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LANBEH $SFBEPSFT Angelina Beloff (San Petersburgo, 1879Mรฉxico, 1969) se estableciรณ en 1909 en Parรญs para continuar estudios de pintura, tras la muerte de sus padres. Ese mismo aรฑo conociรณ a Diego Rivera, con el que se casรณ en 1911, para ser abandonada una dรฉcada despuรฉs. Beloff se instalรณ en 1932 en Mรฉxico, donde trabajรณ como maestra de artes plรกsticas, grabadora, ilustradora infantil y creadora de guiรฑoles.

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Diego Rivera (Guanajuato, 1889-Mรฉxico, 1957). Partiรณ a Europa en 1906 gracias a una beca. En 1921 regresa definitivamente a Mรฉxico, donde realiza su primer mural, y un aรฑo despuรฉs se casa con la escritora Lupe Marรญn. Despega una carrera de รฉxito como muralista y de compromiso comunista. En 1929 se casa con Frida Kahlo, y en 1955 con Emma Hurtado, su marchante.

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LANBEH 1FESP 7BMEFSSBNB 7JMMBOVFWB Nació en Tijuana, Baja California (1973), pero vive en Guadalajara desde 1994. Es licenciado en Educación Primaria y maestro en Estudios de Literatura Mexicana por la UdeG. Ha sido becario del Fondo Estatal para la Cultura y las Artes de Jalisco, del Programa de Estímulos a la Creación y al Desarrollo Artístico (PECDA) de Jalisco, y del Consejo Estatal para la Cultura y las Artes (CECA), en dos ocasiones. Ha colaborado en las revistas ‘Tierra Adentro’, ‘Replicante’, ‘Herética’, así como en El Occidental y El Informador. Es autor del folleto “Arturo Rivas Sáinz. Una semblanza” (2005) y de los libros “Arturo Rivas Sáinz. Crítica: ensayos y reseñas” (2006), “El perímetro de la hoja. Las revistas literarias de Guadalajara (1991-2000)” (2007) y “Dispersiones. Textos sobre literatura jalisciense” (2011). Actualmente, es docente dentro de la Secretaría de Educación Jalisco (SEJal) y en la Preparatoria 7 de la UdeG.


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