'6/%"%03&4 +FT¡T ~MWBSF[ EFM $BTUJMMP 7 +PSHF ~MWBSF[ EFM $BTUJMMP ;
H] deopkne] `a qj ^ahhk c]hhk mqa aop‚ aj pk`k Lknpqc]h* &41&$*"-
L‚cej] oaeo
&%*503 %*3&$503 $BSMPT ~MWBSF[ EFM $BTUJMMP (
Aj ?khki^e]( h] cqannehh] ao lqanp] `a ao_]la l]n] iq_dko je‘ko t f’Ǘajao*
L‚cej] `ko
"Âş0 9$*9 50.0 $$$-999* /Ă .&30
#
4&$$*Â?/
?Q=@ANJK @A HA?PQN= 1 , ]ĂŠ °]ĂŠ " "ĂŠ £äÊ ĂŠ , ĂŠ ĂŠĂ“Ă¤ÂŁĂˆ
-Ă•ÂŤiĂ€Ă›ÂˆĂƒÂœĂ€\ĂŠ ˜>ĂŠ,Âœ`À‰}Ă•iâÊ>˜>Â°Ă€Âœ`Ă€Âˆ}Ă•iâJˆ˜vÂœĂ€Â“>`ÂœĂ€Â°Vœ“°“Ă?ÊÉÊ ˆ“ijĂŠ Ă•ÂšÂˆĂ˘ĂŠ>ˆ“iiJˆ˜vÂœĂ€Â“>`ÂœĂ€Â°Vœ“°“Ă? &- */'03."%03 t 3 5".":0
Para tacos... %FTEF IBDF N˜T EF USFT E DBEBT (SFHPSJP EFMHBEP QSFQBSB VOB EFMHBEP QSFQBSB VOB EFMJDJB B MBT BGVFSBT EFM UFNQMP EFM &YQJBUPSJP Z QBSFDF RVF BI¤ TFHVJSB QPS NVDIP UJFNQP
50." /05" {$VĂˆOUPT WB B RVFSFS W />ÂľĂ•ÂˆĂŒÂœĂƒĂŠ ˆ}Â…ĂŒĂŠ>LĂ€iĂŠ`iĂŠ Â?Ă•Â˜iĂƒĂŠ>ĂŠ`œ“ˆ˜}Âœ]ĂŠ>ĂŠÂŤ>Ă€ĂŒÂˆĂ€ĂŠĂŠ `iĂŠÂ?>ĂƒĂŠĂŠÂŁÂ™\Ă¤Ă¤ĂŠÂœĂŠÂŁÂ™\ĂŽĂ¤ĂŠÂ…ÂœĂ€>ĂƒĂŠ Â…>ĂƒĂŒ>ĂŠÂ?>ʓi`ˆ>ĂŠÂ˜ÂœVÂ…iĂŠÂœĂŠĂ•Â˜ĂŠ ÂŤÂœÂľĂ•ÂˆĂŒÂœĂŠÂ“?ĂƒĂŠpĂŒÂœ`ÂœĂŠ`iÂŤi˜‡ `iĂŠ`iĂŠÂ?>ĂŠVÂ?ˆiÂ˜ĂŒiÂ?>p°Ê W ÂœĂƒĂŠ`‰>ĂƒĂŠÂ“?ĂƒĂŠVœ˜VĂ•Ă€Ă€ÂˆÂ‡ `ÂœĂƒĂŠĂƒÂœÂ˜ĂŠÂ?ÂœĂƒĂŠvˆ˜iĂƒĂŠ`iĂŠĂƒi“>‡ ˜>]ĂŠÂŤÂœĂ€ĂŠÂ?>ĂƒĂŠÂ“ÂˆĂƒ>ĂƒĂŠĂžĂŠÂ?>ĂŠ`ÂˆĂƒÂŤÂœÂ‡ ˜ˆLˆÂ?ˆ`>`ĂŠ`iĂŠÂ?>ĂŠ}iÂ˜ĂŒi°ÊÊ W *ÀÕjL>Â?ÂœĂƒĂŠiÂ˜ĂŠÂ?>ĂŠ*Â?>â>ĂŠ`iÂ?ĂŠ /i“Â?ÂœĂŠ Ă?ÂŤÂˆ>ĂŒÂœĂ€ÂˆÂœĂŠÂ Ă›Â°ĂŠ Â˜Ă€ÂˆÂ‡ ¾ÕiĂŠ ‰>âÊ`iĂŠ iÂ?˜]ĂŠiÂ˜ĂŒĂ€iĂŠ >‡ `iĂ€ÂœĂŠĂžĂŠ*Ă€ÂˆĂƒVˆÂ?ˆ>Â˜ÂœĂŠ-?˜VÂ…i⎰Ê Â?ĂŠÂŤĂ•iĂƒĂŒÂœĂŠiĂƒĂŒ?ĂŠiÂ˜ĂŠiÂ?ĂŠ>˜`>`ÂœĂ€ĂŠ >ĂŠĂ•Â˜ĂŠVÂœĂƒĂŒ>`ÂœĂŠ`iÂ?ĂŠĂŒi“Â?ϡ
ÂĄlos de Goyo!
1PS ,BSJOB (Ă‚NF[ PT NFKPSFT UBDPT EF (VBEBMBKBSBw FYDMBNĂ‚ FVGĂ‚SJDBNFOUF VOB BMFNBOB JOUFOUBOEP IBCMBS FTQBĂ PM NJFOUSBT (SFHPSJP %FMHBEP GVOEBEPS EF MB i5BRVFS½B 4BOUP (PZPUF &M 5BRVJUP -JHIUw TF FODPOUSBCB FO NFEJP EF VOB FOUSFWJTUB QBSB &- */ '03."%03 NJTNB RVF UVWP RVF QBSBS NPNFOU²OFBNFOUF EFCJEP B MB SJTB RVF TPMUBSPO MPT DMJFOUFT QSFTFOUFT USBT FM HSJ UP EFTNFTVSBEP RVF MB FYUSBOKFSB IJ[P B MPT DVBUSP WJFOUPT i6OB WF[ RVF QSVFCFO MPT UBRVJUPT MJHIU EFKBSMPT TFS² JN QPTJCMF Z OP FT QPSRVF ZP MP EJHBw DPNFOUB TFHVSP EF MP RVF IBCMB %PO (PZP RVJFO IBDF BĂ PT DPNFO[Ă‚ TV OFHPDJP HSB DJBT B MB QFUJDJĂ‚O TPSQSFTJWB EF TV BDUVBM TVFHSP QVFT TJO UF OFS BMHĂˆO DPOPDJNJFOUP FO MB WFOUB EF UBDPT MF PGSFDJĂ‚ VO NP CJMJBSJP QBSB FM DPNFSDJP EF MPT NJTNPT FO FM TVQFSNFSDBEP 4BO 'FSOBOEP FOUSF .PSFMPT Z 3PCMFT (JM i4FHVSP UF JS² CJFOw SFDVFSEB (PZP MBT QBMBCSBT EF TV TVF HSP B RVJFO MF BUSJCVZF RVF BIPSB FTUš FOGPDBEP EF MMFOP FO MB WFOUB EF MPT GBNPTPT UBRVJUPT MJHIU RVF TFHĂˆO TVT DMJFOUFT Z DPMFHBT DPNFSDJBOUFT TPO MB DPTUVNCSF HBTUSPOĂ‚NJDB EF MBT QFSTPOBT RVF BTJTUFO B NJTB BM UFNQMP EFM &YQJBUPSJP Z OP EF KBO QBTBS FTF BOUPKJUP RVF TVFMF TBDJBS DVBMRVJFS BQFUJUP {: FT RVF RVJFO OP IB QSPCBEP VO UBDP *NBHJOBS B .š YJDP TJO FM QMBUJMMP DPNQVFTUP QSJODJQBMNFOUF QPS MB DBSOF Z MB UPSUJMMB DPO MB RVF FOWPMWFS² QVFEF UPSOBSTF EJG½DJM 1PS FYDF MFODJB FM UBDP FT VOB EF MBT PGFSUBT DVMJOBSJBT EF MB UJFSSB B[UF DB Z ‰FO DJFSUB GPSNB‰ VO FNCMFNB EF MB DVMUVSB NFYJDBOB "DUVBMNFOUF FYJTUFO NJMMBSFT EF UBRVFS½BT FTUBCMFDJEBT B MP MBSHP Z BODIP EF (VBEBMBKBSB UPEBT FMMBT DPO PMPSFT RVF iBEPSOBOw MBT DBMMFT Z RVF QPS TV MV[ ‰B USBWšT EF MBT CPNCJ MMBT CMBODBT‰ IBDFO SFDPOPDJCMF MB M²NJOB RVF BDPHF B MPT GB NPTPT QVFTUPT CBORVFUFSPT &O MB 5BRVFS½B 4BOUP (PZPUF FM DBTP FT TJNJMBS 6O DBSSJ UP DPMPS QMBUFBEP CJFO PSHBOJ[BEP DPO MPT DPNQMFNFOUPT HBT USPOĂ‚NJDPT RVF EFTUBDBO FM TBCPS EF MB DBSOF DPNQSVFCBO RVF TF QVFEF DPNFS TJO DVMQB SB[Ă‚O QPS MB RVF FM FTUBCMFDJ NJFOUP GVF CBVUJ[BEP DPNP iUBRVJUPT MJHIUw i4PO UBDPT RVF TF IBDFO BM WBQPS -B DBSOF TF DVFDF FO FM IPSOP FO TV KVHP TJO HSBTB UPEP FT DPO TV NJTNP M½RVJEP Z DPO MB GVTJĂ‚O EF MB DFCPMMB DJMBOUSP Z MB TBMTB FTQFDJBM RVF IB DFNPT -PT UBDPT TPO UPEP VO šYJUPw BGJSNB (PZP 4JO FNCBSHP OP UPEP FTU² DMBSP -B SFDFUB EF MB TBMTB EF UPNBUF WFSEF BĂˆO FT VO NJTUFSJP -P ĂˆOJDP RVF DMBSP FT MB TFO TBDJĂ‚O QJDPTJUB RVF TF QFSDJCF USBT TV EFHVTUBDJĂ‚O i.J TF Ă PSB FTQPTB FSB DIFG EF VO SFTUBVSBOU EF TV QB Q² FOUPODFT FMMB ZB TBC½B QSFQBSBS DBSOFT Z
NG <:F;BH JN> EH <:F;Bç MH=H Sobre los cambios de ubicaciĂłn del negocio que ha hecho Goyo, recuerda que tras el movimiento del supermercado en donde comenzĂł vendiendo los tacos, se mudĂł a las afueras del Templo Expiatorio, el cual beneficiĂł al aumento de clientes. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Es costumbre que todas las personas que van a misa en el templo Expiatorio, al salir, lleguen a los tacos. Desde ese momento del cambio no nos han movido, seguimos firmes y esperamos continuar asĂ, porque estamos establecidos desde hace muchos aĂąos y todo estĂĄ en reglaâ&#x20AC;?. Goyo echa la mirada hacia arriba,
como buscando en su memoria algĂşn recuerdo, y entonces le vienen a la mente las generaciones que aĂşn siguen consumiendo en su establecimiento. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hace poco vino una familia que comĂa nuestros tacos de cuando iniciĂŠ; el miembro mĂĄs chiquito era una niĂąa de tres meses de edad y sus padres le daban un taquito de lengua con la carne picadita. Lo curioso es que ahora esa pequeĂąa viene a cenar, pero ya casada y con sus hijos. Y asĂ como ella hay varias generaciones que estĂĄn en contacto con nosotrosâ&#x20AC;?. Otro caso curioso fue cuando una pareja de reciĂŠn casados saliĂł del Ex-
piatorio con su vestuario de bodas y fue en los taquitos lights donde cenaron. â&#x20AC;&#x153;La publicidad de boca en boca nos ha servido mucho, vienen diciendo: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Oye, nos recomendaron comer estos tacosâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;â&#x20AC;?. Desde 1984 los taquitos lights se han mantenido. Y para continuar con la delicia de los platillos mexicanos muy prĂłximamente se agregarĂĄn mĂĄs tipos de tacos, como los de al pastor y de adobada. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Estamos viendo la posibilidad y estamos buscando los empleados idĂłneos que me ayuden a hacer ese movimiento, y que sea efectivo y garantizadoâ&#x20AC;?.
i4JO EFKBS NJ PUSP FNQMFP FO "MDBMEF USBCBKBCB WFOEJFO TBMTBT Z FMMB GVF MB RVF NF EJP MB QBVUB EF TFHVJS F JOUFOUBS GPS EP UBDPT Z BT½ TJNVMU²OFBNFOUF HBOBCB N²T EJOFSP &TF GVF FM NVMBS OVFWPT TBCPSFTw PCKFUJWP "M DPNJFO[P NF BZVEĂ&#x201A; VOB QFSTPOB RVF ZB UFO½B UJFNQP EF DPOPDFSMP Z BT½ OPTPUSPT EPT FTU²CBNPT FO MB UBRVF `1Â&#x17E;TBMF QÂ&#x17E;TFMF 0USPT BUSBDUJWPT EF MPT UBRVJUPT MJHIU TFHĂ&#x2C6;O TFĂ BMB (PZP S½Bw 1FSP GVF IBTUB VO BĂ P EFTQVšT DVBOEP (PZP TVQP RVF FO FT MB DBMJEBE Z FM QSFDJP i"USJCVZP FM šYJUP EFM OFHPDJP B MB BUFO DJĂ&#x201A;O MB WBSJFEBE EF UBDPT Z QPS TVQVFTUP RVF BM QSFDJP UPEP B MPT UBDPT TF FODPOUSBCB MB QSJODJQBM GVFOUF QBSB PCUFOFS NB PDIP QFTPT TBMWP MPT EF MFOHVB Z TFTPT 4BDSJGJDBNPT FM QSF ZPS SFDVSTPT FDPOĂ&#x201A;NJDPT i%FKš MB WFOUB EF WFSEVSBT Z GSVUBT FO FM .FSDBEP "MDBMEF Z FTUVWF EF UJFNQP DPNQMFUP FO MPT UB DJP QFSP EBNPT CVFO QSPEVDUP Z CJFO TFSWJEPT MPT UBDPTw -PT N²T QFEJEPT TPO MPT EF DBSOB[B Z DBCF[B QFSP OP QPS RVJUPT MJHIU NJTNPT RVF FO FTUPT NPNFOUPT WFOEP TPO FYBD FMMP MPT EF DBDIFUF Z MBCJP TPO NFOPTQSFDJBEPT i)BZ DBSOF EF UBNFOUF JHVBMFT $MBSP MB DBMJEBE FWPMVDJPOĂ&#x201A; QPSRVF FM QSP TFHVOEB UFSDFSB Z QSJNFSB DBMJEBEw EJDF Z BDMBSB RVF iBRV½ QĂ&#x201A;TJUP EFM OFHPDJP FT MB NFKPS½B QBSB CSJOEBS VO TFSWJDJP RVF TF DPNQSB EF QSJNFSB Z MB WFOUBKB FT RVF UPEB MB WFSEVSB RVF EFKF TBUJTGFDIPT B OVFTUSPT DMJFOUFTw 5SBT BMHVOPT BĂ PT OBDJFSPO PUSPT USFT IJKPT EF (PZP TF DPOTVNF FTU² QSFWJBNFOUF MBWBEB Z EFTJOGFDUBEB EJHP OP VOB SB[Ă&#x201A;O EF QFTP QBSB TBMJS BEFMBOUF 'VF UPEP VO MPHSP EJDF Tš TJ FO PUSPT MBEPT MP IBDFO P OPw DPO PSHVMMP (SFHPSJP ZB RVF UPEPT TBMJFSPO EF MB VOJWFSTJEBE DPO U½UVMP FO NBOP VOP FT BCPHBEP PUSP DBOUBOUF EF Ă&#x201A;QFSB -FHBEP DVMJOBSJP 'VF QPS BDDJEFOUF RVF (SFHPSJP DPNFO[Ă&#x201A; DPO MB UBRVF NšEJDP F JOHFOJFSP i.F EB NVDIP HVTUP QPS FMMPT RVF TPO S½B "OUFT EFM OFHPDJP šM TF EFEJDBCB B MB WFOUB EF GSVUBT Z WFS QSPGFTJPOJTUBT &MMPT OP TF EFEJDBO B FTUP QFSP DVBOEP UJFOFO EVSBT FO FM .FSDBEP "MDBMEF 1PTUFSJPSNFOUF FTUVEJĂ&#x201A; Z TF HSB DIBODF B WFDFT NF BZVEBO B DPCSBSw i%F IFDIP Â&#x2030;BHSFHBÂ&#x2030; FTF GVF FM NBZPS SFUP BM RVF NF IF EVĂ&#x201A; EF MB DBSSFSB EF "ENJOJTUSBDJĂ&#x201A;O EF &NQSFTBT .²T BEFMBOUF QPS DVSJPTJEBE BDFQUĂ&#x201A; MB QSPQVFTUB RVF TV TVFHSP FOGSFOUBEP MB OFDFTJEBE EF BQPZBS B NJ GBNJMJB FO TVT FTUV MF TVHJSJĂ&#x201A; MMFWBS B DBCP DPNQSBSMF FM DBSSJUP EF UBDPT EJPT -F IF NFUJEP HBOBT Z IB JEP DSFDJFOEP FM OFHPDJP BT½ RVF TF DVNQMJĂ&#x201A; FM DPNFUJEPw DVBOEP SFDJšO TF DBTĂ&#x201A;
1~(*/" #
&- */'03."%03 &- */'03."%03
, Ã>Ê ÌiÀ
%PNJOHP EF BCSJM EF
,$ &'& %²#03" 4*-7"
Kf[fj el\jkifj [`fj\j /VODB GVJ NVZ SFMJHJPTB OJ TJRVJFSB FO MB OJÁF[ Z NF DPOTJEFSP BHOÂTUJDB EFTEF IBDF NVDI½TJNPT BÁPT : OP EJHP BUFB BVORVF NF TJFOUB NVZ DFS DB QPSRVF UBNQPDP UFOFNPT QSVFCBT JSSFGVUBCMFT EF MB JOFYJTUFODJB EF MPT EJPTFT EF BMHÈO UJQP EF QSJODJQJP RVF BMHVJFO QVFEB MMBNBS EJPT Z MB WJEB FT JOEVEBCMFNFOUF VO HSBO NJTUFSJP &TP T½ TPZ CBTUBOUF BOUJDMFSJDBM BVO RVF T¹ CJFO RVF IBZ NVDIPT GSBJMFT Z NPOKBT MBNBT F JNBNFT TBDFSEPUFT Z TBDFSEPUJTBT RVF TF EFKBO MB QJFM Z B WFDFT MB WJEB QPS MPT EFN²T DPO HF OFSPTJEBE BENJSBCMF 1FSP NJ BOUJDMFSJDBMJTNP RVF FT SFDJP Z FO PDBTJPOFT SBCJPTP UJFOF RVF WFS DPO FM QPEFS EF MBT JOTUJUVDJPOFT SFMJHJPTBT DPO FM BCVTP EF FTF QPEFS Z DPO MBT BCFSSBDJPOFT B MBT RVF QVFEFO MMFHBS MPT DM¹ SJHPT EF MPT EJWFSTPT BQBSBUPT FDMFTJBMFT EFTEF MBT IPHVFSBT EF MB *ORVJTJ DJÂO IBTUB MBT DBSOJDFS½BT EFM *TJT 4JO FNCBSHP MB IJTUPSJB EF MBT SFMJHJPOFT TJFNQSF NF IB GBTDJOBEP &O DVFOUSP QSPGVOEBNFOUF DPONPWFEPS RVF MPT IVNBOPT FO OVFTUSP EPMPS OVFT USB JOEFGFOTJÂO Z OVFTUSB JOGJOJUB QFRVFÁF[ OPT IBZBNPT JOWFOUBEP UPEPT FTPT DVFOUPT GVOEBDJPOBMFT RVF TPO MBT SFMJHJPOFT FTBT GJHVSBT TPCSFOBUVSBMFT B MBT RVF QFEJS BZVEB Z DPOTVFMP $PNP OJÁPT BCBOEPOBEPT FO MB PTDVSJEBE IFNPT UFOJEP RVF JNBHJOBS RVF FO BMHÈO MVHBS IBC½B VOPT QBESFT DBQBDFT EF HVJBS OPT VOPT QBESFT RVF DPOPD½BO UPEBT MBT SFTQVFTUBT EFM JONFOTP EFNPMFEPS FOJHNB EF MB WJEB : FTPT DVFOUPT RVF OPT IFNPT JEP DPOUBOEP EJDFO NVDIP EF RVJ¹OFT TPNPT EF MP RVF UFNFNPT Z EF MP RVF RVFSFNPT 1PS FTP NF BQFOB MB JHOPSBODJB BCTPMVUB EF MPT NJUPT SFMJHJPTPT EF OVFTUSB DVMUVSB QPS QBSUF EF MPT KÂWFOFT &M PUSP E½B WJ &YPEVT MB JOUFSFTBO UF QFM½DVMB EF 3JEMFZ 4DPUU TPCSF MB WJEB EF .PJT¹T DPO VOB BNJHB EF BÁPT NVZ JOUFMJHFOUF Z NVZ DVMUB 1VFT CJFO B QFTBS EF RVF FT VOB DIJDB FYUSBPSEJOBSJB QBSB TV FEBE OP UFO½B OJ JEFB EF MB IJTUPSJB BQFOBT MF TPOB CB WBHBNFOUF RVF IBC½B VO NBS RVF TF BCS½B Z OJ TJRVJFSB TBC½B RVF .PJ T¹T FSB FM EF MPT %JF[ .BOEBNJFOUPT : BT½ FO UBO TÂMP VO QBS EF HFOFSB DJPOFT QFSEFSFNPT VO DÈNVMP EF SFGFSFODJBT MFHFOEBSJBT BSRVFU½QJDBT Z TJNCÂMJDBT RVF OVFTUSPT BOUFQBTBEPT TF IBO JEP USBOTNJUJFOEP MPT VOPT B MPT PUSPT EVSBOUF NJMFOJPT 1PS OP IBCMBS EF RVF JOGJOJEBE EF DVBESPT QPF NBT PCSBT ESBN²UJDBT Z OBSSBUJWBT EF OVFTUSB USBEJDJÂO SFTVMUBS²O JODPN QSFOTJCMFT /P T¹ NF QBSFDF RVF IBZ QBSUF EF MB J[RVJFSEB RVF TF IBDF DJFS UP M½P DPO FTUPT UFNBT :P DSFP RVF FM MBJDJTNP FT VO MPHSP NPOVNFOUBM EF MB DJWJMJ[BDJÂO EFM QSPHSFTP Z EFM QFOTBNJFOUP IVNBOP QFSP FM MBJDJTNP DPOTJTUF FO MB JOEFQFOEFODJB BCTPMVUB EFM &TUBEP EF UPEB JOGMVFODJB SFMJ HJPTB OP FO PMWJEBS OVFTUSPT NJUPT P FO SFDIB[BS USBEJDJPOFT TJODS¹UJDBT UBO CFMMBT DPNP MBT QSPDFTJPOFT EF 4FNBOB 4BOUB QPS FKFNQMP )BZ VO DIJTUF NBSBWJMMPTP RVF FYQSFTB B MB QFSGFDDJÂO MB FNPDJÂO BHSJ EVMDF RVF EFTQJFSUB FO N½ MB DVFTUJÂO SFMJHJPTB VO QBS EF SBUJUBT WBO QPS MB DBMMF Z EF QSPOUP VOB EF FMMBT NJSB IBDJB FM DJFMP Z WF QBTBS VO NVSDJ¹MBHP "SSPCBEB QPOF MPT PKPT DPNP QMBUPT Z FYDMBNB i0I %JPT N½P `VO ²OHFM w &O FTB QPCSF SBUB OPT WFP B OPTPUSPT DPO MB UJFSOB JOPDFOUF OFDFTJEBE EF JOWFOUBSOPT CFMMPT NJMBHSPT QFSP UBNCJ¹O DPO MB FNCSVUFDFEPSB JHOPSBO DJB EF OP TBCFS RVF FTB DSJBUVSB DFMFTUJBM OP FT N²T RVF VO NBN½GFSP QMB DFOUBSJP RVJSÂQUFSP 1FSP BVO BT½ FM TVTQJSP FYUBTJBEP EF MB SBUJUB FODJFSSB BMHP IFSNPTP -BT SFMJHJPOFT PSHBOJ[BEBT IBO TJEP EFNBTJBEBT WFDFT FO MB IJTUPSJB FM PSJHFO EF MBT BUSPDJEBEFT N²T FTQBOUPTBT Z MP TJHVFO TJFOEP DP NP FO FM ZJIBEJTNP QFSP FO FM JNQVMTP SFMJHJPTP C²TJDP EFM TFS IVNBOP IBZ UBNCJ¹O VO BOIFMP EF CPOEBE EF GSBUFSOJEBE Z EF CFMMF[B &M PUSP E½B NF FODPOUS¹ FO FM QBSRVF EFM 3FUJSP B VOB NVKFS EF VOPT TFUFOUB BÁPT RVF WFOE½B HPSSPT QVMTFSBT Z EJBEFNBT EF QVOUP RVF FMMB NJTNB USJDPUBCB &SB FYUSBOKFSB OP T¹ EF EÂOEF Z PCWJBNFOUF NVZ QPCSF UBOUP QPS TV SPQB MJN QJB QFSP SB½EB DPNP QPS MPT NBMPT Z GFPT IJMPT DPO MPT RVF UFK½B 4V SPTUSP FSB IFSNPTP %FC½B EF IBCFS TJEP NVZ CFMMB Z UFO½B VOB TPOSJTB RVF JMVNJ OBCB FM MVHBS -F DPNQS¹ VOB QVMTFSJUB QPS DVBUSP FVSPT Z MF EJ MBT HSBDJBT QPS TV BSUF : FOUPODFT TPOSJÂ Z NF EJKP i2VF UVT EJPTFT UF QSPUFKBOw 4½ FO FTUPT NPNFOUPT EF MPDVSB Z EF PEJP PKBM² OPT QSPUFHJFSBO B UPEPT OVFTUSPT CVFOPT EJPTFT OVFTUSPT JEFBMFT OVFTUSB WPMVOUBE EF TFS NFKPSFT i2VF UVT EJPTFT UF QSPUFKBOw NF EFTFÂ MB QSFDJPTB BODJBOB : {TBCFO RV¹ .F TFOU½ WFSEBEFSBNFOUF CFOEFDJEB Ï 304" .0/5&30 &%*$*0/&4 &- 1"¡4 4- 5PEPT MPT EFSFDIPT SFTFSWBEPT
&9 (6&33*--&3" $PNP NVDIPT PUSPT DIJDPT +FT TJDB IVZØ EF DBTB Z TF VOJØ BM &KÏSDJUP 1PQVMBS EF -J CFSBDJØO FO CVTDB EF VOB WJEB NFKPS
Guerrilleras
a su pesar 1PS 3BRVFM (PEPT &'&
"
+FTTJDB MF DVFTUB NBOUFOFS MB NJSBEB " TVT BÁPT USBUB EF TPCSFMMFWBS MPT DVBUSP RVF QB TÂ TVGSJFOEP BCVTPT TFYVBMFT EF TV QBESBTUSP VOB TJUVBDJÂO EFTFTQFSBEB BEFSF[BEB DPO MB JODSFEVMJEBE EF TV QSPQJB NBESF BOUF MB RVF TÂMP FODPO USÂ VOB TBMJEB VOJSTF B MB HVFSSJMMB DPMPNCJB OB +FTTJDB RVJFSF DPOUBS TV IJTUPSJB TBCF RVF BIPSB MFKPT EF TV QVFCMP FO FM /PSUF EF 4BOUBOEFS MFKPT EF BRVFM IPNCSF RVF DBTJ iMF RVJUB MB WJEBw QVFEF TPÁBS DPO VOB OVF WB Z IBTUB RVJ¹O TBCF UBM WF[ FTUVEJBS BSRVJ UFDUVSB BVORVF MP RVF N²T USJTUF[B MF EFWVFM WF BM SPTUSP FT QFOTBS RVF IB QFSEJEP MB DPOGJBO[B EF TV NBESF i$PNP ZP OP FSB TV IJKB ¹M QFOTBCB RVF QPE½B BCVTBS EF N½ DVBOEP RVJTJFSB FNQF [Â B IBDFSMP DVBOEP ZP UFO½B BÁPT Z NJ NBESF OP TF EJP DVFOUB IBTUB RVF UVWF QF SP FMMB NF DVMQB EF RVF OP TF MP IVCJFSB DPO UBEP BOUFTw SFMBUB EFTEF TV OVFWB DBTB MB PS HBOJ[BDJÂO #FOQPTUB EFEJDBEB B WFMBS QPS MPT EFSFDIPT EF MPT OJÁPT FO $PMPNCJB QSP QPSDJPOBSMFT FEVDBDJÂO Z SFGVHJP "OUF MB JNQPTJCJMJEBE EF FODPOUSBS DPNQSFOTJÂO EFOUSP EF TV IPHBS +FTTJDB RVF QSFGJFSF OP EBS TV OPNCSF SFBM QPS TFHV SJEBE EFDJEJÂ VOJSTF BM &K¹SDJUP 1PQVMBS EF -JCFSBDJÂO &1- MB UFSDFSB HVFSSJMMB EFM QB
½T EPOEF DPNP NVDIPT PUSPT NFOPSFT RVF IBO TVGSJEP WJPMFODJB JOUSBGBNJMJBS MPHSÂ FM BNQBSP RVF OP FODPOUSBCB FO DBTB i"MM½ NF TFOU½B TFHVSB $PO FM BSNB FO MB NBOP NF TFOU½B QPEFSPTB OP TFOU½B FTF NJFEP EF BOUFT FO MB DBTB Z FO FM HSVQP NF BZVEBCBOw FYQMJDB +FTTJDB 1FSUFOFDFS B VO HSVQP BSNBEP MF IBC½B EFWVFMUP MB TFHVSJ EBE IBTUB FM QVOUP EF RVF VO E½B EFDJEJÂ CVT DBS B TV QBESBTUSP Z NBUBSMF DPO TVT QSPQJBT NBOPT BMHP RVF OP TVDFEJÂ QPSRVF TV NB ESF JOUFSWJOP B UJFNQP Z EFOVODJÂ BM &1- RVF TV IJKB RVFS½B VUJMJ[BS TV BSNB DPNP DPNCB UJFOUF QBSB BDBCBS DPO TV QBESBTUSP "T½ GVF DPNP GJOBMNFOUF BCBOEPOÂ MB HVFSSJMMB IB DF BQFOBT VOPT NFTFT Z BIPSB USBUB EF SFIB DFS TV WJEB +FTTJDB FT VOB EF FTBT NJM W½DUJNBT EF BCVTP TFYVBM RVF BM BÁP TPO SFQPSUBEBT B MB VOJEBE EF .FEJDJOB -FHBM FO $PMPNCJB VO OÈNFSP NFOPS RVF MPT DBTPT SFBMFT ZB RVF NVDIPT OP MMFHBO B EFOVODJBSTF Z DPNP FY QMJDB MB DPOHSFTJTUB EFM 1BSUJEP 7FSEF OHF MB 3PCMFEP UJFOFO VO EF JNQVOJEBE 1JMBS 3VFEB BTFTPSB QBSB MB $PNJTJÂO EF (FO¹SP EF MBT /FHPDJBDJPOFT EF 1B[ FO -B )BCBOB FOUSF FM (PCJFSOP Z MBT 'VFS[BT "SNBEBT 3FWPMVDJPOBSJBT EF $PMPNCJB '"3$ JOTJTUF FO RVF MB NBZPS½B EF MPT NF OPSFT RVF TF JOUFHSB B MBT GJMBT EF HSVQPT BS NBEPT MP IBDF QPS MB GBMUB EF SFTQVFTUB EFM &TUBEP FO DBTPT DPNP FTUF
"M PUSP MBEP EF #FOQPTUB WJWF %JBOB RVJFO JOHSFTÂ BM &1- CBKP MB QSPNFTB EF VOB WJEB NFKPS Z IVZÂ EF TVT GJMBT BOUF MB DFSUF [B EF VOB FYJTUFODJB EVSB Z MB BNFOB[B EF VOB NVFSUF JONJOFOUF i'VJ QPSRVF MB TJUVB DJÂO FDPOÂNJDB EF NJ GBNJMJB OP FSB CVFOB Z NF QSPNFU½BO RVF BMM½ UPEP FTUBS½B CJFO QF SP BM MMFHBS NF EJ DVFOUB EF RVF OP FSB BT½w EJDF MB KPWFO EF BÁPT 5SBT WBSJBT TFNBOBT EFOUSP EFM HSVQP SPUBOEP FO MBT MBCPSFT EJBSJBT Z TJO FODPO USBS FM TFOUJEP B DPOUJOVBS BI½ %JBOB TPMJDJ UÂ BM NBOEP HVFSSJMMFSP RVF MB PSEFOBCB TV SFHSFTP B DBTB QFSP TF MP OFHBSPO EFD½BO RVF TBC½B EFNBTJBEP 4V GBNJMJB B RVJFO OP IBC½B DPOTVMUBEP TV EFDJTJÂO EF FOUSBS FO DPNCBUF USBUÂ EF IBCMBS DPO MPT KFGFT EF MB HVFSSJMMB QBSB RVF MB EFKBSBO NBSDIBS QFSP OP GVF IBTUB RVF TV NBESF FOGFSNÂ EFM DP SB[ÂO RVF MF DPODFEJFSPO VO QFSNJTP EF WJ TJUB EF USFT E½BT B TV DBTB i&O FO FTPT USFT E½BT NJ GBNJMJB MP PSHB OJ[Â UPEP QBSB RVF ZP NF GVFSB EF MB WFSFEB QBSB RVF MB HVFSSJMMB OP NF QVEJFSB FODPO USBSw $BTJ VO BÁP EFTQV¹T BÈO UFNF RVF QVFEBO CVTDBSMB Z RVF IBZB SFQSFTBMJBT DPO USB TV GBNJMJB B RVJFO TÂMP USBUBCB EF FWJUBS iMB DBSHBw EF VOB IJKB BEPMFTDFOUF i-VFHP UF EBT DVFOUB EF RVF BRVFMMP RVF QFOTBCBT RVF FSBO QSPCMFNBT OP MP TPO BHSFHB Z RVF MB GBNJMJB QPS NVZ NBM RVF FTU¹ TJFNQSF FTU² BI½ QBSB BZVEBSUFw
-/ -Ê,1 - /" "Ê",/1!"
La sombra del viajero
&- */'03."%03 t "3$)*70
$
POP[DP VOB QFSTPOB RVF FO FM NFEJP TJHMP EF WJEB RVF BDVNVMB OVODB TF IB TVCJEP B VO BWJÂO /P FT VO DBTP JOVTVBM FM TVZP 1PS PUSP MBEP T¹ UBNCJ¹O EF WBSJPT RVF OP TF CBKBO EF MPT BFSPQMBOPT Z QBTBO N²T UJFNQP FO MBT UFS NJOBMFT B¹SFBT RVF FO TVT QSPQJBT DBTBT -BT DPOEJDJPOFT FDPOÂNJDBT NFYJDBOBT QSPWPDBO UPEP FM UJFNQP FT UF UJQP EF DPOUSBTUFT VO QPSDFOUBKF EF MB QPCMBDJÂO WJBKB TJO QB SBS ZB TFB QPS PDJP P OFHPDJP Z PUSP CBTUBOUF NBZPS EJG½DJMNFO UF TF BMFKB EF TV MVHBS EF PSJHFO $MBSP WJBKBS OP FT OFDFTBSJBNFOUF VO TJOÂOJNP EF MVKP -PT NJMFT EF JONJHSBOUFT RVF TF EJSJHFO B &TUBEPT 6OJEPT TVFMFO IB DFSMP FO NFEJP EF QSJWBDJPOFT OPUPSJBT -PT KPSOBMFSPT BHS½DPMBT EFCFO SFDPSSFS DFOUFOBSFT EF LJMÂNFUSPT Z TVFMFO TFS USBOTQPS UBEPT FO DPOEJDJPOFT RVF IBS½BO IPSSPSJ[BSTF B MBT SFTFT BOUFT EF BMDBO[BS MBT ²SFBT FO EPOEF MPT FNQMFBS²O Z PUSPT UBOUPT QB SB WPMWFS B TVT IPHBSFT : OJ TF EJHB EF MPT RVF IBDFO QFSFHSJOB DJPOFT SFMJHJPTPT Z EFCFO DJSDVMBS QPS MPT BDPUBNJFOUPT EF MPT DB NJOPT P BQJÁBSTF FO WFI½DVMPT RVF MPT BDFSDBS²O BM TJUJP EPOEF DVNQMJS²O DPO TV NBOEB Z RVF DBEB UBOUP BQBSFDFO FO MB OP UB SPKB DVBOEP TF EFTCBSSBODBO &TUPT TPO DMBSP FKFNQMPT FY USFNPT QFSP EFKBO DMBSP RVF FO FM GPOEP DVBMRVJFSB RVF EFCB NPWFSTF EF TV PGJDJOB P TV TPG² BT½ TFB BM QVFCMP EF BM MBEP DP SSF VO SJFTHP Z TF FYQPOF B UPEP UJQP EF TJUVBDJPOFT JNQSFEFDJ CMFT &O DJFSUP TFOUJEP QPES½B EFDJSTF RVF WJBKBS FT VO QVSP GBT UJEJP 1PS N²T DÂNPEP RVF QVFEB SFTVMUBS VO BTJFOUP EF QSJNF SB DMBTF FO VO BWJÂO P VOP SFDMJOBCMF Z TPMJUBSJP FO VO BVUPCÈT QPS N²T iTBMÂO FKFDVUJWPw BM RVF VOP QVFEB UFOFS BDDFTP QBSB
NBSFBS MBT FTQFSBT P BVUPNÂWJM ÈMUJNP NPEFMP RVF SFOUF QBSB BOEBS B TV BJSF FO FM EFTUJOP EF TV QFSJQMP MP DJFSUP FT RVF SFTVM UBS½B NVDIP N²T G²DJM Z TFOTBUP QFSNBOFDFS FO EPOEF VOP FTU² Z OP EFTQMB[BSTF B OJOHÈO MBEP 4J MB OFDFTJEBE GBNJMJBS TFOUJ NFOUBM MBCPSBM MP GVFS[B QVFT RV¹ SFNFEJP 1FSP {B RVJ¹O TF MF PDVSSJÂ RVF FM IFDIP EF WJBKBS FT QPS T½ NJTNP VO QMBDFS {1PS RV¹ NJMMPOFT EF QFSTPOBT TF SFTJHOBO B DPOWFSUJSTF FO UVSJTUBT Z BCBSSPUBS UFSNJOBMFT DBSSFUFSBT IPUFMFT SFTUBVSBOUFT DBCBÁJ UBT Z QMBZBT FO QFSJPEPT WBDBDJPOBMFT P QVFOUFT -BT FYQSFTJPOFT EF MPT QBTBKFSPT RVF QSFUFOEFO BCPSEBS VO BWJÂO TPO NVZ FMPDVFOUFT TVFMFO FTUBS HPCFSOBEBT QPS FM DBO TBODJP MB BOTJFEBE Z FM UFEJP /P FT QBSB NFOPT QBSB TVCJSTF B VOB OBWF RVF EFTQFHB EJHBNPT B MBT EF MB NBÁBOB IBZ RVF MFWBOUBSTF B MBT TJFUF UPNBS VO UBYJ BOUFT EF MBT TJFUF Z NFEJB MMFHBS B MB UFSNJOBM B MBT PDIP EPDVNFOUBSTF Z FO PDBTJPOFT MBT GJMBT FO MPT NPTUSBEPSFT EF MBT M½OFBT TPO NPSU½GFSBT QBTBS MPT DPOUSPMFT EF TFHVSJEBE QBSB MP RVF FT OFDFTBSJP IBDFS PUSP QBS EF GJMBT MMFHBS B MB TBMB EF FTQFSB BQSPQJBEB Z DMBSP WPMWFS B GPS NBSTF DVBOEP MP MMBNBO B VOP B BCPSEBS B FTP EF MBT NFOPT DVBSUP )BZ QFSTPOBT RVF USBUBO EF FWJUBS MP N²T QPTJCMF FTUBT QFOVSJBT QFSP TV FTUSBUFHJB FT TVJDJEB DPOTJTUF FO MMFHBS MP N²T UBSEF RVF TF QVFEB JOUFOUBS DPMBSTF FO MBT GJMBT EBSTF EF FNQV KPOFT FO MPT DPOUSPMFT SPHBSMF BZVEB B UPEP NVOEP Z WFS TJ FO VOB EF FTBT DPOTJHVFO MMFHBS BM WVFMP BOUFT EF RVF MP DJFSSFO "VORVF MP MPHSBO FO PDBTJPOFT OP FT JOGSFDVFOUF WFSMBT EFTFT QFSBS Z TVQMJDBS BOUF MBT QVFSUBT DFSSBEBT Z NJSBS QPS MPT WFOUB OBMFT DÂNP TF BMFKB FM BWJÂO FO FM RVF EFCFS½BO IBCFS QBSUJEP 0 RVJ[² MP RVF QBTB FT RVF FOUJFOEFO RVF FM NFKPS WJBKF FT FM RVF OP TF IBDF
%PNJOHP EF BCSJM EF
1~(*/" #
&- */'03."%03
- À µÕiÊ/ ÕÃÃ> Ì] analista político
$
Una élite al
BOTB FM FTUSJCJMMP iMBT TP DJFEBEFT EF VMUSBNBS PGGTIPSF OP TPO JMFHB MFTw /P JNQPSUB TJ FTDVDIBT VO QSPHSBNB EF SBEJP FO &TQBÁB EPOEF IB CMBO EF 1JMBS EF #PSCÂO P EF -JPOFM .FT TJ /P JNQPSUB TJ QSFOEFT MB UFMFWJTJÂO FO .¹YJDP Z TF DPNFOUB TPCSF MPT NJ MMPOFT EF EÂMBSFT FO 1BOBN² EFM QSPQJF UBSJP EF (SVQP )JHB 0 TJ MFFT VO QFSJ EJDP GSBOD¹T IBCMBOEP TPCSF +FBO .BSJF -F 1FO FM IJTUÂSJDP M½EFS VMUSBEFSFDIJT UB Z OBDJPOBMJTUB 5PEPT QBSUFO EFM NJT NP BSHVNFOUP RVF TF SFQJUF VOB Z PUSB WF[ DPNP TJ EFUS²T EF MBT SFWFMBDJPOFT EF MBT NJM TPDJFEBEFT RVF HFTUJPOB FM EFTQBDIP .PTTBDL 'POTFDB TÂMP FYJT UJFSB VO EFCBUF TPCSF MFZFT Z TV DVNQMJ NJFOUP /PT EJDFO VOB Z PUSB WF[ MP RVF IBDFO FTUPT TFÁPSFT OP FT JMFHBM FO T½ NJTNP $PNQSBS VOB QJTUPMB UBNQPDP FT JMFHBM EJS½B ZP QFSP NBUBS T½ MP FT 6OB HSBO USBNB RVF IVFMF B DPSSVQDJÂO Z EFTW½P EF GPOEPT B QFTBS EF RVF IBZB RVJFO TF SFTJTUB B QFOTBS QPS RV¹ VO QP M½UJDP P VO FNQSFTBSJP DSFB VOB TPDJFEBE PGGTIPSF FO VO QBSB½TP GJTDBM 5BM WF[ QB½TFT 6OB DPNQFUFODJB EFTMFBM EF FT QPSRVF MF TPCSB FM UJFNQP .F UFNP RVF OP WB QPS BI½ MB JOEJH UBT DBSBDUFS½TUJDBT OP TFS½B QFSNJUJEB FO OBDJÂO NVOEJBM OP FT BTVOUP FTUSJDUB NBUFSJB EF DPNFSDJP P QSPWJTJÂO EF TFS WJDJPT QFSP MB UPMFSBODJB NFOUF EFM NBSDP KVS½EJDP DPO MPT QBSB½TPT GJTDBMFT -BT SFWFMBDJPOFT EFM EFTQB QPS QBSUF EF MBT OBDJPOFT DIP DFOUSPBNFSJDBOP TPO MB FVSPQFBT RVF TPO MBT N²T DPOGJSNBDJÂO EFM NPEVT >ÊÌ iÀ> V >ÊV Ê ÃÊ DBTUJHBEBT QPS MB EFTWJB PQFSBOEJ EF VOB ¹MJUF FDP OÂNJDB Z QPM½UJDB B MB RVF MF «>À> à ÃÊv ÃV> iÃ]Ê« ÀÊ DJÂO EF GPOEPT Z MB OP EF DMBSBDJÂO GJTDBM TPSQSFO FTUPSCBO MPT JNQVFTUPT Z MB GJTDBMJEBE ¹TB FT MB SB½[ EFM «>ÀÌiÊ`iÊ >ÃÊ >V iÃÊ EF &O FM NVOEP FYJTUFO FTD²OEBMP HMPCBM 6OB ¹MJUF iÕÀ «i>ÃʵÕiÊÃ Ê >ÃÊ UFOEFODJBT EF PQJOJÂO FT RVF QJEF FTGVFS[PT B MB DJV EBEBO½B Z RVF BM NJTNP ?ÃÊV>ÃÌ }>`>ÃÊ« ÀÊ >Ê UBEPT EF ²OJNP RVF NBSDBO UJFNQP DPOGJHVSB TPDJFEB `iÃÛ >V Ê`iÊv ` ÃÊÞÊ MB SFBDDJÂO P DPOUFODJÂO EF MB DJVEBEBO½B BOUF SFWFMB EFT FO QBSB½TPT GJTDBMFT QB SB FWBEJS JNQVFTUPT Z CMBO >Ê Ê`iV >À>V Êv ÃV> ]Ê DJPOFT DPNP MBT EF MPT i1B QFMFT EF 1BOBN²w 5SBT USFT RVFBS EJOFSP RVF QSPWJFOF à À«Ài `i E¹DBEBT EF QFOTBNJFOUP EF GVFOUFT JM½DJUBT /P FT VO FDPOÂNJDP ÈOJDP FO EPOEF EFCBUF TÂMP EF MFZFT Z FM FM MJCSF NFSDBEP Z MB NBOP DPNQPSUBNJFOUP KVS½EJDP BEFDVBEP TJOP TPCSF MBT PTDVSBT GPSNBT JOWJTJCMF TF QBTFBCBO HMPCBMNFOUF DP EFM QPEFS RVF TFS½BO JOEFTDJGSBCMFT TJ NP iJSSFGVUBCMFTw BOUF MPT GSBDB OP GVFSB QPS VO HSVQP EF WBMJFOUFT QF TPT EFM TPDJBMJTNP SFBM SJPEJTUBT RVF TF BUSFWFO B QPOFS MV[ TP BIPSB MBT EJWFSHFO CSF FTUBT USBNBT GSBVEVMFOUBT &TUB GPS DJBT TF BDVNVMBO NB EF BDUVBS EF MB ¹MJUF QVFEF OP TFS VOB -BT DS½UJDBT BM TPSQSFTB QBSB NVDIPT QFSP TV BMDBODF TJTUFNB OFPMJ HMPCBM Z FM WPMVNFO RVF SFQSFTFOUB FO CFSBM TF BQJMBO U¹SNJOPT EF MB FDPOPN½B UPUBM EFM NVO ZB TFB EFTEF EP T½ FT QBSB MFWBOUBSMF MB DFKB IBTUB BM MPT NPWJNJFO N²T BDPTUVNCSBEP EF MPT PCTFSWBEPSFT UPT EF *OEJH OBEPT V EF MB QPM½UJDB NVOEJBM &T UBNCJ¹O MB DPNQSPCBDJÂO EFM GSBV 0DDVQZ 8BMM EF RVF SFQSFTFOUBO NVDIPT EF MPT EJTDVS 4USFFU IBTUB TPT OBDJPOBMJTUBT RVF FTDVDIBNPT FO MB QVCMJDBDJPOFT BDUVBMJEBE .VDIPT QPM½UJDPT RVF BQBSF DPNP i&M DBQJ DFO FO MPT i1BQFMFT EF 1BOBN²w TPO BS UBM EFM TJHMP EJFOUFT QBUSJPUBT 7MBEJNJS 1VUJO QPS 99*w EF 5IP FKFNQMP 4V FOUPSOP FNQSFTBSJBM TF FO NBT 1JLFUUZ DVFOUSB WJODVMBEP B MBT SFWFMBDJPOFT QPS -B EFTJHVBM DBOUJEBEFT RVF TVQFSBO MPT EPT NJM NJMMP EBE RVF IBDF OFT EF EÂMBSFT Z B ¹M TÂMP TF MF PDVSSF FM U½ BQFOBT VOB E¹ QJDP BSHVNFOUP EF RVF FM JNQFSJP FTU² EF DBEB OP FSB OJ US²T EF MBT GJMUSBDJPOFT 4JFNQSF TF QVFEF DPODFCJEB DP BDVTBS B MB $*" QBSB TBMJS EF VOB TJUVBDJÂO NP QSPCMFNB EJG½DJM -B QPM½UJDB EF OBDJPOBMJ[BDJPOFT IPZ TF FSJHF EFM ,SFNMJO FO MB E¹DBEB QBTBEB TF TVT DPNP FM NVSP UFOU FO MB JEFB OBDJPOBMJTUB EF FWJUBS MB GV RVF TFQBSB B HB EF DBQJUBMFT USBT MPT JOFTUBCMFT QFSJPEPT MB IVNBOJ EF #PSJT :FMUTJO Z SFDPOTUSVJS VO NPEFMP EBE $BEB WF[ FDPOÂNJDP GJODBEP FO MBT FYQPSUBDJPOFT N²T MB EFTJ EF DSVEP Z HBT &M OBDJPOBMJTNP BM E½B EF HVBMEBE TF FOUJFO IPZ TJHVF TJFOEP VOB OBSSBUJWB RVF GVO EF OP TÂMP DPNP VOB TJUVBDJÂO DPOEFOB FUBQB RVF NVDIPT IBO MMBNBEP EF DJPOB EF QFHBNFOUP QPM½UJDP FO TPDJFEB CMF EFTEF FM QVOUP EF WJTUB NPSBM TJOP MB iTPDJFEBE EFT NFEJBEBw 4JO FNCBS EFT EJWJEJEBT Z QPMBSJ[BEBT QFSP RVF OP UBNCJ¹O DPNP VOB QFTBEB MPTB RVF FWJ HP MB MBCPS EF GJTDBMJ[BDJÂO RVF EFCF UJFOF OJOHVOB DPSSFTQPOEFODJB FO MB GPS UB FM BWBODF EF MB FDPOPN½B Z RVF WVMOF FKFSDFS FM QFSJPEJTNP RVFEB EF NBOJGJFT NB FO RVF BENJOJTUSBO TV EJOFSP MPT M½EF SB MB EFNPDSBDJB NJTNB -B EFTJHVBMEBE UP FO JOWFTUJHBDJPOFT DPNP MB EF MPT i1B NVOEJBM FTU² FO FM DPSB[ÂO EF MPT i1BQF QFMFT EF 1BOBN²w &M QPEFS ZB TFB FDP SFT QPM½UJDPT "T½ DVBOEP WFNPT MBT PQFSBDJPOFT MFT EF 1BOBN²w FM CPUÂO EF NVFTUSB EF OÂNJDP P QPM½UJDP TJFNQSF UJFOF MB GJOBODJFSPT EF FTUPT QPM½UJDPT Z FNQSF VOB FDPOPN½B RVF QSPEVDF BSDIJNJMMP UFOUBDJÂO EF FTDPOEFS F JOWJTJCJMJ[BS MPT TBSJPT FOUFOEFNPT RVF TV ÈOJDB QBUSJB OBSJPT RVF UJFOFO RVF CVTDBS EFCBKP EF IFDIPT RVF OP MF DPOWJFOFO 1PS FMMP MB FT TV EJOFSP RVF DVBOEP RVJFSFO QSPUF MBT QJFESBT QPS DJFMP NBS Z UJFSSB FO GJMUSBDJÂO EF NJMFT EF EPDVNFOUPT TJHOJ HFS TV DBVEBM NJMMPOBSJP OP EVEBO VO TF EPOEF FTDPOEFS MPT NJMFT EF NJMMPOFT EF GJDB MB DPOGJSNBDJÂO EF MB JNQPSUBODJB HVOEP FO TBDBS FTUSBUPTG¹SJDBT DBOUJEB EÂMBSFT RVF OP QVFEFO OJ SFQPSUBS B MBT EFM QFSJPEJTNP QBSB JNQVMTBS DBNCJPT QPM½UJDPT Z TPDJBMFT QBSB EFT EF TV QB½T Z FOWJBSMBT B QBSB½TPT IBDJFOEBT QÈCMJDBT FO TVT EFTOVEBS BRVFMMPT RVF TF GJTDBMFT 1VFEF TFS MFHBM OP MP EVEP 4J QB½TFT EF SFTJEFODJB PDVMUB Z QBSB MB SFOEJDJÂO EF "TJNJTNP MPT i1BQFMFT TF SFQPSUBO Z TF QBHBO JNQVFTUPT DBEB DVFOUBT -B EFNPDSBDJB OP RVJFO QVFEF EFDJEJS MP RVF MF E¹ MB HBOB EF 1BOBN²w TPO MB DPNQSP QVFEF FYJTUJS TJO NFEJPT DPO TV EJOFSP &T FM MJCFSBMJTNP FDPO CBDJÂO EFM SPM UBO JNQPSUBO Ãʺ«>«i iÃÊ`iÊ RVF GJTDBMJDFO OP TÂMP B MPT NJDP B MB N²YJNB QPUFODJB 4JO FNCBS UF RVF KVFHB FM QFSJPEJTNP EF *> > ?»ÊÃ Ê >Ê QPM½UJDPT TJOP UBNCJ¹O B MPT HP TJ UPEPT IJDJFSBO MP RVF IBDFO TPDJPT JOWFTUJHBDJÂO FO FM NVOEP EF 1VUJO FM QSJNFS NJOJTUSP JTMBOE¹T Z EF IPZ %¹DBEBT Z E¹DBEBT TF V «À L>V Ê`i ÊÀ ÊÌ> Ê FNQSFTBSJPT EJSJHFOUFT TP TV NVKFS +FBO .BSJF -F 1FO P -JPOFM FTQFDVM TPCSF FM GVUVSP EFM « ÀÌ> ÌiʵÕiÊ Õi}>Êi Ê DJBMFT Z IBTUB B MPT EFQPSUJT UBT &M QFSJPEJTNP DVNQMF .FTTJ 3VTJB *TMBOEJB 'SBODJB P &TQB QFSJPEJTNP DPO MB BQBSJDJÂO «iÀ ` à Ê`iÊ VOB GVODJÂO EFNPDS²UJDB EF ÁB DBFS½BO BVUPN²UJDBNFOUF FO CBODB EF MBT OVFWBT UFDOPMPH½BT 4F SSPUB 6OB DPOEVDUB RVF OP FT VOJWFSTB QFOT RVF FM QBQFM EFM QFSJP ÛiÃÌ }>V Êi Êi Ê QSJNFS PSEFO SFDPSEBOEP B +FGGFSTPO i1SFGJFSP QFSJ MJ[BCMF TJFNQSF UJFOF WJTPT EF BOUJ¹UJDB EJTUB EF JOWFTUJHBDJÂO FO VO Õ ` Ê`iÊ Þ EJDPT TJO (PCJFSOP RVF (P -PT QBSB½TPT GJTDBMFT FYJTUFO QPS NVOEP BUSBWFTBEP QPS JOGPS CJFSOP TJO QFSJÂEJDPTw VOB SB[ÂO TPO GVODJPOBMFT -FT GVODJP NBDJPOFT RVF DSV[BO EF VO -BT SFWFMBDJPOFT EF MPT OBO B MPT QSJODJQBMFT JOUFHSBOUFT EF MB MBEP B PUSP TJO QPTJCMF DPO i1BQFMFT EF 1BOBN²w EF ¹MJUF TFBO FTDSJUPSFT DPNP .BSJP 7BS UFODJÂO JCB B UFOEFS B MB JSSF HBT -MPTB P FNQSFTBSJPT DFSDBOPT BM (P MFWBODJB "MHVOPT FTDSJC½BO FM FQJUBGJP EFM NVFTUSBO MBT EJGFSFODJBT UBO HSBOEFT CJFSOP DPNP "SNBOEP )JOPKPTB %F QFSJPEJTNP UBM DVBM DPNP MP DPOPDFNPT BM RVF IBZ FO NBUFSJB EF SFOEJDJÂO EF BDVFSEP B MB 0SHBOJ[BDJÂO QBSB MB $PP E½B EF IPZ 4JO FNCBSHP FM QFSJPEJTNP EF DVFOUBT FOUSF MPT EJTUJOUPT QB½TFT &O *T QFSBDJÂO Z FM %FTBSSPMMP &DPOÂNJDP JOWFTUJHBDJÂO HP[B EF VOB TBMVE JOOFHB MBOEJB FM QSJNFS NJOJTUSP UVWP RVF SF 0$%& VOB DVBSUB QBSUF EF MB FDPOP CMF &T DJFSUP MB UFDOPMPH½B FT GVOEBNFO OVODJBS N²T QPS IBCFS NFOUJEP RVF QPS N½B NVOEJBM TF FODVFOUSB FO QBSB½TPT UBM QBSB RVF VO HSVQP EF QFSJPEJTUBT Z VO TV TPDJFEBE EF VMUSBNBS &O .¹YJDP B MP GJTDBMFT &O OÈNFSPT BCTPMVUPT BMSFEF QVÁP EF NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJÂO QVFEBO N²YJNP RVF MMFH FM 4"5 FT B DPNQSP EPS EF CJMMPOFT EF FVSPT FO QB QSPDFTBS FO NFOPT EF VO BÁP DBTJ NJ NFUFSTF DPO VOB JOWFTUJHBDJÂO B MPT NF SB½TPT GJTDBMFT RVF WBO EFTEF QFRVFÁPT MMPOFT EF EPDVNFOUPT RVF TF GJMUSBSPO EFM YJDBOPT RVF BQBSFDFO FO MBT GJMUSBDJP QB½TFT DPNP #FMJDF BM TVS EF .¹YJDP P EFTQBDIP .PTTBDL 'POTFDB &O FM QBTBEP OFT "M GJOBM MP JNQPSUBOUF EF -VYFNCVSHP RVF UJFOF FM 1*# QFS $²QJ TJO MBT UFDOPMPH½BT RVF IPZ UFOFNPT MB SF SFWFMBDJPOFT EF FTUB NBHOJUVE FT EJ UB N²T BMUP EF MB 6OJÂO &VSPQFB IBTUB WJTJÂO IVCJFSB TJEP DBTJ IVNBOBNFOUF JN NFOTJPOBS MP RVF TJHOJGJDBO MPT QBSB½TPT OBDJPOFT DPNP 4VJ[B P MBT JTMBT EFM $B QPTJCMF -B UFDOPMPH½B OP TVTUJUVZF BM QF GJTDBMFT Z MP GVODJPOBMFT RVF SFTVMUBO SJCF FO "N¹SJDB -PT QBSB½TPT GJTDBMFT SJPEJTUB TJOP RVF FT TÂMP VOB IFSSBNJFOUB QBSB RVF VOB ¹MJUF NBOUFOHB TVT QSJWJMF DPNQJUFO QPS BUSBFS DBQJUBMFT HMPCBMFT RVF MF BZVEB B DVNQMJS MPT PCKFUJWPT TPDJB HJPT Z FTDPOEB MB TVDJFEBE EFCBKP EFM UB ZB OP QPS JOOPWBDJÂO P VOB FDPOPN½B MFT RVF TF FODVFOUSBO FO MB SB½[ NJTNB EF QFUF -BT SFWFMBDJPOFT TFHVJS²O BQBSF DJFOEP BÈO GBMUBO NVDIPT OPNCSFT QPS TVTUFOUBEB FO MB NBOP EF PCSB DBMJGJDB MB QSPGFTJÂO .JFOUSBT FYJTUB iQPEFSw FM QFSJPEJT BQBSFDFS &TUP QBSFDF TFS TÂMP MB QVOUB EB TJOP TJNQMFNFOUF QPS FM CBK½TJNP DP CSP EF JNQVFTUPT Z MB TFDSFD½B RVF SPEFB NP EF JOWFTUJHBDJÂO FT JOEJTQFOTBCMF &T EFM JDFCFSH EF VOB USBNB HMPCBM EF EF MB BQFSUVSB EF VOB DVFOUB P MB DPOGPSNB DJFSUP RVF MPT NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJÂO GSBVEBDJÂO Z CMBORVFP RVF EFTOVEB EF DJÂO EF VOB TPDJFEBE BOÂOJNB FO FTUPT QBTBO QPS VO QFSJPEP EF BKVTUF FO VOB DVFSQP FOUFSP B MB ¹MJUF NVOEJBM
desnudo
-PT Â1BQFMFT EF 1BOBN Ã IBO FYQVFTUP RVF MB QFSNJTJWJEBE EF MB FWBTJªO GJTDBM UBNCJ O UJFOF RVF WFS DPO MB EJWJTJªO EF DMBTFT Z FM QPEFS
1~(*/" #
&- */'03."%03 &- */'03."%03
%PNJOHP EF BCSJM EF
>À ÃÊ À }Õi
Õ> Ê*> >À
9 ,Ê "-
, "Ê Ê1 Ê -* / ",
JlZ\jfj `e]Xek`c\j "NCSPTF #JFSDF FO TV i%JDDJPOBSJP EFM EJBCMPw EFGJO½B #FC¹ DPNP TFS EFGPSNF TJO FEBE TFYP OJ DPOEJDJÂO EFGJOJEPT OP UBCMF QPS MB WJPMFODJB EF MBT TJNQBU½BT Z BOUJQBU½BT RVF QSPWP DB FO MPT EFN²T Z EFTQSPWJTUP ¹M NJTNP EF TFOUJNJFOUPT P FNPDJPOFT :B MFT IF DPNFOUBEP RVF FO NJ QSJNFSB JOGBODJB NJ .B ESF JOTJTU½B FO QSFTUBSNF QBSB OJÁP %JPT FO MPT OBDJNJFOUPT Z MP IBD½B DPO HSBO FOUVTJBTNP ZB RVF UBNCJ¹O EFCP EFDJS RVF B QFTBS EF TV JOTJTUFODJB OVODB OBEJF BDFQUÂ MB QSPQVFT UB MP DVBM FSB FWJEFOUF ZB RVF EF DJFSUP FSB VO OJÁP FYUSFNB EBNFOUF GFP Z FTP QFTB BVORVF VTUFE OP RVJFSB RVF ZP SF DVFSEF IBZ DPNP USFT GPUPT N½BT EF MB QSJNFSB JOGBODJB MB N²T BOUJHVB VOB GPUP FO DVFSPT FO MB QMBZB TPCSF VOB DPCJKB BMFP QBSEBEB MB TFHVOEB BQBSF[DP FO NBOPT EF NJ .BESF FO MB RVF TJO GBMTBT NPEFTUJBT QPE½B IBCFS TJEP DBUBMPHBEP DPNP VOP EF MPT OJÁPT N²T GFPT EF MB UFNQPSBEB IF USBUBEP JOGSVD UVPTBNFOUF EF EFTUSVJS FTB GPUP QFSP MPT IBDLFST RVF WBHBO QPS FM NVOEP QBSB MB QFSEJDJÂO EF MBT BMNBT MP IBO JNQFEJEP Z QPS N²T RVF IF USBUBEP TJFNQSF SFBQBSFDF BMHÈO FKFNQMBS Z MB UFSDFSB BQBSF[DP KVHBOEP DPO VO USPNQP QFSP SFTVMUB FWJ EFOUF FO MPT USFT DBTPT RVF FSB VO OJÁP CBTUBOUF GFP MP DVBM IBDF RVF VOP TF UFOHB RVF BGJMJBS BM DMVC EF OJÁPT GFPT 5PUBM RVF QBSB SFTVNJS B VTUFE EFTEF FTB JOGBODJB QBT¹ NJ WJEB EF GPSNB JEFBM TFHÈO MPT TBCJPT RVF EJDFO RVF OP EF CF BDPTBSTF B MBT QFSTPOBT EFM HFOFSP DPOUSBSJP B NJ OVODB OBEJF NF BDPTÂ OBEJF NF EJKP iBEJÂT NJ UBNBMJUP UF WPZ B EBS VOB NPSEJEBw OJ PUSBT WVMHBSJEBEFT TFNFKBOUFT P TFB IF WJWJ EP FO MB BCVSSJDJÂO EF MB TFSJFEBE BCTPMVUB BVU¹OUJDBNFOUF MMFHBOEP BM PDBTP TJO BDPTP Z ZB QPS NJ FEBE FTUPZ JOTDSJUP FO BRVFMMP RVF EFD½B $BNQPBNPS i-BT IJKBT EF FTBT NBESFT RVF BN¹ UBOUP NF CFTBO ZB DPNP TF CFTB VO TBOUPw 1PS FTP NF BMFHSÂ QSPGVOEBNFOUF RVF FTUBOEP IBDF QP DP FO VOB DPNJEB FOUSF BNJHPT TF NF BDFSDÂ VOB KPWFO Z HVB QB NVKFS B QFEJSNF QPS QVSB BNBCJMJEBE TJ TF QPE½B UPNBS VOB GPUP DPONJHP MP RVF NF TPSQSFOEJÂ QPSRVF OVODB NF IB C½B QBTBEP MF EJKF RVF T½ QFSP QFOT¹ OP OBEB N²T GPUP TJOP WJEFP P MBSHP NFUSBKF MB FWJEFOUF KVTUJGJDBDJÂO EF MB CFMMB TP MJDJUBOUF GVF RVF ZP UFOHP NVZ CPOJUB GJSNB RVF OP T¹ EÂOEF QVEP IBCFSMB DPOPDJEP &M IFDIP FT RVF NF EJP NVDIP HVTUP IBCFSNF UPNBEP VOB GPUP DPO VOB HVBQB Z BNBCMF DIJDB RVF EFCF QFSUFOFDFS B BMHÈO HSVQP FODBSHBEP EF IBDFS GFMJDFT MF WBOUBOEP MPT ²OJNPT EF MPT NJFNCSPT EF MB UFSDFSB FEBE QSJ NFSB GJMB EFM DFNFOUFSJP -P BOUFSJPS SFTVMUB FWJEFOUF ZB RVF ZP DSFP RVF QBSB RVF OP NF WPMBSB Z BQBSFDJFSB FO N½ FM WJF KP SBCP WFSEF RVF UPEPT MMFWBNPT EFOUSP UVWP DPNP QSFUFYUP IBDFSMP DPNP FMPHJP B RVF UFOHP VOB CPOJUB MFUSB 1BMNFS
À > ` Ê â? iâÊ ÃV Ì
"-Ê " ", -ÊÊ
Ê/ *"
CXj ^l\iiXj [\c fg`f 5BOUP FO DPNP FO *OHMBUFSSB EFDMBS MB HVFSSB B $IJOB Z FO BNCBT PDBTJPOFT $IJOB GVF WFODJEB &M EFUPOBO UF EF FTUPT DPOGMJDUPT GVF MB PQPTJDJÂO EFM HPCJFSOP DIJOP BM DPNFSDJP EFM PQJP RVF MPT JOHMFTFT QSPNPW½BO FO $IJOB %FT EF IBD½B WBSJBT E¹DBEBT *OHMBUFSSB TF IBC½B EFEJDBEP B DVMUJ WBS PQJP FO MB *OEJB MBT DBOUJEBEFT FSBO JOEVTUSJBMFT Z QPS MP NJTNP FNQVKBCBO B MB CÈTRVFEB EF DBEB WF[ NBZPS OÈNF SP EF DPOTVNJEPSFT $IJOB MFT QBSFDJ VO NFSDBEP JEFBM UBO UP QPS MB DBOUJEBE EF IBCJUBOUFT DPNP QPS MB DFSDBO½B DPO FM QB½T EF DVMUJWP BT½ RVF JOPQJOBEBNFOUF TF EFEJDBSPO B QSP NPWFS FM DPOTVNP EF FTUB ESPHB FO EJDIP QB½T PCUFOJFOEP FO QPDPT BÁPT HBOBODJBT NJMMPOBSJBT &M QSPCMFNB EF GPOEP SBEJDB FO RVF FM HPCJFSOP EFM JN QFSJP DIJOP DPOTJEFSBCB DPNP QBSUF EF TVT EFCFSFT DVJEBS MB TBMVE EF TVT DJVEBEBOPT QFSP UBNCJ¹O MB TBMVE JOUFHSBM EF MB TPDJFEBE -PT FTUSBHPT RVF FM DPOTVNP EFM PQJP FTUBCBO HFOFSBOEP FSBO SFBMNFOUF QSFPDVQBOUFT QBSB EJDIP HPCJFS OP QFSTPOBT EF UPEBT MBT FTGFSBT TPDJBMFT TF IBC½BO IFDIP BEJDUBT Z FTUF FOWJDJBNJFOUP FTUBCB BGFDUBOEP MB QSPEVDUJWJ EBE EF MB HFOUF FM DMJNB GBNJMJBS FM BNCJFOUF TPDJBM FM SFO EJNJFOUP FEVDBUJWP F JODMVTP MBT GVODJPOFT BENJOJTUSBUJWBT EFM FTUBEP &M JNQFSJP DIJOP TF IBC½B FEJGJDBEP TPCSF VOB ¹UJDB EFM USBCBKP Z EF MB GVODJÂO QÈCMJDB CBTBEBT FO MBT FOTFÁBO[BT EF $POGVDJP RVF JODMV½BO VO DPO DFQUP EF GBNJMJB EF DVMUVSB EF FT U¹UJDB Z NPSBMJEBE JOEJWJEVBM Z TP -i}ÕÀ> i ÌiÊÕ >Ê DJBM CBTUBOUF BDFOESBEBT QPS MP à V i`>`Ê ` Ì â>`>ÊÊNJTNP FM EFSFDIP JOEJWJEVBM EF C½B JOWBSJBCMFNFOUF TVKFUBSTF OP « ÀÊi ÊV ÃÕ Ê`iÊ TÂMP BM EFSFDIP EF MPT EFN²T TJOP i iÀÛ> ÌiÃÊÀiÃÕ Ì>L>Ê B MB WJTJÂO EF QB½T RVF TF TPTUFO½B ÕV Ê ?ÃÊ > «Õ >L i]Ê FO FTB WJTJÂO FM DPOTVNP EFM PQJP OP TÂMP OP UFO½B DBCJEB TJOP RVF ÞÊ ÊÃiÀ?ÊÌ `>Û >Ê« ÀÊ BEFN²T QPO½B FO HSBWF SJFTHP MB ÕV ÃÊ> ÃÊÞÊ ÕiÛ>ÃÊ WJBCJMJEBE EF MB OBDJÂO EF BI½ MB GVFSUF SFBDDJÂO EFM FTUBEP QBSB }ÕiÀÀ>ÃÊiÊ Û>à ià FSSBEJDBS TV DPOTVNP 1FSP *OHMBUFSSB FTUBCB B MB DBCF[B EFM QSPHSFTP JOEVTUSJBM Z FDPOÂNJDP GSFOUF B VOB $IJOB UPEBW½B CBTUBOUF DFSSBEB FO T½ NJTNB Z BKFOB B MBT OPWFEBEFT PDDJEFOUBMFT TPCSF UPEP FO FM DBNQP C¹MJDP QPS MP NJTNP TF JNQVTJFSPO MBT BSNBT BM TFSWJDJP EF MB ESPHBEJDDJÂO &M JNQFSJP DFMFTUF IVNJMMBEP EFCJ DFEFS UFSSJUPSJPT QBSB DPNQFOTBS MPT HBTUPT EF MBT HVFSSBT BTVNJS VOB EFVEB NJMMPOBSJB QPS FTB NJTNB SB[ÂO Z BEFN²T BENJUJS RVF MB (SBO #SFUBÁB TJHVJFSB DPOWJSUJFOEP B MPT DIJOPT FO WJDJPTPT 4FHVSB NFOUF VOB TPDJFEBE JEJPUJ[BEB QPS FM DPOTVNP EF FOFS WBOUFT SFTVMUBCB NVDIP N²T NBOJQVMBCMF Z MP TFS² UPEB W½B QPS NVDIPT BÁPT Z OVFWBT HVFSSBT F JOWBTJPOFT MB DB½EB EFM TJTUFNB JNQFSJBM Z EF MPT HPCJFSOPT TVDFTJWPT FM FNQPCSFDJNJFOUP HFOFSBM MB GSBHNFOUBDJÂO TPDJBM MB EFVEB FYUFSOB JNQBSBCMF MB DPSSVQDJÂO EFTBUBEB MBT JO GJOJUBT TVCMFWBDJPOFT JOEVDJEBT EFTEF GVFSB MB QSFOTB BNBSJMMJTUB QBHBEB Z FM TPNFUJNJFOUP EF MPT HPCJFSOPT FO UVSOP BM EJDUBEP EF MPT JOUFS¹T FYUSBOKFSPT FM HSBO DBPT EF VOB HSBO DJWJMJ[BDJÂO QSPNPWJEP QPS MBT QPUFODJBT PDDJ EFOUBMFT CBKP FM MJEFSB[HP EF *OHMBUFSSB 3FDPSEBS FTUPT IFDIPT OP FT HSBUVJUP IBCS½B RVF SF MBDJPOBSMPT DPO FM BDUVBM EFCBUF NFYJDBOP BDFSDB EFM DPO TVNP EF FOFSWBOUFT EPOEF MPT QBSUJDJQBOUFT IBO NPTUSB EP VO QFSGJM UBO MJNJUBEP Z EPOEF B OBEJF TF MF IB PDVSSJEP QFOTBS TJ MP EFCBUJEP FODBKB P OP DPO FM QSPZFDUP EF OB DJÂO RVF UFOFNPT UBM WF[ QPSRVF ZB OJ QSPZFDUP UFOFNPT BSNBOEP HPO!VOJWB NY
"UNPTG¹SJDBT &M Q²KBSP EF MB NBÁBOB MFWBOUB BM NVOEP Z MP TPTUJFOF TPCSF TVT MFWFT BMBT TPCSF TV NJTNP DBOUP DPO MB QBTNPTB GBDJMJEBE EF MPT TFSFT QFSGFDUPT $PNP MP IBDFO MPT ²OHFMFT DPNP MP IBDFO DJFSUBT NVDIBDIBT B MBT RVF JOFYQMJDBCMFNFOUF OJNCB VO SFTQMBOEPS SPKJ[P -BT MMBNJUBT EFM BS CVTUP EF MB FOUSBEB EFM NVJDMF BMVNCSBO MB OPDIF Z MB HSFWJMJB EFKB DBFS EF WF[ FO DVBOEP VOB IPKB TFDB DPO MB FMFHBODJB Z MB JOEJGFSFODJB CJFO TJ NVMBEB RVF EJDFO UFO½BO MBT BOUJHVBT EBNBT BM UJSBS VO QBÁVFMP %F MP BMUP EF MB Q¹SHPMB FT QPTJCMF DPOTJEFSBS CBKP VO GJSNBNFOUP FYUSBPSEJOBSJBNFO UF B[VM FM UFOEJEP RVF MBT FOSFEBEFSBT IBO UFKJEP B MP MBSHP EF MPT BÁPT 1VFT UBT BT½ EF DVFSQP FOUFSP BM TPM EF KVTUJDJB EF FTUB UFNQPSBEB IBDFO SFTUB MMBS TVT KVFHPT N²T FTQFDUBDVMBSFT EFEJDBEPT OPN²T BM DJFMP +BN²T QFOTBEP MPT EPOFT EF IBDFS VOB FTDBMFSB -B NBSBWJMMPTB DPIFSFODJB EF MPT TVFÁPT 4F QSFHVOUB FM RVF QBTB TPCSF MB ½OUJNB QFTBEVNCSF RVF JOWBEF BM RVF EFTQJFSUB EFM QB½T EF MPT TVFÁPT 6OB OPTUBMHJB JSSFNFEJBCMF RVF NVFSEF MBSHP SBUP EFTQV¹T EF IBCFS SFDPSEBEP JNQSFHOB MB NBÁBOB 1PSRVF N²T BMM² EFM BTVOUP EFM RVF FM QM²DJEP EFMJSJP TF IBMMB USBUBEP TF TBCF RVF OP FYJTUJS² ZB GBUBM NFOUF UPEP VO VOJWFSTP RVF FM ²OJNB JODBOTBCMF Z B KBN²T FO WJHJMJB NJOVDJPTBNFOUF DPOTUSVZÂ TPCSF MPT DJNJFOUPT EFM FOJHNB 6OPT DVBO UPT JOTUBOUFT EJDFO MPT TBCJPT FT MP RVF EVSBO MPT TVFÁPT RVF TFOUJNPT NVZ MBSHPT Z RVF FO WFDFT OPT BDPNQBÁBS²O UPEB MB WJEB UFNJCMF QP EFS½P EF MP OP DPOTDJFOUF )BDF BÁPT BQBSFDJÂ QPS MB &TDVFMB EF "SRVJ UFDUVSB EFM *UFTP VO HSJOHP EF EVEPTB DBUBEVSB Z BNQMJB TJNQBU½B 0S HBOJ[Â FO VO N½UJDP MVHBS IBDF NVDIP EFNPMJEP Z RVF TF MMBNBCB 7JMMB (ÊFWB DBMMF EF 7BMMBSUB VO DVSTP QBSB QSPZFDUBS TVFÁPT DPO MPT TVF ÁPT FO TVFÁPT "M FGFDUP FM DIBN²O EF MP PO½SJDP QSFEJDBCB VOB U¹DOJ DB NJOVDJPTB Z TÂMJEBNFOUF FTUSVDUVSBEB RVF JODMV½B QPOFS B EFTIPSBT FM EFTQFSUBEPS Z UFOFS M²QJ[ Z QBQFM B NBOP QBSB BQVOUBS MBT WJTJPOFT DB[BEBT BM WVFMP BOUFT EF RVF TF FTGVNBSBO 1SFWJBNFOUF B EPSNJSTF PCWJP IBC½B RVF QFOTBS DPO JOUFOTJEBE FO FM QSPCMFNB DPNQPTJUJWP B SFTPMWFS GSFDVFOUFNFOUF DPO MB BZVEB EF UFRVJMB Z PUSBT TVTUBODJBT BNBCMFT 5PEP TF DPOTJHOBCB FO VO DVBEFSOP TPCSF FM RVF EFTQV¹T TF FMBCPSBCBO MBT DMBWFT RVF .PSGFP IBC½B TBCJEP FOUSFHBS &M SFTVMUBEP GVF FTQFDUBDVMBS WBSJPT GSVDU½GFSPT OPWJB[HPT USFT P DJODP NBFTUSPT MF WFNFOUF FTDBOEBMJ[BEPT NFEJB EPDFOB EF USPOBEPT NVDIBT JODVSTJP OFT B MB DBTB EF MB SJTB BMHÈO QSPZFDUP FYUSBPSEJOBSJP NVDIPT SFDVFS EPT BHSJEVMDFT Z FTUBT M½OFBT FTDSJUBT E¹DBEBT EFTQV¹T 1VEP IBCFS TJEP FO FM EFTQBDIP EF 4FSHJP "DFWFT P FO FM EF "MFYJT "SHÊFMMPy MB NFNP SJB TF OVCMB BIPSB 7JMMB (ÊFWB ZB EFTBQBSFDF DPNP VO TVFÁP &WFMZO 8BVHI B DJODVFOUB BÁPT EF TV NVFSUF EF PDUVCSF EF BCSJM EF .VDIPT MF BUSJCVZFO B FTUF TJO QBS FTDSJUPS FM TFS FM NBZPS QSPTJTUB FO MFOHVB JOHMFTB EF TV HFOFSBDJÂO 'PSNB QBSB FT UF FTQFDUBEPS VO QBS EF BTFT FTFODJBM FO FM KVFHP EF VOB QBSUJDVMBS NB OP MJUFSBSJB KVOUP DPO TV DPOUFNQPS²OFP Z BNJHP (SBIBN (SFFOF &T UPT EPT FTDSJUPSFT GVFSPO UBNCJ¹O OPUPSJPT DPOWFSTPT BM DBUPMJDJTNP Z BNCPT USBTDFOEJFSPO DPO NVDIP MB TJNQMJTUB EFOPNJOBDJÂO EF iFTDSJ UPSFT DBUÂMJDPTw EFDMBS²OEPTF TFODJMMBNFOUF DPNP iDBUÂMJDPT RVF FT DSJCFO w )BZ RVJFO OPNCSB B 8BVHI Z B (SFFOF KVOUP DPO BMHVOPT PUSPT DPFU²OFPT CSJU²OJDPT DPNP FM (SVQP EF #SJEFTIFBE 'VF QSFDJ TBNFOUF FTUB OPWFMB MMBNBEB #SJEFTIFBE 3FWJTJUFE VOB EF MBT N²T CSJ MMBOUFT PCSBT EFM QSJNFSP &O FMMB N²T BMM² EF DVBMRVJFS PUSP BTVOUP P DJSDVOTUBODJB TF EFCBUF NBHJTUSBMNFOUF Z DPO VOB QSPTB TVQSFNB MB QPTJCJMJEBE EF MB SFEFODJÂO Z EF MB HSBDJB 1FSP OBEB N²T MFKPT EF VOB MFDUVSB iFEJGJDBOUFw P NPDIB )BZ ESBNB QSPGVOEJEBE TBOHSF BOHVT UJB Z HP[P 5PEP DPOUSB VO GPOEP EFTMVNCSBOUF RVF OP MPHSB OVCMBS FM TFWFSP Z HSBWF BTVOUP EFM RVF TF USBUB &O GJO FTUF FTQFDUBEPS SFDPSEB S² BGFDUVPTBNFOUF BM TJFNQSF NFSDVSJBM &WFMZO 8BVHI [BNCVMM¹OEP TF FO MBT SFMFDUVSBT EF 4DPPQ NVZ JOTUSVDUJWP BEFN²T QBSB UPEPT MPT QFSJPEJTUBT 7JMF #PEJFT .FO BU "SNTy "IPSB RVF FTU² EF NPEB %PXO UPO "CCFZ MPT BGFDUPT B FTUB NVZ CVFOB TFSJF JOHMFTB IBCS½BO EF DPO TFHVJS MB NJOJTFSJF #SJEFTIFBE 3FWJTJUFE QSPUBHPOJ[BEB QPS +FSFNZ *SPOT FO Z QSPEVDJEB QPS MB DBTB (SBOBEB 5FMFWJTJPO $PNQBSUF MPT GBTUVPTPT FTDFOBSJPT Z MB SJRVF[B EF MPT QFSTPOBKFT DPO BRV¹MMB QF SP FT NVZ TVQFSJPS NVDIP FO IPOEVSB Z CFMMF[B &O SFBMJEBE QVFEF RVF NBSRVF EF QPS WJEB
$SÂOJDBT EF 3PHFMJP 7JMMBSSFBM MBT WFOUBKBT EF MB FMFHBODJB 6O SF DJFOUF MJCSP EF FTUF OPUBCMF FEJUPS NBFTUSP Z FTDSJUPS DPOTUJUVZF VOB HSB UB MFDDJÂO EF DÂNP FTDSJCJS DSÂOJDBT P EF DÂNP FTDSJCJS QVOUP 4F MMBNB {2V¹ IBDF VTUFE FO VO MJCSP DPNP ¹TUF "EFN²T FM WPMVNFO FTU² NVZ FGJ DB[NFOUF EJTFÁBEP Z FEJUBEP QPS "MNBE½B 'PSNB Z GPOEP BSNPOJ[BO Z TF QPUFODJBO &T CSFWF DPTB RVF DBTJ TF MBNFOUB QFSP BM GJO TF BHSBEFDF 4F BDVFSEB FM RVF QBTB EFM EJDIP GSBOD¹T i&M BSUF EF EFDJSMP UPEP FT FM BS UF EF IBDFSMP FOGBEPTP UPEP w 4JHVJFOEP FTUF QSJODJQJP 3PHFMJP IBDF HBMB EF VOB FKFNQMBS DPODJTJÂO Z EF VOB N²T GJMPTB QPS FTDVFUB JSPO½B -B NB OFSB DPNP BCPSEB MPT UFNBT FT B MB WF[ SJHVSPTB Z KVHVFUPOB EB DVFOUB EF IFDIPT Z DJSDVOTUBODJBT oDPNP EFCFO IBDFSMP MBT DSÂOJDBT QFSP BHSF HB VO DPNQPOFOUF WJUBM F JOUSBOTGFSJCMF RVF WVFMWF TVT UFYUPT NVZ EJTGSV UBCMFT " MP MBSHP EF TV WJEB 7JMMBSSFBM TF IB DPOTUJUVJEP DPNP VO FNJOFO UF EJGVTPS EF MP RVF MPT NJTNPT HBMPT MMBNBO FM BJSF EF MPT UJFNQPT 3FDPSSFS TV USBZFDUPSJB Z TVT QSPEVDDJPOFT FEJUPSJBMFT EFTEF -B 3FHMB 3PUB MB 1VTNPEFSOB P FM BDUVBM 3FQMJDBOUF FT SFDPHFS Z SFWJWJS P SFDJCJS OVFWBT BMHVOBT EF MBT N²T FTFODJBMFT FYQSFTJPOFT EF OVFTUSB HFOFSBDJÂO /P TF QVFEF NFOPT EF NFODJPOBS MB FMFHBODJB DPO MB RVF DJFSUBT DSÂOJ DBT QBSUJDVMBSNFOUF DFSDBOBT Z QFSTPOBMFT TPO SFTVFMUBT QPS 3PHFMJP DP NP MBT RVF EFEJDB B TV QBESF MÈEJDBT DBSJÁPTBT TPCSJBT FO NPNFOUPT OPCMFNFOUF FMFHJBDBT &O VO NFEJP UBO NFEJPDSF Z DPOGPSNJTUB DPNP FM RVF QBEFDFNPT QSFTFODJBT JOUFMFDUVBMFT DPNP MBT EF 3PHFMJP 7JMMBSSFBM Z MBT EF TVT MJCSPT TVT SFWJTUBT TVT BCVOEPTPT QPTUT EFM GFJTCVD SFTVMUBO N²T RVF CJFOWFOJEBT &M HBUP FT VSVHVBZP "QFMMJEB DPNP FM D¹MFCSF HPMFBEPS EF MPT PSJFOUB MFT 'PSM²O 4VT NPEPT TF WBO SFGJOBOEP DPNP TJ TVQJFSB RVF TF MF PCTFSWB EF DFSDB TPGJTUJDB DBEB WF[ N²T TVT JODVSTJPOFT EPN¹TUJDBT FO CVTDB EFM N²T HSBUP SJODÂO QBSB TVT PDJPT : EB DPOUJOVBT MFDDJPOFT EF TBWPJS WJWSF EF FTUSBUFHJBT RVF MP DPOWJFSUFO FO FM TPCFSBOP EF MB DBTB EF DPOPDJNJFO UP EF MBT UFNQFSBUVSBT EF MPT SJODPOFT Z EF MBT TJHVJFOUFT EFDMJOBDJPOFT EFM TPM $PO UPEP FTUP FM GFMJOP QBSFDF WJWJS B TVT BODIBT Z DPNFS ½EFN 6O FT QFDJBMJTUB FO HBUPT SFDPNFOEÂ MB GSFDVFOUF QS²DUJDB EF TFSWJSMF EF DPNFS FO TV QSFTFODJB DPNP TJHOP EF DVJEBEP Z BQFHP B TV QFSTPOB $PNP SFTVM UBEP 'PSM²O FOHPSEB Z FTU² NVZ DPOUFOUP -MFHÂ ZB BM QVOUP EF TFS DBOEJ EBUP B MB DVDIVGMFUB RVF DJFSUPT BMCBÁJMFT NBKBEFSPT MFT EFEJDBO B MBT PTUFO TJCMFT HPSEBT RVF QBTBO KVOUP B MB PCSB i`4JHVF DFOBOEP w 1FSP ZB TPCSF PUSB WFSUJFOUF FM HBUP DPO NBZPS GVFS[B IBDF SFDPSEBS MBT JODFOEJBEBT M½ OFBT EFM HSBO QPFUB &EVBSEP -J[BMEF FT FM UJHSF FO MB DBTB 5JHFS UJHFS CVS OJOH CSJHIU *O UIF GPSFTU PG UIF OJHIUy 4BO 4BCJOB 4BCF VOP EF SFQFOUF RVF DJFSUP BSUJTUB MF BDPNQBÁB S² JOEFGFDUJCMFNFOUF IBTUB FM E½B ÈMUJNP &T FM DBTP EF #SBTTFOT P 5IFP EPSBLJT EF .BIMFS P +PT¹ "MGSFEP EF .PVTUBLJ %ZMBO $PIFO 1BMFT USJOB 1FSHPMFTJ 4FSSBU Z #BDI P #SBINT Z &MFGUFS½B "WSBOJUBLJT EF (JMNPVS 8SJHIU .BTPO 3PHFST EF 5PN 8BJUT 7BO .PSSJTPO .PODBZP Z 3FWVFMUBT P (BCSJFM #BOLT 3VUIFSGPSE $PMMJOT EF 4FSHF 3FHHJBOJ Z 'FSSBU Z 'FSS¹ (ÂSFDLJ -PV 3FFE $BU 4UFWFOT (BJOT CPVSHI Z EF QPS TVQVFTUP 1BSWP /ZNBO (MBTT EF $IJDP #VBSRVF EF )PMBOEB +PBO #BF[ +POJ .JUDIFMM Z (BFUBOP 7FMPTP EF #SZBO 'FSSZ +JN .PSSJTPO #SFM Z .P[BSU Z +PF 4USVNNFS 1BVM 4JNPOPO P EF .J DIBFM 4UJQF MB 1JBG +BHHFS 3JDIBSET -VDIB 3FZFT %BWJE #ZSOF Z /FJM :PVOH EF :WFT .POUBOE #PXJF #BSCBSB )BSSJTPO 4UBSS -FOOPO .D$BSUOFZyZ EF PUSPTy Z EF +PBRV½O 4BCJOB 1PSRVF MB DBQBDJEBE EF FTUF KVHMBS BOEBMV[ QBSB MB WFSTJGJDBDJÂO QVSB MB JNBHFO JOFTQFSB EB MB QSPDBDJEBE FM SJQJP P MB QVSB JMVNJOBDJÂO FT QBTNPTB &T EF FTPT DBOUBOUFT DBQBDFT EF QPOFSMF QSFDJTB FYQSFTJÂO B WBHPT DPMVNCSBNJFO UPT QFSTPOBMFT B FTUBEPT EF ²OJNP EFTCBMBHBEPT B NPNFOUPT JOUSBOT GFSJCMFT : FTUP FT JOBQSFDJBCMF "EFN²T FT NVZ CVFO NÈTJDP )BDF BM HÈO UJFNQP VO FOUBMBSBÁBEP MPDVUPS EFM SBEJP EFD½B EFTEFÁPTBNFOUF RVF 4BCJOB FSB iVO QBZBTPw &M BOEBMV[ TPOSFJS½B Z UPNBS½B MB QSFUFO EJEB JOWFDUJWB DPNP VO DVNQMJEP : TF TBCF CJFO FM QBZBTP FSB FM MPDV UPSyQFSP EF MPT USJTUFT "T½ RVF FO FM DBOPO QFSTPOBM EF FTUF FTQFDUB EPS QSPWJTJPOBM Z DBNCJBOUF +PBRV½O 4BCJOB TJHVF DBOUBOEP QBSUJDVMBSNFOUF DVBOEP UPEP TF EFDMBSB DFSSBEP QPS EFSSJCPy KQBMPNBS!JOGPSNBEPS DPN NY
Õ iÀ Ê i > >ÀÞ
8* ", "Ê Ê 1 " 1BSJFOUFT NVZ DFSDBOPT B MPT HPSSPOFT SFTVMUBO iMPT NBOUFOJEPTw MB EJGFSFODJB FT RVF MPT HPSSPOFT MF BQMJDBO B RVJFO TFB FM RVF MFT QBHVFO Z iMPT NBOUFOJEPTw TPO NVZ TFMFDUJWPT MP IBDFO DPO MB GBNJMJB P DPO VOB JOTUJUVDJÂO &M HPSSÂO QVFEF MMFHBS B VOB GJFTUB BVORVF OP MP JOWJUFO TF NFUF B MPT CVGFUFT TJO QBHBS Z FT DBQB[ EF JS B DVBMRVJFS MVHBS QBSB RVF MF EFO HSBUJT UPEP MP RVF TF MFT BOUPKF &O DBNCJP MPT iNBOUFOJEPTw TF BEIJF SFO B TV GBNJMJB Z TF RVFEBO QPS BÁPT WJWJFOEP HSBUJT TJO BQPSUBS OBEB TF TJFOUFO DPOWFODJEPT Z TFHVSPT EF RVF MFT EFCFO EF QBHBS UPEP Z RVF MP QPDP P NVDIP RVF HBOFO FT QBSB TVT QSPQJPT DBQSJDIPT /P FTU²O EJTQVFTUPT B BQPSUBS B TV DBTB OBEB B WFDFT OJ MBWBS MPT QMBUPT MFT HVTUB WJWJS EF NBOUFOJEPT )BZ NVDIPT UJQPT EF NBOUFOJEPT EFTEF FM IJKP RVF OP DSFDJÂ Z TF RVFEÂ FNPDJPOBMNFOUF JONBEVSP Z RVF UJFOF BÁPT P N²T Z WJWF DVJ EBOEP B TV iNBNZw QFSP RVF FO SFBMJEBE WJWFO EF MPT SFDVSTPT RVF FT U²O B TV BMSFEFEPS 1SJODJQBMNFOUF EF MB DPNJEB Z IBTUB EF VO DVBSUP RVF JODMVTP MMFHBO B UFOFS FM EFTDBSP EF FYJHJS RVF TF MP MJNQJFO KVOUP
Cfj dXek\e`[fj DPO TV SPQB &TUF UJQP EF QFSTPOBT OP TPO NVZ QSPEVDUJWPT Z TVFMFO UBNCJ¹O TFS EFVEPSFT IBCJUVBMFT 5JFOFO VO DBS²DUFS EFQFOEJFOUF Z MP NBMP FT RVF TPO WPMVCMFT QBSFDFO NVZ CPOBDIPOFT QFSP MP DPOKVHBO DPO NPNFOUPT EF NVZ NBM IVNPS 0USP UJQP EF NBOUFOJEPT TPO MPT FTQPTPT RVF FODVFOUSBO FO MB FT QPTB EF GBNJMJB SJDB VO CPU½O QBSB TV FTUJMP EF WJEB EFQFOEJFOUF EFKBO B QBQ² Z B NBN² QBSB BIPSB EFQFOEFS EF MB FTQPTB RVF EF TFHVSP SF DJCJS² UPEP UJQP EF BQPZP FDPOÂNJDP EF TVT QBESFT RVF OVODB MB EFKB S²O TPMB : ¹M CJFO Z CPOJUP WJWF B FYQFOTBT EF MP RVF FMMB SFDJCF &TQF DJBMNFOUF BQBSFDF MP QMFOP EF TV WJTJÂO EF NBOUFOJEP DVBOEP TF RVFEBO EFTFNQMFBEPT i-PT NBOUFOJEPTw OP FT RVF TFBO GMPKPT P JNQSPEVDUJWPT T½ USBCB KBO QFSP TV DPOGPSU FT WJWJS FO VO OJWFM EF WJEB RVF DPO TV USBCBKP OP QVFEFO DPOTFHVJS 1PS FTP WJWFO DPO MP RVF MF IBO EBEP B TV NVKFS %F FTP FT EF MP RVF N²T EFQFOEFO QPS FTP TVFMFO IBDFS VOB USBHFEJB DVBO EP MFT QJEFO FM EJWPSDJP 4FHVJSFNPT DPO FTUF BO²MJTJT
>À ÃÊ ÀÌjÃÊ6?âµÕiâ
6 - $ Ê9Ê - $
<c \jgXZ`f [\ cX dla\i
-B DJGSB QSPNFEJP EF VOB NVKFS TBDSJGJDBEB DPO WJPMFODJB DBEB USFT IP PCTFSWBDJÂO B TV EFTFNQFÁP FO FM ²NCJUP EFMJDUJWP DPO DBNCJPT EF DPO SBT FO .¹YJDP FT BMBSNBOUF Z DPOUSBEJDF FM FTGVFS[P EF EJHOJGJDBDJÂO TJEFSBDJÂO B TVT BUSJCVUPT OBUVSBMFT Z BERVJSJEPT QPS FM BNCJFOUF TPDJBM EFM MMBNBEP TFYP E¹CJM 1PS VOB QBSUF MB QSFTFODJB OVN¹SJDB GFNFOJOB RVF USBOTJUBNPT &M FTUVEJP DPNQSFOEF QBSBMFMP TFOUJEP PQFSB TPCSF FT NBZPSJUBSJB Z FM QBQFM RVF EFTFNQFÁB DPOUSJCVZF B MB TPDJFEBE FO FM FM IPNCSF JONFSTP FO MB MVDIB QPS PCUFOFS BQSFDJP B TV USBCBKP Z QPUFO BTQFDUP FDPOÂNJDP TVNBEP B TV BDUJWJEBE FO FM IPHBS EF NBOFSB USB DJBM DPNQFUFODJB EF MB NVKFS BVTQJDJBEPT QPS MB UFDOPMPH½B QSPWPDBEP SB EF EFTQMB[BNJFOUPT DPO VMUFSJPSFT DPOTFDVFODJBT FDPOÂNJDBT QSP EJDJPOBM QBSB FM RVF BÈO OP IBZ DBCBM SFDPOPDJNJFOUP ZFDUBEBT FO FM IPHBS -PT SFTVMUBEPT BQVOUBO B GBMUB EF SFDPOPDJNJFOUP B TV 3PNQFS DPTUVNCSFT BODFTUSBMFT Z BTVNJS SFRVFSJ FTQBDJP FO MB TPDJFEBE B QFTBS EF MPT NÈMUJQMFT NFOTBKFT NJFOUPT BDUVBMFT DSFB VO D½SDVMP EJG½DJM EF FOGSFOUBS BM RVF EF FMPHJP B TV EFTFNQFÁP JOTVGJDJFOUFT QBSB DPNQFOTBS ʵÕiÊiÃÊ« à L iÊ TÂMP FM EJ²MPHP DPUJEJBOP DPNFEJEP FO MB QBSFKB QVFEF QB MB EPCMF SFTQPOTBCJMJEBE EF EFCFSFT Z DPOHSVFOUFT EFSF SB SFEVDJS Z BMJWJBS MBT UFOTJPOFT DPOEVDFOUFT B MB GBUBMJ DIPT FO VO S¹HJNFO EF SFTQFUP JOUFHSBM FOUSF FM WBSÂO Z EF >`i > Ì>ÀÊÃ Ê ÃÊ EBE JSSVNQJFOEP FO MB USBORVJMJEBE FO MB QBSFKB QPTFFEP FMMB NJTNB V> L ÃÊ>VÌÕ> iÃÊi Êi Ê SB PCMJHBEB B DPNQSFOEFS EFSFDIPT QFSP UBNCJ¹O EF -PT DS½NFOFT EJGVOEJEPT BQVOUBO DSVFMEBE QPTJCMF NFOUF PSJHJOBEB FO BVTFODJB EF DPOTJEFSBDJÂO NVUVB FO V>À?VÌiÀÊvi i ÊÞÊÃÕÊ PCMJHBDJPOFT EPOEF QSFWBMF[DB MB SFTQPOTBCJMJEBE "DBCBS DPO MB WJEB EF VO TFS IVNBOP FT OFGBTUP Z BSSP MB QBSFKB MP RVF DPOEVDF B DPOTJEFSBS JSSFTQPOTBCJMJEBE Àiv i Êi Êi Ê >ÃVÕ ]Ê KB NBZPSFT QSPCMFNBT 4FB NVKFS FO FM DBTP SFGFSJEP P FO FO FM USBUBNJFOUP EF SFDMBNPT QSPWPDBEPSFT EF JODFOEJP à ʵÕiÊiÝ >Ê`iÊ FM IPNCSF 5VNCB Z D²SDFM QSPWPDBO EBÁPT JSSFQBSBCMFT EF ²OJNPT UBM WF[ QSJNFSP DPO QBMBCSBT BMUJTPOBOUFT QPT UFSJPSNFOUF DPOEVDUPSBT B MB BHSFTJÂO G½TJDB EF JNQPTUV L }>V iÃÊi Ê> L à RVF TÂMP MB PQPSUVOB QSVEFODJB QVFEF FWJUBS EF NBOFSB DBTV½TUJDB 4PCSF UPEP QBSB SFGMFYJPOBS Z FODPOUSBS MB NF SB GVFS[B Z VTP EF BSNBT MFUBMFT KPS TPMVDJÂO RVF CJFO QVFEF TFS MB PQPSUVOB TFQBSBDJÂO &T JOBMDBO[BCMF FM KVJDJP TVQFSGJDJBM TPCSF MPT IFDIPT -BT DJGSBT QPOFO FO SFMJFWF MB JNQPSUBODJB EF IFDIPT Z MBT DJGSBT RVF TÂMP DPOEVDFO B DPOWFOJS FO SFTQPOTBCJ MJEBE TPCSF DBVTBT Z DPOTFDVFODJBT EPOEF QSJWB FM EFTFNQFÁP EFM IPN B UPEBT MVDFT BQMJDBCMFT B DBNCJPT JSSFNJTJCMFT 4F IBDF OFDFTBSJP WPM CSF Z MB NVKFS 1FSP MP RVF FT QPTJCMF BEFMBOUBS TPO MPT DBNCJPT BDUVB UFBS MB WJTUB BM QBTBEP DPO BUFODJÂO BM QSFTFOUF Z EBS DVSTP B VOB QSP MFT FO FM DBS²DUFS GFNFOJOP Z TV SFGMFKP FO FM NBTDVMJOP TJO RVF FYJNB ZFDDJÂO EJHOB $BEB IPHBS FT VO NVOEP Z MP RVF FT DBVTB EF MB DBVTB EF PCMJHBDJPOFT FO BNCPT Z TPCSF UPEP BQSFDJP B MPT EFTDFOEJFOUFT EPO FT PSJHFO EFM NBM DBVTBEP %JPT OPT HVBSEF EF MB EJTDPSEJB EF TF QSPZFDUBO DPOTFDVFODJBT HSBWFT TJDQN!JOGPSNBEPS DPN NY &M SFDPOPDJNJFOUP EF MB NVKFS USBOTJUB QPS FM QMBOP MFHJTMBUJWP DPO
%PNJOHP EF BCSJM EF
1~(*/" #
&- */'03."%03
Ajedrez,
&M KVFHP PSJHJOBSJP EF 0SJFOUF PGSFDF NยฐMUJQMFT CFOFGJDJPT QBSB FM EFTBSSPMMP EF IBCJMJEBEFT DPHOJUJWBT QPS FTP TF SFDPNJFOEB FNQF[BS B QSBDUJDBSMP EFTEF MB OJยจF[
un gimnasio
1PS +PSHF 1ยนSF[
PSSF IPNยนSJDB MJHFSP DBCBMMP BSNBEB SFJOB SFZ QPTUSFSP PCMJDVP BMGJM Z QFPOFT BHSFTPSFTw EJDF +PSHF -VJT #PSHFT FO FM QSJNFS TPOFUP EF TV EยฝQUJDP BM BKFESF[ $PO VOB TVQFSGJDJF DVBESBOHVMBS EF PDIP DPMVNOBT WFSUJDBMFT Z PDIP GJMBT IP SJ[POUBMFT TVNBO TVT DBTJMMBT UBN CJยนO MMBNBEBT FTDBRVFT RVF BMUFSOBO FM CMBODP Z FM OFHSP &T UB DJGSB EB QJF B VOB EF MBT OVNFSPTBT MFZFOEBT BMSFEFEPS EFM KVFHP TV JOWFODJร O GVF QPS MB QFUJDJร O EF VO SFZ RVF QSPNFUJร EBSMF MP RVF EFTFBSB B TV DSFBEPS &M TBCJP RVF EJTFร ร MBT QJF [BT Z MBT SFHMBT QJEJร BMHP RVF FO BQBSJFODJB GVF NVZ TFODJMMP QPS MB QSJNFSB DBTJMMB QJEJร VO HSBOP EF USJHP QPS MB TFHVOEB EPT DVBUSP QPS MB UFSDFSB Z BTยฝ TVDFTJWBNFOUF &O UPUBM FSBO VOPT HSBOPT DBOUJEBE JNQPTJCMF EF TVNJOJTUSBS &M TJHMP 9*9 Z TV SPNBOUJDJTNP BQPSUBSPO UBNCJยนO VOB IJTUPSJB EF WBNQJSPT Z BKFESF[ FO MB RVF FM KVHBEPS RVF NPWยฝB MBT DBTJMMBT OFHSBT FSB VO TFS EFM PUSP NVOEP "M GJOBM MB QBSUJ EB UFSNJOB FO VO KBRVF FO FM RVF UPEBT MBT QJF[BT TPCSF FM UB CMFSP GPSNBO VOB DSV[ RVF WFODF BM WBNQJSP &TUF UJQP EF iKV HBEBTw DVBTJOBSSBUJWBT FOUSBO EFOUSP EF MB DBUFHPSยฝB EFM BKFESF[ BSUยฝTUJDP &TUF KVFHP NJMFOBSJP PSJHJOBSJP EF 0SJFOUF IB DBVUJ WBEP B NJMMPOFT EF KVHBEPSFT QFSP UBNCJยนO B FTDSJUP SFT Z QJOUPSFT RVF IBO SFUSBUBEP DPO QJODFMBEBT P QBMBCSBT MB NBHJB EFM UBCMFSP CJDPMPS 4PCSF FM UFNB TF IBO FTDSJUP OPWFMBT DPNP i-B UBCMB EF 'MBOEFTw EF "SUVSP 1ยนSF[ 3FWFSUF P i-B EFGFOTBw EF 7MBEJNJS /BCPLPW FTDSJ UPS SVTP RVF UBNCJยนO iDPNQVTPw QSPCMFNBT EF BKFESF[ Z RVF BDPN QBร ร DPO QPFNBT &M BKFESF[ JOTQJSร B QPFUBT DPNP 'FS OBOEP 1FTTPB P FM NFODJP OBEP #PSHFT B QJOUPSFT DPNP .BSDFM %VDIBNQ WยนBTF MB GBNPTB GPUP TVZB KVHBOEP DPOUSB MB KPWFO &WF #BCJU[ 1FSP BMMFOEF UPEP FM BSUF FO UPSOP B FTUF KVF HP EFQPSUF RVJFOFT TF IBO TFOUBEP GSFOUF BM UBCMFSP QBSB NPWFS MBT QJF[BT EF DBEB DP MPS IBO FODPOUSBEP UBNCJยนO FO MB QSยฒDUJDB NVDIPT BQSFOEJ[BKFT RVF TPCSFQBTBO MBT GSPOUFSBT EFM KVFHP &T VOB BDUJWJEBE RVF FTUJNVMB FM SB[POBNJFOUP Mร HJDP Z MB JOUFMJHFODJB MB QMBOFBDJร O MB DBQBDJEBE EF BTVNJS MBT DPOTFDVFODJBT EF MPT NPWJNJFOUPT Z PUSBT UBOUBT DBSBDUFSยฝT UJDBT RVF MP IBDFO VO FKFSDJDJP NFOUBM DPO NVZ QPTJUJWPT SFTVM UBEPT
ร 5
para la mente
&- */'03."%03 t " .6/*;
6O EFQPSUF DPO QPDB QSPNPDJยฐO
4"#&3 .ยซ4 `" KVHBS /ย `ย ร ร ย ย ร ร ย >ร ร iร ร *>ร ย ร ย ย ยซ>ร ร iร ร >ย ย iร iร ร `iย ร ร ย ร `iย ร ยซร ย }ร >ย >ร ย i`ร iรขร iย ร ย >ร ร ย Lย ย ย ร iV>ร ยฐร >ร ร ร i`iร ร `ย ย `iร ยซ>ร ร ย Vย ยซ>ร ร ย ย \ร ย Lย ย ย ร iV>ร i>ร ร ย รขร iร ย ?ย `iรขร ยญ ร ยฐร *>ร ร ย >]ร ร ยฃยฃร ]ร ย ร ->ร รข]ร `iร ยฃ{\ร รคร >ร ยฃร \ร รคร ย ย ร >ร ยฎร ร ร ร ย iร >ย `>ร 6ย ย ย >ร iย ย ร ร `iร >ร ร ร iร ,iย ร ร ร ยญ `ย ย vย ร
ย ร ย iร ย ร ]ร ร รคร ย ]ร *ย ย >ย Vย ]ร `iร ยฃร \รครคร >ร ยฃย \รครคร ย ย ร >ร ยฎยฐร />ย Lย jย ร Vย ย ร `ย ย >ร iย ร ย ร Lร `iร ย i`ร iรขร `iร *ย ย >ร ร `iร >ร
>ย ย >ร ยญiย ร ยซย >รข>ร Vย ร ย V>ร iย ร ร iย ย `>ร *ย ย >ร ร `iร >ร >ย ย ย >ร V>ร ย ร iร ยตร ย ย >ร Vย ย ร />ย ย ย ]ร ร ย iร ย iร ร ร ร ร ?L>`ย ร ร `iร ยฃร \รครคร >ร ร รค\ร รคร ย ย ร >ร ยฎยฐร ย ร iร ร iร Vย ร Lร ย >ร ร ร >Lย iร ย ร ]ร ร iย ย ย ย iร ร ร ร ย ย Lร ย ร ร ยซ>ร >ร ร ร >ร ร iร iย ร iย ร ย ร }>ร ยฐร
&OTFยฎBS FO BKFESF[ 1BVM 7BO 4DPJU $BSCBMMP DPNFO[ร B KVHBS BKFESF[ EFTEF QF RVFร P i.J QBQยฒ NF FOTFร ร MBT SFHMBT EFM KVFHP /VODB EFKยน EF IBMMBSMF VO HVTUP VOB TFOTBDJร O EF NJTUFSJP BOUF MB TJUVBDJร O RVF WBT UFOJFOEP EVSBOUF FM KVFHP FTF BTPNCSP +VHBS EF VOB NBOFSB NยฒT TFSJB FO FM TFOUJEP EF DPNQFUJS Z DSFDFS GVF DVBO EP FTUBCB FO MB TFDVOEBSJB QPS JOJDJBUJWB EF VOPT BNJHPT )JDJ NPT VO DMVC QFRVFร Py -P EFKยน QPS VO UJFNQP FO MB QSFQB &O FM *5&40 MP SFUPNยน DVBOEP DVSTBCB MB MJDFODJBUVSB FO $JFODJBT EF MB &EVDBDJร O .F FOUFSยน EF RVF FM *5&40 UFOยฝB VOB TFMFDDJร O EF BKFESF[ &NQFDยน B FOUSFOBSNF EF NBOFSB NยฒT NFUร EJDB DPO VOB PSJFOUBDJร O QSPGFTJPOBM DPO 3BNร O 3JDBSEP (PEยฝOF[w 1BVM FTUVEJร DPO ยนM EVSBOUF MB DBSSFSB MVFHP EF UFSNJOBS MB VOJ WFSTJEBE FO TF FOGPDร FO FM BKFESF[ FEVDBUJWP %F MB TJUVBDJร O FO PUSPT QBยฝTFT BQVOUB i&TQBร B FT FM Nยฒ YJNP SFGFSFOUF IBZ NVDIBT JOJDJBUJWBT QBSB FM BKFESF[ TPDJBM FEVDBUJWP Z UFSBQยนVUJDP )BZ HSBOEFT NBFTUSPT Z DMVCFT RVF GPNFOUBO MB QSยฒDUJDB EFM KVFHP 5BNCJยนO IBZ FO "SHFOUJOB NV DIB DSFBDJร O EF NBUFSJBMFT Z QSPQVFTUBTw 1BVM DPNFO[ร EBOEP UBMMFSFT FO DFOUSPT DVMUVSBMFT BIPSB JNQBSUF DMBTFT EF BKFESF[ FO EPT DPMFHJPT +VBO 4BMWBEPS (BWJPUB Z $PMFHJP .ยนYJDP /VFWP TFEF 4BOUB "OJUB BEFNยฒT EF EBS UBMMFSFT FO VO QBS EF CJCMJPUFDBT Z DPPSEJOBS VO DMVC EF BKFESF[ FO TV DPMPOJB &OTFร B B MPT FTUVEJBOUFT EF QSJ NBSJB Z TFDVOEBSJB 4PO Nร MUJQMFT MPT CFOFGJDJPT EF RVF MPT OJร PT Z Kร WFOFT TF JOJDJFO FO FTUF EFQPSUF JOUFMFDUVBMFT DPHOJUJWPT Z FEVDBUJWPT DP NFOUB FM QSPGFTPS i$PO FM BKFESF[ FEVDB UJWP BQPTUBNPT B RVF MPT OJร PT EFTBSSPMMFO IBCJMJEBEFT RVF MPT BZVEFO B UPNBS NFKP SFT EFDJTJPOFT FO TV WJEB 4F HFOFSBO Iยฒ CJUPT Z QSยฒDUJDBT RVF BZVEBO B FWBMVBS TVT
BDDJPOFT FO EJGFSFOUFT FTDFOBSJPTw -B QSJNFSB IBCJMJEBE EFM QFOTBNJFOUP RVF TF EFTBSSPMMB FT MB PCTFSWBDJร O ZB RVF FM KVFHP FT NVZ HFPNยนUSJDP Z SFRVJF SF EF VOB WJTJร O FTQBDJBM i5BNCJยนO TF GPNFOUB MB DBQBDJEBE EF BOยฒMJTJT Z TยฝOUFTJT RVF MPT OJร PT TFQBO EF BMHVOB NBOFSB AMF FS MB TJUVBDJร O RVF WJWF DBEB VOB EF MBT QJF[BT RVF UJFOF FM UB CMFSP JEFOUJGJDBS TJUVBDJPOFT EF EFCJMJEBE EF GPSUBMF[B DPO QMB OFT EF BUBRVF P EFGFOTJWPTw BGJSNB FM EPDFOUF 1BSB FM QSPGFTPS BEFNยฒT EF MP JOUFMFDUVBM MB QSยฒDUJDB EFM KVFHP BHSFHB IBCJMJEBEFT TPDJBMFT Z FNPDJPOBMFT i2VJFO MP KVFHB BQSFOEF B DPOUSPMBS TVT FNPDJPOFT RVยน TJFOUF EVSBOUF MB QBSUJEB NJFEP GSVTUSBDJร O DPSBKF FOPKP DBNCJB TV BVUPFTUJNB P UJFOF TFO UJNJFOUPT EF JOGFSJPSJEBE GSFOUF BM DPOUSBSJP UJF OF JODFSUJEVNCSFy 5SBCBKBOEP FO FTP TF MP HSB RVF UFOHB FNPDJPOFT QPTJUJWBT DPOGJBO[B TFHVSJEBE FO Tยฝ NJTNP TFOUJSTF DBQB[ EF EFTBSSPMMBS VO QMBO Z MPHSBS FKF DVUBSMP FOUFOEFS RVF FM JOUFSDBNCJP EF QJF[BT FM FKFSDJDJP EF BUBRVF MMFHVF B VO SFTVMUBEP FTP SFDVQFSB NVDIP MB DPO GJBO[B Z BQSPQJBDJร O Z DBNCJB FM BV UPDPODFQUP EF VOP NJTNP "VORVF FT VO KVFHP EF EPT QFSTPOBT MBT IB CJMJEBEFT TPDJBMFT FTUยฒO BM WFS B TV DPNQFUJEPS DPNP VO DPNQBร FSP EF KVFHP DPNP VOB QFSTPOB EFM EFTBSSPMMP EFM KVFHP 4F BQSFO EF IVNJMEBE SFTQFUP TF SFDP OPDFO MPT FSSPSFTw
K>@E:L K>LNFB=:L El rey, รบnico en el tablero, puede moverse en cualquier direcciรณn, pero sรณlo una casilla a la vez (siempre y cuando no se exponga en jaque). La reina, igual, una sola pieza por bando, puede moverse en todas direcciones y cualquier nรบmero de casillas. El alfil (dos por color) tiene libertad de movimiento en las diagonales (cada jugador tiene dos alfiles): igualmente, las torres (tambiรฉn dos) pueden moverse cualquier nรบmero de escaques, pero sรณlo de forma vertical u horizontal. Los caballos (dos) se mueven forma de L: una casilla horizontal y dos verticales en cada movimiento (o una vertical y dos horizontales, se-
gรบn elija). Los peones (ocho por color) se mueven sรณlo hacia adelante, una casilla a la vez (salvo su primer movimiento, que pueden ser dos). Los peones pueden moverse a la columna de al lado, sรณlo si van a capturar una pieza contraria. La captura de piezas se da cuando un jugador escoge (y puede) ocupar una misma casilla en la que estรก una pieza contraria. El objetivo del juego es acorralar al rey en un espacio geomรฉtrico del tablero. Cuando una pieza contraria amenaza al rey se llama jaque. Cuando no hay salida del rey para escapar es el jaque mate.
"EFNยฒT EF MPT DPMFHJPT FO MPT RVF JNQBSUF MB NBUFSJB FM QSPGFTPS UJFOF OPUJDJB EF PUSPT DFOUSPT FTUVEJBOUJMFT EPOEF TF EB BKFESF[ -B $BMNB /VFWB (B MJDJB 'SBODJT #BDPO $FSWBOUFT *OTUJUVUP 5FQFZBD $PMFHJP "OHMP 'SBODยนT $PMFHJP #SJUยฒOJDP $PMF HJP (BSDยฝB -PSDB 4VNBEP B FTUBT DPMFHJPT QBSUJDVMBSFT IBZ FTDVFMBT Qร CMJDBT QSJNBSJBT Z TFDVOEBSJBT DPO QSPGFTPSFT RVF QSPNVFWFO MB QSยฒDUJDB BVORVF QBSB 1BVM IBDF GBMUB QSPNPDJPOBS EF GPSNB HFOFSBMJ[BEB FM BKFESF[ i&T UBO JNQPSUBOUF DPNP UPEPT MPT PUSPT EFQPSUFT DPNP IBZ DPNQFUFO DJBT EF GVUCPM CBTRVFUCPM BTยฝ EFCF IB CFS EF BKFESF[w $PNFOUB TPCSF MB 'VOEBDJร O ,BT QBSPW QBSB *CFSPBNยนSJDB RVF QSPNVF WF FO MB $JVEBE EF .ยนYJDP JOJDJBUJWBT QB SB JNQMFNFOUBS FM BKFESF[ FEVDBUJWP DPO MB QPCMBDJร O EF MB UFSDFSB FEBE Z FO SFDMV TPSJPT &O DVBOUP B UPSOFPT 1BVM SFTBMUB RVF SFDJFOUFNFOUF UVWP MVHBS FM DMBTJGJDBUPSJP EF TFDVOEBSJB Z EF QSFQBSBUPSJB QFSP SFDVFSEB RVF FO PUSB ยนQPDB IVCP NยฒT DBOUJEBE EF DFS UยฒNFOFT DPNP MB $PQB EF (VBEBMBKBSB DPO VOB 1SF$PQB i&SBO UPSOFPT EPOEF IBCยฝB QBS UJDJQBDJร O OBDJPOBM QFSP OP MF EJFSPO TFHVJ NJFOUP 5BNCJยนO IBCยฝB VO UPSOFP FO MBT 'JFTUBT EF 0DUVCSFw &OUSF MPT DPMFHJPT IBZ VOB MJHB RVF PSHBOJ[B DJODP UPSOFPT QPS TF NFTUSF RVF CVTDBO GPNFOUBO MB QBSUJDJQBDJร O EF MPT BMVNOPT "ZVOUBNJFOUPT EF MB [POB NF USPQPMJUBOB EF (VBEBMBKBSB Tยฝ IBO BQPZBEP FM EFQPSUF 5MBKP NVMDP UVWP TV RVJOUP UPSOFP FM Bร P QBTBEP Z 5MBRVFQBRVF UFO ESยฒ VO UPSOFP FTUF EPNJOHP FO MB QSFTJEFODJB NVOJDJQBM &O FM QBยฝT IBZ TJUJPT DPO UPSOFPT ZB MPOHFWPT F JNQPSUBOUFT .B[BUMยฒO )VBTUF QFD .PSFMJB Z .ยนSJEB TVNBEPT B MB $JVEBE EF .ยนYJDP
>ร ย >ร *>ย ย ย >ร
ร /1, -ร ร 6 , &O MPT DJODVFOUB Bร PT EF MB NVFSUF EF &WFMZO 8BVHI &O PUSBT MFOHVBT TF MMBNB iOBUVSBMF[BT NVFSUBTw FYQSFTJร O CBTUBO UF GFB B MP RVF FO FTQBร PM MMBNBNPT CPEFHPOFT OP UBO GFP -B QSJ NFSB BDFQDJร O EF MB QBMBCSB FO FM %JDDJPOBSJP EF MB 3"& FT MB EF iUB CFSOBw QFSP MB TFHVOEB FYQMJDB RVF TPO QJOUVSBT EF GMPSFT GSVUBT DPNJEB FO HFOFSBM PCKFUPT EPNยนTUJDPT WBSJPT DPODIBT QJFESJUBT JOTUSVNFOUPT MJCSPT Z UJMJDIFT EJWFSTPT QPS MP HFOFSBM OP NVZ HSBO EFT Z RVF QVFEFO IBMMBSTF FO DVBMRVJFS DBTB &T VO HยนOFSP BOUJRVยฝ TJNP UBOUP DPNP FM SFUSBUP P FM QBJTBKF 1MJOJP FM 7JFKP FTDSJCF RVF ZB FO MPT TJHMPT *7 Z *** "$ IBCยฝB FO (SFDJB QJOUPSFT EF DPTBT NFOV EBT Z RVF FM NยฒT DยนMFCSF GVF VO UBM 1JSBJLร T )BZ FO 1PNQFZB GSFT DPT Z NPTBJDPT EF CPEFHPOFT &M HSBO TJHMP EFM CPEFHร O FO MB QJOUVSB EF MPT QBยฝTFT EF &VSPQB GVF TJO EVEB FM 97** -BT FNQSFTBT EF OBWFHBDJร O Z EFTDVCSJNJFO UP EFM 97* UVWJFSPO RVF WFS DPO UBM GMPSFDJNJFOUP QVFT MPT BSUJTUBT TF BQSFTVSBSPO B QJOUBS GMPSFT GSVUBT Z BOJNBMFT FYร UJDPT &O MB /BUJP
9f[\^fe\j OBM (BMMFSZ EF -POESFT FTUยฒ VOB FYQPTJDJร O EFEJDBEB B MBT QJOUVSB EF GMPSFT IPMBOEFTB EF MPT TJHMPT 97** Z 97*** RVF SFGMFKB MB BVUยนO UJDB QBTJร O RVF EF SFQFOUF EFTBSSPMMBSPO MPT GMBNFODPT QPS MPT UVMJ QBOFT Z VO TJHMP NยฒT UBSEF QPS MPT KBDJOUPT JNQPSUBEPT BNCPT EF 5VSRVยฝB &O NVDIBT EF FTBT QJOUVSBT QVFEF WFSTF FM DFSDBOP QBSFO UFTDP EFM CPEFHร O DPO FM USBNQBOUPKP QVFT MBT NPTDBT Z PUSPT JO TFDUPT RVF TVFMFO QVMVMBS FOUSF MBT GMPSFT MPT IBDFO OBUVSBMF[BT OP UBO NVFSUBT Z NยฒT CJFO IJQFSSFBMJTUBT 4J CJFO MPT CPEFHPOFT QPS EFGJOJDJร O TF PDVQBO EF PCKFUPT IV NJMEFT EF MB WJEB EJBSJB MPT HSBOEFT BSUJTUBT OP MPT IBO EFTEFร BEP OP TF USBUB EF VO HยนOFSP NFOPS " WFDFT FTBT DPTBT QBSB BUSBFS MB WJTUB Z RVF QBSFDFO TJO JNQPSUBODJB BQVOUBO NยฒT BMMยฒ QVFEFO TFS BMFHPSยฝBT EF MBT FTUBDJPOFT EFM Bร P QPS FKFNQMP P EF MB WBOJEBE IV NBOB P EF MBT BSUFT P EF MP QFSFDFEFSP DBCFO BIยฝ UPEPT MPT Uร QJ DPT MJUFSBSJPT RVF TF RVJFSB &O MB QJOUVSB EFM 4JHMP EF 0SP EFTDVFMMB VOB QJOUPSB NBHOยฝGJDB Z QPDP DPOPDJEB RVF FT +PTFGB EF ยฆCJEPT SFUSBUJTUB EF
MB GBNJMJB SFBM QPSUVHVFTB Z BVUPSB EF HSBO DBOUJEBE EF CPEFHPOFT SFBMNFOUF FYUSBPSEJOBSJPT TF QVFEFO WFS DPO GBDJMJEBE FO HPPHMF 4F MMBNBCB +PTFGB EF "ZBMB 'JHVFJSB OBDJร FO 4FWJMMB IJKB EF VO QPS UVHVยนT Z VOB TFWJMMBOB Z WJWJร MB NBZPS QBSUF EF TV WJEB FO ยฆCJEPT FO 1PSUVHBM %F GBNJMJB EF BSUJTUBT EFTEF KPWFO EFTUBDร DPNP HSB CBEPSB QJOUPSB Z FTDVMUPSB 4V USBCBKP NVFTUSB MB JOGMVFODJB EFM HSBOEยฝTJNP ;VSCBSยฒO -PT CPEFHPOFT EF QBOFT Z EVMDFT EF +PTFGB EF ยฆCJEPT TPO DBTJ MJUFSBMNFOUF EFMJDJPTPT Z BEFNยฒT NVFTUSBO EF Eร OEF WJFOFO MPT IVF WPT SFBMFT RVF UPEBWยฝB TF QVFEFO DPNQSBS FO DJFSUBT QBOBEFSยฝBT Z EVMDFSยฝBT EF .ยนYJDP P MBT DBKJUBT EF NBEFSB EFMHBEB EF MB DBKFUB EF $FMBZB P 4BZVMB : IBZ RVF GJKBSTF FO MPT KBSSPOFT KBSSBT QMBUPOFT DBOBTUPT NBOUFMFT Z EFNยฒT DPTBT RVF UBNCJยนO IBDFO RVF MPT CPEF HPOFT TFBO VOB WFOUBOB B MB WJEB EF MB HFOUF EF PUSPT TJHMPT IUUQT XXX OBUJPOBMHBMMFSZ PSH VL XIBUT PO EVUDI GMPXFST JO EFUBJM
1~(*/" #
&- */'03."%03 &- */'03."%03
%PNJOHP EF BCSJM EF &41&$*"-
La leyenda
de un gallego que se convirtió en símbolo luso -B JMVTUSF GJHVSB EF 1PSUVHBM Z FM QPSRV EF TV QSFTFODJB FO UPEBT QBSUFT .JHVFM $PODFJ¸·P &'& (6"3%*«/ /P FT SBSP WFS MB GJHVSB EF FTUF HBMMP DPNP WJ HÓB FO MBT DBMMFT
*
OTQJSBEP FO MB IJTUPSJB EF VO QFSFHSJOP HB MMFHP RVF TF EJSJH½B B 4BOUJBHP EF $PNQPT UFMB FM QPQVMBS i(BMMP EF #BSDFMPTw FT IPZ FO E½B VOP EF MPT T½NCPMPT EF 1PSUVHBM F JNBHFO EF NBSDB RVF FTU² QSFTFOUF FO UP EBT MBT UJFOEBT QBSB UVSJTUBT EFM QB½T $PO TV DVFSQP EF DPMPS OFHSP VOB PTUFOUPTB DSFTUB SPKB Z VOB WBSJBEB Z DPMPSJEB EFDPSBDJÂO MB GJHVSB EFM U½QJDP HBMMP TF JOTQJSB FO VOB MFZFOEB EFM TJHMP 97* BVORVF OP TF DPNFO[Â B VTBS DPNP T½N CPMP OBDJPOBM IBTUB NFEJBEPT EF MPT BÁPT USFJOUB EFM TJHMP QBTBEP $PO FM QBTP EFM UJFNQP MB GJHVSB EFM HBMMP iTF IJ[P DBEB WF[ N²T QSFTFOUF QPS TFS VO BOJNBM RVF FO FM GPOEP FTU² MJHBEP B MB BHSJDVMUVSB Z BM E½B B E½B EF OVFTUSPT BOUFQBTBEPTw FYQMJDÂ MB BSUJTUB QM²TUJDB 4½MWJB #BSCPTB EF MB FNQSFTB i4½MWJB EPT (BMPTw 4JMWJB EF MPT HBMMPT FO FTQBÁPM 'VF QSFDJTBNFOUF FTF W½ODVMP DPO MP SVSBM MP RVF MMFWÂ BM S¹HJNFO EJDUBUPSJBM EF "OUÂOJP EF 0MJ WFJSB 4BMB[BS NVZ BMMFHBEP B MB USBEJDJÂO B BQPT UBS QPS MB GJHVSB EFM BOJNBM "T½ B JOJDJBUJWB EFM S¹HJNFO TBMB[BSJTUB FM (BMMP EF #BSDFMPT DPNFO[Â FO MB E¹DBEB EF MPT USFJOUB B SFQSFTFOUBS B 1PSUVHBM FO GFSJBT JO UFSOBDJPOBMFT USBOTNJUJFOEP MB JNBHFO JE½MJDB EF VO QB½T MJHBEP B TV GPMDMPSF : ZB FO MPT BÁPT DJODVFOUB Z TFTFOUB TF DPOTP MJEÂ DPNP T½NCPMP FTUSFMMB EFM QB½T B MB BMUVSB EF QPS FKFNQMP MBT U½QJDBT JN²HFOFT EF MB 7JSHFO EF '²UJNB &M QSJNFS HBMMP GVF DSFBEP QPS FM BSUFTBOP MV TP %PNJOHPT $ÃUP OBUVSBM EF #BSDFMPT VOB MPDB MJEBE BM OPSUF EFM QB½T B PSJMMBT EFM S½P $²WBEP -P IJ[P JOTQJS²OEPTF FO MB MFZFOEB RVF DVFO UB RVF VO QFSFHSJOP HBMMFHP RVF TF EJSJH½B B $PN QPTUFMB GVF BDVTBEP B TV QBTP QPS #BSDFMPT EF VO DSJNFO RVF OP IBC½B DPNFUJEP Z GVF DPOEFOBEP B MB IPSDB &O VOB BQFMBDJÂO GJOBM QJEJÂ VOB SFVOJÂO DPO FM KVF[ RVF EJDUÂ MB DPOEFOB Z RVF MF SFDJCJÂ DVBO EP TF EJTQPO½B B DPNFS VO HBMMP BTBEP &M JNQVUB EP KVSÂ RVF DPNP QSVFCB EF TV JOPDFODJB FM HBMMP TF MFWBOUBS½B EFM QMBUP Z DBOUBS½B &M NBHJTUSBEP OP MF DSFZÂ QFSP DVBOEP FM QSF TP JCB B TFS BIPSDBEP FM HBMMP TF MFWBOUÂ Z DBOUÂ )BCJ¹OEPTF EBEP DVFOUB EF TV FSSPS FM KVF[ DP SSJÂ B MB IPSDB Z EFTDVCSJÂ RVF FM QFSFHSJOP TF IB C½B TBMWBEP HSBDJBT B VO OVEP NBM IFDIP FO MB TP HB DPO MB RVF JCB B TFS BIPSDBEP &TUB IJTUPSJB GVF NVZ EJGVOEJEB QPS UPEB &V SPQB BVORVF EFKÂ TV NBZPS NBSDB FO TVFMP MVTP EPOEF TF DPOWJSUJÂ FO VOB EF MBT QSJODJQBMFT JOTJH OJBT EFM UVSJTNP QPSUVHV¹T &M (BMMP QVFEF WFSTF FO MPT FTDBQBSBUFT EF UP EBT MBT UJFOEBT EF iTPVWFOJSTw EF MBT QSJODJQBMFT DJVEBEFT EFM QB½T BM MBEP EF MPT ²MCVNFT EF MB SFJ OB EFM GBEP "N²MJB 3PESJHVFT P EF MBT DBNJTFUBT DPO FM OPNCSF EFM GBNPTP GVUCPMJTUB $SJTUJBOP 3P OBMEP -P IBZ EF UPEPT MPT DPMPSFT Z UBNBÁPT Z OP TÂ MP FO GPSNB EF GJHVSB EF MPT N²T WBSJBEPT NBUFSJB MFT TJOP RVF UBNCJ¹O FT MB JNBHFO EF QBÁPT EF DP DJOB UPBMMBT EFMBOUBMFT P MMBWFSPT -B GJHVSB iFT FM QSJODJQBM JDPOP DVMUVSBMw FO MB SFHJÂO EF #BSDFMPT EPOEF TF BTFHVSB RVF UFOFS VO FKFNQMBS FO DBTB EB TVFSUF B TVT QSPQJFUBSJPT "MM½ IB JEP BERVJSJFOEP VOB OVFWB EJNFOTJÂO EFCJEP B iMB PSJHJOBMJEBE Z EJWFSTJEBE EF MPT USBCB KPT DSFBEPT QPS WBSJPT BSUJTUBT Z BSUFTBOPTw JODMVJ EB 4½MWJB #BSCPTB RVJFO TF EFEJDB FYDMVTJWBNFOUF B MB GJHVSB EFM HBMMP EF MB RVF SFBMJ[B JN²HFOFT QFS TPOBMJ[BEBT Z GVFSB EF MPT QBS²NFUSPT DM²TJDPT -B BSUJTUB MVTB BÁBEF BM USBEJDJPOBM CBSSP VOBT QBUBT EF IJFSSP P VUJMJ[B QJOUVSBT EJGFSFOUFT B MBT USBEJDJPOBMFT &MMB Z PUSPT NVDIPT BSUFTBOPT EFM SFTUP EFM QB ½T DPOTJHVFO BT½ iDPOTPMJEBS EF GPSNB PSJHJOBM MB JNQPSUBODJB EFM (BMMP EF #BSDFMPT QPS UPEP FM NVO EPw SFJOWFOUBOEP MB JNBHFO DM²TJDB EF VOP EF MPT QSJODJQBMFT JDPOPT EF 1PSUVHBM
'"$&#00,
%*7&34"4 7&34*0/&4 4ÓMWJB #BSCPTB BSUJTUB MVTB UPNB FM JDPOP USBEJDJPOBM Z MP DPOWJFSUF FO VO PCKFUP QFSTPOBMJ[BEP