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=BO>KLB=:= R EB;>KM:= El sistema federal surge para resolver dos problemas a los que se enfrentaron los estados de reciente cuรฑo. Primero, en la tradiciรณn europea, el federalismo como la forma de construir entidades estatales cohesionadas, pero admitiendo la diversidad cultural, lingรผรญstica y polรญtica interna. Un escudo ante las resistencias regionales y la lรณgica homogeneizadora del centro. Alemania y su federalismo es un ejemplo. La tardรญa configuraciรณn del Estado alemรกn, hasta pleno siglo XIX, obedece a la dificultad para integrar a entidades culturales y polรญticas que no se identificaban unas con otras. El nacionalismo alemรกn es un fenรณmeno reciente, del siglo XX. Casos similares ocurrieron en Espaรฑa con la Segunda Repรบblica o el posfranquismo y el sistema de autonomรญas tras la muerte del dictador. Francia es la gran excepciรณn, sรญmbolo del centralismo estatal. Por otro lado, una segunda ola de repรบblicas federales se constituyรณ en Amรฉrica. Estados Unidos es el prototipo de este federalismo que mรกs que una soluciรณn a la diversidad cultural, naciรณ como un contrapeso al poder central. Los padres del federalismo norteamericano, James Madison y Alexander Hamilton (que escribieron โ El Federalistaโ en 1787), temรญan un poder central tan arbitrario y sin contrapesos, que pudiera amenazar la libertad religiosa y polรญtica de los ciudadanos. Esa visiรณn de suspicacia en torno al โ Leviatรกnโ indomable y autoritario, pervive en la cultura polรญtica de Estados Unidos. En Mรฉxico, la โ victoria liberalโ marcรณ el destino del sistema polรญtico-territorial. Al igual que Madison y Hamilton, los defensores del federalismo mexicano entendรญan que este modelo era el mรกs adecuado para defender las libertades de los ciudadanos. No hubo nunca una apuesta por la protecciรณn de las comunidades indรญgenas o de otras minorรญas culturales (algo que a los liberales del siglo XIX importaba poco), sino simplemente la construcciรณn de un esquema descentralizado de poder que evitara la concentraciรณn y las tentaciones autoritarias. Asรญ, tras las guerras entre conservadores y liberales del siglo XIX y la dictadura de Porfirio Dรญaz, el rรฉgimen emanado de la Revoluciรณn, utilizรณ la condena al pasado conservador como una de sus legitimaciones. Una interpretaciรณn de la historia que encajรณ perfectamente en un โ federalismoโ de caciques regionales. El federalismo mexicano naciรณ como arma polรญtica para premiar y castigar a los aliados. La Constituciรณn trazรณ un federalismo dinรกmico y atractivo, a travรฉs de constituciones propias y autonomรญa estatal, pero en la prรกctica fue un โ pacto polรญticoโ entre รฉlites centrales y regionales en donde los primeros otorgaban recursos econรณmicos y libertad polรญtica en las entidades a cambio de obediencia y gobernabilidad.

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