates, displace as many as 2

word of “Ecology,” or oikos, means

billion people by 2050.

“home.” To care for creation is not simply

steward

nature

Along with the climate emergency, we

something out there; it is to take

face the crisis of toxic pollution. According

care of the house in which we

to a study from the journal Science, “8.8

dwell—the lands, air, and water

million tons of plastic enter the ocean ever

around us, and even our own

year, threatening over 700 species of

bodies.

marine

animals.”

microplastics

pervade our seafood and pose a grave risk to human health. Pollution from landfills, chemical industries, and fossil fuel combustion plants further undermine the

health

communities.

These

poor

and

vulnerable

Perhaps lesser known is the reality that humans have displaced roughly 69% of the Earth’s biodiversity in the last 50 years as a result of deforestation, habitat destruction, cattle ranching, poaching, and climate change. This is not only an ecological tragedy: it is a sin against creation. As Thomas Berry suggests, every living being is a unique revelation of the divine mystery of creation. Vatican News: Plataforma de Acción Laudato Si

To drive a being to extinction is to erase a divine mode of communication. It is to lose a relative in our interwoven web of life.

One way we can speak out for creation in this kairos time is to sign the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty. This treaty calls for the end of oil, coal, and natural gas

In Laudato Si’, Pope Francis invokes “the cry of the earth, the cry of the poor” from liberation

drilling to catalyze a just transition to clean and affordable source of renewable energy.

theologian Leonardo Boff, inviting us to consider the inextricable link between the suffering of the planet and the plight of the Earth’s living systems. After all, poor and vulnerable populations around

Such a call recognizes that burning fossil fuels is a primary driver of climate change as well as many other ecological disasters, such as oil spills and air pollution linked to respiratory illness and cancer in poor communities.

the globe stand to suffer most from the ravages of climate change.

The Season of Creation offers us the chance to lean into our collective imaginations of the possible. Such imagination was apparent in our first USA Marist Green Team

This Season of Creation gives us a chance to challenge

the

limitless

consumerism

and

anthropocentric lifestyles at the root of our ecological crises. We are called to heed the seven principles of the Laudato Si Action Platform,

meeting of the year, where we were joined by Frida Villafuerte and student leaders from Liceo Guatemala. Students voiced their hopes for the new school year and shared visionary projects responding to a range of social and ecological needs—from planting school gardens to developing new sources of biofuels; and from building efficient traffic lights to creating water purification systems.

helping us to simplify our lifestyles and live in greater

harmony

with

the

more-than-human

community of life. The Feast of St. Francis invites us not only to change our external habits and institutions, but to rekindle our latent ecological spirituality through the example of St. Francis, the patron saint of ecology.

Young people are responding with passion and creativity to build a more flourishing future. But we cannot place the crises of climate change, species loss, and pollution on their shoulders alone. All of us must come together as a Marist family to support the needed changes for a cleaner and healthier world. As the Feast of St. Francis approaches, may we all undergo an ecological conversion to build a beloved community where all of life can flourish.

Hurricanes in the Caribbean Christian, let's go up to

Every year, between the months of June and November, it is common to face situations like this, especially in our geographic area: Central America and the insular Caribbean. These are the

the roof to secure the water tanks, look, there's

so-called tropical cyclones, tropical storms or hurricanes. Hurricanes begin as tropical depressions in the ocean when the water temperature exceeds 26 degrees Celsius, since from

a cyclone nearby and it

this temperature value the sea water evaporates and contributes a significant amount of

can't catch us off guard...

humidity to that depression, which is It strengthens until it forms a hurricane. If the sea water does not exceed the aforementioned temperature, hurricanes do not form or weaken quickly. A tropical depression officially becomes a hurricane when its winds reach a speed of 120 km/h and by this time the system already has its three fundamental parts well defined: the eye and the eye wall, which are in the center of the cyclone and the bands of clouds that revolve around them. In our northern hemisphere, these cloud bands rotate counterclockwise. Once tropical storms are formed, the World Meteorological Organization, based in the city of Geneva, is in charge of giving them a name in alphabetical order and alternating female and male names, these names are repeated every six years unless a country requests their withdrawal. of any of them when they have caused the loss of many human lives or great Katrina that devastated the east coast of material losses. This is what happened with Hurricane Hugo, which caused dozens of deaths, or the U.S.

and mainly the city of New Orleans, becoming one of the worst natural disasters in that country. It is curious that according to data from the aforementioned organization, the hurricanes that have caused the most damage have been those that had a woman's name: Allison, Irene, human rights, among them we can mention the following: avoid leaving homes

Pauline, Wilma and many more and it seems

unnecessarily and have the evacuation area located if necessary, protect and seal

that people did not take the same security

windows and doors to avoid risks due to winds, have the most important personal

measures. when they saw that they had a

documentation on hand, keep drains and gutters clean and clear to avoid accumulation of

feminine name, associating them with the

water, do not touch downed electrical cables, do not cross swollen rivers and follow the

tenderness and sweetness typical of ladies...

guidelines of official authorities and do not rely on information on social networks as they Since before a tropical storm forms, it is

are not always real. Cuba carries out the “Meteor” exercise to strengthen its capacity to

constantly monitored by different institutions

counteract the dangers of disasters such as hurricanes, in order to preserve people's

from several countries, which can collaborate

lives, their property and the resources of the economy.

with each other in predicting the course, in measuring different variables such as wind

In the memory of Cubans, the image of numerous hurricanes that

speed, sea temperature. , the height of the

passed through the island has remained, such is the case of the

waves and in general following the weather

Cuban Hurricane of 1932, also known as the Santa Cruz del Sur

patterns in the oceans; This monitoring and

Hurricane and which was the most dangerous and one of the most

forecasting models are of great importance for

intense tropical cyclones in the history of Cuba; Cyclone Flora in 1963,

the population, which can prepare for the arrival .

of any of these phenomena and thus minimize

considered the second largest disaster recorded on the island, moved through the eastern provinces and the torrential rains associated with

possible human and economic damage in the

it caused floods never seen before and the death of approximately two

places that are affected. In this sense, the work

thousand people. One of the last major hurricanes that passed

carried out by engineer Herb Saffir and

through Cuba was Irma in 2017, which during its 72-hour passage

meteorologist

vital

along the northern coast affected 13 provinces, causing damage to

importance, who developed a wind scale

more than 200,000 homes, 14,000 landslides and 10 deaths, it had

(Saffir-Simpson) which is used to determine the

category 5 and winds of 295 km/h.

Robert

Simpson

possible impacts of a hurricane. This scale establishes categories from 1 to 5 according to the intensity of the hurricane.

Despite everything, hurricanes also leave us positive balances, since with their rains they help us mitigate drought, clean rivers and streams, combat red tide and keep dams full for the supply of water for domestic use, in agriculture and livestock among other

In addition to the work of meteorologists, other

benefits. In recent decades, hurricanes have increased their frequency and intensity as a

factors in society are involved in dealing with

result of climate change, for which man is one of the greatest culprits, which is why it is

these events, such as Civil Defense, the mass

humanity's obligation to work to make nature a little less untamable.

media, the Armed Forces of the countries that are affected, among others. The discipline that the population must have to avoid the loss of lives is of vital importance.

. . CHRISTIAN JESÚS CANCIO SOLIS

Escuela Secundaria Pablo Elvio Pérez Cabrera .

Climate change and the hurricane season in the Caribbean The Caribbean is a region that is very vulnerable to climate change due to its geographical location and its dependence on economic sectors sensitive to climate

As we already know, hurricanes originate in the territory that covers the Atlantic Ocean,

variations, such as tourism or agriculture.

Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, so they directly influence the Caribbean area.

The main environmental changes affecting

Over time we can see that there have been several hurricanes and storms that have left

the Caribbean due to this event are rising

their mark on the region, some of these are:

sea levels, stronger hurricanes, shorter wet seasons and longer dry seasons. As a result, climate change is expected to generate

changes

the

economy,

environment and population of the area. Sea

level

rise

could

affect

Jeanne in 2004. It was the deadliest hurricane season in 2004, causing a total of 3,035 deaths among the countries of Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and other areas. Félix in 2007. It was category 5 and caused 133 deaths; The areas it affected were: Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala and the countries neighboring them.

coastal

communities that are less than 3 meters above sea level. Hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30, although the last 3 months are the most dangerous and with the

Irma in 2017. This was very powerful and catastrophic, category 5; It caused 134 deaths and affected the areas of Florida, Cuba and the Caribbean islands. We can see as a conclusion of this report that the countries most affected, both by climate change and hurricanes, are: The Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti and Guatemala.

highest probability of storms.

LINDSAY PÉREZ SARMIENTO Escuela Secundaria Pablo Elvio Pérez Cabrera

Nanotechnology, a progress or a danger? Image containing headdress, helmet, motor, part of a meter, like for example a marble being a nanometer compared to the planet being a meter, very small, right?; Therefore, nanotechnology is the understanding and manipulation of matter at a microscopic scale, more specifically at nano scales.

Some examples where this technology can already be found are the following: augmented reality contact lenses, holographic screens, water purification, food preservation, nano batteries, ultra-fast charging batteries, artificial skin, nanosensors and many more. A drawing of a person Auto-generated description with low confidence Although there are many advantages of this, as everything, has some negative aspects, apart from the great economic impact it can generate, such detailed manipulation of particles and their characteristics gives nanotechnology a high potential to develop various types of weapons that can even become almost undetectable and extremely lethal without taking into account the possible invasion of privacy to which we would be subject.

It all started with a speech by Richard Feynman, in which he started talking about the possibilities it offers. At that time, many of the scientists had a block, so Feynmann came indicating that from the smallest there was a science and that it could give great results, as long as it had a correct use to solve different problems.

But everything will depend on the hands in which this technology is located, whether they use it to improve humanity or just for the destruction of it, and you, what would you use it for?

● ● ● ● ● ●

Bibliography: Jr., C. P. (2007). Introducción a la nanotecnología. New Jersey: REVERTÉ, S.A. Fonticoba. (2019, 19 octubre). ¿Qué es la Nanotecnología? Cómo surgió. Ventajas y desventajas. Nanobots y nanomateriales [Vídeo]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNjWtg3xMI Top10 Archivo. (2016, 3 junio). 10 Aplicaciones de la Nanotecnología [Vídeo]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIh_QsJ0iIo Nanotecnólogo. (2019, 18 marzo). ¿Qué es la nanotecnología? - Nanotecnologo. Nanotecnologo. https://nanotecnologo.com/que-es-la-nanotecnologia/ TEC. (2023, 21 febrero). LA NANOTECNOLOGÍA [Vídeo]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1q2cEN9J-1E Admin. (s. f.). La nanotecnologia y sus aplicaciones para diversas industrias. Blog Proymec. https://proymec.es/blog/la-nanotecnologia-y-sus-aplicaciones/

Rosemberg Emanuel Escobar Caballeros Liceo Guatemala

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

What is the greenhouse effect?

What can we do to prevent the greenhouse effect? (Transportation focused)

The greenhouse effect is the increase

To prevent this we can go cycling or walking, this reduces gas emissions. In addition, it helps

in the temperature of the atmosphere

health and physical fitness. If they were long distances by train or bus. Living without a car

that

occurs

concentration

result

the

would reduce the carbon footprint. The greenhouse effect and global warming are related

gases

the

because the higher the concentration of greenhouse gases, the greater the retention of heat.

atmosphere, mainly carbon dioxide.

These gases increase the natural greenhouse effect and cause global warming, which gives rise to a global change in climate: it is climate change. The main gas causing the greenhouse effect is water vapor (H2O), in addition to carbon

Types of greenhouse effect: (Gases) ○

Carbon dioxide.

○

Methane.

○

Nitrous oxide.

○

Halogenated compounds.

○

Tropospheric Ozone.

○

Water steam.

○

Nitrogen oxides.

○

Carbon monoxide.

dioxide, methane, among others. If the greenhouse effect did not exist, the Earth would be approximately 33⁰ C colder and uninhabitable for life as we know it. The greenhouse effect is a natural and beneficial phenomenon for us. The greenhouse effect is of great importance because it maintains the planet's temperature at a level suitable for the development of life.

MARÍA CLAUDIA MESA FIGUEREDO Escuela Secundaria Pablo Elvio Pérez Cabrera

In the great world of humans, there is a small insect that is essential for their existence: bees.

Bees are the pollinating insects par excellence and play a fundamental role in the balance of nature, since they preserve and nourish all the biodiversity of the planet. Unfortunately, bee populations have decreased by around 90% in recent years, putting them in serious danger of

Buzzes of Extinction A threat to the lives of bees

extinction and seriously threatening life in ecosystems, which could collapse in the absence of these tiny beings.

Pollination by Nat Geo Image Collection But this leads us to wonder what actions are harmful and among them there are many things that contribute to the extinction of bees, the vast

Bee colony by El País As explained, bees play a crucial

majority carried out by humans, such as the indiscriminate use

role in the pollination of plants, flowers and crops. This

of pesticides that are highly toxic and damage the nervous

activity is responsible for the production of 70% of the food

system of bees, the loss of habitats caused by urbanization and

that human beings consume daily, making us understand

the increase in agriculture, climate change that alters the

that we are very dependent on them and without their

flowering patterns of plants and makes it difficult to obtain nectar

existence our quality would not be even remotely the

and pollen, as well as existence of diseases or parasites, such

same. In addition, pollination allows the creation of new

as the Varroa destructor mite, which considerably decimate their

habitats that protect all types of fauna.

populations.

Bee

infected

the

Varroa

mite

Another option is to create donations or research ways to support organizations

Ecocolmena That is why we must contribute to

that protect them, such as some below:

avoiding its extinction by carrying out small actions that promote its beautiful and free

Ecocolmena Association: NGO dedicated to the

existence, some ideas are: Reduce the use of

preservation of bees and protection of the

pesticides. If pest control is necessary, it is

environment

preferable to use organic agents that are not

methods.

through

sustainable

beekeeping

toxic to bees and other beings.

https://www.ecocolmena.org/ Reduce water and energy consumption to Friends of the Bees Foundation: NGO that aims to

combat climate change and at the same time

raise public opinion and institutions' awareness of

maintain stable flowering processes and food

the importance of bees in the development and

production. Protect bee colonies, either by

conservation of ecosystems.

providing them with clean water to drink or by planting wildflowers to facilitate the pollination

https://abejas.org/

process. Offer them a habitat for their nests. .

Of the 20,000 species of bees in the world, most are solitary and do not have a place to

Bejo: Guatemalan NGO in charge of producing

lay their eggs, which is why it is a good idea to

vegetable seeds that allow farmers to produce

offer them a safe home, whether with leaves,

delicious crop variables and at the same time

tall grass or compacted soil.

preserve bee colonies.

https://www.bejogt.com/ . . In addition, it is worth mentioning the United Nations Organization (UN) that designated May 20 as International Bee Day, under the motto: “Commitment to bees: for agricultural production that respects pollinators,” with the purpose of .

making an urgent call so that as a society we change our way of acting and be more aware of the very worrying reality that we are experiencing, since the planet is not only the human being, but also all the species that maintain a balance . within it. and they make it wonderful, just like the bees. .

Javier de León Bibliographic references ●

Liceo Guatemala

●

. ●

https://www.fundacionaquae.org/wiki/la-abeja-en-peligro-de-extincion/ https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/ciencia/cuando-y-por-que-se-celebra-dia-mundial-abejas-por-que-estan-peligro_19 943 https://www.worldwildlife.org/descubre-wwf/historias/3-cosas-que-puedes-hacer-para-ayudar-a-los-polinizadores-de-tu-loc alidad#:~:text=Una%20de%20las%20mejores%20cosas,han%20evolucionado%20junto%20con%20ellas.

●

https://savingtheamazon.org/blogs/news/que-podemos-hacer-para-proteger-a-nuestras-abejas

●

https://www.ecognitio.es/blog/emprendimiento-agrosostenible/las-abejas-desaparecen-analizamos-las-causas/10

Transcending into the Future Since the Physics Team group of

innovation, Second Place and Third Place

the Liceo Guatemala was formed,

in addition to several years in the most

voted project of the Universidad del Valle

intercollegiate Olympics such as:

de Guatemala, First Place and two third

ERA of the Capouilliez school

places in the ERA Fair, First, Second and

obtaining several years first places

Third Place in Don Bosco Science Fair,

in Physics, International School

Thirteen projects in the Top 12 at the

achieving two consecutive years

national level, First place, two Second

gold

Places, two Third Places, one Fourth

have

participated

medal

Physics

and

University of the Isthmus Second

Place,

and Third Place in Physics, In the

CIMAT, as well as Honorable Mention to

Science Olympiad of the University

our Newspaper El Pionero Científico for

Guatemala

being a unique project in our country. In

reaching two honorable mentions

seven years we obtained several awards

in Physics,

In addition to our

and only in 2022-2023 we reached 35

participations,

other