'6/%"%03&4 +FT·T ~MWBSF[ EFM $BTUJMMP 7 +PSHF ~MWBSF[ EFM $BTUJMMP ;
Aopa 1 `a ajank( D]t]k Iet]u]ge _qilha 31 ] ko* ?aha^naiko _kj oq k^n]*
&%*503 %*3&$503 $BSMPT ~MWBSF[ EFM $BTUJMMP (
L=J t LN@ t] ao^ku]j qj] ]he]ju] l]n] bnaj]n ]h LNE aj kpnko aop]`ko*
L cej] _ej_k
"º0 9$*9 50.0 $$$-999* /Á.&30
#
4&$$* /
?Q=@ANJK @A HA?PQN=
L cej] pnao
1 , ]Ê °]Ê " "Ê ÎÊ Ê ,"Ê ÊÓä£È
-Õ«iÀÛ Ã À\Ê >Ê, `À }ÕiâÊ> >°À `À }ÕiâJ v À >` À°V ° ÝÊÉÊ ijÊ Õ âÊ> iiJ v À >` À°V ° Ý
La rosca,
&- */'03."%03 t . 7"3("4
regalo de Reyes -B USBEJDJªO EF DPNQBSUJS VO EVMDF QBO QFSWJWF BVORVF PDBTJPOBMNFUF IBZB RVJFO MBNFOUF FODPOUSBS USBT VO NPSEJTDP VO ÂNPOPÃ RVF N T RVF VOB DBMBNJEBE FT VO T¤NCPMP EF CVFOB TVFSUF
$ ÊÃ>L ÀÊ `iÊ«> Ê >ÌÕÀ> Ê iÃÊi ÊÃ>L ÀʵÕiÊ `iLiÀ > ÊÌi iÀÊ Ì `>ÃÊ >ÃÊ «> >`iÀ >Ã]Ê > ?Ê ÃiÊV Ì Õ>À>ÊV Ê iÃÌ>Ê ÌÀ>` V i «iÊ6°Ê 6 > L Ã] panadero.
VFOUB MB MFZFOEB P MBT TBHSBEBT FTDSJUVSBT RVF MB FTUSFMMB EF #FM¹O GVF HV½B EF QBTUPSFT Z NB HPT FO SFGFSFODJB B MPT BTUSÂOPNPT Z FOUSF FTUPT ÈMUJNPT VO US½P EF SFZFT EF 0SJFOUF TF EJP B MB UBSFB EF TFHVS TV CSJMMP TPCSF TVT CFTUJBT VO FMFGBOUF VO DBNFMMP Z VO DBCBMMP 5PEPT FMMPT FDIBSPO B BOEBS TVT QBTPT IBDJB FM MFDIP EPOEF +FTÈT iFM TBMWBEPSw EJP TV QSJNFS SFTQJSP .FMDIPS (BTQBS Z #BMUB[BS FT UBNCJ¹O USBEJDJÂO OPNCSBSMPT FO FTF PSEFO DPNP EJDF MB DBODJÂO MMFWBSPO SFHBMPT BM QFRVFÁP OJÁP PSP JODJFOTP Z NJSSB )BZ RVJFOFT BGJSNBO RVF TÂMP FSBO EPT SFZFT BMHVOPT EJDFT RVF JODMVTP FSBO DPO OPNCSFT EFTDPOPDJEPT QFSP FO QB½BTFT EF -BUJOPBN¹SJDB TF MFT IB MMBNBEP BT½ Z TF BTFHVSB RVF TÂMP FSBO USFT &M BTVOUP EF MB SPTDB TF DVFDF BQBSUF QPS RVF OP IBZ VOB GVFOUF GJEFEJHOB RVF FTUBCMF[ DB DMBSBNFOUF TJ QPS FKFNQMP B TV MMFHBEB BM QFTFCSF MPT SFZFT DPNJFSPO BMHVOB DMBTF EF QBO P TJ FO FM DBNJOP JOHJSJFSPO DPNJEB BMHV OB 4F EJDF RVF MB DPOWJWFODJB FO UPSOP B FTU EVMDF NBOKBS TF JOJDJÂ FO 'SBODJB EPOEF TF DSFÂ VOB HSBO SPTDB RVF FO TV JOUFSJPS FTDPO E½B VO IBCB RVF EBCB QSJWJMFHJPT Z USBUP FTQF DJBM BM RVF MB FODPOUSBCB $PO MB JOHFTUB EF FT UF QBO DPODMVZFO MPT GFTUFKPT OBWJEFÁPT )PZ FO EQJB FO 'SBODJB TF DPNF VO QBO RVF MMFWB FM OPNCSF EF HBMFUUF EFT 3PJT P UPSUB EF 3FZFT UJFOF VOB GPSNB QMBOB Z FT EF QBTUB EF IPKBMESF &O &TQBÁB TF MMBNB 3PTDÂO EF 3F ZFT TF IBDF DPO BHVB EF B[BIBS Z WB EFDPSBEP DPO GSVUPT TFDPT USBEJDJÂO RVF TF SFQJUF FO .¹ YJDP &O BMHVOPT MVHBSFT EFM NVOEP FM QBO TF DPNF MB OPDIF EFM EF FOFSP QSFWJP B MB MMFHB EB EF MPT 3FZFT NBHPT FO PUSPT MVHBSFT FT FM E½B B NBOFSB EF DFMFCSBDJÂO QPS MB MMFHBEB EF MPT TBCJPT &O .¹YJDP MB IBCB IB TJEP SFFNQMB[BEB QPS VO NVÁFDP CMBODP RVF TJNCPMJ[B BM QFRVF ÁP +FTVT RVF BTJNJTNP SFQSFTFOUB MB SJRVF[B FM QPEFS Z MB WJSUVE QFSP FO OVFTUSP QB½T FM BTVOUP TF IB QVFTUP US²HJDP Z BRVFM RVF PCUJF OF FO VOB SFCBOB P NPSEJTDP MB QFRVFÁB QJF[B EFCF QSPDVSBS FM NBOKBS EF MB QSÂYJNB DFMFCSBDJÂO UBNBMFT FO %½B EF MB $BOEFMBSJB EF GFCSFSP 1PS FTP NVDIPT UFNFO FODPOUSB iFM NPOPw FOUSF TV QBO -P JNQPSUBOUF FT RVF DBEB FMFNFOUP EF MB SPTDB UJFOF VO TJHOJGJDBEP QBSB OVFTUSB DVMUV
SB TV GPSNB PWBMBEB TJNCPMJ[B FM BNPS EF %JPT RVF OP UJFOF QSJODJQJP OJ GJO MBT GSVUBT DSJTUBMJ[BEBT SFQSFTFOUBO MB HSBDJB USB½EB QPS +FTVDSJTUP BVORVF UBNCJ¹O TF EJDF RVF TPO MBT KPZBT EF MPT SFZFT RVF TJHOJGJDBO BNPS QB[ Z GFMJDJEBE &M IFDIP EF RVF EFOUSP EF FTUF QBO IBZB VO NVÁFDP SFQSFTFOUB MB IV½EB EF .BS½B Z +P T¹ QBSB QSPUFHFS B TV IJKP EFM SFZ )FSPEFT DVBOEP ¹TUF BM FOUFSBSTF EFM OBDJNJFOUP EFM i3FZ EF SFZFTw PSEFOÂ NBUBS B MPT OJÁPT QF RVFÁPT &M DVDIJMMP DPO FM RVF TF QBSUF FM QBO SFQSFTFOUB FM QFMJHSP EF NVFSUF BM RVF FTUBCB FYQVFTUP +FTÈT
1BOBEFSªBT DPO TBCPS DBTFSP 1BSB 'FMJQF 7 7JMMBMPCPT IJKP EF "OUPOJP 7JMMBOVFWB #BSSBH²O DPOPDJEP DPNP i&M (VB QPw FT JNQPSUBOUF DPOTFSWBS MBT USBEJDJPOFT HBTUSPOÂNJDBT TJO DPOTFSWBEPSFT Z TVQMFNFO UPT BSUJGJDJBMFT i&O NVDIPT MVHBSFT TF DPDJOB DPO TVTUJUVUPT FO MB MFWBEVSB FM TBCPS MPT DP MPSFT FM IVFWP FOUSF PUSPT JOHSFEJFOUFT QFSP FTP OP MF EB DBMJEBE BM QBO MP EFHSBEB 1PS FMMP FO MB QBOBEFS½B i&M (VBQPw OFHPDJP GBNJ MJBS PGSFDFNPT MBT USBEJDJPOBMFT SPTDBT IF DIBT EF QBO NBOUFRVJMMB Z IVFWP DPO KBMFB EF NFNCSJMMP SFBM Z MBUF i4F IBDF VOB QBTUB B MB NBOUFRVJMMB QBSB DSFBS MB DPSPOB Z ZB RVF FTU² MJTUB TF CBSOJ[B DPO IVFWP Z MB SFMMFOBNPT DPO BUF .J QBQ² OP RVJFSF JOEVTUSJBMJ[BS FM OFHPDJP BM DPOUSBSJP RVJFSF DPOTFSWBS MBT USBEJDJÂO EF MB SPTDBw 1PS TV QBSUF MPT EVFÁPT EF MB 1BOJGJDBEP SB -B -V[ EF 0DDJEFOUF DPO BÁPT EF USBEJ DJÂO BM JHVBM RVF 'FMJQF 7JMMBMPCPT DSFFO RVF OP IBZ OBEB DPNP VO QBO SFDJ¹O IFDIP DPO JO HSFEJFOUFT OBUVSBMFT Z DPO MB SJDB SFDFUB DBTF SB RVF QPS BÁPT IB GVODJPOBEP 1SVFCB EF FMMP TPO MBT SPTDBT RVF WFOEBS²O FO MPT E½BT Z EF FOFSP FO *HOBDJP )FSSFSB Z $BJSP &O FM DBTP EFM OFHPDJP EF MB GBNJMJB 7JMMB MPCPT MBT SPTDBT TPO IFDIBT BM E½B FO MBT RVF 'FMJQF QSFTVNF MB QSFQBSBDJÂO FO FM IPSOP EF BEPCF RVF MMFWB N²T EF BÁPT E²OEPMFT FM UP RVF TJOJHVBM EF MB QBOBEFS½B BSUFTBOBM EF i&M (VBQPw "MEBNB 4FDUPS 3FGPSNB i&M IPSOP FT VOB DMBWF EF ¹YJUP FO FTUF OF HPDJP "OUFT EF NFUFS FM QBO TF QSFOEF FM IPS OP QPS VOB IPSB Z DPO FTP UJFOFO MBT P SPTDBT RVF MF DBCFO QPSRVF FO SFBMJEBE FM DB MPS FT FM FMFNFOUP JEFBM QBSB RVF RVFEFO FO TV
AQVOUP OP TF RVFNBO DPNP FO PUSPT MVHBSFT RVF VUJMJ[BO MVNCSF Z TVT IPSOPT EF HBTw &O FTF TFOUJEP 7JMMBMPCPT BEWJFSUF RVF FTQF SBO UFOFS NVDIPT QFEJEPT DPNP FO BÁPT BOUFSJP SFT QVFT BOUFT EF DPNFO[BS B QSFQBSBS MBT SPT DBT MP QSJNFSP RVF IBDF FM OFHPDJP FT QSFHVOUBS B PUSPT FTUBCMFDJNJFOUPT EF .FESBOP Z 0CSFHÂO DÂNP IB FTUBEP MB WFOUB OBWJEFÁB EFM i)B TJEP VO GFOÂNFOP FM BÁP QBTBEP FM FT Q½SJUV EF /BWJEBE FTUVWP GMPKP Z FO FTUF BÁP TF WJFSPO NVZ QPDBT DBTBT BEPSOBEBT DPO AMVDF DJUBT BT½ RVF QBSB OPTPUSPT OPT EB VO SFQVO UF RVF MBT WFOUBT WBO IBDJB BCBKPw 4JO FNCBSHP DPNFOUB 'FMJQF RVF IBTUB FM NPNFOUP ZB UJFOFO WBSJPT QFEJEPT DPNP VOB DMJFOUB GJFM RVF IBDF VOPT NJOVUPT MMBNÂ QPS UFM¹GPOP QBSB BQBSUBS DJODP SPTDBT HSBOEFT i-P RVF MB HFOUF CVTDB FT DPNFSTF VO QBO CVF OP OP DBSPw $MBSP FKFNQMP EF MB QBOBEFS½B i&M (VBQPw RVF EFTEF FM EF EJDJFNCSF ZB QPOES² B MB WFO UB MPT FTRVJTUPT CJTDPDIPT OBWJEFÁPT iOPT HVTUB UPNBS FO DVFOUB B MBT GBNJMJBT RVF TBMFO GVFSB EF MB DJVEBE P EFM QB½T QPS FTP JOJDJBNPT MB QSFQB SBDJÂO EF MBT SPTDBT BOUFT EFM %½B EF 3FZFTw &O DVBOUP B MB FMBCPSBDJÂO EF SPTDBT 'FMJQF TFÁBMB RVF B MBT OVFWF EF MB NBÁBOB ZB UJFOFO VO OÈNFSP FTU²OEBS EF QBOFT Z RVF DBEB USFT IPSBT SFOVFWBO MB FMBCPSBDJÂO EF MPT QBOFDJMMPT TFHÈO DPNP QFSDJCBO MB WFOUB EFM E½B BT½ IBTUB FM EF FOFSP RVF DPODMVZF MB W½TQFSB OBWJEFÁB
`/0 5& 26&%&4 $0/ &- "/50+0 3PTDB QBSB UPEPT WÊÊ*> v V>` À>Ê >Ê ÕâÊ`iÊ"VV `i Ìi\ÊV Ê ?ÃÊ`iÊ äÊ > ÃÊ`iÊiÝ«iÀ i V >°Ê \Ê iÀÀiÀ>ÊÞÊ > À Ê{näÊ°Ê/\ÊÎÈ£ÎÊ È£{n°Ê W *> >`iÀ >ʺ Ê Õ>« »Ê6 > L Ã\ÊÌÀ>` V Ê« ÀÊiÝ Vi i V >°Ê, ÃV>ÃÊÌÀ>` V > iÃÊV Êi ÊÃ>L ÀÊV>ÃiÀ Ê`iÊ >Ê«> >`iÀ >°Ê \Ê `> >Ê £Ç]Ê-iVÌ ÀÊ,iv À >°Ê/\Ê ÎÈ£n Ç £°Ê WÊ*> >`iÀ >Ê Ì \Êi Ê«> ÊV ÊÌ µÕiÊiëiV > Ê`iÊVÀi >Ê«>ÃÌi iÀ>°Ê \Ê Û°Ê jÝ V ÊÓnxä°Ê/\ÊÎÈ{Ó Çx£Ó°Ê W Ê*>ÃÌi iÀ >Ê ÕÛ iÀ\Êi >L À>`>ÊV Ê >ÊÌÀ>` V > ÊÀi ViÌ>ÊÃiVÀiÌ>°Ê \Ê Û°Ê6> >ÀÌ>Ê£äxÈ°Ê/\ÊÎnÓx nÈÓÎ°Ê W Ê*>ÃÌi iÀ >Ê Ì>Ê LÀ>\Ê«> iÃÊÀi i ÃÊ`iÊ« >ÊV Ê V V ]ÊV V >ÌiÊV ÊV> iÌ>ÊÞÊ ÕiâÆÊÞÊV ÊvÀiÃ>ÊÞÊ>À? `> °Ê \Ê/i«iÞ>VÊ{xÈÓ°Ê/\ÊÎÈ{Ç ÈÎxn°
1~(*/" #
&- */'03."%03 &- */'03."%03
%PNJOHP EF FOFSP EF
>À Ê6>À}>ÃÊ Ã>
* , Ê Ê/"+1 5PEP FM NVOEP QBSFDF EF BDVFSEP FO RVF MBT SF DJFOUFT FMFDDJPOFT FO &TQBÁB BDBCBSPO DPO FM CJ QBSUJEJTNP Z VOB JOFRV½WPDB NBZPS½B QBSFDF DFMF CSBSMP :P OP MP FOUJFOEP -B WFSEBE FT RVF FTF QFSJPEP RVF BIPSB UFSNJOB FO FM RVF FM 1BSUJEP 1P QVMBS Z FM 1BSUJEP 4PDJBMJTUB TF IBO BMUFSOBEP FO FM QPEFS IB TJEP VOP EF MPT NFKPSFT EF MB IJTUPSJB FT QBÁPMB -B QBD½GJDB USBOTJDJÂO EF MB EJDUBEVSB B MB EFNPDSBDJB FM BNQMJP DPOTFOTP FOUSF UPEBT MBT GVFS[BT QPM½UJDBT RVF MP IJ[P QPTJCMF MB JODPSQPSB DJÂO B &VSPQB BM FVSP Z B MB 05"/ Z VOB QPM½UJDB NPEFSOB EF FDPOPN½B EF NFSDBEP BMJFOUP B MB JO WFSTJÂO Z B MB FNQSFTB QSPEVKP MP RVF TF MMBNÂ iFM NJMBHSP FTQBÁPMw VO DSFDJNJFOUP EFM QSPEVDUP JO UFSJPS CSVUP Z EF MPT OJWFMFT EF WJEB TJO QSFDFEFO UFT RVF IJ[P EF &TQBÁB VOB EFNPDSBDJB GVODJPOBM Z QSÂTQFSB VO FKFNQMP QBSB "N¹SJDB -BUJOB Z EF N²T QB½TFT FNQFÁBEPT FO TBMJS EFM TVCEFTBSSPMMP Z EFM BVUPSJUBSJTNP &T WFSEBE RVF MB MBDSB EF FTPT BÁPT GVF MB DP SSVQDJÂO &MMB BGFDUÂ UBOUP B QPQVMBSFT DPNP TP DJBMJTUBT Z IB TJEP FM GBDUPS DMBWF BDBTP N²T RVF MB DSJTJT FDPOÂNJDB Z FM QBSP EF MPT ÈMUJNPT BÁPT EFM EFTFODBOUP DPO FM S¹HJNFO EFNPDS²UJDP FO MBT OVFWBT HFOFSBDJPOFT RVF IB IFDIP TVSHJS FTPT NP WJNJFOUPT OVFWPT DPNP 1PEFNPT Z $JVEBEBOPT DPO MPT RVF B QBSUJS EF BIPSB UFOES²O RVF DPOUBS MPT OVFWPT (PCJFSOPT EF &TQBÁB &O QSJODJQJP MB BQBSJDJÂO EF FTUBT GVFS[BT OVFWBT OP EFCJMJUB N²T CJFO SFGVFS[B MB EFNPDSBDJB JOZFDU²OEPMF VO OVF WP ½NQFUV Z VO FTQ½SJUV NPSBMJ[BEPS "DBTP FM GF OÂNFOP N²T JOUFSFTBOUF IBZB TJEP MB EJTDSFUB QF SP DMBS½TJNB USBOTGPSNBDJÂO EF 1PEFNPT RVF BM JSSVNQJS FO FM FTDFOBSJP QPM½UJDP QBSFD½B FODBSOBS FM FTQ½SJUV SFWPMVDJPOBSJP Z BOUJTJTUFNB Z RVF MVF HP IB JEP NPEFS²OEPTF IBTUB QSPDMBNBS FO CPDB EF 1BCMP *HMFTJBT TV M½EFS VOB WPDBDJÂO iDFOUSJT UBw {6OB NFSB U²DUJDB FMFDUPSBM 5FOHP MB JNQSF TJÂO EF RVF OP TVT EJSJHFOUFT QBSFDFO IBCFS DPN QSFOEJEP RVF FM FYUSFNJTNP iDIBWJTUBw RVF BMFOUBCBO NVDIPT EF FMMPT MFT DFSSBCB MBT QVFSUBT EFM QPEFS F JOJDJBEP VOB TBMVEBCMF SFDUJGJDBDJÂO &O UPEP DBTP FM N¹SJUP EF 1PEFNPT FT IBCFS JOUF HSBEP BM TJTUFNB B UPEB VOB NBTB FOBSEFDJEB EF iJOEJHOBEPTw DPO MB DPSSVQDJÂO Z MB DSJTJT FDPOÂ NJDB RVF IVCJFSBO QPEJEP EFSJWBS DPNP FO 'SBO DJB IBDJB FM FYUSFNJTNP GBTDJTUB P DPNVOJTUB {: BIPSB RV¹ &M SFTVMUBEP EF MBT FMFDDJPOFT FT NFSJEJBOBNFOUF DMBSP QBSB RVJFO OP FTU² DJFHP P DF HBEP QPS FM TFDUBSJTNP OBEJF QVFEF GPSNBS (PCJFS OP QPS T½ TPMP Z MB ÈOJDB NBOFSB EF BTFHVSBS MB DPO UJOVJEBE EF MB EFNPDSBDJB Z MB SFDVQFSBDJÂO FDPOÂNJDB FT NFEJBOUF QBDUPT FT EFDJS VOB OVFWB 5SBOTJDJÂO EPOEF FO SB[ÂO EFM CJFO DPNÈO MPT QBS UJEPT BDFQUFO IBDFS DPODFTJPOFT SFTQFDUP B TVT QSP HSBNBT B GJO EF FTUBCMFDFS VO EFOPNJOBEPS DPNÈO &M FKFNQMP N²T DFSDBOP FT FM EF "MFNBOJB QPS TV QVFTUP "OUF VO SFTVMUBEP FMFDUPSBM RVF OP QFSNJU½B VO (PCJFSOP VOJQBSUJEJTUB DPOTFSWBEPSFT Z TPDJBM
CX ^iXe ZfXc`Z`ªe &- */'03."%03 t + -»1&;
EFNÂDSBUBT BEWFSTBSJPT JOWFUFSBEPT TF VOJFSPO FO VO QSPZFDUP DPNÈO RVF IB BQVOUBMBEP MBT JOTUJUV DJPOFT Z NBOUFOJEP FM QSPHSFTP EFM QB½T {1VFEF &TQBÁB TFHVJS FTF CVFO FKFNQMP 4JO OJOHVOB EVEB FM FTQ½SJUV RVF IJ[P QPTJCMF MB 5SBOTJ DJÂO FTU² UPEBW½B BMM½ MBUJFOEP EFCBKP EF UPEBT MBT DS½ UJDBT Z EJBUSJCBT RVF TF MF JOGMJHFO DPNP IBO EFNPT USBEP MB DBNQBÁB FMFDUPSBM Z MBT FMFDDJPOFT EFM EPNJOHP QBTBEP RVF TBMWP VO N½OJNP JODJEFOUF OP QVEJFSPO TFS N²T DJWJMJ[BEBT Z QBD½GJDBT 4ÂMP EPT DPBMJDJPOFT TPO QPTJCMFT EBEB MB DPNQPTJDJÂO EFM GVUVSP 1BSMBNFOUP FM 140& 1P EFNPT Z 6OJEBE 1PQVMBS RVF DPNP OP BMDBO[BO NBZPS½B UFOES½B RVF JODPSQPSBS BEFN²T BMHVOBT GVFS[BT JOEFQFOEFOUJTUBT WBTDBT Z P DBUBMBOBT %J G½DJM JNBHJOBS TFNFKBOUF NFTDPMBO[B FO MB RVF DP NP IB EJDIP EF NBOFSB DBUFHÂSJDB 1BCMP *HMFTJBT
FM SFGFS¹OEVN B GBWPS EF MB JOEFQFOEFODJB EF $B UBMVÁB TFS½B MB DPOEJDJÂO JNQSFTDJOEJCMF BMHP B MP RVF MB HSBO NBZPS½B EF TPDJBMJTUBT Z CVFO OÈNFSP EF DPNVOJTUBT TF PQPOFO EF NBOFSB UBKBOUF 1FTF B FMMP OP FT JNQPTJCMF RVF FTUB BMJBO[B DPOUSB OB UVSB TVTUFOUBEB FO VO TFOUJNJFOUP DPNQBSUJEP FM PEJP B MB EFSFDIB Z FO FTQFDJBM B 3BKPZ TF SFB MJDF " NJ KVJDJP TFS½B DBUBTUSÂGJDB QBSB &TQBÁB QVFT QSPCBCMFNFOUF MBT DPOUSBEJDDJPOFT Z EFTBWF OFODJBT JOUFSOBT MB QBSBMJ[BS½B DPNP (PCJFSOP SF USBFS½B MB JOWFSTJÂO Z QPES½B QSPWPDBS VO DBUBDMJT NP FDPOÂNJDP QBSB FM QB½T EF UJQP HSJFHP 1PS FTP DSFP RVF MB BMUFSOBUJWB FT MB ÈOJDB GÂS NVMB RVF QVFEF GVODJPOBS TJ MBT USFT GVFS[BT JOF RV½WPDBNFOUF EFNPDS²UJDBT QSPFVSPQFBT Z NP EFSOBT FM 1BSUJEP 1PQVMBS FM 1BSUJEP 4PDJBMJTUB Z $JVEBEBOPT EFQPOJFOEP TVT EJGFSFODJBT Z FOF
NJTUBEFT FO BSBT EFM GVUVSP EF &TQBÁB FMBCPSBO TFSJBNFOUF VO QSPHSBNB DPNÈO EF N½OJNPT RVF HBSBOUJDF MB PQFSBUJWJEBE EFM QSÂYJNP (PCJFSOP Z FO WF[ EF EFCJMJUBSMBT GPSUBMF[DB MBT JOTUJUVDJPOFT E¹ VOB CBTF QPQVMBS TÂMJEB B MBT SFGPSNBT OFDFTB SJBT Z EF FTUF NPEP DPOTJHB MPT BQPZPT GJOBODJF SPT FDPOÂNJDPT Z QPM½UJDPT JOUFSOBDJPOBMFT RVF QFSNJUBO B &TQBÁB TBMJS DVBOUP BOUFT EF MB DSJTJT RVF UPEBW½B GSFOB MB DSFBDJÂO EF FNQMFP Z EFNPSB FM DSFDJNJFOUP EF MB FDPOPN½B &TUP FT QFSGFDUBNFOUF QPTJCMF DPO VO QPDP EF SFBMJTNP HFOFSPTJEBE Z FTQ½SJUV UPMFSBOUF EF QBS UF EF MBT USFT GVFS[BT QPM½UJDBT 1PSRVF FTUF FT FM NBOEBUP EFM QVFCMP RVF WPUÂ FM EPNJOHP OBEB EF (PCJFSOPT VOJQBSUJEJTUBT IB MMFHBEP DPNP FO MB NBZPS½B EF QB½TFT FVSPQFPT MB IPSB EF MBT BMJBO [BT Z MPT QBDUPT &TUP QVFEF OP HVTUBSMF B NVDIPT QFSP FT MB FTFODJB NJTNB EF MB EFNPDSBDJB MB DPF YJTUFODJB FO MB EJWFSTJEBE &TB DPFYJTUFODJB QVFEF FYJHJS TBDSJGJDJPT Z SFOVODJBS B PCKFUJWPT RVF TF DPOTJEFSB QSJPSJUBSJPT 1FSP TJ FTF FT FM NBOEBUP RVF MB NBZPS½B EF FMFDUPSFT IB DPNVOJDBEP B USB W¹T EF MBT ²OGPSBT IBZ RVF BDBUBSMP Z MMFWBSMP B MB QS²DUJDB EF MB NFKPS NBOFSB QPTJCMF &T EFDJS NF EJBOUF FM EJ²MPHP SBDJPOBM Z MPT BDVFSEPT DPO VOB WJTJÂO OP JONFEJBUJTUB TJOP EF MBSHP QMB[P : WFS FO FMMP OP VOB EFSSPUB OJ VOB DPODFTJÂO JOEJHOB TJOP VOB NBOFSB EF SFHFOFSBS VOB EFNPDSBDJB RVF IB DPNFO[BEP B WBDJMBS B QFSEFS MB GF FO MBT JOTUJUV DJPOFT QPS MB DÂMFSB RVF IB QSPWPDBEP FO HSBOEFT TFDUPSFT TPDJBMFT FM FTQFDU²DVMP EF RVJFOFT BQSP WFDIBCBO FM QPEFS QBSB MMFOBSTF MPT CPMTJMMPT Z VOB KVTUJDJB RVF FO WF[ EF BDUVBS QSPOUP Z DPO MB TFWF SJEBE EFCJEB BSSBTUSBCB MPT QJFT Z BMHVOBT WFDFT IBTUB HBSBOUJ[BCB MB JNQVOJEBE EF MPT DPSSVQUPT &TQBÁB FTU² FO VOP EF FTPT NPNFOUPT M½NJUFT FO RVF B WFDFT TF FODVFOUSBO MPT QB½TFT DPNP IB DJFOEP FRVJMJCSJP FO VOB DVFSEB GMPKB VOB TJUVBDJÂO RVF QVFEF QSFDJQJUBSMPT FO MB SVJOB P QPS FM DPOUSB SJP FOEFSF[BSMPT Z MBO[BSMPT FO FM DBNJOP EF MB SF DVQFSBDJÂO "T½ FTUBCB IBDF VOPT BÁPT DVBOEP QSFWBMFDJÂ MB QBTJÂO Z FM TFDUBSJTNP Z TPCSFWJOP VOB HVFSSB DJWJM Z VOB EJDUBEVSB RVF EFKÂ BUSPDFT IFSJ EBT FO DBTJ UPEPT MPT IPHBSFT FTQBÁPMFT &T WFSEBE RVF MB &TQBÁB EF BIPSB FT NVZ EJTUJOUB EF FTF QB½T TVCEFTBSSPMMBEP Z TFDUBSJ[BEP QPS MPT FYUSFNJTNPT RVF TF FOUSFNBUÂ FO VOB HVFSSB DBJOJUB : RVF MB EF NPDSBDJB FT BIPSB VOB SFBMJEBE RVF IB DBMBEP QSP GVOEBNFOUF FO MB TPDJFEBE FTQBÁPMB DPNP RVFEÂ EFNPTUSBEP FO BRVFMMB 5SBOTJDJÂO UBO JOKVTUBNFO UF WJMJQFOEJBEB FO FTUPT ÈMUJNPT UJFNQPT 0KBM² RVF FM FTQ½SJUV RVF MB IJ[P QPTJCMF WVFMWB B QSFWBMFDFS FO USF MPT EJSJHFOUFT EF MPT QBSUJEPT QPM½UJDPT RVF UJFOFO BIPSB FO TVT NBOPT FM QPSWFOJS EF &TQBÁB %FSFDIPT NVOEJBMFT EF QSFOTB FO UPEBT MBT MFOHVBT SFTFSWBEPT B &EJDJPOFT &- 1"¡4 4- Ï .BSJP 7BSHBT -MPTB
-/ -Ê,1 - /" "Ê",/1!"
&- */'03."%03 t "3$)*70
Echar el resto 6 O BNBCMF MFDUPS NF SFDMBNB RVF FTUF BÁP OP IF WVFMUP B DPOUBS MB BO¹DEPUB EF DVBOEP VOB OPWJB N½B DPDJOÂ QBWP QBSB GJO EF BÁP QFSP MF EFKÂ EFOUSP MBT W½TDFSBT Z FO WF[ EF EFHVTUBS TV HVJTP UFS NJOBNPT MPT DPOWJEBEPT QJ EJFOEP QJ[[B QPSRVF FM HVBKPMPUF FTUBCB UPTUBEP QPS GVFSB QFSP DPOHFMBEP QPS EFOUSP Z TVT USJQBT QBSFD½BO VO CPMJ EF VWB 5JFOF MB SB[ÂO IF GBMUBEP B MB USBEJDJÂO EF SFGFSJS MB BO¹DEPUB FO MB FOUSFHB EF "ÁP /VFWP EF FTUF FTQBDJP /J NPEP &M "ÁP /VFWP UJFOF BMHP RVF JOWJUB B MB EFTNF NPSJB 1PS MP HFOFSBM VOP MMFHB B FTB GJFTUB UBO BHP UBEP RVF MP ÈOJDP RVF RVJFSF FT RVF UFSNJOF QBSB JSTF B EPSNJS Z TPCSFMMFWBS FM E½B N²T UFEJPTP EFM NVOEP RVF FT FM EF FOFSP 1FOTFNPT RVF QBSB VOB CVFOB DBOUJEBE EF UBQBU½PT MBT GJFTUBT DPNJFO [BO FO MB '*- QSPTJHVFO DPO QSFQPTBEBT Z QPTBEBT BMDBO[BO VO QSJNFS BQPHFP FO /BWJEBE Z BOFYBT Z FM EF EJDJFNCSF MPT FODVFOUSB DPOWFSUJEPT FO NPNJBT RVF DBNJOBO 6O BEVMUP QSPNFEJP B FTUBT BMUVSBT ZB TF UFS NJOÂ USFT DBKBT EF TBMFT EF VWB EPT EF NF[DMB EF CJDBSCPOBUP Z BTQJSJOB VOB EF BOUJJOGMBNBUPSJPT Z PUSB EF QBÁVFMPT EFTFDIBCMFT Z FTP TJ OP MF QFHÂ VOB EF FTBT HSJQBT GVMNJOBOUFT EF MB ¹QPDB Z EVSÂ E½BT B CBTF EF KBSBCJUPT BOUJCJÂUJDPT Z DBSBNF MJUPT EF NJFM "T½ QVFT FM "ÁP /VFWP FT MB GJFTUB FO MB RVF VOP FDIB FM SFTUP EF MB DBSOF BM BTBEPS BOUFT EF EF SSVNCBSTF 1PDPT TPO MPT RVF MMFHBO FOUFSPT BM %½B EF 3FZFT RVF BEFN²T DPNP TF TBCF OP FT GJFTUB EFNBTJBEP QPQVMBS FO FTUPT MBSFT BM DPOUSBSJP EF MP RVF PDVSSF FO MB DBQJUBM -B DFOB EF "ÁP /VFWP TVFMF TFS FTQBOUPTB 1SFEPNJOB FM HVBKPMPUF RVF FT FM BOJNBM N²T TPTP EFM QMBOFUB Z RVF TVFMF TFS DPDJOBEP TFHÈO SFDFUBT MMFHBEBT EF DVMUVSBT BKFOBT B OVFTUSB JEJPTJODSBTJB
QPS IBCMBS DPNP EJQVUBEP EF MB WJFKB FTDVFMB {1B WP SFMMFOP EF DJSVFMBT $VBMRVJFS UPSUB BIPHBEB EF MB DBMMF TBCF NFKPS 0USB DPTUVNCSF FT MB EF EFTUBQBS WJOPT FTQV NPTPT QFSP DPNP B DBTJ OBEJF OPT BMDBO[B QBSB FM DIBNQ²O P QBSB VO DBWB EFDPSPTP UFSNJOB VOP USB HBOEP CSFCBKFT B NFEJP DBNJOP FOUSF FM SFGSFTDP EF MJNB Z FM M½RVJEP QBSB GSFOPT 4J DSFF VTUFE RVF MB DSVEB EF PDIP DFSWF[BT FT DPTB TFSJB QSVFCF B CFCFSTF EPT CPUFMMBT EF TJESB HBTJGJDBEB Z GBMTJGJ DBEB QPSRVF MP RVF TF FYQFOEF FO MB NBZPS½B EF OVFTUSBT UJFOEBT OP NFSFDF TFS MMBNBEP TJESB Z FT VOB PGFOTB B MB CFCJEB USBEJDJPOBM BTUVSJBOB BNB OFDFS² UBO MÈDJEP DPNP TJ MF IVCJFSBO JOZFDUBEP DF NFOUP FO FM MÂCVMP GSPOUBM $BTP BQBSUF FT FM EF MBT VWBT RVF FO NVDIBT GBNJMJBT TF JOTJTUF FO FOHVMMJS KVTUP NJFOUSBT TVF OBO MBT DBNQBOBEBT EF MB NFEJBOPDIF "VORVF MB QSVEFODJB JOEJDB DPOTVNJS VWBT WFSEFT QFRVFÁBT Z EVMDFT MB USBEJDJÂO TFÁBMB RVF EFCFO TFS NPSB EBT JONFOTBT Z MMFOBT EF TFNJMMJUBT QBSB GBDJMJUBS RVF FM U½P .BSJBOP TF BUSBHBOUF Z IBZB RVF EBSMF SFTQJSBDJÂO BTJTUJEB P WPMDBSMF BM CVDIF NFEJP MJUSP EF BHVBSEJFOUF QBSB RVF TF SFDPCSF 1PS TJ GVFSB QPDP MPT DPNFSDJBOUFT BQSPWF DIBO FM NPNFOUP QBSB WFOEFS VWBT RVF MMFWBO VO NFT FO MB CPEFHB Z TBCFO B EFTJOGFDUBOUF DPNP TJ GVFSBO EJBNBOUFT i{/PWFOUB QFTPT FM LJMP .FKPS DPNP BDFJUVOBTw &TP TPM½B EFDJS VOB WFDJOB NVZ BIPSSBEPSB B MB RVF TJFNQSF OPT UPQ²CBNPT FO FM NFSDBEP EVSBOUF MBT DPNQSBT EF MB DFOB i1BSB FM E½B QSJNFSP %JPT NFEJBOUF WBO B FTUBS B DJODP QF TPT LJMPw : FSB WFSEBE 1BSBEÂKJDBNFOUF MB WFDJOB OP QFSEPOBCB MB DPNQSB EF VOPT DBM[POFT SPKPT Z DBEB BÁP BQFOBT QBTBEBT MBT DBNQBOBEBT TF TBM½B B MB DBMMF B FOTF ÁBSMPT FOUSF SJTPUBEBT NJFOUSBT BSSBTUSBCB VOB NBMFUB :B TF NVEÂ QFSP UPEBW½B MB MMBNBNPT MB -P DB EF MPT $BM[POFT
%PNJOHP EF FOFSP EF
1~(*/" #
&- */'03."%03
- À µÕiÊ/ ÕÃÃ> Ì] analista político /05*.&9
¿Alianzas
antinaturales? %VSBOUF HVCFSOBUVSBT Z BMDBME¤BT TF QPOFO FO KVFHP 1"/ Z 13% ZB FTCP[BO VOB BMJBO[B QBSB GSFOBS BM 13* FO FTUBEPT DMBWF wFT KVTUJGJDBCMF RVF MB J[RVJFSEB Z MB EFSFDIB TF BM¤FO QBSB HBOBSMF UFSSFOP BM USJDPMPS
-
BT DPBMJDJPOFT FOUSF QBSUJEPT EF EF SFDIB Z EF J[RVJFSEB OP TPO UBO SB SBT DPNP TF TVFMF QFOTBS &M BHVB Z FM BDFJUF TF IBO QPEJEP QPOFS EF BDVFSEP FO "MFNBOJB IPZ HPCJFS OBO KVOUPT OP QPDBT WFDFT FO 'SBODJB FO MBT FMFDDJPOFT SFHJPOBMFT EF IBDF VO NFT Z IBTUB FO QB½TFT MBUJOPBNFSJDBOPT DPNP $IJ MF &O BMHVOBT PDBTJPOFT FM JODFOUJWP QBSB QBDUBS GVF PCUFOFS VO CJFO NBZPS DPNP MB EFNPDSBDJB &O PUSPT FTDFOBSJPT TJNQMFNFOUF TF BDPSEÂ DPO CBTF FO MB iHPCFSOBCJMJEBE Z MB FTUBCJMJEBEw P QBSB JN QFEJS RVF QBSUJEPT SBEJDBMFT UPNBSBO FM QPEFS &T DJFSUP FTUB DMBTF EF BDVFSEPT TPO NFKPS WJTUPT FO QB½TFT EF USBEJDJÂO QBDUJTUB Z OFHPDJBEPSB DPNP )PMBOEB Z "MFNBOJB Z TPO WJTUPT DPNP BVU¹OUJDBT USBJDJPOFT FO QB½TFT EF USBEJDJÂO MBUJOB DPNP .¹ YJDP "SHFOUJOB P &TQBÁB -B USBJDJÂO B MPT QSJODJ QJPT QVFEF TFS DPOTJEFSBEB VOB WJSUVE QPM½UJDB TJFNQSF Z DVBOEP WFB QPS VO JOUFS¹T TVQFSJPS &O FM DBTP EF .¹YJDP MBT BMJBO[BT FOUSF QBOJT UBT Z QFSSFEJTUBT TVTDJUBO PQJOJPOFT EF UPEP UJQP %FTEF RVJFO MBT WF DPNP VOB TJNQMF Z MMBOB DPBMJ DJÂO FMFDUPSBM VOB FTUSBUFHJB QBSB EFTCBODBS BM 13* TJO UFOFS OBEB OVFWP RVF PGSFDFS 0USPT MB WFO DPNP FM TJOÂOJNP N²T FYBDUP EF MB EFDBEFODJB EFM QBSUJEJTNP FO .¹YJDP TF EFSJWB B WFOEFS TVT JEFB MFT QPS DPOTFHVJS N²T BTJFOUPT EF QPEFS : OP GBM UB RVJFOFT MB WFO DPNP MB ÈOJDB GPSNB EF USBFS MB EFNPDSBDJB B FODMBWFT EPNJOBEPT QPS FM BVUPSJUB SJTNP EFM BÈO WJWJUP Z DPMFBOEP WJFKP S¹HJNFO 4F HVSBNFOUF MBT DPBMJDJPOFT FOUSF B[VMFT Z BNBSJMMPT UJFOFO VO QPDP EF UPEP FTP 1SBHNBUJTNP T½ %FDB EFODJB Z EFCJMJEBE EF MPT QBSUJEPT EF PQPTJDJÂO UBNCJ¹O : BG²O EFNPDSBUJ[BEPS QPS RV¹ OP 4JO FNCBSHP N²T BMM² EF MBT SB[POFT RVF FNQVKBO B QBOJTUBT Z B QFSSFEJTUBT B PQUBS QPS DBOEJEBUVSBT DPNVOFT FO NVDIPT FTUBEPT Z NVOJDJQJPT MB QSF HVOUB TJHVF FO FM BJSF {4F WBMF RVF FM BHVB Z FM BDFJ UF QBDUFO DPBMJDJPOFT FMFDUPSBMFT RVF MJNJUBO FM NBSHFO EF EFDJTJÂO EF MPT DJVEBEBOPT {&T KVTUJGJ DBCMF EJTPMWFS B MB EFSFDIB Z B MB J[RVJFSEB FO VOB TPMB PQDJÂO DPO FM ÈOJDP PCKFUJWP EF FWJUBS RVF FM 13* HPCJFSOF 5FÂSJDBNFOUF FM TJTUFNB EF QBSUJEPT UJFOF EPT GVODJPOFT SFQSFTFOUBS Z HPCFSOBS -PT FRVJMJCSJPT FOUSF VOB Z PUSB EFQFOEFO EFM NPEFMP FMFDUPSBM EFM QB½T TJ GBWPSFDF MBT NBZPS½BT P TJ UJFOEF B MB QSP QPSDJPOBMJEBE EF MBT CBSSFSBT EF FOUSBEB BM TJT UFNB Z EF NVDIPT FMFNFOUPT N²T 4JO FNCBSHP OP IBZ TJTUFNB RVF QVFEB WJWJS P EF QVSB HPCFSOBCJ MJEBE P EF QVSB SFQSFTFOUBUJWJEBE &M QSJNFSP DBF S½B S²QJEBNFOUF FO MB JMFHJUJNJEBE NJFOUSBT RVF FM TFHVOEP DBFS½B BDFMFSBEBNFOUF FO MB GSBHNFOUB DJÂO Z FM EFTHPCJFSOP 1PS MP UBOUP MPT TJTUFNBT EF QBSUJEPT Z FMFDUPSBMFT TF NVFWFO FO FTUB EJDPUP N½B FOUSF TFS MPT QPSUBWPDFT EF MB EJWFSTJEBE EF PQJ OJPOFT EF MB DJVEBE QFSP TJO PMWJEBS RVF QBSB UP NBS EFDJTJPOFT MBT NBZPS½BT TPO JOEJTQFOTBCMFT 1PS MP UBOUP IBCMBOEP FYDMVTJWBNFOUF EF MB SF QSFTFOUBUJWJEBE RVF TF VOB MB J[RVJFSEB Z MB EFSF DIB FO VOB TPMB DBOEJEBUVSB OVODB TFS² VOB CVF OB JEFB %JTVFMWF FO VO TPMP QPMP VO TJOOÈNFSP EF PQJOJPOFT TPDJBMFT RVF TF RVFEBO TJO SFQSFTFOUB DJÂO 4J TF BQVFTUB QPS VO QFSSFEJTUB DPNP DBOEJ EBUP B MB HVCFSOBUVSB VO DJVEBEBOP EF DPOWJDDJP OFT DPOTFSWBEPSBT OP UFOES½B QPTJCJMJEBE EF TFOUJS SFQSFTFOUBDJÂO FO FM DBOEJEBUP RVF MF QSFTFOUB FM QBSUJEP EF UPEB TV WJEB %F MB NJTNB GPSNB TJ RVJFO FODBCF[B FT VO QBOJTUB FTF NJMJUBOUF QFSSFEJTUB EF
DPOWJDDJPOFT EF J[RVJFSEB {TF TFOUJS½B SFQSFTFOUB 6TUFE JNBHJOF TJ FO FM 1"/ IVCJFSB PQUBEP EP $MBSP RVF OP 2VF MB J[RVJFSEB Z MB EFSFDIB QBD QPS QPTUVMBS VO DBOEJEBUP Z OP FM BCTUFODJPOJTNP UFO VOB DBOEJEBUVSB DPNÈO UJFOF FGFDUPT OPDJWPT BÈO BMJBEP DPO UPEPT MPT TBU¹MJUFT RVF QVMVMBCBO BM TPCSF MP RVF QVFEFO PGSFDFS MPT QBSUJEPT QPM½UJDPT DPTUBEP EFM 13* {)BC½B BMHVOB QPTJCJMJEBE EF HB BM FMFDUPSBEP EFTWBOFDF MBT EJGFSFODJBT JEFPMÂHJ OBSMF BM USJDPMPS FO MBT VSOBT 1PS TVQVFTUP RVF OJO DBT Z FNQVKB MB EJTDVTJÂO IBDJB FM QMBOP EFM QSBH HVOB FSB VOB EJDUBEVSB OP PMWJEFNPT /P EVEP RVF FO MB 0BYBDB EF 6MJTFT 3VJ[ P FO MB NBUJTNP 6O QSPCMFNB BT½ QPES½B TFS SFTVFMUP DPO VO 1VFCMB EF .BSJP .BS½O MB NBRVJOBSJB EFM QPEFS QSPHSBNB EF DPBMJDJÂO DMBSP Z BCJFSUP 1BOJTUBT Z QSJJTUB FTUVWJFSB N²T BDFJUBEB RVF FO PUSPT FTUBEPT QFSSFEJTUBT QPES½BO QPOFSTF EF BDVFSEP QBSB JN DPO BMUFSOBODJBT *ODMVTP DSFP RVF FM 13* QBSB NBO QVMTBS QSPZFDUPT DPNP MB SFWBMPSJ[BDJÂO EFM TBMB UFOFS FM QPEFS FO FTUPT FTUBEPT FTUVWJFSB N²T EJT SJP QSPGVOEJ[BS MB MJCFSUBE EF FYQSFTJÂO P BNQMJBS QVFTUP B WJPMBS MBT MFZFT DPO NBZPS BI½ODP RVF FO MBT GJHVSBT EF QBSUJDJQBDJÂO EF MPT DJVEBEBOPT FO PUSBT FOUJEBEFT FO EPOEF MB BVUPOPN½B EFM ²SCJUSP MBT EFDJTJPOFT HVCFSOBNFOUBMFT EFKBOEP EF MBEP FMFDUPSBM FT NBZPS P MPT NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJÂO GJT MPT BTVOUPT QPM¹NJDPT RVF EJWJEFO B MPT EPT BCPS DBMJ[BO DPO NBZPS FGJDJFODJB Z MJCFSUBE B MPT QPEFSFT UP NBUSJNPOJP IPNPTFYVBM P MBT QPM½UJDBT EF DPN QÈCMJDPT 4JO FNCBSHP FM IFDIP EF RVF TF MF QVFEB CBUF B MB QPCSF[B &T EFDJS QFEJSMF B MPT DJVEBEBOPT HBOBS BM HPCFSOBEPS FO MBT VSOBT FT VO JOEJDBUJWP EF RVF TBDSJGJRVFO QBSUF EF TV JEFBSJP QPM½UJDP FO BSBT RVF BM NFOPT MB EJNFOTJÂO FMFDUPSBM EF MB EFNPDSB EF BDPSEBS DPO RVJFOFT TF FODVFOUSBO FO MBT BOU½ DJB N²T P NFOPT GVODJPOB FO FTUPT FTUBEPT : FO TFHVOEP MVHBS {SFBMNFOUF MPT DBOEJEBUPT QPEBT JEFPMÂHJDBT QPES½B TFS VO OFHPDJP BDFQUBCMF QBSB FM DJVEBEBOP 4JO FNCBSHP QBSB FMMP MB OFHP RVF QSPQPOFO 1"/ Z 13% TPO T½NCPMPT EF MB EF NPDSBUJ[BDJÂO Z EF MB BNQMJBDJÂO EF MBT MJCFSUBEFT DJBDJÂO UFOES½B RVF TFS SBEJDBMNFOUF EJTUJOUB 6O TFHVOEP FGFDUP OFHBUJWP EF FTUBT DPBMJDJP DJVEBEBOBT 5BNQPDP 1"/ Z 13% TVFMFO QSPQP OFT FOUSF FM 1"/ Z FM 13% FT QSFDJTBNFOUF MB GPS OFS B DBOEJEBUPT RVF OP MPHSBO BDPNPEP FO FM 13* NB FO RVF TF OFHPDJBO FT EFDJS DÂNP TF MMFHB BM OP PMWJEFNPT B .BMPWB FO 4JOBMPB B VO QBOBMJTUB BDVFSEP EF DPBMJDJÂO {4VQJNPT BMHVOB WF[ MP RVF DPNP 3BGBFM .PSFOP 7BMMF P MB BMJBO[B EF GBDUP FO OFHPDJBSPO QBOJTUBT Z QFSSFEJTUBT DVBOEP TF DPBMJ USF FM 13% Z FM 13* RVF MMFW BM FY QSJJTUB OHFM HBSPO FO 5MBKPNVMDP P FO 5MBRVFQBRVF {1PS RV¹ "HVJSSF B TFS FM HPCFSOBEPS EF (VFSSFSP 0USB DP TF BMJBSPO BI½ Z OP FO PUSPT MVHBSFT {2V¹ QPM½UJDBT TB TFS½B TJ QBOJTUBT Z QFSSFEJTUBT TF QVTJFSBO EF QÈCMJDBT BQBSUF EF SFQBSUJSTF MPT BTJFOUPT WBO B JN BDVFSEP QBSB MMFWBS B WFSEBEFSPT EFNÂDSBUBT BM QP QMFNFOUBS FO DBTP EF HBOBS $PO MB IBCJUVBM EJT EFS DPO VOB BMUVSB NPSBM B QSVFCB EF DVBMRVJFS FT DSFDJPOBMJEBE EF OVFTUSB DMBTF QPM½UJDB FT EJG½DJM DSVUJOJP " QFSTPOBT DPNQSPNFUJEBT DPO MPT EFSF DIPT IVNBOPT FODBCF[BOEP MBT RVF QPEBNPT QFOTBS FO DPBMJDJPOFT DBOEJEBUVSBT B MBT HVCFSOBUVSBT P B RVF QSJWJMFHJFO FM QSPHSBNB Z MBT QP M½UJDBT QÈCMJDBT TPCSF MBT OÂNJOBT Z ÃÌ>ÊV >ÃiÊ`iÊ>VÕiÀ` ÃÊÃ Ê MBT BMDBME½BT -B DPOTUSVDDJÂO EF MB DB TB EFNPDS²UJDB FO .¹YJDP DPNP BS MPT FTQBDJPT EF EFDJTJÂO &O PUSPT QB½TFT JODMVTP MBT DPBMJ i ÀÊÛ ÃÌ ÃÊi Ê«> ÃiÃÊ`iÊ HVNFOUP QBSB KVTUJGJDBS MPT QBDUPT FMFDUPSBMFT FOUSF MB EFSFDIB Z MB J[ DJPOFT FOUSF BEWFSTBSJPT BOUFQPOFO ÌÀ>` V Ê«>VÌ ÃÌ>ÊÞÊ RVJFSEB FT EJGJDJMNFOUF TPTUFOJCMF FM QSPHSBNB QPM½UJDP BM SFQBSUP EF i} V >` À>]ÊV Ê UBOUP FO MB UFPS½B DPNP FO MB QS²DUJDB QVFTUPT &O "MFNBOJB QPS FKFNQMP FM 1BSUJEP 4PDJBMEFNÂDSBUB MF QVTP VOB > `>ÊÞÊ i > >]ÊÞÊÃ Ê *ODMVTP FM BDVFSEP FOUSF 1"/ Z 13% TF DPDJOB FO FTUBEPT RVF FSBO CBTUJP TFSJF EF DPOEJDJPOFT NVZ DMBSBT B "O HFMB .FSLFM QBSB QPEFS QBDUBS %FTEF Û ÃÌ ÃÊV Ê>ÕÌj Ì V>ÃÊ OFT EF VOP Z EF PUSP DPNP GVF +BMJTDP JNQVMTBS VOB QPM½UJDB NJHSBUPSJB NF ÌÀ> V iÃÊi Ê«> ÃiÃÊ`iÊ FO FO EPOEF TF DPBMJHBSPO FO EF DFOBT EF NVOJDJQJPT Z BIPSB FO ;B OPT SFTUSJOHJEB IBTUB VO BVNFOUP EF ÌÀ>` V Ê >Ì >ÊV Ê DBUFDBT EPOEF MB J[RVJFSEB HPCFSO JNQVFTUPT B MPT N²T SJDPT P CBKBS MB FEBE EF KVCJMBDJÂO $POEJDJPOFT RVF jÝ V ]Ê À}i Ì >Ê Ê Ã«> > N²T EF VOB E¹DBEB -PT BDVFSEPT FOUSF MB J[RVJFSEB Z FOGSFOUBSPO B .FSLFM DPO FM OÈDMFP MB EFSFDIB TPO BOUJOBUVSBMFT FO DPO EVSP EF TVT FMFDUPSBMFT DPOTFSWBEP SFT : TJO FNCBSHP BM GJOBM FM BDVFSEP MF IB QFSNJ EJDJPOFT OPSNBMFT 6OB EFNPDSBDJB TBOB EFCF UF UJEP B "MFNBOJB FOGSFOUBS TJO GJTVSBT QPM½UJDBT QSP OFS PQDJPOFT QBSB RVJFOFT FOUJFOEFO MB TPDJFEBE CMFNBT EF MB FOWFSHBEVSB EFM UFSSPSJTNP P JODMVTP EF EFUFSNJOBEB NBOFSB Z QBSB RVJFOFT EJGJFSFO MB DSJTJT EF MPT SFGVHJBEPT TJSJPT -B DSFEJCJMJEBE EF QPS DPNQMFUP EF EJDIB GPSNB EF FOUFOEFS MBT DPTBT VOB DPBMJDJÂO FOUSF EJTUJOUPT FO VOB EFNPDSBDJB &TUF IFDIP OP RVJUB RVF FO DJFSUPT DPOUFYUPT MBT TJFNQSF UJFOF RVF JS BQBSFKBEB EF VO CJFO NBZPS DPBMJDJPOFT EFM BHVB Z EFM BDFJUF OP TPO TÂMP FOUFO &O FM DBTP EFM 1"/ Z FM 13% MB iWFOUB EF MB EFNP EJCMFT TJOP UBNCJ¹O EFTFBCMFT 4BDBS B 1JOPDIFU FO SFGFS¹OEVN MB TFHVOEB HVFSSB NVOEJBM FO 3FJOP DSBDJBw ZB DPOWFODF B QPDPT -B KVTUJGJDBDJÂO EVSBOUF N²T EF BÁPT EF 6OJEP FWJUBS RVF HPCJFSOF VO QBSUJEP YFOÂGPCP DP BMJBO[BT FOUSF QBOJTUBT Z QFSSFEJTUBT IB TJEP QSF NP FM 'SFOUF /BDJPOBM FO 'SBODJB &O FM DBTP EF .¹ DJTBNFOUF MB BNQMJBDJÂO EF MB EFNPDSBDJB FO FO YJDP OBEB BT½ TVDFEF -BT BMJBO[BT FOUSF FM 1"/ Z DMBWFT BVUPSJUBSJPT FO EPOEF FM 13* OP IB QPEJEP FM 13% TPO TÂMP FM SFGMFKP EF MB EFCJMJEBE FOE¹NJDB TFS EFTCBODBEP EFM QPEFS /P PMWJEFNPT BRVFMMB EF BNCPT QBSUJEPT EF TV JODBQBDJEBE QBSB FNPDJP GSBTF EF $BSMPT $BTUJMMP 1FSB[B QSJNFSP QJOUFNPT OBS Z TFEVDJS B MPT FMFDUPSBEPT Z TV MBNFOUBCMF EF MB DBTB EF MB EFNPDSBDJB Z MVFHP EFDJEBNPT EF RV¹ SJWB IBDJB MB Q¹SEJEB EF MB JEFPMPH½B RVF MPT DBSBD DPMPS -B BTQJSBDJÂO FT OPCMF Z DBTJ JSSFCBUJCMF 4JO UFSJ[BCB 0USB DPTB TFS½B TJ MB DPBMJDJÂO UVWJFSB VO FNCBSHP DPOUJFOF BMHVOBT GBMBDJBT RVF RVFEBO BM QSPHSBNB QPS EFMBOUF VOB BHFOEB DMBSB EF QSJODJ EFTOVEP DVBOEP QSPGVOEJ[BNPT FO FM BSHVNFOUP QJPT Z VO QFSTPOBKF EF QFTP NPSBM RVF FODBCF[BSB 1SFHVOUP {FT QPTJCMF HBOBS EFNPDS²UJDBNFOUF FO MB DBOEJEBUVSB DPNÈO 4JO FNCBSHP UBM DPNP FT FTQBDJPT OP EFNPDS²UJDPT &T EFDJS NJFOUSBT FM S¹ U²O BIPSB MBT BMJBO[BT FOUSF FM 1"/ Z FM 13% FT T HJNFO NFYJDBOP WJW½B TVT NPNFOUPT EF NBZPS MP VO iRV½UBUF UÈ QBSB TFOUBSNF ZPw VO HBUPQBSEJT BQPHFP {FSB QPTJCMF HBOBSMF BM 13* FO MBT VSOBT NP RVF SFTVMUB JOBDFQUBCMF
1~(*/" #
&- */'03."%03 &- */'03."%03
%PNJOHP EF FOFSP EF
>À ÃÊ À }Õi
Õ> Ê*> >À
9 ,Ê "-
, "Ê Ê1 Ê -* / ",
CXj ]`\jkXj [\Z\dYi`eXj &TQFSBOEP RVF IBZB UFOJEP VOB GFMJ[ OBWJEBE RVJFSP QMBUJRVFNPT TPCSF ¹TUBT GJFTUBT EFTEF MVFHP RVF OP IBZ VOJEBE FO DVBOUP BM DPODFQUP EF MB NJTNB Z WBSJBS² EFQFOEJFOEP EFM RVF GFTUFKF Z BT½ TFS² UBO W²MJEP FM RVF DPONFNPSB FM OBDJNJFOUP EF $SJTUP FM RVF MP GFTUFKB DPNP UBM QFSP BEFN²T BEPQUB UPEBT MBT DPTUVNCSFT DP NFSDJBMFT Z IBCS² PUSPT QBSB MPT RVF TJNQMFNFOUF TFS² VO FWFO UP TPDJBM Z NFSDBEPMÂHJDP Z B NJ KVJDJP DBEB RVJFO GFTUFKB Z BT½ EF CF IBDFSMP DPNP MF QFHVF MB HBOB Z OP UFOFNPT QPS RVF USBUBS EF DPOWFODFS B MPT RVF QJFOTBO EJGFSFOUF B OPTPUSPT B NJ FT VOB GJFT UB RVF NF HVTUB NVDIP FO UPEPT TVT BTQFDUPT UBM WF[ NFOPT FO MB QBSUF EF MBT DPNQSBT QPSRVF TPZ N²T CJFO UBSSBDP Z OP NF HVT UBO MPT UVNVMUPT QFSP NF HVTUBO UPEPT MPT EFN²T BTQFDUPT EFTEF MBT OBSSBDJPOFT EFM OBDJNJFOUP o TPCSF UPEP MPT N²T TFODJMMPT MBT QPTBEBT MBT QSFGJFSP TJO QJÁBUBT QVFTUP RVF TJNF MBO[BSB TPCSF MPT GSVUPT QPES½B NBUBS B BMHVJFO PMBTUJNBS NJ WPMVNJOPTB IVNBOJ EBE UBNCJ¹O NF HVTUBO MBT SFVOJPOFT Z GSBUFSOJEBE GBNJMJBS Z EF USBCBKP P EF BNJTUBEFT Z DPNP CVFO USBHÂO RVF TPZ EFTEF MVFHP NF GBTDJOB MB DPNJEB RVF TJFNQSF UJFOF FO OVFTUSP FOUPSOPBMHVOB DFS DBO½B DPO FM UFNB SFMJHJPTP Z SFDVFS >ÃÊ« Ã>`>ÃÊ >ÃÊÊ EP VO WFSTJUP RVF FTDVDI¹ FO NJ JO GBODJB Z RVF EFD½B i 2VF OBDJ +FTÈT «Àiv iÀ Êà ʫ >Ì>Ã]Ê CVÁVFMPT RVF NVSJ MBT FNQBOB «ÕiÃÌ ÊµÕiÊÃ Ê iÊ EBT RVF TVCJ HMPSJPTP BM DJFMP TV > â>À>Êà LÀiÊ ÃÊÊ DVMFOUBT UBNBMBEBTw : FO NBUFSJB BMJNFOUJDJB MB WBSJF vÀÕÌ Ã]Ê« `À >Ê >Ì>ÀÊ>Ê EBE FT JOGJOJUB Z RVF DBEB GBNJMJB P > }Õ i Ê Ê >ÃÌ >ÀÊÊ HSVQP TPDJBM UJFOF TVT QSPQJBT DPT UVNCSFT RVF IBZ RVF EFDJS RVF UJFOF ÊÛ Õ Ã>Ê DVBOEP NFOPT FO NJ DBTP VO NVDIP Õ > `>` EF SFDVFSEP Z QPDP EF OPWFEBEFT BVORVF DBTJ TJO TFOUJSMP TF WBO IB DJFOEP NPEJGJDBDJPOFT B MB GJFTUB FO MB DBTB QBUFSOB Z BOUFT FO MB DBTB EF NJT BCVFMPT TF VUJMJ[BCB JS B NJTB EF HBMMP FO MB OPDIF CVFOB Z EFTQV¹T SFVOJSOPT B DFOBS DPOTPN¹ QBWP DBNBSPOFT TPVGGM¹ EF RVFTP Z DIPDPMBUFT )BDF BÁPT GBMUBSPO NJT QBESFT QFSP FO MP QPTJCMF Z HSB DJBT QSJODJQBMNFOUF B MBT NVKFSFT EF MB GBNJMJB RVF TF QPOFO VOB GSJFHB DPO DBSJÁP Z HFOFSPTJEBE TF TJHVF IBDJFOEP MB DFOB Z FM SF DBMFOUBEP FM E½B EF OBWJEBE Z DPO FM BHSFHBEP EF MPT IJKPT QVFT ZB TF IBDF CVFOB CPMB 1BSB NVDIPT FTQFDJBMNFOUF QBSB MPT OJÁPT UJFOFO HSBO JNQPS UBODJB MPT SFHBMPT RVF BI½ TJ MFT FODVFOUSP TFOUJEP KVHVFUFT RVF EF NVFTUSBO RVF OP FT MB DBMJEBE OJ MB DBOUJEBE EF MPT NJTNPT FT MP GVO EBNFOUBM ZB RVF MPT JOGBOUFT TF EJWJFSUFO DPO DVBMRVJFS PCKFUP QFSP FT NVZ BHSBEBCMF WFSMPT KVHBS 0USB WBSJFEBE EF GFTUFKPT N²T SFDJFOUFT TPO BRVFMMPT RVF EF DJEFO WBDBDJPOBS FO FTUBT GFDIBT MP RVF BOUFT OP FSB NVZ VTVBM QF SP BDUVBMNFOUF NVDIBT GBNJMJBT EFDJEFO JS B MBT QMBZBT Z FO HFOF SBM DFOUSPT UVS½TUJDPT Z BMM½ GFTUFKBS²O 1PS FMMP Z TFB DPNP VTUFE Z TV GBNJMJB P TVT BNJHPT IBZBO EF DJEJEP GFTUFKBS FTQFSP UFOHB NVDIP ¹YJUP Z OP QSFUFOEB NPEJGJDBS MPT HVTUPT RVF MPT PUSPT UFOHBO QBSB IBDFSMP
À > ` Ê â? iâÊ ÃV Ì
"-Ê " ", -ÊÊ
Ê/ *"
8ek`^lXj c\p\e[Xj -PT QVFCMPT NVFTUSBO MB SJRVF[B EF TV JOHFOJP FO MB DPOT USVDDJÂO EF TVT NBOJGFTUBDJPOFT DVMUVSBMFT QFSP UBNCJ¹O FO FM USBCBKP RVF SFBMJ[BO QBSB DPOTFSWBSMBT F JOOPWBSMBT TJO EFTGJHVSBSMBT 4FHVSBNFOUF FM FWBOHFMJTUB TBO .BUFP KBN²T JNBHJ O UPEP MP RVF TF EFTQSFOEFS½B EFM SFMBUP RVF FTDSJCJ BDFSDB EF MB WJTJUB EF VOPT NBHPT WFOJEPT EF 0SJFOUF VO SFMBUP N²T BKVTUBEP B MP TJNCÂMJDP EFM TVDFTP RVF B MPT EF UBMMFT QFSJPE½TUJDPT {$V²OUPT NBHPT FSBO {EF RV¹ TJUJP FTQFD½GJDBNFOUF WFO½BO {DÂNP TF MMBNBCBO {FO RV¹ UJ QP EF USBOTQPSUF MMFHBSPO {DÂNP WFTU½BO TJ WFO½BO EF WJBKF {RVJ¹OFT MPT BDPNQBÁBCBO 4F USBUB QVFT EF VO SF MBUP MP TVGJDJFOUFNFOUF BCJFSUP QBSB RVF MBT HFOFSBDJPOFT QPTUFSJPSFT TF IJDJFSBO FTUBT NJTNBT QSFHVOUBT Z MBT SFT QPOEJFSBO B USBW¹T EF EJWFSTPT FTDSJUPT RVF IPZ TF MMBNB S½BO FUJPMÂHJDPT QVFT GVFSPO SFEBDUBEPT NVDIPT BÁPT EFTQV¹T EF MPT BDPOUFDJNJFOUPT &O FM MFOUP QSPDFTP EF MB DPOTUSVDDJÂO EF FTUB GJFTUB FM DBS²DUFS UFPMÂHJDP JS² EF MB NBOP EFM QPQVMBS DPNQMF NFOU²OEPTF EF EJWFSTBT GPSNBT NVDIBT WFDFT DPNP FM FDP JONFEJBUP EF MBT DFMFCSBDJPOFT MJUÈSHJDBT GPSNBMFT DFÁJEBT BM JNQFSJP EFM UFYUP FWBOH¹MJDP )PZ E½B MB GJFTUB TF DPOTFS WB MMFWBOEP B DVFTUBT TJHMPT EF FMBCPSBDJPOFT DVMUVSBMFT 4J -i}ÕÀ> i ÌiÊi Ê HVF TJFOEP MB NBZPS GFTUJWJEBE OBWJEFÁB FO "TJB NFOPS Z UJFOF iÛ> }i ÃÌ>ÊÃ> Ê >Ìi Ê FTQFDJBM SFMFWBODJB FO &TQBÁB Z > ?ÃÊ >} ÊÌ ` ÊÊ FM NVOEP RVF BMHVOB WF[ EPNJ ʵÕiÊÃiÊ`iëÀi `iÀ >Ê O &O .¹YJDP NBOUJFOF TV WJ HFODJB EF MB NBSDB EF .JDIPB `i ÊÀi >Ì ÊµÕiÊiÃVÀ L Ê D²O BM 4VS TJ CJFO FM >ViÀV>Ê`iÊ >ÊÛ Ã Ì>ÊÊ BDPOUFDJNJFOUP DPNP UBM FT DF MFCSBEP FO UPEBT QBSUFT `iÊÕ ÃÊ >} ÃÊÊ %F BDVFSEP B MPT D²OPOFT Ûi ` ÃÊ`iÊ"À i Ìi DM²TJDPT EF MB USBEJDJÂO MPT NB HPT TJHVFO TJFOEP USFT BVORVF IPZ TFQBNPT RVF FYJTUFO N²T EF USFT DPMPSFT FO MB SB[B IVNB OB Z DPOTFSWBO TV DBS²DUFS SFHJP QPS N²T RVF SFZFT OVO DB IBZBO TJEP EF GBDUP TJ CJFO GVFSPO DBQBDFT EF SFDPOP DFS MB SFBMF[B EF $SJTUP FO VO OJÁP OBDJEP FO DPOEJDJPOFT EF QPCSF[B Z NBSHJOBMJEBE &TUPT TBOUPT SFZFT NBHPT UJFOFO MB NJTJÂO EF USBFS KV HVFUFT B OJÁPT EF NÈMUJQMFT SFHJPOFT QBSB RVF MPT OJÁPT BQSFOEBO B WBMPSBS FM HSBO SFHBMP RVF FT $SJTUP QBSB MB IV NBOJEBE FO UBOUP MPT BEVMUPT QBSUJDJQBOEP EF MB GJFTUB QVFEFO UFOFS FM QSJWJMFHJP EF FODPOUSBS BM NJTNP /JÁP %JPT CVTDBEP QPS MPT NBHPT FO FM JOUFSJPS EF VOB SPTDB EF USJHP Z GSVUBT Z DPNP DPOTFDVFODJB BQSFOEFS B DPNQBSUJS DPO MPT EFN²T FTUF QSJWJMFHJP FO MB TJHVJFOUF GJFTUB EFM EF GFCSFSP RVF IB EF TFS EF UBNBMFT Z BUPMF QPSRVF FO FTF E½B iTF MFWBOUB BM /JÁPw &TB FT MB SJRVF[B EF MBT FYQSFTJPOFT DVMUVSBMFT EPO EF MP TJNCÂMJDP TF JOUFHSB DPO MP GFTUJWP MB GF DPO MB HFOF SPTJEBE FM SFDJCJS DPO FM DPNQBSUJS BSNBOEP HPO!VOJWB NY
"UNPTG¹SJDBT &M [BOBUF DPTB FO FYUSFNP DVSJPTB TF BWFOUVSB -MF HB FO TV DBSBDUFS½TUJDP WVFMP EF USB[PT FYBDUPT Z NFEJUBEPT IBTUB MPT MBESJMMPT EF QFSÂO RVF DBEB E½B TPO N²T CPOJUPT CBKP MB QBSWB Q¹SHPMB QSÂEJHB 1FSP CJFO TF TBCF FM EFDJS QPQVMBS IB EFDSFUBEP RVF OP IBZ Q²KBSP {P BOJNBM N²T MJTUP RVF VO [BOBUF {2V¹ QVF EF FOUPODFT CVTDBS FM BWF EF MVUP UBO DFSDB EFM RVF QBTB Z TV BUSP OBEPSB SFQSPEVDDJÂO EFM ÈMUJNP EJTDP EF MPT "MBCBNB 4IBLFT 1SF DJTBNFOUF TF QVFEF QFOTBS EFTQV¹T FT VO Q²KBSP DPO CVFO P½EP DPO SFGJOBEP HVTUP QBSB TVT MVHBSFT EF BUFSSJ[BKF %BUP QBSB FM DV SS½DVMVN TJO EVEB i6OB UBSEF QVEP DPOWJWJS QPS EPT NJOVUPT Z NF EJP DPO VO [BOBUF NJFOUSBT MPT EPT P½BO B MPT "MBCBNB 4IBLFT w /B EB TF EJS² EF MB DPOWFSTBDJÂO RVF BM NJTNP UJFNQP UVWP MVHBS 1FSP BMHP TF IBCS½B EJDIP TPCSF MB WJTUB BM BUBSEFDFS TPCSF FM QFÁÂO EFM .FYJDBOP TPCSF MBT QFOVSJBT EF MB WJEB PSOJUPMÂHJDB FO FTUF WBMMF TPCSF MB JOFYQMJDBCMF FTUVQJEF[ EF MPT C½QFEPT RVF IBCJUBO MB DJVEBE F JOTJTUFO FO BTGJYJBSTF BEFOUSP EF TVT DPDIFT BQFTUPTPT TPCSF MB QFSTQFDUJWB RVF BQFOBT B DJFO NFUSPT EF BMUVSB TF BMDBO[B oFO VOB KPSOBEB DMBSB EFM DFSSP EF 5FRVJMBy ;BOBUFXJTFy -B /BWJEBE 1FMMJDFS $VBOEP EF WFSBT TF DVNQMFO BÁPT QBSF DF FT DBEB /PDIFCVFOB FT QSFDJTBNFOUF DVBOEP DBMBO N²T IPO EP MPT BÁPT JEPT MBT JMVTJPOFT FYUSBWJBEBT MBT HFOUFT QFSEJEBT oWJ WBT P NVFSUBT #JFO TF TBCF DVBOEP MBT QVFSUBT TF BCSFO BM GJO Z FOUSBO MPT TBOUPT QFSFHSJOPT BVORVF TFB QPCSF MB NPSBEB RVF FT FM FYBDUP NPNFOUP EF EBS QPS DBODFMBEB VOB WVFMUB N²T Z QPS JOBV HVSBEB PUSB KPSOBEB &M iNJTUFSJPw TF CBMBODFB TPCSF MPT IPNCSPT Q²SWVMPT Z MB 7JSHFO 4FÁPS 4BO +PT¹ Z FM OJÁP OBWFHBO PUSP QSPDF MPTP BOJWFSTBSJP TJO TFS NJMBHSPTBNFOUF IFDIPT BÁJDPT BM TBMJS EFT QFEJEPT EF MBT OPWFMFT BOEBT 1SJWJMFHJPT EF MPT PCKFUPT DFOUFOBSJPT CFOEFDJEPT QPS VOB BÈO N²T MBSHB QJFEBE 4F DVNQMFO EF WFSBT BÁPT FOUPODFT DBEB /BWJEBE OBEB QBSFDJEP B MPT KPMHPSJPT DPOWFO DJPOBMFT EF MB POPN²TUJDB BM VTP EF MB ½OGJNB WVMHBSJEBE EF MP PC WJP Z MP iQFSTPOBMJ[BEPw oDPNP TF EJS½B FO CVSPDSBU¹T &T UJFNQP FO UPODFT EF TBDBS TVNBSJBT TVNBT EF FTQFDVMBS DPO FYQFDUBUJWBT EF BVHVSBS DPO QBSTJNPOJPTB QSVEFODJB 4J TF QPOF DVJEBEP FT FM NP NFOUP NJFOUSBT MBT HʽKPMBT TVFOBO EF IBDFS DPNQBSFDFS B MBT HFO UFT RVFSJEBT MPT TBCPSFT MFKBOPT FM UBDUP NBSBWJMMPTP EF MB QSJNFSB WF[ RVF TF UFOU FM WFSE½TJNP NVTHP FM ²TQFSP IFOP &T MB IPSB EF FOUFOEFS MP RVF EF WFSBT JNQPSU MP RVF UFOES² MVFHP RVF TFHVJS JN QPSUBOEP : MP RVF OP 5SFT E½BT BQFOBT Z MMFHB FM E½B EF 3FZFT #JFO QVFEF TFS RVF TFB VOB EF MBT GFTUJWJEBEFT N²T CFMMBT RVF IBZB JOWFOUBEP FM IPNCSF +PVSOFZ PG UIF .BHJ " NBHJT BEPSBUVS -PT HSBOEFT Z BOUJHVPT NBFTUSPT OPT EFKBSPO TVT WJTJPOFT 1FSP QBSB DBEB OJÁP MPT USFT SF ZFT NBHPT DVNQMJS²O QPS TJFNQSF TV USBZFDUP RVF MB FTUSFMMB HVJB CB FO FM GPOEP JOUBDUP EF TV DPSB[ÂO 1BSB GFTUFKBS B MPT &QJGBOJPT VOP OBEB MFKBOP QBSB DPONFNPSBS FTB NBHJB SFBM WB VO FOTBZP EF USBEVDDJÂO EF VO QPFNB EF +PTFQI #SPETLZ FOFSP -PT 3FZFT .BHPT PMWJEBS²O UV OPNCSF 4PCSF UV DBCF[B OP IB EF BSEFS OJOHVOB FTUSFMMB 6O GBUJHBEP TPOJEP TFS² FM NJTNP FM SVEP SVHJEP EFM UFNQPSBM $BFO MBT TPNCSBT EF UVT PKPT DBOTBEPT NJFOUSBT MB TPMJUBSJB DBOEFMB EF UV DBCFDFSB NVFSF QPSRVF BRV½ FM DBMFOEBSJP DS½B OPDIFT IBTUB RVF MFHJPOFT EF DBOEFMBT TF FYUJOHVFO {2V¹ BDUJWB FTUB DMBWF NFMBODÂMJDB
Õ iÀ Ê i > >ÀÞ
8* ", "Ê Ê 1 " 3FTVMUB RVF UBNCJ¹O FYJTUFO QFSTPOBT RVF WJWFO UBO EFQFOEJFOUFT EF MPT EFN²T RVF TF QBTBO EF CVFOBT HFOUFT DPO UBM EF BHSBEBS B MPT EF N²T QPS UFNPS B TFS SFDIB[BEPT P DSJUJDBEPT : FTUP UBNQPDP FTU² CJFO &M QSPCMFNB FT RVF IBZ VOB FTQFDJF EF SFDIB[P B T½ NJTNPT DPO UBM EF PCUFOFS MB WFOUBKB EFM SFDPOPDJNJFOUP EF MPT EFN²T 4F HFOFSB VOB EFQFOEFODJB B CVTDBS MB BQSPCBDJÂO DPOTUBOUF EF MPT EFN²T B DPTUB EF TBDSJGJDBS MBT QSPQJBT OFDFTJEBEFT -P RVF BDBCB QPS DPOWFSUJSTF FO VO GBMTP BMUSVJTNP 4F QBTBO EF CVFOPT QPSRVF TF EFTDVJEBO B T½ NJTNPT MMFHBOEP BM QVOUP EF OP FYJHJS TVT EFSFDIPT 4PO QFSTPOBT RVF FODVFOUSBO EJGJDVMUBE FO FTUBS FO EFTBDVFSEP DPO MPT EFN²T F JODMVTP QSFGJFSFO EFDJS B UPEP RVF T½ DPO UBM EF OP DPOUSBEFDJS -FT DVFTUB USBCBKP UPNBS EFDJTJPOFT TJ OP FT DPO FM BQPZP P DPO TFKP EF BMHVJFO N²T #VTDBO RVF MPT EFN²T TF IBHBO SFTQPOTBCMFT EF NVDIBT EF TVT DPTBT QBSB OP CBUBMMBS FO IBDFSTF DBSHP EF FMMBT 1PS MP RVF BDBCBO UF
>À ÃÊ ÀÌjÃÊ6?âµÕiâ
6 - $ Ê9Ê - $
6OB MBSHB Z GBNJMJBS NFMPE½B 4VFOB PUSB WF[ "T½ RVF E¹KBMB FO QB[ %¹KBMB TPOBS EFTEF FTUB OPDIF %¹KBMB TPOBS FO MB IPSB EF NJ NVFSUF DPNP FM BHSBEFDJNJFOUP EF PKPT Z MBCJPT QPS BRVFMMP RVF B WFDFT OPT IBDF MFWBOUBS OVFTUSB NJSBEB BM N²T MFKBOP DJFMP &TDSVUBT FO TJMFODJP FM NVSP 5VT NFEJBT WBD½BT OJOHÈO SFHBMP &T DMBSP RVF FSFT BIPSB EFNBTJBEP WJFKP QBSB DPOGJBS FO FM CVFO 4BO /JDP RVF FT NVZ UBSEF QBSB MPT NJMBHSPT 1FSP TJO FNCBSHP BM[BOEP UVT PKPT IBDJB MB MV[ EFM DJFMP UF EBT DVFOUB UV WJEB FT VO QVSP NJMBHSP 'FSOBOEP 'FSO²OEF[ FT FO UPEB MB FYUFOTJÂO EF MB QBMBCSB MP RVF FO NFKPSFT UJFNQPT TF DPOPD½B DPNP VO QFSTPOBKF 6OB QFSTP OB RVF IBDF EF TV DPUJEJBOP EFTFNQFÁP WJUBM BMHP NFNPSBCMF &O FTUF DBTP VO EFTFNQFÁP VO QFSGPSNBODF QVFT FOUSBÁBCMF D²MJ EP FSVEJUP Z OP DBSFOUF EF VOB FODBOUBEPSB JOPDFODJB 4V QPFT½B OP TF MF QBSFDF 0 T½ QFSP EF PUSP NPEP VO NPEP IFDIP QBSB UBMB ESBS BNBCMFNFOUF MB NFNPSJB QBSB SFEFTDVCSJS FM DBOEPS MB GSFT DVSB P FM BOUJHVP FTUPJDJTNP 1BSB DPOWJEBSOPT B GFSWPSFT Z FTUVQF GBDDJPOFT RVF TVT SFOHMPOFT DPNP TJ OBEB IBDFO DPNQBSFDFS " CPSEP EF VO BUFTUBEP DPDIF MB DB[BEPSB MP DPOWFODF EF MFFS VOP EF TVT HSBOEFT IJUT 1BMPNB Z OP &M QPFUB DPO JONFKPSBCMF EJDDJÂO Z NVZ QSFDJTP ²OJNP TF BSSBODB DPO FM QPFNB NFNPSBCMF :B MVFHP FO FM DPSSFEPS DPCJKBEP QPS MPT UFRVJMBT EJDF PUSP TF MMBNB .JMBHSP FO FM TVQFSNFSDBEP : FSB FMMB BM GPOEP EF MB UJFOEB FO FM EFQBSUB NFOUP EF GSVUBT Z WFSEVSBT UPEBW½B EF FTQBMEBT FSB FMMB NJT PKPT MP EFD½BO BVORVF TJO QSVFCB NFOVEB UBM DVBM FT Z MVFHP N²T EF DFSDB TJ FSB FMMB DPO MFOUFT oi`MB UPSDB[B VTB MFOUFT 4BMVE PUSB WF[ QPS FTBT FQJGBO½BT 9JUMBMJUM 3PES½HVF[ .FOEP[B FT VOB QPFUB OPUBCMF #BKP FM NJT NP DPSSFEPS Z MPT NJTNPT UFRVJMBT EB MFDUVSB DPO WP[ DMBSB EF DBN QBOBT B BMHVOPT EF TVT QPFNBT 7JFOFO EF VO MJCSP RVF TF MMBNB +BXT 5JCVSÂO &M EFMHBEP WPMVNFO FT NVZ GJMPTP $PNP TJ DVBM RVJFS DPTB DPO VO TBCJP KVFHP RVF WB EF MB DJOFNBUPHSBG½B BM DMJNB BSSVJOBEP EFKB DBFS WFSTPT FODBOUBEPSFT Z TFHVJEP EVMDFNFOUF FO WFOFOBEPT " TIBSL JO $IBQBMB +BXT TJHOJGJDB RVF FTUPZ MFWBOUBEP B FTUBT IPSBT RVF NF WBZB B EPSNJS RVF MB TBOHSF Z MPT UJCVSPOFT OP FYJTUFO RVF SFDF BOUFT EF BDPTUBSNF Z RVF MF QJEB B 4BO +PSHF CFOEJUP RVF BNBSSF B TVT BOJNBMJUPT DPO TV DPSEÂO N²T CFOEJUP :P SF[P QPS FM UJCVSÂO 2VF NF DPNF FM UJCVSÂO NBN² 2VF FTB FT VOB DBODJÂO RVF FO $IBQBMB OP IBZ UJCVSPOFT /J JTMB OJ BMBDS²O 2VF NF EVFSNB EF VOB WF[ QPS UPEBT 2VF OP RVJFSP RVF NBUBSPO BM QF[ 1FSP FTP OP FT WFSEBE 1SPQÂTJUP EF BÁP OVFWP BUFOEJFOEP B 4BO +VBO EF MB $SV[ 1PS UPEB MB IFSNPTVSB OVODB ZP NF QFSEFS¹ TJOP QPS VO OP T¹ RV¹ RVF TF BMDBO[B QPS WFOUVSB KQBMPNBS!JOGPSNBEPS DPN NY
J\i kXe Yl\ef# ef \jk Y`\e OJFOEP EJGJDVMUBEFT QBSB IBDFS NVDIBT BDUJWJEBEFT -P QFPS FT RVF UJFOFO VOB UFOEFODJB B IBDFS MP RVF TFB JODMVTP DPTBT EFTBHSBEBCMFT QBSB PCUFOFS FM BQPZP EF MPT EFN²T : DMBSP FTUF UJQP EF QFSTPOBT UBO EFQFOEJFOUFT RVF CVTDBO EF NVDIBT NBOFSBT OP FTUBS TPMPT Z IBDFO G²DJMFT SFMBDJPOFT DPO MPT EF N²T B MPT RVF QSPOUP TF BQFHBO -P RVF MPT MMFWB B UFOFS VO FYBHFSB EP UFNPS B TFS SFQSPDIBEPT Z RVFEBSTF TPMPT DPOTJHP NJTNPT &O NVDIBT PDBTJPOFT PQUBO QPS RVFEBSTF DBMMBEPT Z OP EBO TV PQJOJÂO "VORVF TFQBO RVF UJFOFO MB SB[ÂO EF UBM GPSNB RVF MFT DVFT UB USBCBKP EFDJS OP B NVDIBT JOEJDBDJPOFT &O GJO WJWFO VO NVOEP FO RVF DBODFMBO TV QSPQJB QFSTPOBMJEBE QBSB EBSMF HVTUP B MPT PUSPT QPS FTP BDBCBO QBSFDJFOEP NVZ CVFOPT QFSP FO FM GPOEP WJWFO BUFNPSJ[BEPT 4F MFT PMWJEB MB JNQPSUBODJB EF DVJEBSTF B T½ NJTNPT Z BUFOEFS TVT QSPQJBT OFDFTJEBEFT &O QPDBT QBMBCSBT WJWFO VOB GBMTB DBSJEBE )BZ RVF TFS CVFOPT UBNCJ¹O DPOTJHP NJTNPT QVFT OBEJF IBDF VO CJFO HFOVJOP TJ TF PMWJEB EF RVF TF USBUB EF BNBSTF UBOUP DPNP TF BNB B MPT EFN²T
:fdg\k\eZ`X p Zfdg\k`m`[X[
&DPOPN½B DPOGJBO[B Z QSPEVDUJWJEBE DPOTUJUVZFO FM QSPUPDPMP EF FEV MJODVFODJB EFSJWBOEP B MB JOUSBORVJMJEBE EF MB GBNJMJB NJTNB Z B MB QP DBDJÂO TBMVE Z USBORVJMJEBE -B JOUFHSJEBE MB FTUJNVMB FM CVFO HPCJFS CMBDJÂO DJWJM UPEB " FTUP DPOUSJCVZFO MBT SFEFT TPDJBMFT RVF BÈO OP IBO OP EPUBEP EF BVUPFTUJNB FTUJNVMBEB QPS MPT NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJÂO EBEP DBVDF B TV BQSPWFDIBNJFOUP FO VO QMBO QFEBHÂHJDP JOUFMJHFOUF EF QPM½UJDBT QÈCMJDBT RVF TJO TFS FYFOUBT EF FSSPSFT V PNJTJPOFT SFTBM NFOUF EJTFÁBEP QBSB BUSBFS MB BUFODJÂO NFOUBMJEBE F JOUFMJHFODJB QPS UF MPT BDJFSUPT DPNP FM DPOPDJNJFOUP QPTJUJWP DPO TVT SFUPT Z SFBMJEBEFT NFEJP EF VO JOTUJUVUP EPDFOUF EF JOWFTUJHBDJÂO Z EFTBSSPMMP EJHJUBM QSF JNQJEJFOEP FM DPOGPSNJTNP Z MB JOEJGFSFODJB QSPNPUPSB EFM SF[BHP EFM MVEJP EF BNCJDJPTB PDVQBDJÂO FO MB QSPQVFTUB EF MB $JVEBE $SFBUJWB %J HJUBM QSPUPUJQP JOEJWJEVBM Z TPDJBM 7JWJNPT FO HMPCBMJEBE EF DBNCJPT JODFTBOUFT RVF &M MFOHVBKF EF MB WFSEBE FT TVTUBODJBM 4½ TF QVFEF SFB DPOUSBS½BO QSPQÂTJUPT DPOTUSVDUJWPT B USBW¹T EF BUSBDUJWPT MJ[BS FO FM FKFSDJDJP EF MB KVTUJDJB FTUJNVMBOUF EFM FNQSFO 6i ÃÊÌÀ> à Ì>ÀÊ>Ê EF G²DJM BTJNJMBDJÂO TJO PUPSHBS QSPWFDIP UBOHJCMF EF TV EFS DPO WJTJÂO UFOBDJEBE Z EFUFSNJOBDJÂO QBSB WFODFS BM FWFOUVBM GSBDBTP &NQSFOEFS FT DPNQSFOEFS FO UJFNQP Z «iÀà >ÃÊ>`Õ Ì>ÃÊÞÊ ÃÊ QFSBDJÂO 7FNPT USBOTJUBS B DBEB QBTP QFSTPOBT BEVMUBT Z OJÁPT BCTPSUPT DPO MB NJSBEB QBOUBMMB EFM DFMVMBS V PUSB IF GPSNB TPMVDJPOFT DPO EJTDJQMJOB Z TJNVMU²OFP SFDIB[P FO >Là ÀÌ ÃÊV Ê >Ê À>`>Ê SSBNJFOUB FNQMFBOEP BUFODJÂO Z UJFNQP NVDIBT WFDFT G²UJDP B MB BQBU½B IBDJB SFTQPOTBCJMJEBE Z EJTDJQMJOB TPCSF MB QJTUB EFM EFTBSSPMMP GPSKBEPS EF USJVOGP DPOTDJFOUF EF «> Ì> >Ê`i ÊVi Õ >À°°°Ê EFTQFSEJDJBEPT RVF CJFO QPES½BO BQMJDBS BM BQSFOEJ[BKF OVFWBT FYQFSJFODJBT i « i> ` Ê>Ìi V ÊÞÊ BVU¹OUJDP QBSB QPTUFSJPS VTP FO UBSFBT DPUJEJBOBT EFM IP HBS Z FO TV USBCBKP NFEJBOUF MB DPOKVODJÂO EF EJTUSBDDJÂO -B DPOGSPOUBDJÂO DPOTUBOUF EF JOTFHVSJEBE FYQVFT UB FO MPT NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJÂO NBTJWB Z FO GPSNB EJ Ì i « Ê ÕV >ÃÊÛiViÃÊ Z DPOTUSVDDJÂO EF NFOUBMJEBE DSFBUJWB -B FEBE OP FT PCTU²DVMP QBSB FNQSFOEFS FM BQSFOEJ SFDUB FT BKFOB B SFTVMUBEPT DPOTUSVDUJWPT DSFBOEP IPTUJ `iëiÀ` V >` à [BKF RVF MPT OJÁPT BTJNJMBO DPO MB DBQBDJEBE EF TV DFSFCSP HBNJFOUPT RVF EBO QBTP B MB WVMOFSBCJMJEBE EF MB QPCMBDJÂO BCJFSUP B MB UFDOPMPH½B DPNP MP DPNQSPCBNPT DVBOEP FM TJO BMDBO[BS USBOTQBSFODJB QFRVFÁP TF DPOWJFSUF FO NFOUPS EFM BEVMUP FO MB JOUSPEVD &T JNQPSUBOUF Z FO MB BDUVBMJEBE JOEJTQFOTBCMF NBO UFOFS MB JOUFHSJEBE FOUSF QPCMBDJÂO Z HPCJFSOP QBSB MB EPUBDJÂO EF MPT DJÂO Z TPCSF MBT IFSSBNJFOUBT Z BEJFTUSBNJFOUP EF MBT BQMJDBDJPOFT 1B FMFNFOUPT C²TJDPT EF DPNQFUFODJB JOUFSOB FO FM UFSSFOP FDPOÂNJDP DPO SB MPHSBS FM DPOWFODJNJFOUP IBDF GBMUB EJ²MPHP IVNJMEF QPS QBSUF EFM FKFSDJDJP EF DPNQFUJUJWJEBE IBDJB FM NFSDBEP FYUFSJPS EPOEF TF MJCSB MV BEVMUP QBSB QFEJS PSJFOUBDJÂO QSFMJNJOBS EFM NFOPS Z QPTUFSJPS TFHVJ NJFOUP BM EFTBSSPMMP EFM DPOPDJNJFOUP DIB QPS FM DSFDJNJFOUP EF NFSDBEPT %JPT OPT HVBSEF EF MB EJTDPSEJB "NQMJBNFOUF EJGVOEJEP FT FM DPODFQUP EF MB JHOPSBODJB RVF SFUSPB TJDQN!JOGPSNBEPS DPN NY MJNFOUB MB EJWBHBDJÂO B GBDJMJEBEFT EF DPOTFDVFODJBT JODMJOBEBT B MB EF
%PNJOHP EF FOFSP EF
1~(*/" #
&- */'03."%03 &'&
'0504 &41&$*"-
MIYAZAKI, el mangaka de las virtudes &M HFOJP EFM BOJNF )BZBP .JZB[BLJ DFMFCSBS FM NBSUFT QSªYJNP TV BOJWFSTBSJP BVORVF ZB TF IB SFUJSBEP TVT QFM¤DVMBT TFHVJS O TJFOEP VO FTDBQF B MB GBOUBT¤B QBSB EJWFSTBT HFOFSBDJPOFT &- */$3&¶#-& $"45*--0 7"("#6/%0
1PS /PSNB (VUJ¹SSF[
w2
V¹ FT VO UPUPSP {6O PTP VO QBO EB VO DPOFKP HJ HBOUF /J MPT GBOT EF IVFTP DP MPSBEP TBCFO EFTDSJCJS DPO FYBDUJUVE RV¹ FT FTB DSJB UVSB OBDJEB EFTEF MB NFOUF EF )BZBP .JZB[BLJ FM NBOLBHB KBQPO¹T OBDJ EP FO 5PLJP FO RVF IB NBSDB EP VOB GPSNB ÈOJDB Z QFDVMJBS EF MMF WBS MB GBOUBT½B BM QBQFM Z B MB QBOUBMMB HSBOEF 4FS² RVF QBSB MBT QFSTPOBT BKFOBT BM BOJNF Z FM NBOHB KBQPO¹T FM OPNCSF EF )BZBP .JZB[BLJ OP EJHB OBEB BM JOT UBOUF F JODMVTP BGJSNFNPT RVF KBN²T IFNPT WJTUP OJ EF SFPKP TV PCSB QFSP QB SB -BVSB .JDIFM QSPGFTPSB EF MB 6OJWFS TJEBE EF "SUFT %JHJUBMFT Z FTQFDJBMJTUB FO SFEBDDJÂO HVJPO Z EFTBSSPMMP EF QSP ZFDUPT OBSSBUJWPT UPEPT IFNPT FTUBEP FO DPOUBDUP DPO FM MFHBEP BVEJPWJTVBM EF FTUF BOJNBEPS EJSFDUPS Z QSPEVDUPS KBQPO¹T RVF FM QSÂYJNP EF FOFSP MMF HB B MPT BÁPT EF WJEB 4J BMHVOB WF[ MMFHBTUF B WFS P FT DVDIBS TPCSF FM EJCVKP BOJNBEP EF i)FJEJw EFCFS²T TBCFS RVF MPT QMBOPT Z FM HVJPO EF FTUB IJTUPSJB RVF MMFHÂ B .¹YJDP B GJOBMFT EF MPT BÁPT TFUFOUB GVFSPO SFBMJ[BEPT QPS .JZB[BLJ B QFUJ DJÂO EFM EJSFDUPS EF MB TFSJF UFMFWJTJWB *TBP 5BLBIBUB UPNBOEP DPNP SFGF SFODJB FM DVFOUP EF MB FTDSJUPSB TVJ[B +PIBOOB 4QZSJ {2V¹ UJFOF EF FTQFDJBM MB PCSB EF .JZB[BLJ 1BSB MB "DBEFNJB OP IBZ EJTDVTJÂO EF RVF FM BSUJTUB OJQÂO UJFOF VO FTDBMÂO QSPQJP FO MB JOEVTUSJB EFM DJOF B OJWFM NVOEJBM Z NVFTUSB EF FMMP GVF FM 0TDBS )POPSBSJP RVF MF GVF FO USFHBEP FO BOUF FM JNQBDUP RVF TVT QFM½DVMBT DPNP i&M JODSF½CMF DBT UJMMP WBHBCVOEPw Z i.J WFDJOP 5PUPSPw IBO HFOFSBEP N²T BMM² EF MBT GSPOUF SBT BTJ²UJDBT 1BSB -BVSB .JDIFM VOP EF BUSJCV UPT N²T EFTUBDBEPT EF .JZB[BLJ FT RVF SPNQF DPNQMFUBNFOUF DPO FM DMJ DI¹ EF MB BOJNBDJÂO KBQPOFTB BQPT UBOEP QPS QFSTPOBKFT N²T SFBMJTUBT
&- %"50 .BSBUØO EF )BZBP .JZB[BLJ
RVF DPO VOB FTFODJB IFSPJDB TB DBO B GMPUF MB CPOEBE MB SFGMFYJÂO MB FTQFSBO[B Z MB IFSNBOEBE IVNBOB QFTF B MBT BEWFSTJEBEFT RVF FODVFO USBO FO TV DBNJOP &O .JZB[BLJ ZB IBC½B TJEP QSPUBHPOJTUB EF MPT SFGMFDUPSFT JOUFS OBDJPOBMFT DVBOEP i&M WJBKF EF $IJIJ SPw TV T¹QUJNP MBSHPNFUSBKF GVF QSFNJBEP DPO FM 0TDBS B MB NFKPS QFM½ DVMB EF BOJNBDJÂO UFOJFOEP DPNP SJ WBMFT B i-JMP 4UJUDIw i-B &SB EF )JF MPw i&M QMBOFUB EFM UFTPSPw Z i4QJSJU FM DPSDFM JOEPNBCMFw
*OPDFODJB DPNP BSHVNFOUP 'VF KVTUBNFOUF +PIO -BTTFUFS EJ SFDUPS DSFBUJWP EF 1JYBS RVJFO MMFW MB PCSB EF .JZB[BLJ B &TUBEPT 6OJEPT Z EVSBOUF MB FOUSFHB IPOPSJGJDB EFM 0TDBS EFEJD VO FNPUJWP NFOTBKF BM DSFBUJWP OJQÂO IBDJ¹OEPMF TBCFS RVF TVT QFM½DV MBT FSBO QBSUF EFM JNQVMTP RVF UFO½B QB SB FNQSFOEFS FO FM DJOF BOJNBEP B MP RVF .JZB[BLJ SFTQPOEJ FO KBQP O¹T RVF FSB VO IPNCSF BGPSUVOBEP BM JOUFOUBS NFEJS FM JNQBDUP DVMUVSBM RVF TVT QFSTPOBKFT Z OBSSBUJWB UFO½BO EFO USP Z GVFSB EF +BQÂO &O MPT GFTUJWBMFT Z QSFNJBDJPOFT EF NBZPS QSFTUJHJP .JZB[BLJ IB CSJ MMBEP QPS TVT MBSHPNFUSBKFT PCUFOJFO EP EJTUJODJPOFT FTQFDJBMFT P HBMBSEP OFT BCTPMVUPT FO DBUFHPS½BT EF DPNQFUFODJB MPHSBOEP RVF TV USBZFD UPSJB QSFTVNB FTUBUVJMMBT Z OPNJOBDJP OFT B MPT 0TDBS MPT #"'5" 1SFNJPT $¹TBS MB "DBEFNJB +BQPOFTB MPT QSF NJPT 4BUVSOP Z 4BU¹MJUF MPT GFTUJWBMFT EF #FSM½O 7FOFDJB P .BJOJDIJ FOUSF PUSPT i$SFP RVF A.J WFDJOP 5PUPSP FT VOB EF MBT PCSBT N²T SFQSFTFOUBUJWBT EF .JZB[BLJ FSB MB GBWPSJUB EF "LJSB ,VSPTBXB &O MB IJTUPSJB VOB EF MBT IFSNBOBT MB N²T QFRVFÁB EFTDVCSF B VOB FTQFDJF EF PTP HJHBOUF FT VOB DPTB NVZ FYUSBÁB Z FMMB MP OPNCSB 5P UPSP ¹M MBT DVJEB KVFHB Z MFT IBDF DPN QBÁ½B &T VOB QFM½DVMB EPOEF BQBSFO UFNFOUF OP QBTB OBEB QFSP OP MB QVFEFT EFKBS EF WFSw
-BVSB .JDIFM QVOUVBMJ[B RVF QFTF B RVF EJWFSTBT FTDFOBT EF .JZB[BLJ TF IBO USBOTGPSNBEP FO SFGFSFOUFT WJTVB MFT F JDÂOJDBT EFM DJOF FT QS²DUJDBNFO UF JNQPTJCMF FODPOUSBS TJNJMJUVEFT FTU¹ UJDBT P OBSSBUJWBT B NPEP EF USJCVUP P JOTQJSBDJÂO FO PUSBT QFM½DVMBT QPS RVF iNFUFSTF DPO .JZB[BLJ FT DPTB TF SJB 4VT NBOHBT OP TF QBSFDFO FO OBEB B PUSPT EJCVKBOUFT EF DPNJD KBQPO¹T FT NVZ FVSPQFP N²T EFUBMMBEP MPT QFSTP OBKFT TPO N²T SFBMJTUBTw &M QSPUBHPOJTNP EF QFSTPOBKFT GFNFOJOPT FT PUSB DBSUB SFQSFTFOUBUJ WB EF .JZB[BLJ BÁBEF MB FYQFSUB BM EF UBMMBS RVF TJ BMHP EFGJOF FM FTUJMP EFM OJ QÂO FT MB GPSUBMF[B TFSFOJEBE F JOUVJDJÂO RVF CSJOEB B DBEB VOB EF MBT iIFSP½OBTw EF TVT PCSBT i-B NBZPS QBSUF EF TVT QFSTPOB KFT TPO IFSP½OBT DBTJ TJFNQSF TPO OJ ÁBT DPO NVDIB JOJDJBUJWB EF QPS NF EJP -PT QFSTPOBKFT GFNFOJOPT EF .JZB[BLJ TPO NVZ EFDJEJEPT UJFOFO VO DBS²DUFS BSSJFTHBEP A1POZP FT RVJ [² VOB SFDSFBDJÂO SBSB EF A-B 4JSFOJ UB OP T¹ TJ TFB VO DPEB[P B MB WFSTJÂO EF %JTOFZ QPSRVF B EJGFSFODJB EF RVF FMMB UFO½B RVF FTQFSBSTF B RVF FM QS½O DJQF MF EJFSB VO CFTP QBSB TFS IVNBOB FO MB IJTUPSJB EF A1POZP FMMB FT MB RVF WB Z EB FM CFTP OP TF FTQFSB B RVF BM HVJFO IBHB MBT DPTBT QPS FMMBw -BVSB .JDIFM IBDF IJODBQJ¹ RVF DPOUSBSJP B PUSPT EJSFDUPSFT Z HVJPOJT UBT RVF UPNBO DPNP QVOUP EF QBSUJEB MBT HVFSSBT P DPOGMJDUPT TPDJBMFT FN CMFN²UJDPT EF +BQÂO )BZBP .JZB[BLJ FWJUB IBDFS SFGFSFODJBT OFHBUJWBT FO TVT IJTUPSJBT EFKBOEP FO DMBSP RVF MBT QFMFBT OP TPO MB TPMVDJÂO QBSB MPT QSP CMFNBT i4BMWP FO DPOUBEBT PDBTJPOFT FO MBT QFM½DVMBT EF .JZB[BLJ DBTJ OVODB IBZ WJMMBOPT Z TJ MPT IBZ DBTJ TJFNQSF FM I¹SPF P FM QSPUBHPOJTUB TF MP IBDF BNJ HP P BMJBEP Z FTP MP IBDF NVZ JOUFSFTBO UF 4VT QFM½DVMBT TPO NVZ BOUJHVFSSB &O MPT QFSTPOBKFT UBNCJ¹O EFTUBDB BMHP OP TPO HVFSSFSPT DPO BMHVOBT FYDFQDJP OFT P TF EBO DVFOUB RVF QFMFBOEP OP WBO B SFTPMWFS OBEBw
.* 7&$*/0 505030
'*-.0(3"'¶" 0CSBT DPNP EJSFDUPS Z P HVJPOJTUB
/"64*$" %&- 7"--& %&- 7*&/50 &'&
W Õ« Ê Ê£ Ç£®Ê W >ÃÊ>Ûi ÌÕÀ>ÃÊ`iÊ«> `>ÊÞÊÃÕÃÊ > } ÃÊ£ ÇÓ®Ê W / iÊÀ> ÞÊ`>ÞÊV ÀVÕÃÊ£ ÇÎ®Ê W > ]Êi Ê Ê`i ÊvÕÌÕÀ Ê£ Çn®Ê W ÊV>ÃÌ Ê`iÊ >} ÃÌÀ Ê£ Ç ®Ê W Õ« Ê Ê*>ÀÌÊ Ê£ Ç ®Ê W - iÀ V Ê Õ `Ê£ nÓ®Ê W >Õà V>BÊ`i Ê6> iÊ`i Ê6 i Ì Ê £ n{®Ê W À> Êà i Ê > Ê/ ÕLiÌÃÕ i \Ê Þ `> Ê }> Ì Ê Ê Õ >ÌÃÕÊ £ n{®Ê W ÊV>ÃÌ Êi Êi ÊV i Ê£ nÈ®Ê W ÊÛiV Ê/ Ì À Ê£ nn®Ê W V Þ]Ê >Ê>«Ài ` âÊ`iÊLÀÕ >Ê £ n ®Ê W * ÀV Ê, Ãà ʣ Ó®Ê W -ÕÃÕÀÀ ÃÊ`i ÊV À>â Ê£ x®Ê W " Ê9 ÕÀÊ >À tÊ£ x®Ê W >Ê«À ViÃ>Ê iÊ£ Ç®Ê W ÊÛ > iÊ`iÊ À ÊÓää£®Ê W Õ À>ÊÌ À ÊÓää£®Ê W À ½ÃÊ }Ê >ÞÊ"ÕÌÊÓääÓ®Ê W i Ê> `ÊÌ iÊ ÌÌi LÕÃÊÓääÓ®Ê W Ê VÀi L iÊV>ÃÌ ÊÛ>}>LÕ ` Ê Óää{®Ê W 9>` }>à ÊÓääÈ®Ê W âÕ}Õ Ê ÊÓääÈ®Ê W Ã Ê Ê >ÌÌ>Ê ÊÓääÈ®Ê W * Þ ÊÞÊi ÊÃiVÀiÌ Ê`iÊ >Êà Ài Ì>Ê Óää ®Ê W ÀÀ iÌÞÊÓä£ä®Ê W *> `> iÊÌ ÊÌ> >} Ê iÊ Óä£ä®Ê W >ÊV >Ê`iÊ >ÃÊ> >« >ÃÊ Ó䣣®Ê W ÊÛ i Ì ÊÃiÊ iÛ> Ì>ÊÓä£Î®
10/:0
- ÊÕ Ê`iÊÌÕÃÊ« > iÃÊiÃÊ Ìi iÀÊÌ `>Ê >ÊV iVV Ê`iÊ >Þ> Ê Þ>â> ]Êi ÊÌ i `>ÃÊV Ê ÝÊ1«ÊÃiÊ viÀ Ì>Ê >Ê LÀ>Ê`i Ê « ÊV Ê º ÊÛiV Ê/ Ì À »Êi ÊvÀ >Ì ÊL Õ À>ÞÊ`iÃ`iÊ ÃÊ ££ Ê«ià ÃÆʺ Ê VÀi L iÊ V>ÃÌ ÊÛ>}>LÕ ` »Êi Ê
6 Ê« ÀÊÎ Ê«ià ÃÊ Êi` V iÃÊiëiV > iÃÊ`iʺ Ê Û > iÊ`iÊ À »Ê« ÀÊ{xÓÊ «ià Ã]Êi ÌÀiÊ ÌÀ ÊÌ ÌÕ Ã°Ê u ÀÀiÊ>ÊÛiÀ ÊÞÊVi iLÀ>ÊÃÕÊ ÇxÊ> ÛiÀÃ>À t
-" 13*/$&4" .0/0/0,&
LBG >MBJN>M:L Laura Michel argumenta que la amabilidad de las historias de Miyazaki hace que sus películas se libren de etiquetas: ni para niños ni para adultos, cualquiera las puede ver. Sin embargo, añade que los caracteres y psicología de los personajes resultan complejos ante la sencillez de su composición, pero que cargan con una fluidez emocional que llevan al espectador a una montaña rusa de emociones encontradas. “Los personajes de Miyazaki son complejos, no son ni buenos ni malos, todos tienen algún defecto, no hay nadie perfecto, pero sobre todo hay un sentimiento muy optimista y de bondad, eso es lo que impera. El cine de autor tiende a ser muy cínico y Miyazaki es todo menos cínico, pone las cosas como son,
apunta hacia la virtud. Creo que la gente busca en su obra esa cuestión de los valores, de optimismo, que te levante el espíritu, y es algo que ya casi no se encuentra en el cine actual”. Pero como en toda historia de éxito, Hayao Miyazaki no construyó su legado en solitario. Acompañado por su amigo y colega Isao Takahata, con quien fundó el Estudio Ghibli para que ambos se complementaran como directores y productores en los proyectos personales de cada uno, como también lo hacen con el pianista Joe Hisaishi, quien ha musizalizado los trabajos del nipón con arreglos orquestales y versátiles que llevan al espectador a diferentes culturas en cuestión de segundos ante una infinidad de ritmos.
1~(*/" #
&- */'03."%03 &- */'03."%03
%PNJOHP EF FOFSP EF '0504 "1
-" $6#" %& )0: -PT DVCBOPT OP IBO WJTUP Bร O MPT CFOF GJDJPT EF SFDVQFSBS TV SFMBDJร O DPO &TUBEPT 6OJEPT
Cuba, a 57 aรฑos de la Revoluciรณn Castrista
1PS &OSJRVF &TQBS[B
ร -
B EJDUBEVSB TF IB EFTQMPNBEP B DPOTFDVFODJB EF MBT ร MUJNBT PQFSBDJPOFT SFCFMEFT &TUBT PQFSBDJPOFT DPOUJOร BO TJO BMUF SBDJร O IBTUB RVF TF SFDJCB PSEFO EFM DPNBOEP HFOFSBM /BEB EF HPMQFT EF &TUBEP B FTQBMEBT EFM QVFCMP /BEB EF HPM QFT EF &TUBEP EF BDVFSEP DPO #BUJTUB %FTQVยนT EF TJFUF Bร PT EF MVDIB OP QPEFNPT SFQFUJS TJUVBDJPOFT DPNP MB EJDUBEVSB EF #BUJTUB /JOHVOP EFCF DPOGJBS FO OBEJF OJ EFKBSTF FOHBร BS QPS OBEJF &TUยนO BMFS UBTw &TUB EFDMBSBDJร O FT QBSUF EF VO EJTDVSTP SBEJP Gร OJDP RVF CSJOEร 'JEFM $BTUSP FO $VCB VO QSJNFSP EF FOFSP EF DVBOEP MB 3FWPMV DJร O $VCBOB EFSSPUร BM HP CJFSOP EF 'VMHFODJP #BUJT UB Z RVF GVF SFUPNBEP QPS &- */'03." %03 VO EยฝB EFT QVยนT " Bร PT EF FTUF NPWJNJFOUP QBSB VOP EF MPT QBยฝ TFT NยฒT JNQPSUBOUFT EF "NยนSJDB -BUJOB DPO VO NBOFKP EF MB QPMยฝUJDB EJB NFUSBMNFOUF PQVFTUP BM SFTUP EF MBT EFNยฒT OBDJPOFT FT JOOFHBCMF RVF FTUB SFWPMVDJร O NBSDร VO QSFDFEFOUF FO MB IJTUPSJB DVZPT SFTVMUBEPT Bร O TJHVFO QFSQFUVBOEP FO FM QSF TFOUF 4VT QSJODJQBMFT HFTUPSFT 'JEFM Z 3Bร M $BTUSP BTยฝ DPNP &SOFTUP i$IFw (VFWBSB GVFSPO Z TPO MPT SPT USPT EF MB SFOPWBEB $VCB RVF TF QMBOUFBCB VO OVFWP FTRVFNB TPDJBM FDPOร NJDP Z QPMยฝUJDP DVBOEP FTUB CB QPS DPNFO[BS MB EยนDBEB EF MPT Bร PT TFTFOUB 6OB SFFTUSVDUVSBDJร O UPUBM TF WJWJร FO BRVFM FOUPODFT FO FTF QBยฝT RVF IPZ EยฝB SFBOVEB TVT SFMBDJPOFT EJQMP NยฒUJDBT DPO &TUBEPT 6OJEPT OBDJร O RVF QPS BRVF MMPT Bร PT EF MPT NPWJNJFOUPT $BTUSJTUBT FSB VO HSBO FOFNJHP
-B WJEB TJHVF TJFOEP EVSB 4JO FNCBSHP MPT EJSJHFOUFT DVCBOPT ย MPT IFS NBOPT $BTUSPย DPOEFOBSPO B TV QBยฝT B WJWJS PUSB EJD UBEVSB EFTQVยนT EF QVFT FO Bร PT FTUB NJTNB GBNJMJB DPOUJOร B BM NBOEP EF VO QBยฝT FO FM RVF MPT DJVEBEBOPT TJHVFO TBMJFOEP EF MB JTMB FO CVTDB EF VO NFKPS GVUVSP QBSB FMMPT Z TVT GBNJMJBT &M EPDUPS DV CBOP 0SFTUFT %ยฝB[ 3PESยฝHVF[ FYQFSUP FO "TVOUPT "NFSJDBOPT EF MB 6OJWFSTJEBE EF (VBEBMBKBSB 6EF( TFร BMB RVF MB SFWPMVDJร O EF BRVFMMPT Bร PT GVF OFDFTBSJB QFSP QBSFDF RVF EFTEF FOUPODFT OBEB IB DBNCJBEP Z FM SFUP QBSB MB JTMB FTUยฒ FO MPT OVFWPT Bร PT QPS WFOJS i$BEB WF[ IBZ NยฒT DBOUJEBE EF QFSTPOBT RVF DVFTUJPOBO SFBMNFOUF MB FYJTUFODJB EF FTB SFWPMVDJร O ย RVF FYJT UJร FO VO NPNFOUP EB EPย QFSP NVDIPT QFSDJCFO RVF FTF NP WJNJFOUP UFSNJOร EF NPEP FO RVF FO RVJTUร FO FM QPEFS B VOB EFUFSNJOBEB GBNJMJB Z FTP OP FT VOB SFWPMVDJร O FTP BIPSB FT WJTUP DPNP VO SยนHJNFO BVUPSJUBSJP $VCB FT WJTUB BTยฝ QPSRVF OP QFSUFOFDF B MB PMB EFNPHSยฒGJDB RVF IB DBSBDUFSJ [BEP UPEPT FTUPT Bร PT B "NยนSJDB -BUJOB Z FM NVOEP $VCB FTUยฒ GVFSB EF MB PMBw &M FTQFDJBMJTUB TFร BMB RVF MBT DFMFCSBDJPOFT QPS MB 3FWPMVDJร O FO FM QBยฝT TPO BDPOUFDJNJFOUPT BJTMB EPT QPDP B QPDP iFM DVCBOP EF B QJFw DPNP ยนM MMBNB B MB TPDJFEBE DJWJM IB DPNFO[BEP B WFS FTUB GFDIB DP NP VO EยฝB NยฒT DJFSUBNFOUF NBSDร VO QSFDFEFOUF EยนDBEBT BUSยฒT QFSP FO MBT DJSDVOTUBODJBT FO MBT RVF TF FODVFOUSBO FT NยฒT HSBUJGJDBOUF DFMFCSBS FM "ร P /VFWP i&TUF Bร P BM DPNFO[BS MB SFHVMBDJร O EF MBT SF MBDJPOFT DPO &TUBEPT 6OJEPT MP RVF NVDIB HFOUF TF QSFHVOUB FT RVยน JNQBDUP WB B UFOFS FTB OVFWB SFMB
NG IH<H => ABLMHKB: Fidel Castro y su Ejรฉrcito Rebelde lograron derrocar a Fulgencio Batista un 1 de enero de 1959 cuando cantaron victoria en Santiago de Cuba. Batista y su equipo de colaboradores huyeron de Santiago en aviรณn militar con rumbo a Repรบblica Dominicana donde buscaron refugio. En febrero โ un mes mรกs tardeโ Castro fue reconocido como primer ministro por el entonces presidente Manuel Urrutia, quien
tomรณ el poder cuando fue derrocado Batista y posteriormente quitaron de sus funciones al presidente interino de un dรญa, Anselmo Alliegro. De 1959 a 1976 Fidel tuvo fue primer ministro; sin embargo, Alliegro no durรณ mucho como mandatario por diferencias con Castro. En su sucesiรณn entrรณ Osvaldo Dorticรณs Torrado en julio de 1959 y permaneciรณ en la silla presidencial hasta diciembre del
DJร O FO MB TVQFSWJWFODJB EF FTB SFWPMVDJร Ow -B UBSFB FOUPODFT TFSยฝB QBSB MPT MยฝEFSFT DVCBOPT RVF UJFOFO RVF WJTVBMJ[BS Dร NP TVTUFOUBS TV SยนHJNFO BIPSB RVF ZB OP IBZ VO FOFNJHP DPO FM DVBM MJEJBS i&O FTUB OVFWB FUBQB TF WB EJTNJOVZFOEP MB JNB HFO EFM FOFNJHP &TUBEPT 6OJEPT QPSRVF FT QSFDJ TBNFOUF ยนM FM RVF FTUยฒ UFOEJFOEP MB NBOP F JNQVM TBOEP MB SFMBDJร O CJMBUFSBM RVJFO IB EBEP MPT QBTPT NยฒT BVEBDFT Z RVJFO IB QSPQJDJBEP FM BDFSDBNJFOUP $VยฒM TFSยฒ FOUPODFT FM EJTDVSTP BIPSB QBSB RVF MB JT MB TJHB QFSNBOFDJFOEP DFSSBEB Z OP IBZB FMFDDJPOFT MJCSFT RVF OP TF QFSNJUB RVF IBZB EJGFSFOUFT QBSUJ EPT RVF FYQSFTFO MBT JEFBT Z MBT FTQFSBO[BT EF MPT OVFWPT DJVEBEBOPT TJ FTF FOFNJHP ZB OP FYJTUFw 0SFTUFT FYQMJDB RVF FTUF Bร P ย SFDJยนO DPODMVJ EPย IB JODSFNFOUBEP NยฒT MB EFTFSDJร O EF MPT DVCB OPT TJHVJFOEP VOB SVUB RVF WB EF &DVBEPS BUSBWFTBO EP MB TFMWB DPMPNCJBOB Z QBOBNFร B $FOUSPBNยนSJDB Z .ยนYJDP VO SFDPSSJEP EF NยฒT EF USFT NJM LJMร NFUSPT i-B WJEB EFM DVCBOP EF B QJF OP IB NFKPSBEP DPO FTUF BDFSDBNJFOUP QFTF B RVF TF IB BVNFOUBEP FM Oร NFSP EF UVSJTUBT Z FM Oร NFSP EF BDVFSEPT DPO &TUBEPT 6OJ EPTw
aรฑo 1976. Luego, en 1976, Fidel Castro se convirtiรณ en presidente de la Repรบblica Cubana, hasta 2008. Ademรกs, fue comandante en jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de 1956 a 2008 y tuvo el cargo de primer secretario del Partido Comunista desde 1965 hasta 2011, aรฑo en el que le destinรณ el poder de la naciรณn a su hermano Raรบl Castro.
-B OVFWB $VCB FOUPODFT TFSยฝB QSP $BTUSJTUB Z BOUJ $BTUSJTUB QSFWยน FM FTQFDJBMJTUB MB USBOTJDJร O TF Sยฒ FODBNJOBEB B VOB EFNPDSBDJB JNQFSGFDUB DPO FMF NFOUPT EF BVUPSJUBSJTNP QFSP UBNCJยนO BCJFSUB B MPT DBNCJPT
|$ยฐNP TFSย O SFDPSEBEPT MPT MยชEFSFT EFM SยฆHJNFO BDUVBM -B WJEB EF 'JEFM $BTUSP NBSDBSยฒ FM TJHMP 99* UBN CJยนO FT VOP EF MPT QFSTPOBKFT QPMยฝUJDPT NยฒT JNQPSUBO UFT EFM NVOEP TJO FNCBSHP TV JNBHFO EF MยฝEFS TPDJBM GVF EFDBZFOEP DPO TV SยนHJNFO EF Bร PT RVF BIPSB BTVNF TV IFSNBOP 3Bร M &O UBOUP i&M $IFw (VFWBSB FT VO QFSTPOBKF NยฒT GBWPSFDJEP DPO FM SFDVFSEP TF MF JEFB MJ[B DPO MB MJCFSUBE DPO FSSBEJDBS MB PQSFTJร Oy i$VBOEP FMMPT OP FTUยนO BRVยฝ 'JEFM Z 3Bร M UFO ESยฒO TVT TFHVJEPSFT Z TVT EFUSBDUPSFT OP UJFOF PUSB Mร HJDB 'JEFM TFSยฒ SFDPSEBEP QPS MBT DPTBT RVF IJ[P MPT EFGFOTPSFT USBUBSยฒO EF SFDPSEBS MBT DPTBT CVFOBT Z MPT EFUSBDUPSFT USBUBSยฒO EF FYQPOFS MBT DPTBT NB MBT 4PO ZB GJHVSBT EF MB IJTUPSJB DVCBOB Z EF MB SF HJร O BNFSJDBOB TFSยฒ DPNP 1FSร O FO "SHFOUJOB VOB QBSUF FT QFSPOJTUB Z MB PUSB BOUJQFSPOJTUBw
>ร ย >ร *>ย ย ย >ร
ร /1, -ร ร 6 , 4FHร O MB $POWFODJร O EF MB 6OFTDP TPCSF MB 1SPUFDDJร O EFM 1BUSJNP OJP $VMUVSBM 4VCBDVยฒUJDP FO TV BSUยฝDVMP QSJNFSP TF FOUJFOEF QPS UBM QBUSJNPOJP iUPEPT MPT SBTUSPT EF FYJTUFODJB IVNBOB RVF UFOHBO VO DBSยฒDUFS DVMUVSBM IJTUร SJDP P BSRVFPMร HJDP RVF IBZBO FTUBEP CBKP FM BHVB QBSDJBM P UPUBMNFOUF EF GPSNB QFSJร EJDB P DPOUJOVB QPS MP NF OPT EVSBOUF Bร PTw " QSJODJQJPT EF EJDJFNCSF EF TF BOVODJร FO $PMPNCJB FM IB MMB[HP MBSHBNFOUF FTQFSBEP EFM HBMFร O 4BO +PTยน CBSDP JOTJHOJB EF MB "SNBEB FTQBร PMB RVF MPT QJSBUBT JOHMFTFT IVOEJFSPO FM EF KVOJP EF Z RVF IBCยฝB [BSQBEP EF $BSUBHFOB EF *OEJBT SVNCP B &TQB ร B DPO VO JNQPSUBOUF DBSHBNFOUP EF USJCVUPT EF MPT SFJOPT BNFSJDB OPT &TUBCB BSNBEP DPO DBร POFT Z EF MBT QFSTPOBT RVF JCBO B CPSEP DPNP QBTBKFSPT NBSJOPT P TPMEBEPT TF TBMWBSPO Tร MP &T UP RVJFSF EFDJS EPT DPTBT RVF TF USBUBCB EF VO CBSDP EF MB $PSPOB FT QBร PMB Hร TUFMFT P OP B MPT DPMPNCJBOPT Z MPT QSFDFEFOUFT FO FM EF SFDIP JOUFSOBDJPOBM TPO DMBSPT DPNP QVFEF WFSTF FO FM DBTP EF MB GSBHBUB .FSDFEFT Z RVF BEFNยฒT TF USBUB EF VOB UVNCB NBSJOB RVF TFHร O MPT UยนSNJOPT EF MB $POWFODJร O NFSFDF SFTQFUP Z QSPUFDDJร O
Cfj \ogfc`fj \e cX Xihl\fcf^ยคX jlYdXi`eX @@ 1FSP MP RVF IB FTUBEP QBTBOEP FT RVF FM HPCJFSOP BDUVBM EF $P MPNCJB QBยฝT RVF OP FT QBSUF EF MB $POWFODJร O Z RVF TF SJHF QPS VOB MFZ OBDJPOBM RVF TFHร O FM FNJOFOUF BSRVFร MPHP DPMPNCJBOP +VBO (VJMMFSNP .BSUยฝO FT iVOB MFZ IFDIB B MB NFEJEB EF FTUF OBVGSBHJPw IB UFOJEP USBUPT OBEB USBOTQBSFOUFT DPO FNQSFTBT iDB[BUFTPSPTw EF &TUBEPT 6OJEPT Z IB NBOUFOJEP MBT FYQMPSBDJPOFT CBKP VOB DBQB EF TFDSFUP OJ TVT QSPQJPT BSRVFร MPHPT IJTUPSJBEPSFT DPOTFSWBEPSFT NVTFPT P VOJWFSTJEBEFT IBO TJEP DPOWPDBEPT QBSB FTPT USBCBKPT OJ TF MFT IB EBEP QBSUF BDFSDB EF FMMPT DPO QBSFDJEP TJHJMP IB QSPDFEJ EP FM HPCJFSOP NFYJDBOP SFTQFDUP EF MB Cร TRVFEB EFM HBMFร O /VFT USB 4Fร PSB EFM +VODBM FO MB 4POEB EF $BNQFDIF QFTF B RVF .ยนYJDP Tยฝ FT GJSNBOUF EF MB $POWFODJร O %FTEF MB QSFTJEFODJB DPMPNCJBOB IB USBUBEP EF DBNCJBS TV -FZ EF 1BUSJNPOJP QBSB FMJNJOBS MB QSPIJCJDJร O DPOTUJUVDJPOBM EF WFO EFS CJFOFT QBUSJNPOJBMFT B MPT DB[BUFTPSPT DMBSP QBSB FYUSBFS PSP QFSP USFT NJOJTUSBT TVDFTJWBT EF $VMUVSB MPHSBSPO GSFOBS FM JOUFOUP %FTBGPSUVOBEBNFOUF FO FM BDUVBM QSFTJEFOUF 4BOUPT MPHSร UBM FNQFร P B QFTBS EF MB SFQVMTB EF MB DPNVOJEBE DJFOUยฝGJDB DPMPNCJB
OB F JOUFSOBDJPOBM RVF IB TFร BMBEP RVF FM HBMFร O FT VO PCKFUP EF FT UVEJP OP EF DPNFSDJP %JDFO MPT FYQFSUPT FO VOB DBSUB QVCMJDBEB FO EJTUJOUPT NFEJPT EF DPNVOJDBDJร O JOUFSOBDJPOBMFT RVF iRVFCSBS MB VOJEBE EF MP RVF FM HB MFร O HVBSEB EJTPMWFS QBSUFT FTFODJBMFT EF FTUF QBUSJNPOJP FO FM NFSDB EP TFSยฝB FOBKFOBS TV WBMPS IJTUร SJDP -B DPNVOJEBE DJFOUยฝGJDB FTQFDJBM NFOUF MB JCFSPBNFSJDBOB MPT NJMMPOFT EF QFSTPOBT RVF EJTGSVUBO EF MB DVMUVSB FO OVFTUSBT OBDJPOFT MBT VOJWFSTJEBEFT Z DFOUSPT BDBEยนNJDPT EF UPEP FM NVOEP PCTFSWBO NVZ BUFOUBNFOUF MP RVF PDVSSF FO $PMPN CJB FTUPT EยฝBT EFTFPTPT EF RVF TF FTUBCMF[DB VOB DPPQFSBDJร O JOUFSOB DJPOBM EFM NยฒT BMUP OJWFM DJFOUยฝGJDP B MB BMUVSB EF FTUF QBUSJNPOJPw IUUQ BCDCMPHT BCD FT FTQFKP EF OBWFHBOUFT MBT QSFHVOUBT EF VO BSRVFPMPHP DPMPNCJBOP TPCSF FM HBMFPO TBO KPTF IUUQ BCDCMPHT BCD FT FTQFKP EF OBWFHBOUFT MPT NFKPSFT DJFOUJGJDPT EFM NVOEP QJEFO SFTQFUP QBSB FM HBMFPO TBO KPTF FO FTQFKP EF OBWFHBOUFT