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May 2017

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Volume VI, Issue XI

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ELECTRICAL MIRROR An Outlook of the Electrical & Power Industry

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Achieving The Objective of Round The Clock Power Supply

10-12 May 2017 Pragati Maidan, New Delhi

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National Business Head-India

Dear Reader! This latest issue is covering the life cycle of the transmission projects which according to the expert demands for the proper attention in case to acquire the power supply round the clock, there are several issues which comes on the way to decrease the growth of transmission sector. Also, India suffers from steep AT&C losses that are a major drag on its power system efficiency. AT&C losses in the country still reign at the level of 35 %, compared to international norms of 5-9 %. Each one per cent loss translates into a financial burden of Rs 4000 crore for the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s electricity distribution companies. The biggest state of India Uttar Pradesh signed documents to supply of Power for All 24x7 aiming to provide power round the clock. All necessary steps were taken by the government hence a good move has initiated.

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Industry Focus:

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Wires & Cables and Conductors: A Brief Review on Opportunities in Various Sectors

Guest Article

Reliable Testing of Transformer Wiring – a Poor Relation?

Guest Article

Cover Story

Achieving the Objective of the Round the Clock Power Supply

News Update

SC Ruling on Power Tariffsto Hit Imported Coal-Based Power Generators

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Applications of CRGO & CRNGO in Transformer Stamping and Lamination

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A Brief Review on Testing Electrical Systems With a Digital Multimeter

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A Brief Review on India Smart City Open Source Consortium

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ews of the month

A recent Supreme Court ruling, setting aside an appellate tribunal order permitting Tata Power and Adani Power to raise electricity tariffs in tandem with increased input costs, will hit viability of all imported coal-based power generators, say experts. Coastal Gujarat Power, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Tata Power Company, will see continuous underrecoveries of fuel cost to the tune of Rs 1,000 crore a year at current coal price even if its generation units run at a minimum load, ratings and research firm India Ratings said. Angel Broking in a blog said, "Tata Power may have to look at foregoing its equity to the tune of Rs 4,000 crore and then invite lenders to come and take over the Mundra plant."

SC Ruling on Power Tariffs to Hit Imported Coal-Based Power Generators According to analysts, over the last four years, Adani Power has already booked revenues of Rs 8,800 crore as compensatory tariffs, which is actually 10% higher than the net worth of the company. "In the light of the Supreme Court order, Adani will have to write off the entire Rs 8,800 crore that it has taken credit for, meaning that its entire net worth could be effectively wiped out. Its debt burden of Rs 50,000 crore is another albatross around its neck," the Angel Broking blog said. Sabyasachi Majumdar, senior vice president at ICRA Ratings, said it's not just Tata and Adani that would be affected. "In addition to the under-recovery of energy charges as a result of the order, many recently commissioned and under-construction projects with competitively bid-based power purchase agreements remain exposed to the risk of under-recovery of fixed charges because

of the significant increase in capital costs following delays in execution, exchange rate volatility, and funding problems, coupled with non-escalating or limited escalating nature of the competitively bid-based tariffs," he said. .. The issue started back in 2010 when Indonesia revised its export norms that led to a sharp rise in coal prices. Both Tata Power and Adani Power depend on coal imports from Indonesia and they had to shell out higher prices for the coal they imported. To pass the increased input costs to consumers they tried to invoke the force majeure clause in the power purchase agreements with clients. Force Majeure pertains to developments beyond the control of both parties leading to agreements going haywire. Both Tata Power and Adani Power approached the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (APTEL), which ruled in their favour. However, the Supreme Court recently squashed this ruling. Nevertheless, India Ratings believes that Tata Power at a consolidated level has a natural hedge to the increase in coal prices due to its 30% stake in an Indonesian coalmine.

Vestas to Increase Ahmadabad Plant's Capacity to 600 MW

Wind power solutions provider Vestas will ramp up its equipment manufacturing capacity at Ahmadabad plant to 600 MW in 2-3 years from existing 200 MW to get a bigger share of over 5,000 MW annual market in India. "We will increase our equipment manufacturing capacity from around 200 MW to 600 MW in next 2-3 years mainly due to encouraging policy initiatives by the government," Vestas Director, Marketing & 10

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Public Affairs, India & South East Asia, Amar Variawa told. Variawa said he expects a lot of wind power generation capacity addition in the country especially after the recent drop in tariff to new low of Rs 3.46 per unit in an auction conducted by Solar Energy Corporation of India last fiscal. India had added around 5,400 MW of wind power generation capacity in the last fiscal. After the recent tariff based bidding of 1,000 MW wind power capacities, the government has planned to auction 4,000 MW capacities in the current fiscal. India has set a target of having around 60,000 MW of wind power capacity by 2022. At present, India's wind power generation capacity is around 28,000 MW.

India needs to add 5000-6000 MW capacity each year in coming years to achieve the target. "Vestas had provide wind power solutions of 100 MW capacities in the last fiscal. Since we have 200 MW of manufacturing capacity here in India, we would be able to sell whatever we produce in a year," Variawa said. Vestas design, manufacture, install, and service wind turbines across the globe, and with more than 82 GW of wind turbines in 76 countries. Vestas expanded its 2 MW platform with two new turbine variants with larger 116 meter and 120 meter rotors. The V116-2.0 MW and V120-2.0 MW offer industryleading liveliest cost of energy at park level in medium, low, and ultra-low wind conditions globally, though particularly well- suited for the US, India and China, the company has said. First deliveries of the new turbine variants are expected in the third quarter of 2018 for the V120-2.0 MW, the company added.

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Tata Cleantech Capital Eyes Rs 5,500 cr Asset Book by FY19

ews of the month

Tata Cleantech Capital (TCCL) is looking at growing its asset book to around Rs 5,500 crore by fiscal 2019, with nearly USD 120 billion debt funds expected to flow into the renewable energy space in the next five years. TCCL, a joint venture between Tata Capital and International Finance Corporation, currently has an asset/loan book size of Rs 2,400 crore. It has funded over 80 renewable energy projects, including wind, solar and small hydro and biomass, with a total capacity of 3,500 MW. "It is estimated that USD 120 billion of debt fund

will be required for these projects and this gives us the hope that we will be able to increase our exposure to nearly Rs 5,500 crore by FY19, He said for the current fiscal, the company is expecting to nearly double its loan book to Rs 4,000 crore. "Our primary focus is to fund similar quality renewable assets and we expect to participate in the funding of around 10,000 MW generation capacity over next 2-3 years," Chourasia said. He said though in the current portfolio of renewable energy projects wind-based generation has a larger share, going forward solar (both ground mounted and rooftop) will grow considering the number of projects being undertaken under various schemes of state and Central governments. Recently, TCCL funded a 450 kW solar rooftop project set up by Avesta Solar at the National Centre for

Coal India Allows Power Companies to Swap Supplies State-run power generating companies will now have the flexibility to swap their coal supplies and divert them to more efficient power plants. Coal India last week signed agreements for aggregation of contracted quantity of coal with state and central power generating companies for flexible movement of coal that would help reduce the cost of power generation, a senior company official said. The move will allow all coal linkages given to plants of state and central utilities like NTPCto be combined. That is, if a utility has many plants all over the country and has different fuel supply agreements (FSA) for each plant, all these linkages will be considered as one FSA. The utilities will have the option of deciding the effective way of utilising the coal, so that efficient plants are run at higher capacity to reduce costs, the official said. "Till April 13, supplementary agreement has been signed for 368 million tonnes of coal of the total contracted capacity of 402 million tonnes with state and central power generation firms," the official said, adding that the balance agreements are expected to be signed within a few days. 12

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The Union Cabinet in May last year approved the proposal for allowing flexibility in utilisation of domestic coal amongst state-owned power generating stations. The scheme is gradually proposed to be extended to enable coal swaps between government-run and private power plants. The government has said that improvement in coal quality and efficiency in supply chain have lowered power generation cost of NTPC stations. This is despite revisions in coal prices, central cess and railway freight in the last three years. Data shows that coal cost for generating power has declined by 39 paise to less than Rs 2 per unit in 2016-17, an official statement said. According to the data, overall cost of power production for NTPC stood at Rs 2.01per unit in 2014-15, which has declined to Rs 1.94 in April-February of 2016-17. Officials said that though the actual reduction was 6.4 paise per unit, if increased levies and charges are taken into account, the total drop in power output cost would translate to 39.5 paise.

Performing Arts (NCPA) in the megapolis. TCCL disbursed a total of Rs 2.36 crore for this project. The company is also exploring funding options for energy efficiency as well as water sector projects. "There are two segments in this energy efficiency space -- green buildings and LED lighting. We are also looking at certain infrastructure projects like roads, power transmission sectors and as and when there is good opportunity, we will fund them," he said. Chourasia said the company is also looking at providing financial and techno-commercial advisory services to international firms looking to set up projects in India. "We are scaling up our expertise to provide financial and techno-commercial advisory services to international firms on how to set up the projects and how to bid for it. So our expansion will happen through the growth of our loan book and also through the advisory business," he added.

Haryana Government Exempts Solar Devices from Value Added Tax Levy

In order to give a boost to implementation of the Haryana Solar Policy and also to encourage entrepreneurs to set up ventures for manufacturing solar devices and equipment in the state, the Haryana Government today exempted solar devices and equipment or parts used in installation of solar power projects, from the levy of Value Added Tax (VAT) in the state. A decision to this effect was taken by the Haryana Cabinet, which met under the chairmanship of the chief minister, Manohar Lal. At present VAT of five per cent plus surcharge is levied on solar devices and equipment in the state. Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh have already exempted solar energy devices from VAT. Exemption of VAT will enable the trade and industry in Haryana to compete with other states where solar energy devices are exempted from VAT. This exemption will cost the state exchequer about Rs 2.30 crore. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Electrical india May 2016.pdf 1 27/05/2016 08:39:25

CMY

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ews of the month

The Gujarat power regulator's decision to make February auction's all-time low winning bid as the base price for wind power purchases has forced developers and power distribution companies in Gujarat make an unhappy truce, but it sets stage for further trouble in the fledgling sector. In a similar case in Andhra Pradesh, the state's power regulator took a contrary position. Ignoring the wind auction, it set wind tariffs for 2017-18 at Rs 4.35 per kwH for projects which use the accelerated depreciation (AD) benefit and Rs 4.76 per kwH for those which do not. AD is a concession given to renewable energy projects, allowing developers to claim 80% depreciation in the first year. However, Andhra Pradesh's main generation company, the AP Power Generation Corporation

Gujarat Power Regulator's ask Wind Power Firms to Make Unhappy Truce (APGENCO), has said that given the results of the auction, it will ignore the Gujarat bought 86 MW of wind projects with wind power generators agreeing to asking price of the discoms. After India's first ever wind auction in late February saw winning bids touch an all-time low of Rs 3.46 per kwH, the chairman of Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission (GERC) Roopwant Singh, wrote to all 12 discoms in the state suggesting they too should not buy wind power at a tariff higher than Rs 3.46 kwH. Gujarat bought 86 MW of wind projects with wind power generators agreeing to asking price of the discoms. After India's first ever wind auction in late February saw winning bids touch an all-time low of Rs 3.46 per kwH, the chairman of Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission (GERC) Roopwant Singh, wrote to all 12 discoms in the state suggesting they too

should not buy wind power at a tariff higher than Rs 3.46 kwH. Before the auction, discoms purchased wind power at prices fixed every year by the state's power regulator. Accordingly, the GERC had set the tariff at Rs 4.19 per kwH for 2016-17. The GERC's fresh suggestion threw into jeopardy around 216 MW of wind power projects, which had been completed but awaiting signing of power purchase agreements (PPAs) with discoms. These power generators had formulated their business plans expecting a tariff of Rs 4.19 per kwH. Gujarat discoms refused to sign PPAs at tariffs higher than Rs 3.46 per kwH. Developers have now accepted the new price of Rs 3.46 per kwH, but the fate of the remaining 130 MW is still undecided.

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant is one of the Safest in the World: Alexey Pimenov of Rosatom

he Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant has all post-Fukushima safety requirements in place, said Alexey Pimenov, chief executive of ROSATOM South Asia, the Russian partner for the state-run NPCIL in supplying reactors and running the plant. Unit 1 of the Kudankulam NPP was put into commercial operation in December 2014, and unit 2 in late March this year. Units 3 and 4 are under construction.

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The nominal capacity of units 1 and 2 is 2000 MW. Unit 1 produced over 13 million units of power by January 26 this year. It had been continuously in operation for 278 days and posted more than Rs 1,000-crore profit. The tariff on Kudankulam NPP power generation is one of the most competitive in India and the region. It is maintained at the level established by the Indian government in 2010-2011 without any escalation. The cost of power generation from Kudankulam NPP is Rs 4.10 per unit. Kudankulam NPP is one of the safest in the world with all post-Fukushima safety requirements being implemented and functioning successfully. By the way, after the detailed analysis of the technical design of units 1 and 2, we came to a conclusion that they would have withstood a Fukushima-like accident. Active and passive safety systems ensure an unprecedented level

of safety with the ability to prevent any anticipated operational occurrence. Among them are double localising and protecting containment, passive heat removal system from reactor plant, core catcher, and closed industrial water intake for NPP. The NPP is also protected from natural and technological disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, tornados and even plane crash. The negotiations are on for units 5 and 6. We intend to sign a general framework agreement and a credit protocol based on negotiation results in the near future The strategic vision adopted in December 2014 for strengthening cooperation in the peaceful use of atomic energy between Russia and India stipulates that at least 12 units of Russian design are to be commissioned in India within the next 20 years. As far as we know, the Indian government is actively searching for sites to build new power plants. In 2015, India declared its intent to allot a new site for the construction of Russian-designed power plants with enhanced-capacity units. Russia is ready to offer 'Generation 3 plus' VVER-1200 reactors equipped with state-of-the-art safety systems. Recently this year we installed the world's first 'Generation 3 plus' reactor at Novovoronezh NPP in Russia. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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Industry body Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association (IWTMA) today said the wind power generation capacity in the country has crossed 32 GW mark. However, according to the Central Electricity Authority's (CEA) monthly report for March 2017, the installed wind power generation capacity is around 28.7 GW, lower than the ITWMA estimates. India's installed wind power generation capacity has crossed 32 GW so far and there should be at least 6 GW of capacity addition every year to meet the target of having 60 GW by 2022, IWTMA Chairman Sarvesh Kumar said on the sidelines of Windergy India 2017 conference here. Elaborating further, he said the latest data indicate that country's wind power generation capacity is over 32 GW after addition of 5.4 GW in last fiscal.

India's Wind Power Capacity Crosses 32 GW Mark, Says IWTMA On the veracity of the data, he replied that the latest estimates indicate that country has the installed wind power generation capacity of 32 GW. About the expected capacity addition this fiscal, he said,"We are going to do 6 GW in 2017-18. It is based on certain fundamental as the government alone will auction 4 GW of capacities during this fiscal". "Apart from government auctions, there would be addition of wind power capacities by the industry and institutions," he added. The government has decided to go through the bidding route as the first ever auction of wind power projects in February 2017, where power tariffs dropped to all-time low of Rs 3.46 per unit. Wind power capacity of 1 GW was auctioned by the Solar Energy Corporation of India in February. Globally, India is at the fourth position after China,

the US and Germany, in terms of wind capacity installation. Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) in its Global Wind Report presented a strong outlook for wind power across the globe in 2017. "India set a new record in 2016, and 2017 is likely to be another strong year, but after that things will probably slow a bit as the industry and markets adapt to tendering system which is now being introduced and then pick up again," GWEC had said in its 2016 report. It said, "Overall, we expect that Asian market to add 154 GW in next five years, for a total of 357 GW by the end of 2021". The council has projected 8.8 per cent growth in wind power installations to 546.1 GW in 2017 from 486.8 GW in 2016 across the globe.

PM Modi Permits Surplus Power Sale to Pakistan: Amarinder Singh

Punjab chief minister Amarinder Singh today said

that Prime Minister Narendra Modi has given green signal to the state to sell surplus power to Pakistan. The chief minister had earlier sought Centre's sanction to supply power across border to curtail expenditure on fixed costs and costly power that state is obligated to buy as per Power Purchase Agreements. The chief minister revealed about the positive response from the PM to a CII delegation headed by chairman & CEO, Renew Power Ventures Sumant Sinha, appointed as chairman CII North and managing director Vardhman Special Steels Sachit Jain, appointed as

deputy chairman, CII North. Singh also revealed that the Prime Minister had indicated that Punjab should look for other trade options with Pakistan. In the last week, the chief minister had sought permission to sell its surplus power to Pakistan or Nepal in the economic interest of the cash-crunched state. The state is left with 1000 MW surplus power after meeting its domestic demand, and consumers are forced to pay extra taxes to sustain fixed cost of power generating units.

CII Supports Amarinder Singh's Lower Power Cost in Punjab The chairman & CEO of country's leading green energy company Renew Power Ventures, Sumant Sinha, appointed as chairman CII Northern region, termed the Punjab chief minister Amarinder Singh's decision to fix cost of power at Rs 5 per unit as pro-industry but maintained that the state needs to be able to sustain the financial burden so not to dither the UDAY roadmap. "Lower power tariff is a good step to entice investment and support existing industry in Punjab where cheaper 16

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power rather than its availability is an issue," Sinha, who along with managing director Vardhman Special Steels, Sachit Jain, called upon the Punjab chief minister to deliberate on agenda to entice investment in Punjab. Jain is appointed as CII deputy chairman for Northern region. Sinha said that the state needs to be cautious that it is a signatory to UDAY scheme and unmanageable financial burden on exchequer or fiscal health of distribution utilities and it will not augur well for

industry in the long-run. He disclosed that CII is scheduled to organize 'Invest North' conclave He disclosed that CII is scheduled to organize 'Invest North' conclave in Singapore in October this year to entice foreign investment in Northern states of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. "This year the focus will be on luring investment to states of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh," he said. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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Govt to Auction Wind Projects of 4 GW Capacity in Fy18

The government plans to auction wind power projects of about 4 gigawatt (GW) capacity in tranches this year, a senior official confirmed.. "The first batch of such auction is being planned next month," said Ashvini Kumar, managing director, Solar Energy Corporation of India. The SECI is the nodal agency for holding the auctions

this fiscal, part of government's plan to set up wind power capacity of 60 GW by 2022. "There should be auction of 5-6 GW wind power capacity every year after this fiscal for meeting the target of 60 GW wind energy by 2022," Kumar said. The government has decided to go the bidding route as the first ever auction of wind power projects in

February 2017 had seen power tariffs falling to all-time low of 3.46 per unit. Wind power capacity of 1 GW was auctioned by SECI in February. Power minister Piyush Goyal in February had indicated that the government could go for more such auctions in future as the average wind tariff, that was hovering above Rs 5 per unit earlier.

Tata Powers Takes Distribution Franchisee in Ajmer Tata Power Company has executed a distribution franchisee agreement for electricity distribution in the city of Ajmer in Rajasthan. Tata Power won the bid for distribution franchisee of Ajmer circle and has set up a special purpose vehicle called TP Ajmer Distribution to carry out the business. It has signed an agreement with Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam to cater to the power requirements of customers in Ajmer for a period of 20 years. “It is our endeavour to be the most preferred distribution company in the country, and work relentlessly towards achieving this objective,” said Anil Sardana, CEO & Managing Director, Tata Power. The Tata group’s power utility is currently a power distributor in Delhi and Mumbai.

Coal India Expects Supplies Contracts for Power Sector Coal India expects to invite bids for long-term coal supplies to the power sector in the next few weeks as the government is close to finalising the policy for such auctions. This assumes significance because large power generation capacities are lying idle for want of coal. It will help the state-run monopoly miner pursue its production and sales targets while feeding plants that have been facing uncertainty of coal supplies and thus power generation. In the meantime, the company has decided to invite long-term bids for 4 million tonnes of coking coal for the non-power sector in its first long-term auction this year. "We have been given to understand that the government is close to finalising the modalities for auctioning long-term coal supplies for the power sector. 18

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The quantum of coal to be offered to the power sector in the auction will depend on the policy details, the executive said. "In the meantime, we have decided to offer 4 million tonnes of additional non-coking coal for the non-power sector. This will be for long-term supply contracts," the official said. According to power sector officials, about 48,000 mw of power generation is facing uncertainty of coal supplies. the situation has remained more or less the same over the past two years, ever since the government decided against handing over long-terms coal supply contracts on nomination basis. This 48,000 mw capacity is in various stages of construction and is scheduled to come up by 2020. Of this, projects with 6,000-7,000 mw capacity already have power purchase agreements in place but they

do not have coal supply contracts from Coal India. "A 1,000 mw power plant requires around 4.5 million tonnes of coal a year. If we are able to supply coal to these plants that do not have any contracts, sales could rise by about 200 million tonnes," another Coal India executive said. The company is also planning to offer about 130 million tonnes of coal through its regular e-auction route in an effort to achieve its targets this year. The company is also planning to offer about 130 million tonnes of coal through its regular e-auction route in an effort to achieve its targets this year. This will be close to 20% of its total production. The e-auction volume will be in addition to the long-term coal supply contracts.

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10 Years From Now Half of India's Energy Capacity Will be from Non-Fossil Fuel Sources Non-fossil fuels -- renewable, nuclear and large hydroelectric power plants -- will account for more than half (56.5 per cent) of India's installed power capacity by 2027, according to a draft of the third National Electricity Plan (NEP3). The draft notes that if India achieves its target to install 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 -- as committed under the 2015 Paris Agreement -- it will not need to install, at least until 2027, any more coal-fired capacity than the 50 GW currently under construction. The Ministry of Power produces a National Electricity Plan every five years, in which it reviews the progress made over the previous five years, and sets out a detailed action plan for the next 10 with the overarching aim of achieving universal access to electricity and ensuring that power is supplied efficiently and at reasonable prices. NEP3 outlines how the government expects the electricity sector to develop over the five years from 2017 to 2022, as well as the subsequent five years to 2027. When the draft was released, India had installed just over 50 GW of renewable power capacity, of which wind energy made up 57.4 per cent and solar 18 per cent. This gave renewables a 15 per cent share in total installed capacity of just over 314 GW, while coal made up 60 per cent -- the remaining being large hydropower, nuclear, gas and diesel. Renewables will have to scale rapidly to meet a national target set in 2015 to increase capacity to 175 GW by 2022 -- 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind and the remainder from sundry smaller sources such as biofuels and biomass. NEP3 projects that not only will the 2022 target be achieved, renewable power capacity will reach 275 GW in 2027. This is three times the projection made in NEP2, of 70 GW, and significantly more ambitious than publicly proclaimed targets. Comparing NEP3 with India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) under the Paris Agreement reached at the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate 20

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Change (UNFCCC) in 2015 shows a higher level of ambition to reach a low-carbon economy faster. In its INDC, India had said it planned to achieve 40 per cent cumulative installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030. NEP3 is significantly more upbeat, predicting that non-fossil power will make up 46.8 per cent of total installed capacity by 2021-22 and 56.5 per cent by 2027 -- 10 years from now. If the NEP3 target is met as per the projected timelines, total installed renewable capacity will surpass coal-based capacity around 2024. NEP3 is significantly more upbeat, predicting that non-fossil power will make up 46.8 per cent of total installed capacity by 2021-22 and 56.5 per cent by 2027 -- 10 years from now. If the NEP3 target is met as per the projected timelines, total installed renewable capacity will surpass coal-based capacity around 2024. Such ambitions are underpinned by the rapidly changing economics of wind and solar, whose price is falling rapidly. In February 2017, solar power was auctioned at a record low of Rs 2.97-Rs 2.979 per kilowatt-hour (kWh). Soon after, in auctions for wind power projects in March 2017, the winning bid quoted an all-time low price of Rs 3.46/kWh. Solar and wind are expected to reach grid parity -- when they cost as much as conventional power -- in the near future, perhaps as early as next year. As for other zero-emission sources like nuclear and large hydropower, NEP3 projects an addition of 7.6 GW of nuclear and 27.3 GW of large hydroelectricity capacity up to 2027, up from 6.7 GW and 44.4 GW of hydro installed as of March 2016, as ongoing and approved projects come online during 2017-22. As for other zero-emission sources like nuclear and large hydropower, NEP3 projects an addition of 7.6 GW of nuclear and 27.3 GW of large hydroelectricity capacity up to 2027, up from 6.7 GW and 44.4 GW of hydro installed as of March 2016, as ongoing and approved projects come online during 2017-22. While expecting renewable capacity to surge, NEP3 says no new coal-based capacity addition is required

for the 10 years to 2027 beyond the 50 GW under different stages of construction and likely to come online between 2017 and 22. As per NEP3 projections, the 2022-27 period would require an addition of about 44 GW of coal-based capacity to meet projected demand, a requirement that would be adequately met by the 50 GW that will come online during 2017-22. This leaves India with 6 GW of extra capacity. The NEP's projections for coal are different from INDC, which suggested the country would require 100 GW, and perhaps as much as 300 GW, of additional coal-fired capacity by 2030. The downgrading of coal expansion is not unexpected because rapid expansion of renewables means fossil fuel-based power plants are already under-utilised. NEP3 shows the average coal plant load factor -- a measure of how much plants are used -- has fallen from around 70 per cent to just over 62 per cent in the last four years, an "exceptionally low" level, according to the Economic Survey 2016-17. While renewable capacity is rising globally, developing countries including India are widely expected to continue using cheap coal. The International Energy Agency (IEA), an intergovernmental organisation that provides key information and statistics about the oil and energy markets, has forecast that India would witness massive growth in coal-fired capacity, with 438 GW of cumulative capacity by 2040, assuming India's power system would quadruple in size to keep up with demand increasing by five per cent every year. NEP3 agrees with the IEA's projections about growth in India's coal capacity up to 2022, reflecting the 50 GW of capacity currently under construction, but suggests the IEA's projections for the post-2022 scenario -- made just two years ago -- may need to be adjusted downwards. The current NEP concerns itself with the next 10 years only, but if the current trend of falling renewable power prices continues and India remains committed to cutting emissions, the country may well beat IEA forecasts while upholding and perhaps surpassing its INDC. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ews of the month

Financial Aid for the Largest-Ever Rooftop Solar Project is Now Half in Sizes

The renewable energy ministry has halved the size

of its largest-ever rooftop solar tender and also cut the financial assistance offered for it. Ashvini Kumar, managing director of state-run Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI), which had released documents related to a tender for installation of 1GW of rooftop solar plants across buildings of 12 central ministries. The 1 GW project would have doubled India's rooftop solar capacity from 1020 MW as of end October 2016. The tender also incentivised speedy completion of projects by linking the government's financial

assistance to it. For instance, in all states, apart from the special category ones, developers would get Rs 18,750 per KW as assistance if they completed at least 80% of the project within 15 months. Projects in special category states — mostly the hill states —would get Rs 45,000 per KW under the same terms. The figure was progressively lowered, depending on the extent of completion, while those who failed to get at least 40% of their project done in 15 months would get no assistance at all. An official who did not wish to be named, said, the ministry of new and renewable energy (MNRE) has now earmarked Rs 1,040 crore as the total amount that will be available as financial assistance for the project. It has also slashed the assistance offered across the board — for instance, those completing 80% of their project in 15 months will now get Rs 16,250 per KW in the general category states and Rs 39,000 per KW in the special category ones.

The actual assistance may be even less as the ministry has ruled that it should be no more than 25% of the benchmark cost of the project in general-category states and 60% in the special-category ones. The benchmark cost will be the lowest cost quoted during the bidding process. "It is true that developers are unhappy with the changes," the official said. "Calculation of the roof area has been done aggressively," said Sunil Bansal, general secretary, Rajasthan Solar Association. A developer who did not want to be named, said, "There is nobody at SECI at present to take ownership of rooftop development." SECI's Kumar refuted both allegations. Of the 500 MW, 150 MW will be set up under the capex model (where the building owner also owns the solar project) and 350 MW under the resco model (where the building owner leases the roof to the developer). According to SECI calculations, there is space available to set up 1,105.31MW of solar plants across 12 ministry building rooftops. Some ministries own staggeringly large rooftops —the SD Agricultural University in Palanpur, Gujarat, for instance, has enough rooftop space to install 375.67 MW of solar modules.

Sri Lankan Trade Union Fuel Stir Against IOC's Trincomalee Petroleum Refinery

A protest by trade unions in the eastern Sri Lankan port city of Trincomalee has created obstacles for an Indo-Lankan pact for establishing a petroleum refinery and running oil tanks there. The pact was expected to be signed during Sri Lankan prime minister Ranil Wickremasinghe's visit to New Delhi this week. The Ceylon Petroleum Corporation Trade Union Collective has threatened to launch an indefinite strike from Monday midnight against Colombo's proposed agreement. The pact involves joint investment and development of 22

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Trincomalee Port to establish a petroleum refinery and other industries there. The two countries have agreed to jointly operate the World War-era oil storage facility in Trincomalee. Lankan petroleum minister Chandima Weerakkody had recently said in Colombo that India and Sri Lanka were negotiating specifics of a joint venture to use 99 oil tanks in 850 acres. Indian Oil Corporation subsidiary Lanka IOC, engaged in bunkering operations, runs 15 of them at present. The proposed joint venture pertains to the remaining 84 tanks, of which Sri Lanka will retain 10 tanks for CPC. The Petroleum Joint Union Alliance said that it was opposed to the proposal to transfer operation rights of oil tanks to India since the agreement would benefit IOC, while debt-ridden CPC will incur more financial losses. The union said that the government was 'ignorant' about issues in the petroleum sector and discussions had failed to persuade the government from going

ahead with the decision. President Maithripala Sirisena had rejected the union's request for a meeting to discuss the issue. The strike call given after this has threatened to stop distribution of fuel to filling stations. If the government still fails to meet union demands, it plans to withdraw workers from the refinery, which would affect fuel distribution to aviation services and Ceylon Electricity Board. Officials allege that those against Indian presence in the Trincomalee Port were instigating the TUs. China has been able to maintain its presence in Southern Hambantota Port with revised conditions. Modi is scheduled to visit Sri Lanka in mid-May, coinciding with the conference on One Belt One Road (OBOR) organised by China. Lanka is a key player in the OBOR connectivity initiative that New Delhi views as a tool to infringe upon India's sovereignty. India and Japan have plans to jointly upgrade the strategically located Trincomalee port and make it a transshipment hub, amid growing Chinese presence in the region ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ews of the month

Power, coal, renewable energy and mining minister Piyush Goyal gave a stern message to states that did not turn up for a biannual meet. Addressing the inaugural session of a two-day conference hosting energy and mining ministers of all states, Goyal said the meetings held by him are not time bound and asked his counterparts in states to reschedule their other engagements in the two days. Bhag lo Ya Bhag lo,' (either participate or don't

Piyush Goyal Raps Absentee States at Biannual Energy Meet complain,) he told the gathering of ministers and top bureaucrats handling energy and mining portfolios. Goyal said states that do not take biannual meetings seriously should not expect help in issues related to power, coal and mining sectors. "This is a business-oriented, focus-to-outcome session," he said. Energy and mining ministers of 23 states attended the first day of the conference, while ministers of Uttarakhand, Telengana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Mizoram and Meghalaya did not turn up. The states, however, were represented by bureaucrats. The two-day conference that began here on Wednesday will review the work done in the sectors of power, coal, renewable energy and mining by state in the last six months. Goyal said the conference will deliberate on long-term power tie-ups by state distribution

companies at concessional or fixed rates to industries. The conference will work on action plans for complete electrification by December 2018, rationalisation and simplification of consumer tariffs, promotion of digital payments of electricity bills, cyber threats to electricity grid and energy efficient technologies. The conference will also consider a proposal by India's largest power producer NTPC Ltd to pool fixed charges for all its coal and gas-based projects. Post pooling, NTPC proposes to put its low-cost stations on optimum utilisation and use its costlier power plants sparingly in 'reserve shut down'. Rationalisation of coal linkages, improving coal quality, development of captive coal blocks for power sector, guidelines for renewable energy projects, auction of mineral blocks and curbing illegal mining will also be discussed during the two-day meeting.

As 24X7 Power Plan Gets BJP Votes, States Join Grid

With the Modi government's energy plan for common people yielding rich electoral dividends for BJP in recent assembly elections, especially in UP, states are realising the merit in providing 24x7 power at affordable rates and shedding political inhibitions to walk the Centre's talk. The states also came on board to make consumers' lives easier and curb corruption by putting in place online payment mechanisms for clearing power bills, including Aadhaar-enabled system as well as making e-payment mandatory for discomutility salaries, contractors and vendors. The change became evident at the conclusion of the two-day conference of state energy ministers on Thursday when power minister Piyush Goyal found himself with Bihar and Tripura -both ruled by parties opposed to BJP -on the same page over lighting up the entire country by December 2018. 24

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Indeed, sources said, Bihar went a step further in saying it would endeavour to take electricity to every state household much before the deadline. Tripura too assured it would work hard towards meeting the deadline.The two states and UP have been identified among the laggards in electrification.Their support for the Centre's plan, therefore, will come as a booster for the Centre. Speedy electrification of villages and distribution of free LPG connections to poor households in UP had brought about immediate and tangible improvement in the daily lives of beneficiaries. This established a connect with people about the PM's plank of `development politics' ahead of the state polls. But the conference dialogue, conducted mostly behind closed doors, was not a one-way street. Positive experiences were shared and found a ready acceptance for emulation by other sta tes. For example, Bihar's simplification of power bills, where it spells out how much subsidy the government is giving, provided a lead for simplification and reduction of tariff slabs. States currently have multiple slabs -sometimes stretching to 150 -for various consumer categories which leads to uneven sharing of risk among stakeholders -discoms or commercial consumers. A simplified slab will bring in transparency and curb camouflaging of discom inefficiencies. In other words, consumers will know what is their billing plan, somewhat akin to mobile telephony , and whether there are â&#x20AC;&#x153;hiddenâ&#x20AC;&#x153; costs in their bills.

Electrifying 4,141 Villages By 2018 is in Final Push Union Minister Piyush Goyal said that "a final push" is needed to provide electricity to the 4,141 un-electrified villages in the country by 2018. According to the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power, Coal, New and Renewable Energy and Mines, in the next 3-4 months, "a final push is needed to electrify the remaining 4,141 un-electrified villages in the country." The minister spoke at the two-day State Power Ministers' Conference being held here. Goyal also reiterated the resolution taken in the last State Power Ministers' conference to provide electricity to every household in the country by December 2018. The last such meeting was held in Vadodara, Gujarat. The minister observed that the objective of the current conference is to review the work done in the power, coal, renewable energy and mining sectors by the state and union territories' governments in the past six months. "Further, the conference intends to forge new policies for achieving the goal of providing 24x7 quality and affordable power for all in the stipulated time...," the Ministry of Power said in a statement. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ews International

Americas Largest Solar Power’s Construction is Begins Now

Construction has begun on a 754-MW solar power park in Mexico that will be the largest in all of North and South America when it becomes operational next year. A subsidiary of Enel Green Power is developing the Villanueva Solar Park in North Mexico. Firmer will supply over 600 of its R 11015 TL 1500V inverters for the project, while NEXTracker will supply single-axis trackers. "Mexico, along with India, Australia and the Middle East is part of a new wave of renewable energy markets poised for significant growth over the next few years," said NEXTracker

CEO Dan Shugar. "Much of that growth will be supported by single-axis solar tracking technology.” NEXTracker noted the key drive and electrical components of its trackers are sealed to prevent penetration by sand and dust, which is critical for the project’s desert climate. The plant will deliver power to 1.3 million households and offset 780,000 tons of CO2. Mexico’s energy ministry is aggressively pursuing solar, and has granted more than 4 GW of projects after a renewable energy auction in 2014.

Canada Generates Electricity from Renewable Resources Now The Canadian government announced a full 66 percent of the entire country’s electricity was generated from renewable sources in 2015, up from 60 percent in 2005. Only Norway, New Zealand, Brazil, Austria and Denmark have similar or larger shares of renewable energy. Hydro generation accounted for 60 percent of Canada’s generation cana, though wind power grew twenty-fold over the last decade, according to a report from Canada’s National Energy Board. The report noted the intermittent nature of wind generation is an obstacle to

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more widespread use, though it suggested trading electricity with neighboring jurisdictions as a solution. Biomass accounted for two percent of Canada’s electrical generation, and solar was largely restricted to Ontario, home to 98 percent of the country’s solar capacity due to the provinces’ feed-in tariff programs. Offshore wind projects have been proposed on Canada’s coasts, and a 20 MW tidal power facility was built near Nova Scotia. Last year, Canada announced it would completely phase out coal power by 2030.

Turkey is Planning to Shut Sown LitterFueled Generating Station Xcel Energy is reportedly seeking to pull out of a power purchase agreement with a Minnesota biomass power plant that burns turkey litter, Minnesota Public Radio reported. The company has said that biomass power in the 55-MW facility costs up to 10 times more than establishing new wind power. State representative Pat Garofalo, chairman of the Minnesota House energy committee, said the plant costs rate payers up to $100 million per year. An energy bill put forward by Garofalo would end a mandate that Xcel generate or purchase 125 MW of biomass energy. That deal was struck in a 1994 compromise that would allow Xcel to store radioactive waste in above-ground dry cask storage at its Prairie Island plant. Xcel Energy has reached an agreement with the nearby city of Benson to provide $20 million in incentives that could mitigate the expected closure of the plant. "We are always looking for ways to keep customers' bills low which is why we've been working closely with the city of Benson on the future of the biomass plant," Xcel Energy said in a statement. "We recognize a plant closure impacts employees, suppliers and the community, and we're committed to working with them through this transition." Benson Power, formerly known as Fibrominn, was the first plant of its kind in the country, and burns other biomasses such as wood chips in addition to turkey waste.

Kemper County Start Date Pushed Back Another Month The first-of-its-kind Kemper County gasification facility will not be ready for commercial operations for another month, Mississippi Power announced. The latest schedule change, which pushes the opening date to the end of May 2017, is due to repairs and adjustments for a particulate control device and sour water and ash removal systems. The delay will also involve restarting both gasifiers and achieving integrated operations of all plant systems to sustain the production of electricity from syngas. The current delay will add $38 million to the development costs, which have soared from below $3 billion to over $7.1 billion. The project is also years behind schedule. A tubing leak caused the facility’s last delay in March.

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over Story

Achieving the Objective of Round the Clock Power Supply

The decrements in the regional wise investment plan and in the life cycle of the transmission projects all includes the proper planning which enables the rule of 24x7 supply of power should be flow, letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s take look written by the writers, showing what are the factors responsible for these achievements and factors responsible for drawbacks.

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he electricity generation target for the year 2016-17 has been xed as 1178 BU. i.e. growth of around 6.38% over actual generation of 1107.822 BU for the previous year (2015-16). While energy requirement is estimated at 8,64,691 MU, only 6,58,648 MU is available. During 2016-17 (Upto 31.12.2016), the Peak Demand is about 159 GW and the Installed Capacity is 310 GW with generation mix of Thermal (69.4%), Hydro (13.9%), Renewable (14.8%) and Nuclear (1.9%). Despite an extensive network of Transmission lines being developed over the years for evacuating power produced by different electricity generating stations, distributing the same to the consumers has its pitfalls. T&D losses, as high as

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50%, have rendered utility companies as white elephants. Less efficient assets, Improper operational practices, Inadequate maintenance practices, Ageing of assets, Unavailability of funds for renovations and modernization have contributed to losses. Poor quality of equipment lead to frequent outages and poor efficiency increases losses in the system. Inefficiency of distribution system is affecting performance of public sector distribution utilities resulting into deteriorating financial health. Conserving Right-of-Way (RoW), minimizing impact on natural resources, coordinated development of cost effective transmission corridor, exibility in upgradation of transfer capacity of lines matching with power transfer requirement are major

areas of concern in development of transmission network in the country.

Introduction:

Rapid economic growth in India has led to a surge in energy demand in the country. India, the fourth largest producer of electricity in the world, has witnessed a transformational change in the energy sector, with supportive policy interventions as well as sector reforms. Despite the phenomenal growth in generation capacity over the past years, India is grappling with a power deficit situation. Over 15.5 million below poverty line (BPL) households and 9,500 villages are still devoid of electricity. The per capita electricity ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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over Story consumption in India is much below the global average. This necessitates a review of actions by the sector stakeholders and better planning for achieving key performance indicators (KPIs). Energy is one of the key elements necessary for the socio-economic development of any country. The success of key initiatives such as ‘Make in India’, along with growing urbanisation and social upliftment of rural India, will depend on the availability of uninterrupted quality electricity supply to consumers. In June 2014, the GoI launched the ‘Power for All’ programme with the objective of providing electricity supply to the unelectrified population of the country, and providing uninterrupted quality power to all consumer categories and adequate electricity to agricultural consumers. Availability, affordability, reliability and quality of electricity supply are recognised as the key pillars for successfully achieving the programme objectives. One of the priorities for the success of the ‘Power for All’ programme is the availability of adequate electricity to the grid. Availability of power will depend on two factorsadequate electricity generated and development of supporting infrastructure for the supply of electricity. By 2019, more than 67,780 crore INR will be set aside for investment in the Indian electricity sector, and installed generation capacity is expected to increase to 372 GW. Coal- and hydro based power generation, two major contributors to the country’s generation mix and having great potential, shall dominate the generation mix apart from renewables. Investment in the generation sector shall be followed by the development of a supporting T&D system. India’s losses are above 20%, resulting in a significant loss of energy resources and revenue realisation. Reduction in losses will improve the power availability and financial health of DISCOMs. Improvement in financial health will increase the power purchasing capacity of DISCOMs, thereby encouraging higher generation. Availability of power in the rural areas will be another key area of focus for achieving round the-clock power supply. However, the country has already achieved 92.3% of village electrification, as household electrification numbers as of May 2016 are quite low. Therefore, the effective implementation of a GoI scheme like Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) and Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS) will remain the focus of DISCOMs. The success of the ‘Power for All’ programme will depend on managing effective sector investment, continuing technological improvements and efficiently managing the sector programmes.

Effective programme Management

Considering the complexities of various initiatives in power generation, transmission and distribution, 30

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the success of the ‘Round-the-Clock Power for All’ programme will largely depend on the way it is implemented in an integrated manner, including regular review of the progress and resolution of concerns by stakeholders. The programme implementation process in such a large sector programme can be broadly classified into four stages: project planning, procurement, implementation and post-implementation.

Key areas of concerns in different phases of project implementation Project planning: Unrealistic demand forecasting. Lack of information of existing assets. Inadequate planning without systematic system studies. Delays in proposal approvals. Concerns related to fund tie-up due to poor financial condition of utilities. Competencies upgradation of utility staff. Procurement: Lack of standard specifications. Utility centric tender conditions. Non-standard bidding Documents. L1-based selection results in quality procurement and delivery. Delay in bid process management. Enforcement of funding agencies. Competencies upgradation of utility staff. Implementation: Lack of programme monitoring practices and tools. Absence of field quality plan. Lack of implementation supervision. Issues pertaining to land acquisition and RoW remains. Performance of vendors and suppliers. Competencies upgradation of utility staff. Post-implementation: Substantive deviation from initial plan. Poor maintenance of assets in defect liability period. Minimal support from vendors. Absence of programme closure assessment vis-a-vis programme objective. Exact load estimation is critical to capacity development and project planning. System studies help in analysing ad-hoc project implementation trends, and thereby help to improve the accuracy of project planning. Lack of adequate information on existing assets leads to faulty requirement estimations and analysis of the existing system. DPR reports prepared for the projects should be comprehensive. The statutory clearance process involved in the project planning phase is usually time consuming, often leading to delays in project implementation. The procurement stage involves bid process management. In bid process management, approvals are taken for inviting tenders, bidding documents are prepared and tenders are published. Upon receiving a number of bids, successful bidders are selected, purchase orders or work orders are issued to them and an agreement is signed. Lack

of standard bid documents, specifications and a strict timeline for conducting the bid process are some of the key challenges associated with this stage. The implementation stage deals with supervision, monitoring and review of the actual physical progress. A lack of programme monitoring practices and usage of tools is the key problem associated with this stage. For a long time, the Indian power sector has been facing a key problem in the form of land acquisition and RoW, thus delaying project implementation. In the post-implementation stage, the focus is on asset maintenance, guarantee or warranty management. Usually, there is a notable difference between the initial plans and final outcomes. This substantive difference is one of the key challenges faced in this stage. A number of parallel programmes are running at the same time; thus, there are no programme closure assessments, which otherwise would have improved the outcomes of any similar future programme.

Technological Enablement

Use of the latest technologies and IT implementation can have a major impact on the Indian power sector and will help the country to move a step closer to its round-the-clock power supply goal. The latest technologies such as advanced generation technologies, IT enablement, operational technologies and smart technologies will result in higher output of the sector.

Smart grid Participation of consumers to control power flows with the help of digital communication and control systems forms the core objective of smart grid projects. Rapid growth of renewable energy also requires a highly adaptive grid such as a smart grid, which can accommodate any irregular changes in supply. Till date, nine smart grid projects have been awarded in the country. An overview is presented below:

Other technologies

The Internet of things (IoT), along with smart grid projects, will have a major impact on the way the power supply chain operates. Business intelligence on the other hand will help the decision makers to take more informed decisions. But the extensive use

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of IT and digital networks will make the system prone to cyberattacks; hence, there is a need to promote cyber security of the power system.

1. With the increase in IT and OT enablement, networks are prone to attacks. A cyberattack on the power sector will have a cascading effect on other infrastructure such as transportation, communication. Security audit and risk planning strategies will help utilities to work in a secure environment. 2. Improved decision-making for commercial as well as operations. Effective demand projections and planning. Consumer meter data analytics helping utilities in identifying Tempering. Equipment or machine history analysis helping in predictive maintenance. 3. Improve resilience of the grid. Better chances of accommodating different energy sources. Better asset management. Actively manage and optimise the use of resources. Field force communication.

Transmission

The surge in demand for power necessitates the development of a robust and non-collapsible transmission infrastructure. With an ambitious target set for achieving a generation capacity addition of over 85 GW by the end of FY 2018â&#x20AC;&#x201C;19, corresponding strengthening of transmission capacity is required to ascertain the availability of power to the load centre. The presence of a single interconnected transmission network, which was achieved with the linking of the southern region with the rest of the grid in Decâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;13, has

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not been fully successful in ensuring reliable power to the nation mainly because of corridor bottlenecks and congestion issues. Some of the issues faced during the two phases of implementation of transmission projects which need immediate attention are as follows:

The life cycle of the transmission project demands proper attention for ensuring round-the-clock power supply. In view of this, appropriate measures need to be taken to tackle the issues which are dampening the growth of the transmission sector, thereby highlighting the need to focus on the transmission infrastructure. More than 46% of the total investment required (in excess of 2 lakh crore INR) has to come from the private sector. Evidently, public private partnerships (PPPs) in transmission will provide a fillip to massive investment as well as capacity augmentation targets. In order to keep pace with the progress in generation capacity addition, inter-regional transmission links (either associated with generation projects or as system strengthening schemes) need to be established to tackle persisting problems of corridor bottlenecks and congestion issues.

Distribution

With the growing demand for power, necessary steps need to be taken to ensure the bottlenecks that impede the expansion of the power sector are addressed properly. Complex regulatory processes and high costs of financing upcoming projects lead to cost overruns, resulting in high tariffs. Populist tariff schemes exacerbated by operational inefficiencies and aggregate technical and commercial (AT&C) losses estimated at 22.70% (in FY14) affect the financial viability of state DISCOMs, which are grappling with huge debts. The distribution networks need immediate expansion in order to ensure electricity supply to the un-electrified BPL households numbering over 15.7 million, along with 9,529 un-electrified villages. The distribution sector accounts for nearly 20% of the losses. A 10% reduction in distribution losses per annum can augment the supply of electricity by nearly 100 BU per year. In order to facilitate the strategic goal of ensuring round-the-clock power for the entire nation, the

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over Story

government has taken several initiatives such as smart grid, IT enablement and process automation, high-voltage distribution system (HVDS), demand side management (DSM), PPPs, power trading, and various energy efficiency (EE) initiatives. Some of the key factors to be considered as impetus to the distribution infrastructure growth in India are mentioned below: The technological advancement needs to be supplemented by concomitant policy and regulatory provisions that would provide a clear roadmap for implementing smart technologies. Currently, initiatives in outage management systems, power quality management's, demand response, renewable energy integration, energy storage, electrical vehicle, cyber security and the communication system are being explored. A smart grid will be an inevitable requirement to manage large numbers of on-grid and off grid renewable generators and distributed direct generation (DDG) sources.

Rural electrification

Key initiatives for distribution infrastructure development

Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS): Strengthening of sub-T&D network: Augmentation of existing substations, creation of new substations, installation of new distribution transformers and capacitors, high voltage distribution system, aerial bunched cables, enterprise resource planning (ERP), implementation etc. Metering: Replacement of faulty meters and electro-mechanical meters, installation of suitable static meters for feeders and existing un-metered connections, boundary meters for ring fencing of non-RAPDRP towns with a population above 5,000 IT enablement of distribution sector and distribution network strengthening Completion of optical fibre missing links to connect all distribution grid substations under the establishment of the National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN).

Carriage and content segregation:

Initiative for creation of separate distribution licensees and multiple supply licensees to boost competition in the retail segment Ample options for the consumer in terms of choosing a supplier, as more than one supply licensee can share space within a particular distribution area. A transfer scheme needs to be in place so as to facilitate the takeover of existing power purchase agreements and procurement arrangements of relevant distribution licensees by an intermediary company. 32

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GoI, under the flagship scheme of DDUGJY, has an estimated outlay of 43,033 crore INR, including budgetary support of 33,453 crore INR. The RGGVY scheme, as approved by CCEA for continuation in the 12th and 13th plans, has been embodied in this scheme as a separate rural electrification component for which CCEA has already approved the scheme cost of 39,275 crore INR, including budgetary support of 35,447 crore INR. This outlay will be carried forward to the new scheme of DDUGJY in addition to the outlay of 43,033 crore INR. The state governments are supporting the DISCOMs by funding a part of the project cost towards agency charges, additional cost towards bid premium and increase in scope of work, electrical inspections by DISCOM engineers to avoid delays, dedicated nodal officers for each package to assist in RoW forest clearance, site selection, etc. Highest investment in distribution segment has been planned in western region, whereas northeastern region will see the least investment. The smart grid initiatives are given due focus in the northern and southern regions as compared to other regions.

Round-the-clock electricity for all

Electricity is vital for the socio-economic development

of any country. India, which aims to be one of the economic superpowers of the twenty-first century, needs to invest in the sector infrastructure for sustainable development. Uninterrupted supply of power is one of the prerequisites for any advanced economy. India, on the other hand, is facing challenges in providing continuous power to its citizens. Recognising this need in June 2014, GoI launched the ‘Power for All’ programme to address this problem. The objective of this programme is to provide round-the-clock uninterrupted quality power to all consumer categories, except agricultural consumers. The objective will be achieved through joint initiatives with individual states and union territories.

Availability of adequate electricity Availability of electricity to meet requirements is the key priority of the ‘Power for All’ programme. In the last few years, India has consistently improved its power supply position. The demand-supply mismatch declined from -9.3% to -2.1% between FY 2012–13 and FY 2015–16, and it is expected to decline further. According to Load Generation Balance Report (LGBR) 2016-17, India is expected to have a power surplus in FY2016–17, although northern, eastern and northeastern states will continue to face a power deficit. The eastern states of India, such as Odisha, Jharkhand and West Bengal, are rich in coal reserves, but are reeling under a power deficiency. Development of coal mines, improvement in coal logistics and other similar initiatives can help these states to overcome their power deficit situation. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Northern and northeastern states are endowed with rich hydro resources. According to the LGBR 201617 report, the projected peak deficit in the northern and northeastern region in FY 2016–17 will be 900 MW and 106 MW respectively, which can be met by developing unexploited hydro potential of these two regions.

Quality and reliability of supply

Affordability of electricity supply Affordability of electricity shall be another key priority of the programme. A large percentage of un-electrified rural households are unable to apply for an electricity connection due to the high cost. High tariff poses a further burden. Dependence on imported fuel such as coal and natural gas exposes the cost to the uncertain global market. The alternative is to develop domestic coal mines and invest in renewable energy development. This will help not only in securing sustainable tariff but also in increasing energy security. India ranks fifth in the world both in terms of proved coal reserves as well as hydro potential.

Adequate infrastructure

Infrastructure bottlenecks such as an inadequate transmission and distribution network have been a key constraint limiting the power evacuation capacity. Increase in generation capacity requires proportionate growth in the T&D network capacity for the optimum use of resources and the power system.

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Adequate infrastructure development, along with the latest technological interventions in the sector, will result in improved Achieving the objective of the ‘Round The-clock power supply’ programme will not be an easy task. But the improved fuel availability scenario, achieving the target capacity additions well within time or even earlier, increasing investments, and aggressive bids for renewable energy projects are some of the encouraging trends that indicate that India can achieve this humongous feet in the near future. Some other notable factors that are essential for the success of this programme are as follows: efficiency and the supply of quality power. To improve the efficiency and output of generation stations, PLF and CUF should be improved. The all-India average PLF as of May 2016 was 62.24%, which is significantly low. The AT&C loss levels of India are quite high in comparison to those of advanced economies. In FY 2013–14, the AT&C loss levels of the country were 22.7% (provisional). Though both T&D and AT&C loss levels have declined in the last five years, the present loss levels are still much higher than the targeted loss level for FY 2018–19. According to MoP, the per capita electricity consumption in India during FY 2015–16 was 1,075 kWh (provisional). In the last 5 years, the per capita electricity consumption in India has witnessed growth at a CAGR of 5.02%.

• Coal, hydro and renewable energy sources development is necessary for both the energy security of the country as well as enabling it to supply uninterrupted quality supply to the entire population. • Generation capacity is expected to increase by more than 15% from its present installed capacity to meet the demand level by FY 2019. • Generation companies need to develop an integrated policy at the company level to ensure coal security in the medium and long term, and at the same time minimise the landed cost. The owners of captive coal blocks need to expedite the development and operations of projects to ensure that they are on schedule. This would require setting up of effective project management units/systems and appointment of capable MDOs for the optimum utilisation of resources. • The inter-regional transmission network needs to be strengthened to tackle the persisting problems of corridor bottleneck and congestion issues. • Adoption of efficient technologies and stringent qualification is one of the prerequisites to facilitate the participation of competent players. • A realistic policy for the payment of reasonable compensation to ease out the problems of RoW may help in avoiding cost and time overruns of transmission projects. • IT and new technologies implementation systems such as smart grid projects, IoT and BI will significantly improve the operational efficiency of the power system. • Effective programme management of government schemes like DDUGJY, IPDS and UDAY will be key to the successful implementation of projects and achievement of the ‘Power for All’ programme objective. • Institutional strengthening and capacity building of utilities shall be critical in order to reap the benefits of sector reform. • Programme closure assessment will be helpful in devising a better plan for any future projects.

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pecial Focus : Transformer Stamping & Lamination

Applications of CRGO & CRNGO in Transformer Stamping and Lamination Manufacturing Process 1. Slitting: The CRGO steel is received in the form of coil and can be slitted in the minimum width of 10 mm and multiples of 5 mm. The cutters are frequently grinded to control the burr level. The manufacturing schedule may include cores of different diameters and different types of constructions necessitating slitting laminations in many widths and lengths. CRGOs rolls cannot be ordered in so many different widths and quantities. These rolls are available in standard widths of 790, 840, 1000 etc. For slitting operation, some widths can be combined together by suitably adjusting the cutter distances in the slitting machine. It is evident that full width of roll 34

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cannot be utilized at any time of slitting operation and the leftover material will vary from stage to stage and depending on the widths selected in combination during the process of slitting. The meticulous care in planning is imperative to minimize wastage of core steel. 2. Core cutting: Different shapes and sizes of laminations are needed for different types of transformer cores. Hence, in this operation a cropping machine is for cutting laminations from slitted rolls. Depending upon the shape of cutting these laminations are grouped into following sets. ABCD, PQR, PQRS. In PQR type of shape is dominant in manufacturing

and design. Generally the corners of the laminations are cut at 45Â°, this jointing is known as mitred joint. Flux flow in cross grain direction for this type of jointing is minimum as the magnetic flux leaving or entering at the joint finds a smooth path flow. Hence the no load losses decreases. 3. Deburring: During the process of slitting, cutting and piercing of laminations, the cut edges get some burrs. These burrs occur mainly during the cutting operation and are due to following reasons: Shearing blades blunt, More clearance between blades, V-notch tool blunt. Presence of burrs impairs the stacking factor, resulting in gaps, cut into the ||www.electricalmirror.net||

insulation coatings and bridge adjacent laminations thereby increasing the eddy current losses. These burrs are removed by passing the laminations through deburring operations. Varnishing: Caralite coating is done on the cut core legs. It is a gel that is spread over the sheets to maintain electrical insulation between two sheets. The glass film and phosphate coating (caralite coating) uniformly coated on both sides of the lamination sheets serves as surface insulation. Lacquer - It is the antirust protection gel used to spread over the cut core sheets to make it free from oxidation and rust formation. Shearing: The slitted coil are sheared in the treadle shearing machine at an angle of 45 degree & in case of mitered core and 90 degree in case of rectangular core. Utmost care is taken in grinding of the blades at specific interval of time in order to minimize the burr level not exceeding more than 10 micron. V-Notching: The process of V-notching in the yoke plates of the stacked lamination are carried out in semi automatic power presses using dies made of tungsten carbide for achieving almost zero burr level. Stress Relieving Annealing: During the course of process the stresses developed in the stacked

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lamination tend to increase the losses and magnetizing current of the core. This is relieved by subjecting the lamination in roller hearth stress relieving annealing furnace. 8. Testing: Random tests are conducted on sample of CRGO/CRNGO Raw Material. The CRGO/CRNGO Lamination are packed on the wooden pallets & covered by the water proof cloth duly strapped in order to avoid damage to the core edges. Lamination for measurement of losses, insulation resistance, bend test, burr level. Electrical steel, also known as transformer steel, plays a vital role in the generation, transmission, & distribution of electrical power. Being one of the strategic magnetic materials produced today, these steels are essential in the fabrication of a number of electrical equipment such as transformers, generators, stator/rotor of electrical motors etc. They are tailor made materials with specific physical parameters (e.g. 0.025-0.25 mm thick) and metallurgical (e.g. Fe, Si & Boron), mechanical (e.g. high ductility), and magnetic properties (e.g. low core loss and high permeability). Produced in the form of cold rolled strips or laminations, they are stacked/ wound together to form the core etc. Electrical grade steels are formed by alloying carbon steel with small quantities of silicon, boron which helps to reduce the eddy current losses in the core. The electrical steels follow rigorous metallurgical processes of manufacture and are made by re-rolling standard silicon steel or by casting amorphous steel. To get the full advantage from a laminated core, the laminations must be insulated from one another. They are fabricated to specific and stringent surface insulation characteristics. Therefore electrical steels are available with a wide variety of varying properties to suit the intended application. The well-known types of electrical steels widely used by the electrical equipment industry are CRGO, CRNGO and Amorphous. Prior to their incorporation in the equipment, these steels must undergo rigorous evaluations, followed by certifications according to the recognized national (typically IS 3024/648/649) and international standards. The electrical Steels are the basic building blocks for magnetic circuits in rotating machinery and transformers which constitute transformer cores. CRGO, CRNGO & Amorphous steels are produced in the world according to their metallic structure, magnetic properties ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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pecial Focus : Transformer Stamping & Lamination

and their applications. Magnet frames and motor housings are manufactured using precisely punched steel laminations, which are then pressed together in fixture, thus giving them a sturdy structure. Improper processing, handling of these strips, sheets or long laminations can introduce distortion. These distortions are usually plastic stresses (irreversible) which can vary the magnetic properties, thereby hampering the qualities of the machines (transformers, motors etc.) in which they are used. CRGO steel is a key material used in transformers. It is a specialized form of steel that is globally manufactured by only around eight companies. The technology involved is very sophisticated and remains well guarded by the select manufacturers. India has largely been importing CRGO used in the manufacture of "cores" of power and distribution transformers. CRGO is used for distribution as well as power transformers due to its low loss characteristics. CRGO or Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Steel is available in various grades (generally called M3, M4, M5 & M6). Major international standards such as Japanese (JIS), American (ASTM), German (DIN) and British Standards are available which specify grade, thickness, watt losses and magnetic flux density. Conventional CRGO materials (M4, M5, M6) are used regularly for cores in transformers. In distribution transformer design, main stress is to reduce core losses. To reduce core losses in distribution transformer cold-rolled grain oriented (CRGO) steel is preferred by manufacturers. Amorphous material has very less core losses compared to CRGO steel, therefore it is being seen as a good substitute of CRGO steel. Now-a-days some manufacturers are using amorphous material in miniature and medium size transformers in place of CRGO steel. The cost of amorphous core transformer is higher than the cost of CRGO core transformer. Here an effort is being made to reduce the cost of amorphous core distribution transformer by using a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;CRGO-Amorphousâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; core in place of amorphous core. Distribution transformers are used to distribute the electrical power in residential and industrial areas. Distribution transformers are energized for twenty four hours with wide variation in load; therefore they are designed to have low no-load losses. Under no-load condition only core losses occur in a transformer and copper losses are negligible; therefore no-load losses are also called core losses for a transformer. Now-a-days CRGO steel is being used in distribution transformers for which allowable limit of flux density is up to 1.55 Tesla for low core losses . If a distribution transformer with CRGO core is designed above 1.55 Tesla then certainly the cost of the transformer reduces but performance 36

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deteriorates in terms of efficiency. Grain oriented Electrical Steel CRGO is undoubtedly the most important soft magnetic material in use today. Wheather in small transformer, distribution transformer or in large transformer & generator, grain oriented electrical steel CRGO is a must for the production of energy saving electrical machines. Grain oriented Electrical Steels are iron-silicon alloys that provide low core loss and high permeability needed for more efficient and economical electrical transformers. CRGO Grain oriented grades of electrical steel are typically used for transformer cores and large generators. Non-oriented Electrical steel CRNGO fully processed steels are iron-silicon alloys with varying silicon contents and have similar magnetic properties in all directions in plan of the sheet. Non-oriented Electrical steel are principally used for motors, generators, alternators, ballasts, small Transformers and a variety of other electromagnetic applications. The earliest soft magnetic material was iron, which contained many impurities. Researchers found that the addition of silicon increased resistivity, decreased hysteresis loss, increased permeability, and virtually eliminated aging. Substantial quantities of Grain oriented Electrical steel CRGO are used, mainly in power and distribution transformers. However, it has not supplanted non-oriented Electrical steel, which is used extensively where a low-cost, low-loss material is needed, particularly in rotating equipment. Mention should also be made of the relay steels, used widely in relays, armatures, and solenoids. Relay steels contain 1.25 to 2.5% Si, and are used in direct current applications because of better permeability, lower coercive force, and freedom from aging. Important physical properties of Electrical steels (CRGO) include resistivity, saturation induction, magnetocrystalline anisotropy, magnetostriction, and Curie temperature. Resistivity, which is quite low in iron, increases markedly with the addition of silicon. Higher resistivity lessens the core loss by reducing the eddy current component. Raising the silicon content will lower magnetostriction, but processing becomes more difficult. The high Curie temperature of iron will be lowered by alloying elements, but the decrease is of little importance to the user of CRGO Electrical steels. The magnetization process is influenced by impurities, grain orientation, grain size, strain, strip thickness, and surface smoothness. One of the most important ways to improve soft magnetic materials is to remove impurities, which interfere with domain-wall movement; they are least harmful if present in solid solution. Compared with other commercial steels, Electrical steel is exceptionally pure. Because carbon, an interstitial impurity, can harm low induction permeability, it must be removed before the steel is annealed to develop the final texture. The mechanism

for the growth of grains with cube-on-edge orientation during the final anneal is not completely understood. The process involves secondary recrystallization, which, by definition, is characterized by accelerated growth of one set of grains in an already recrystallized matrix. For secondary recrystallization, normal grain growth must be inhibited in some manner. As the temperature is raised, certain grains break loose from the inhibiting forces, and grow extensively at the expense of their neighbors. Producers know that, on a practical basis, appropriate cold rolling and recrystallization sequences must be carefully followed to obtain the desired secondary recrystallization nuclei and the correct texture. Today`s Electrical Steels use MnS as the grain growth inhibitor, but other compounds, such as carbides, oxides, or nitrides, are also effective.

CRGO Making and using Grain oriented Electrical steel

Grain Oriented Electrical Steel (CRGO) is more restricted in composition than non-oriented varieties. The texture is developed by a series of careful working and annealing operations, and the material must remain essentially single-phase throughout processing, particularly during the final anneal because phase transformation destroys the texture. To avoid the y loop of the Fe-Si phase system, today's commercial steel has about 3.25% Si. Higher silicon varieties, which might be favored on the basis of increased resistivity and lower magnetostriction, are precluded by difficulties in cold rolling. Temperature, atmosphere composition, and dew point are closely controlled to decarburize the strip without oxidizing the surface. During this treatment, primary recrystallization occurs, forming small, uniform, equiaxed grains. The coating of magnesium silicate glass which forms will provide electrical insulation between successive laminations when assembled in a transformer core. At this stage, the Electrical steel is graded by cutting Epstein samples from the coil; the samples are stress relief annealed and flattened at 790Â°C, and tested for core loss. Applications for CRGO Grain oriented Electrical Steel include transformers (power, distribution, ballast, instrument, audio, and specialty), and generators for steam turbine and water wheels. Lay-up cores, in general, utilize the whole spectrum of grain oriented Electrical steel CRGO quality and gages. The gage and grade of material for a given application are determined by economics, transformer rating, noise level requirement, loss requirements, density of operation, and even core size. Because the strip must be flat to produce a good core, coils are flattened after the high temperature anneal. Then, the strip is coated with an inorganic phosphate for insulation. Samples from each coil end are graded after a laboratory stress relief anneal, as previously described. From such strip, the transformer manufacturer cuts his required length ||www.electricalmirror.net||

improves the insulation of the strip. Consequently, it

decreases the eddy current losses and heat buildup, which is of particular importance in transformers which must withstand an impulse test. As noted earlier, an important requirement in the manufacture of lay-up cores is minimizing transformer noise. Noise is a function of manufacturing and core design factors, the core material characteristic being one of the most important. The dependence of magnetostriction on silicon content has already been noted. In addition, magnetostriction is reduced by improving the texture and by introducing tensile stresses through application of glass-type insulation coatings. Because compressive stresses affect magnetostriction adversely, it is important that the lamination remains flat for assembly. Operating induction is also a factor that affects noise, and indeed affects the transformer`s general operating characteristics. Operating inductions of lay-up transformers are usually in the 10,000 to 17,000 G range; power ratings extend over the 500 to 1,000,000 kVA range. Wound cores are wound toroidally with the [100] crystallographic direction around the strip. Processing steps are somewhat different from those used for lay-up transformers though the starting material is the same-large toroidally annealed coil coated with magnesium silicate, which usually provides sufficient insulation. Grain oriented Electrical steel CRGO for wound core application, unreacted MgO powder is removed from the strip surface, and a sample from each coil end is cut into Epstein strips to be tested as before. After being graded, the coil is shipped to the transformer manufacturer either as slit multiples or as a full-width coil for subsequent slitting. The slit multiple, wound to the given core dimension, must be stress relief annealed at 790°C in a dry non oxidizing atmosphere. Annealing trays and plates must be of low carbon steel to eliminate any carbon contamination, which can be very detrimental to quality. After crgo being stress relief annealed, the cores are cut, and the crgo transformer core is assembled by lacing the steel around the copper (or aluminum) current-carrying coils. In the stress relief annealed condition, grain-oriented steel CRGO electrical steel is sensitive to mechanical strain; therefore, cores must be assembled carefully. Regardless of how carefully assembly is accomplished, the final core quality is always poorer than it was in the stress-relief annealed, uncut condition. The difference in quality, commonly referred to as the "destruction factor", is due to the relative strain sensitivity of the grain-oriented CRGO steel, the handling procedure in fabrication, and the uniformity and amount of air gap in the core. Being a function of the transformer design and fabrication, the latter two factors are controlled best by the manufacturer. Most CRGO wound cores

are utilized in distribution transformer applications of 25 to 500 kVA.

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Making and using CRNGO non-oriented Electrical steels

Non-oriented electrical steels do not use a secondary recrystallization process to develop their properties, and high temperature annealing is not essential. Therefore, a lower limit on silicon, such as is required for the oriented grades, is not essential. Non-oriented electrical steel grades contain between 0.5 and 3.25% Si plus up to 0.5% Al, added to increase resistivity and lower the temperature of primary recrystallization. Grain growth is very desirable in the (CRNGO) non-oriented electrical steel grades, but is generally much smaller than for the oriented electrical steel CRGO grades. Processing to hot rolled band is similar to that described for the oriented grade. After surface conditioning, the bands are usually cold rolled directly to final gage, and sold to the transformer manufacturer in one of two conditions fully-processed, or semi processed. After final cold rolling, the strip is annealed, decarburizing it to 0.005% C or lower and developing the grain structure needed for the magnetic properties. Samples are then taken from each coil end, and tested. CRNGO Fully processed non-oriented Electrical steels are generally used in applications in which: Quantities are too small to warrant stress relieving by the consumer, or CRGO Laminations are so large that good physical shape would be difficult to maintain after an 843°C stress relief anneal.

Non-oriented steels CRNGO are not as sensitive to strain as the oriented product. Consequently, shearing strains constitute the only strain effects, which should degrade the magnetic quality. Because laminations are generally large, these shearing strains can be tolerated. Most of the fully processed grades are used as stamped laminations in such applications as rotors and stators.

Our Product Range Includes: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Distribution Transformers Servo Voltage Stabilizers Ultra Isolation Transformers Induction Furnace Transformers Special Purpose Transformers Distribution Transformer with OLTC Dry Type Transformer (VPI)

The non-oriented electrical steels (CRNGO) have a random orientation. They are commonly used in large rotating equipment, including motors, power generators, and AC alternators. Fully processed steels are given a "full" strand anneal (to develop the optimum magnetic quality), making them softer and more difficult to punch than semi-processed products. Grades with higher alloy content are harder and thus easier to punch. Improved punchability can be provided in fully processed steels by adding an organic coating, which acts as a lubricant during stamping and gives some additional insulation to the base scale. If good inter-lamination resistance is required, fully processed material can be purchased with core plate. Semi processed electrical steel CRGO products are generally given a lower-temperature decarburizing anneal after the final cold rolling. Carbon is not necessarily removed to the same low level as in fully processed material. The transformer manufacturer will subsequently stress relief anneal the material in a wet decarburizing atmosphere to obtain additional decarburization and develop the magnetic properties. Samples are taken after the mill decarburization anneal, cut into specimens, decarburized at 843°C for at least one hour and tested to grade the coil. Semi processed CRGO non-oriented electrical steels are used for applications in which the customer does the stress relief anneal. In general, such products have good punching characteristics, and are used in a variety of applications including small rotors, stators, and small power transformers. Semi processed electrical steels can be purchased with a tightly adherent scale, or with an insulating coating over the oxide. The organic coating acts as a lubricant during punching, but it does not withstand stress relief annealing temperatures; therefore, it is not applied to semi-processed material.

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Range: 5 KVA to 4000 KVA (6.6 / 11 / 22 / 33 KV Class)

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ocus: testing & measuring Instruments

A Brief Review on Testing Electrical Systems With a Digital Multimeter

here are hundreds of companies around the world manufacturing digital multimeters (DMMs). Each of them offers several models with slightly different specifications. If judged visually, they all look alike with similar features. It becomes almost impossible to know which one is better than the rest for your requirements. Some of the cheap Chinese products look exactly the same as high-end popular multimeters but lack the same design and safety features. Therefore careful evaluation is a must to choose the best multimeter for your application.

Selecting DMM

Broadly, there are four main criteria for assessing a digital multimeter: measurement confidence, measurement convenience, safety and construction.

Measurement confidence

For all engineering jobs like research, design and testing, measurements have to be correct because all your analysis will depend on the measured value. If a value is not measured correctly, you might end up with no or strange results. There is also a possibility that due to lack of understanding of the technical specification, you are taking these measurements with a wrong multimeter that does not support the range of measured quantity. So understanding technical specifications in the datasheet is a must to select a multimeter that will support the required range. Technical specifications are not as complicated as they look. Range: This specification defines the minimum and maximum of the quantities that can be measured without significant errors. This is the first thing that you need to check while selecting a multimeter. If you have to measure electrical lines up to 1000V but 38

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have a multimeter that can read a maximum of 600V, you will never get the results beyond 600V. If you are working on low-power circuits, you will have to read currents in microamperes. So you would require a multimeter that can read current in microamperes too. Do check the range of other measurement functions like resistance, capacitance, frequency and temperature also. For regular electronics jobs, the resistance range should be at least 20 megaohms. In case of capacitance measurement, the smaller the minimum range, the better. As very high values of capacitance are not very relevant in electronics, focus on the minimum range here. Frequency measurement is a little overrated feature as nobody will measure frequency using a multimeter. Also, the range of frequencies supported by a multimeter is very small (say, 100 kHz). You would need to measure much higher frequencies when working with electronic circuits and a multimeter cannot be used in that case. Temperature measurement is a handy feature. Normally, multimeters with temperature measurement function are provided with a K-type thermocouple cable to measure temperature. Check the minimum and maximum range of temperature measurement in the datasheet and see if that meets your requirement. Another range that you need to check is the diode function range. Choose a multimeter with a good range. For example, if the diode function range is only 2V, you will not be able to test an LED with more than 2V forward voltage drop. Resolution: Resolution of a multimeter is the smallest reading that can be shown on the display. Earlier described in digits like 4½ and 5½, these days resolution is specified in counts. To help you understand resolution, let me take the example of a 4.5-digit or 4½-digit multimeter. Here ‘4’ means four full digits

that can take up values from ‘0’ to ‘9’ on the display. Fractional digit represents the maximum value that the first digit (most significant digit) can display. In this case, ‘1/2’ or ‘0.5’ means that the first digit can have values ‘0’ or ‘1.’ Therefore 4½-digit means that the display can show values from 00000 to 19999, which totals 20,000 counts. To calculate the smallest reading that can be shown on the display, just divide the full-scale reading by the number of counts. For a 6000-count multimeter with maximum DC voltage range of 600V, resolution will be 600/6000 = 0.1V. Accuracy: Accuracies of all the measurement features are mentioned in the datasheet. First, check basic DC volts accuracy. Accuracy is given in percentage (like 0.5 per cent). For regular electronics work, you need not use a multimeter with a very high accuracy like 0.05 per cent. You can do reasonably well with just 0.5 per cent accuracy. Accuracy of other measurement functions is also important and should be very close to basic DC volts accuracy. Current measurement accuracy will not be so much high as a shunt resistor is used to measure current. Nput impedance: Ensure that the multimeter you choose has an input impedance as high as 10 megaohms. When you measure voltage across a component, you are effectively putting the input resistance of the multimeter in parallel to the resistance of the component. Therefore a small input impedance will change the values you are trying to measure. True RMS: Two types of multimeters are available: average-responding and true RMS (root mean square). True RMS is measurement of AC voltage or current that reflects the amount of power dissipated by a resistive load driven by the equivalent DC value. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

An average-responding AC multimeter is calibrated to read the same as a true-RMS meter for sinewave inputs only. For other waveform shapes, an averageresponding meter will give substantial errors. Updating speed: General-purpose multimeters are available with display update rate of five per second. The higher the update rate, the better. Battery lif:. A good battery life will make your life easier with electronics. Some advanced multimeters are quite power-hungry. Buy them only if you really require their advanced features. It is recommended to have a general-purpose multimeter with a battery life of 300 to 500 hours.

Measurement convenience

Below-mentioned features can make measurements very convenient, which means a lot while struggling with electronics circuits: Auto range with manual override: In a manual-range multimeter you have to set the range before taking a measurement, which is very tedious. Go for an auto-range multimeter if you are serious about your electronics project. Ensure manual override function too as you will need it sometimes. Automatic touch hold: This feature is very handy when both your hands are engaged in taking the measurement and you cannot look at the display for the reading. With this feature you can press the hold button and take measurement without looking at the display. The measured value will stay there until you reset it. Make sure that this feature is automatic, which means that you don’t have to press any button to freeze the reading because you will not have a spare hand to press the hold button. Relative measurement: You can use this feature to analyse relative changes in the measured value. You can also use it to compensate for losses in the probes: Short both the probes and keep the relative measurement button pressed until it shows ‘0.’ This is very useful in resistance and voltage measurements. Min/max mode: Hook up the multimeter to a circuit and use min/max mode to get the minimum and maximum of the values it recorded during this time period. This feature makes measurement of minimum and maximum values very easy as you don’t have to continuously look at the reading display. Duty-cycle measurement: This is not really an essential feature in a multimeter as you will never measure the duty cycle of waveforms using a multimeter. There are other equipment for such measurements, such as an oscilloscope. Display size, contrast and backlight: It is always better to go for a bigger display so that the readings can be read easily from a distance. Also, the display contrast should be high. Cheap Chinese multimeters have a very poor display contrast. Backlight is useful for taking measurements in dark. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Capacitance, temperature and frequency

measurements: Capacitance measurement with a multimeter is not very accurate and you will need an LCR meter for that. However, a multimeter with capacitance measurement accuracy of up to 2 per cent is reasonably good. Temperature measurement is a highly useful feature that will reduce the number of test equipment from your table. Frequency measurement is not that useful but if you are getting it, look for the highest possible range. Low-pass filter: Low-pass filter in a multimeter helps to block unwanted voltages above 1 kHz when measuring AC voltage or AC frequency. It can improve measurement performance on composite sine waves that are typically generated by inverters and variable-frequency motor drives. Data logging: Data logging is very useful for a field job where you would want to log your measurements and recall them when you need. However, buy a multimeter with data logging facility only if you really need it because it will cause a big price difference. Fast-response continuity latching: This is one of the features that you are going to use the most. Continuity testing is useful for tracing tracks, finding shorts and hundreds of other tasks. Fast-response continuity latching is a must for any multimeter. No datasheet mentions it but you need it as troubleshooting with a multimeter having slow-response continuity will be really annoying. To assess a multimeter for fast response, set it in continuity mode and touch its probes to each other very quickly. Now do it faster and see the response. The tone should be solid and appear every time you touch the probes. With fast-response continuity function you can find shorts on a chip just by wiping the probe across the pins, which is impossible with slow-response continuity multimeters.

Safety

This is the most important criterion as it involves your safety. There are several norms that a multimeter should comply with in order to assure safety. Otherwise, your multimeter might blow in your hand some day. CAT rating: All handheld multimeter manufacturers are required to mention on their products the rated measurement category (CAT II, CAT III or CAT IV). This marking is a convenient way for users to identify the maximum transient voltage that a multimeter can safely withstand. Most handheld digital multimeters have this rating marked near the voltage/current input terminals. Most multimeters are CAT III rated but beware of some cheap Chinese meters that have CAT III

written on them just because users are looking for it.

(L) Auto- and (R) manual-range multimeters (L) Auto- and (R) manual-range multimeters CAT III: This rating applies to building circuit installations that are completely within the building, including parts of the service panel and branch circuits. It also applies to many of the building’s fixed equipment, which are connected directly to the building’s mains supply instead of being connected through cords and plugs. Fuse rating: The datasheet of a cheap multimeter may mention that the multimeter complies with all the norms but it really may not. Check the fuse ratings for both current ranges. To be sure, open the cabinet and check the type and rating of the fuse yourself before directly measuring mains through it. It is highly dangerous. Never buy a cheap multimeter for mains measurements. Shrouded input plug: Choose a multimeter with shrouded input plug so that you do not get a shock while doing mains measurement. Good-quality probes: Probes should be of very good quality for high-voltage measurements. Some manufacturers do not properly insulate the probes. Measuring mains supply with such probes is very dangerous. Look for high-voltage silicon insulation.

Construction and build

This is the last evaluation criterion. It mainly depends on your work environment requirements. Though exact requirements will depend on your specific work environment, here are some basic things to look for: Separate fuse and battery compartments: Not all multimeters have a separate fuse and battery compartment, but it will be really helpful if your multimeter features one. A separate compartment will allow easy removal for replacement of batteries and fuse. It will also mean no major damage in case the fuse blows. Rugged input jacks: Input jacks should be rugged from inside because you will be taking out the probes and putting them back quite frequently. There is a high chance of the jack becoming loose, resulting in improper measurements. Rugged build: For field use, it is good to have a multimeter with rugged build. It will also help the multimeter withstand any accidental fall. Normally, ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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multimeters are provided with rubber covers that work as shock absorbers to help protect the multimeter from any damage.

TESTING ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS WITH DMM

Checking Ripple Voltage: Ripple voltage or (AC voltage) can be measured by switching your DMM to AC and connecting the black lead to a good ground and the red lead to the "BAT" terminal on the back of the alternator, (not at the battery). A good alternator should measure less than .5 VAC with the engine running. A higher reading indicates damaged alternator diodes.

Perhaps the most important tool you'll use in troubleshooting auto electrical systems is the multimeter. Basic multimeters measures voltage, current and resistance, while more elaborate multimeters, have features that can check things such as frequency, duty cycle, dwell, make diode tests, and even measure temperature, pressure and vacuum.

Starter Current

Starting system troubles are often confused with charging system problems. Many a dead battery has been replaced when the real cause was a faulty charging system. Be sure that the charging system is functioning properly before you replace the battery. Make sure the battery is charged and passes a load test, then look for resistance in the starter circuit if the engine still cranks slowly. Investigate excessive current draw; check for worn-through insulation, a seized or tight engine, a faulty starter, etc. If the starter turns the engine slowly, the current draw is not high, and the battery is in good condition, check the resistance in the starter circuit.

Measuring Starter Current: Draw Determine how much current the starter is drawing by using DMMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Inductive Current Clamp on the starter cable. This accessory will allow the multimeter to measure starter current up to 1000 amps. Check manufacturer's specs for exact figures.

Alternator Leakage Current: To check alternator diode leakage, connect the multimeter in series with the alternator output terminal when the car is not running. Leakage current should be a couple of milliamps at most; more often, it will be on the order of 0.5 milliamps. Use care when disconnecting the alternator output wire; make sure the battery is disconnected first.

Alternators

A DMM's accuracy and digital display make regulator/ alternator diagnosing and adjusting easy. First determine if the system has an integral (internal) regulator, then whether it's type A or B. Type-A has one brush connected to battery + and the other brush grounded through the regulator. Type-B has one brush directly grounded and the other connected to the regulator. Next, isolate the problem to alternator or regulator by bypassing the regulator (full fielding). Ground Type-A field terminal. Connect Type-B field terminal to Battery +. If the system now charges, the regulator is faulty. Use a rheostat if possible. Otherwise, just idle the engine (lights on) so the voltage doesn't exceed 15V.

Alternator AC Leakage

An alternator generates current and voltage by the principles of electromagnetic induction. Accessories connected to the vehicle's charging system require a steady supply of direct current at a relatively steady voltage level. You can't charge a battery with alternating current, so it must be rectified to direct current.

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Verifying a Good Alternator: The battery must be fully charged (see fig. 1). Run the engine and verify that no-load voltage is 13.8 - 15.3V (check as in fig. 1). Next, load the alternator to rated output current with a carbon pile across the battery. Run the engine @ 2000 RPM. Check the current with an 80i-410 or 80i-1010 current clamp. The unit must maintain at least 12.6V @ rated output.

Checking Field Current: Worn brushes limit field current, causing low alternator output. To test: load unit as in Figure 2 and measure field current with current clamp or use 10A jack on DMM. Readings range from 3 to 7 amps. On integral GM units: with alternator not turning, jump terminals #1 & #2 (fig. 4) together and connect both to Batt + with DMM in series set to measure 10 amps. Field current should be between 2 & 5 amps, higher current with lower battery voltage. Control battery voltage by loading it with a carbon pile.

Batteries

Charging system problems often come to you as a "no-start" complaint. The battery will have discharged and the starter won't crank the engine. The first step is to test the battery and charge it if necessary. No-Load Test Percent Charge

Voltage

100%

12.60V to 12.72V

75%

12.45V

50%

12.30V

25%

12.15V

Measuring System Voltage: Bleed the surface charge from the battery by turning on the headlights for a minute. Measure the voltage across the battery terminals with the lights off (see chart). When possible, individual cell specific gravity should be checked with a hydrometer. A load test should be done to indicate battery performance under load. Voltage tests.

Feedback Carburetor

Using a built-in dwell meter to measure M/C dwell can tell you whether it's a fixed or varying cycle: Fixed dwell occurs in several instances: 1) when the engine is in open loop (cold engine) 2) the engine is under wide-open throttle (hot engine) 3) the oxygen sensor has cooled off, due to ||www.electricalmirror.net||

prolonged idling, and re-entered open loop (hot engine). Varying dwell tells you the engine is in closed loop. It also indicates whether the carburetor is supplying a rich or lean mixture.

Measuring Dwell on a Feedback Carburetor: The longer the solenoid's "on-time," the higher the dwell -and the leaner the fuel mixture delivered by the carburetor. The shorter the "on-time," the lower the dwell -and the richer the fuel mixture. A normally operating system will have a varying dwell, but it should average about 30%.

Circuit Resistance

Ohm's law (E=IxR) tells us that even very low resistance in the starter circuit will cause the starter to turn slowly, because of low voltage. For example: in a system drawing 200 amps, 0.01 ohms resistance in the starter cable will cause a 2 volt drop in voltage at the starter; 0.01 ohms is too little for all but the most expensive and sophisticated ohmmeters to measure, but measurements of voltage drop will indicate where there is resistance. Voltage Drop: In automotive circuits even the smallest loss of voltage will cause poor performance. Set your Fluke multimeter in the mV or VDC setting and connect the meter + lead to the side of the device nearer the battery + terminal and the lead to the side nearer the battery - terminal or ground and engage the Min/Max function. Current must be flowing for the meter to register the voltage drop found. This procedure is helpful on components and connections (both on the + feed side and - ground side) except solenoids, which read battery voltage if you measure across them when the engine is being cranked.

Voltage drops should not exceed the following: 200 mV Wire or cable

300 mV Switch 100 mV Ground 0 mV to <50 mV Sensor Connections

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0.0V Connections

Testing for Excessive Voltage Drop: Determine if there is resistance in the circuit by measuring the voltage drop across each connection and component in the starter circuit while cranking the engine. Measure the voltage drop between the battery post and the connecting cable, the solenoid posts and the wires that attach to them, and across the solenoid itself. Also check the connection on the starter, alternator (feed and ground side) and the ground strap connection to the engine block and body.

have water circulating through it, you can't make an accurate temperature measurement here. The only accurate test is to measure the surface temperature of the upper tank at the radiator inlet. With any latest meter available in the market it's easy to do.

Testing for Switch On-Off: Temperature Check the operation of electric cooling fans by touching the radiator tank next to the temperature switch with the temperature probe tip. Note the temperature when the fan comes on, and again when it goes off. Check your figures against factory specifications.

Condensers

Latest analog/digital multimeters can also be used for checking automotive capacitors (condensers). The movement of the bar graph will show that the DMM is charging the condenser. You'll see the resistance increase from 0 to infinity. Be sure the switch the leads and check both ways. Also make sure to check condensers, both hot and cold. Testing for Switch Continuity: Check temperatureswitch continuity with the Ohms function, while the switch is in place. Test for voltage drop across the switch and from the radiator to the body ground. Note: the temperature must be above the "fanon" temperature for the fan switch to be closed.

Locating Current Drains Checking Condenser Leakage: Check for leaking condensers with the Ohms function. As the condenser charges up, the resistance should increase to infinity. Any other reading indicates that you should replace the condenser. If the condenser is on the car, make.

Cooling Systems / Temperature Measurement

Built-in temperature function makes it quick and easy to check engine cooling systems for proper temperature, which is critical with today's computercontrolled engines. You can also check transmissions for overheating, and heaters and air conditioning systems for proper operation. With the bead thermocouple probe, you can test thermostats and fan switches without heating them in hot water on a hot plate. You get faster, more accurate diagnosis of electrically controlled cooling systems and can compare computer data stream information with actual temperatures. On many late model cars the cooling system is sealed; the only opening is in the expansion tank. Since it doesn't

Current drains, shorts and bad grounds are the cause of many problems. The cause of the problem often seems to have nothing to do with the symptom. But, using a DMM, you can find the cause quickly without burning a whole box of fuses. Current drains that run the battery dead are often referred to as shorts, although they may not actually be short circuits. In fact, they may be related to Keep Alive Memory or K.A.M. Shorts that blow fuses can be found using the same troubleshooting techniques used to find current drains even though the symptoms are different. CAUTION-Each vehicle manufacturer has a different procedure for locating current drains. Using the wrong testing method will give you erroneous results. To make sure you get the proper results, please refer to the vehicle manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s procedure.

Duty Cycle

Duty cycle is the measurement made of pulse width modulated circuits, such as a charcoal canister purge solenoid. The higher the duty cycle, the longer the on-time of that circuit. The higher the on-time, the ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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higher the flow rate, or purging of the canister. 100% duty cycle means the solenoid is on all the time. 10% duty cycle means that the circuit is energized only a small portion of the time. The ECU determines when to purge the canister and at what flow rate based upon such variables as engine temperature, how long the engine has been running since startup, vehicle speed and other parameters.

on a multitude of fuel systems: carbureted, central point, throttle body injection or multipoint injection. Use it with the Fluke 78 to check the operation of fuel pressure regulators, fuel pumps and fuel pump check valves. Fuel pressures fall into two categories: high and low. Central point, or throttle body systems typically use low pressure (10-15 psi, 70-105 kPa). Most multipoint systems use a higher pressure (35-60 psi, 240-415 kPa). Low pressure during hard acceleration can indicate that a fuel filter is starting to clog.

Testing Rear Window Grid with a DMM: Run the engine at idle and set the rear window grid switch to "ON". Connect the black lead from your DMM to one of the vertical "bus bars" and the red lead to the other bus bar. With the meter set to measure DC volts, the display should indicate 10 to 14 volts; a lower reading indicates a loose ground wire. With the black lead of the DMM grounded, touch each grid wire at its midpoint with the red lead. A reading of approximately 6 volts identifies a grid with no opens. A reading of 0 volts indicates the current path is broken between the midpoint and the battery side of the grid. A reading of 12 volts indicates that the circuit is open between the midpoint of the grid line and ground.

Bad Grounds

Measuring Duty Cycle on a Charcoal Cannister: To measure the duty cycle of a solenoid, attach the red lead to the signal wire and the black lead to a good engine ground. Select duty cycle and read the value directly.

Ford BP/MAP Sensor

The barometric pressure/manifold absolute pressure (BP/MAP) sensor is critical in determining fuel mixture and spark advance under varying loads. Much like a Throttle Position Sensor, it must provide a smooth, gradual change in output, or driveability problems can occur. In some instances, a BP/MAP sensor can deviate without setting trouble codes. To verify its operation, you need to check its output over its full operating range.

Using DC-Coupled Hz to Check BP/MAP Sensors To test the performance of a BP/MAP sensor, graph its frequency output at various levels of vacuum. Start with the sensor at 0" Hg (0 cm/hg) and read its frequency. Then note the frequency at each increase of 1" Hg (cm Hg). When you plot these frequencies, they should be in a straight line. The frequency will decrease with an increase in vacuum.

Testing Fuel System Pressure: To test fuel pressure, use the schrader hose adapter with the PV500 to tap into the fuel rail. (If the vehicle doesn't have a schrader valve port, ask your local tool supplier for the appropriate adapter). Once you've taken your reading and before disconnecting the fitting, wrap a rag around it to catch any fuel spray. The safest way to do this is to disable the fuel pump and run the engine until it dies. Crank the engine a few seconds longer until all fuel pressure is relieved.

Rear Window Grid Defogger

DMMs allow you to check for opens in the rear window defroster grid. The rear window glass has a series of horizontal grid lines made of a conductive ceramic silver compound that are baked onto the inside surface of the glass. Terminals are soldered to two vertical conductors called bus bars on each side of the glass; one serving as the feed connection (battery voltage) and the other as the chassis ground. Current flows through a relay to the rear grid when both the ignition switch and the rear window grid switch are turned on, usually drawing about 20 amps. (A portion of the grid can be damaged by scratching the inside of the window usually by placing items on the package shelf.) When the circuit of any horizontal grid is interrupted, no current will flow and that particular grid will not heat up. By determining where the open is, you can repair it with a grid repair kit.

High resistance among grounds can be among the most frustrating of electrical problems. They can produce bizarre symptoms that don't seem to have anything to do with the cause, once you finally find it. The symptoms include lights that glow dimly, lights that come on when others should, gauges that change when the headlights are turned on, or lights that don't come on at all. With the new computer systems, high resistance in ground wires and sensor leads can produce all sorts of unpredictable symptoms. Apply silicone dielectric lubricant, available at radio supply stores, to connections before you assemble them. This will reduce corrosion. Pay particular attention to ground terminals in the vicinity of the battery, where acid speeds corrosion. Often a wire that is corroded through except for a few strands will produce the same symptom as a corroded ground connection. Just looking at the insulated connector does not insure that the connection inside is good. Physically disconnect connectors and use a wire brush or sandpaper to "shine" the metal connections.

Hall-Effect Position Sensors

Hall-Effect position sensors have replaced ignition points in many distributors and are used to directly detect crank and/or cam position on distributorless ignition systems (DIS), telling the computer when to fire the coils. Hall-Effect sensors produce a voltage proportional to the strength of a magnetic field passing through them, which can come from a permanent magnet or an electric current. Since magnetic field strength is proportional to an electric current, Hall-Effect sensors can measure current. They convert the magnetic field into millivolts that can be read by a DMM.

Fuel Pressure

Fuel pressure is important for both performance and fuel efficiency. Maintaining proper fuel pressure under all operating conditions is the job of the fuel system. The PV350 provides critical fuel pressure readings 42

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Checking Hall-Effect Sensors: Check for reference voltage from battery at connector. Hall sensors require power where magnetic sensors do not. To test sensor: connect +12V from battery to power terminal, set DMM to measure volts and connect it between signal output and ground. Insert feeler blade between sensor and magnet while watching for the bar graph to move. Signal should vary from 12V to 0V.

Ignition Coils

\Fluke analog/digital multimeters will measure from tenths of an ohm (.01_ on the Fluke 88) up to 32 million ohms, making ignition tests easy to interpret. Analog meters usually can't measure less than 1 ohm.

Measuring Internal Coil Resistance: If you suspect a malfunctioning ignition coil, check the resistance of primary and secondary windings. Do this when the coil is hot, and again when it is cold. Also measure from the case to each connector. The primary windings should have a very low resistance, typically from a few tenths of an ohm to a few ohms. The secondary windings have a higher resistance, typically in the 10,000 to 13,000 ohm range. To get the actual figures for a specific coil, check the manufacturer's specs. But as a rule of thumb, primary windings range from a few tenths of an ohm to a few ohms, and secondary winding may be 10 ohms or more.

For Pulses from Magnetic Distributor Pickup Disconnect the distributor from the ignition module. Connect the DMM across the pickup and set it to AC volts. When the engine is cranked, pulses should appear on the bar graph. If no pulses appear, it is likely the reluctor wheel or the magnetic pickup is faulty. Use this technique for other magnetic position sensors too. On GM cars, remove the distributor cap for access. Example of Ohm's Law: If you measure 0.5V across a ground connection in a starter circuit, and the starter draws 100 amps, calculate the resistance as follows: Ohm's Law E = I x R 0.5V = 100A x R Solve for R 0.5V R=100A Therefore R = .005 Ohm .005 ohm is too much, so clean the connection. .5 Volts tells you the same thingâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the connection is dirty or corroded.

RPM

The RPM80 Inductive Pickup accessory allows the Fluke 78 to measure engine RPM via the secondary ignition impulses in the spark plug wires. It features a selection for DIS or conventional systems.

that there may be a problem or if they're more than a couple of years old. Not all wires indicate the date they were manufactured. Due to the heat of the spark plug insulator, a spark plug boot may bond to the spark plug. Pulling a spark plug boot straight off the spark plug can damage the delicate conductor inside the insulated wire. Rotate the boot to free it before pulling it off. If you suspect bad wires, test the resistance of the wire while gently twisting and bending it. Resistance values should be about 10,000 ohms per foot (30,000 ohms per meter), depending on the type of wire being tested; some may be considerably less. You should compare readings to other spark plug wires on the engine to insure the accuracy of the test.

Throttle Position Sensor (TPS)

Throttle position sensors (TPSs) are a common source of faults in today's on-board computers. A TPS is simply a variable resistor connected to the throttle shaft. Some people think of it as a replacement for an accelerator pump on throttle body or port fuel injected engines. But it is much more. It tells the on-board computer how far the throttle is open, whether it is opening or closingâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and how fast. As its resistance changes, so does the voltage signal returning to the computer. The TPS can be tested by watching either the voltage or resistance change, using the analog pointer on any Fluke DMM.

Magnetic Position Sensors

The magnetic type of position sensor is simply a magnet with a coil of wire wrapped around it. The clearance between the pickup and reluctor is critical. Be sure to check it. Specs are usually between 0.030" and 0.070" (0.8 mm to 1.8 mm).

Measuring RPM with the RPM80 Inductive Pickup: The RPM80 Inductive Pickup converts the magnetic field created by the current in the spark plug wire to a pulse that triggers an RPM measurement. To measure RPM using the pickup, attach the probe to any accessible sparkplug wire and select the normal (1) or DIS (2) setting to read the correct RPM for the engine you are working on.

Spark Plug Wires

Plug wires should be checked if your scope indicates

Next Issue : June 2017

Testing a Throttle Position Sensor: Use the Min/Max recording feature of the Fluke 78 to check your base TPS setting at idle; to get the maximum reading, depress the accelerator. By comparing these readings to those you get when you open the throttle by hand, you can verify whether the throttle cable and/or linkage is properly adjusted to allow full throttle opening. If it isn't, this may be the source of a problem with poor acceleration.

Cover Story : Gensets, UPS & Batteries

focus: Power factor correction

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echnical article

Power Quality Analyzers and IEEE 519-2014 (New Harmonic Standard)

INTRODUCTION

IEEE Std 519-2014, titled IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems, is the most recent revision of the IEEE recommended practices for harmonics measurement and compliance. IEEE 519-2014 is a revision to IEEE 519-1992 and includes some significant changes and updates to the compliance limits and how harmonics are measured. Probably the new Dranetz HDPQ family of instruments are the first to fully comply with the measurement requirements of IEEE 519-2014. IEEE 519-2014 references the international harmonics measurement standard IEC 61000-4-7 for its measurements. Although many PQ instruments available today measure to IEC 61000-4-7, IEEE 519-2014 adds two additional parameters, along with new statistics reporting for harmonic compliance. Therefore, instruments that only measure to IEC 61000-4-7 are missing required capabilities and only get you partially towards measuring compliance in accordance with IEEE 519-2014. This application note focuses on the harmonic measurement and compliance reporting aspects of IEEE 519-2014 and how they apply to the Dranetz HDPQ family of products (as on date of writing this documents this are the only products compliant to the new standard)

HARMONIC MEASUREMENT STANDARDS

The original IEEE 519-1992 standard included descriptive information about harmonics and harmonic compliance limits, but did not include details on how to measure the data to compute harmonics. The formulas for THD and other harmonic-based parameters were defined, but it did not specify instrument data acquisition methods to ensure consistent and repeatable harmonic measurements between devices from different manufacturers. The 44

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result was different manufacturers used different harmonic measurement techniques that produced different and inconsistent results. IEEE 519-2014 addresses this by referencing the harmonic measurement techniques of IEC 61000-4-7. IEC 61000-4-7, and the broader IEC 61000-4-30 power quality measurement standard are well established, and have been adopted around the world. IEEE 519-2014 states â&#x20AC;&#x153;...any instrument used should comply with the specifications of IEC 61000-4-7 and IEC 61000-4-30." IEC 61000-4-7 defines a harmonic measurement window width of 200ms, which is 12 cycles at 60Hz and 10 cycles at 50Hz. Each (DFT, Discrete Fourier Transform) harmonic analysis uses this 200ms window of data for its computations and this window is the smallest resolution for harmonic measurements in the Dranetz HDPQ family. See the 12 cycle/60Hz example below from a Dranetz HDPQ product:

NEW PARAMETERS FOR IEEE 519-2014

For statistical analysis, IEEE 519-2014 adds two parameters to the measurement methods in IEC 61000-4-7: Very Short Time Harmonics and Short Time Harmonics. It is important to note that these two new parameters are unique to IEEE 519-2014 and are not part of IEC 61000-4-7. This means that an instrument measuring to IEC 61000-4-7 does not necessarily comply with IEEE 519-2014 unless the new statistical evaluation and compliance reporting methods are also included. Very short time harmonics are assessed over a 3-second interval and include 15 consecutive 200ms (12/10

cycle) windows. Without going into the specific details, frequency components are aggregated over This interval and are then used for statistical evaluation. Short time harmonics are assessed over a 10-minute interval and are an aggregation of 200 consecutive very short time values. Like very short time harmonics, short time harmonics are aggregated over the required (10 minute) interval and then used for statistical evaluation.

IEEE 519-2014 HARMONIC STATISTICAL EVALUATION

IEEE 519-2014 states that very short time harmonics should be accumulated over a one-day period and the 99th percentile values should be calculated for each individual harmonic to the 50th each day. Short time harmonics should be accumulated over a one-week period, and the 95th and 99th percentile values should be calculated for each individual harmonic to the 50th each week. IEEE 519-2014 also includes recommended harmonic limits measured at the PCC (Point of Common Coupling). The intent is to manage the harmonics at the interface point between utility system owners and end users, so the specified limits apply only at the PCC and not for individual loads. For voltage harmonics, the recommended limits for individual harmonics and VTHD are specified at various bus voltages measured at the PCC. Acceptable limits are based upon the bus voltage, with higher bus voltages having lower acceptable limits (they are farther away from the harmonic generating loads). Similarly, recommended limits for individual current harmonics are specified at several different bus voltage levels at the PCC, but TDD (Total Demand Distortion) is referenced and not ITHD. This means that TDD must also be measured by the instrument. Current harmonics measured at higher bus voltage levels have lower acceptable limits (they are farther away ||www.electricalmirror.net||

from the harmonic generating loads). The actual compliance limits are outside of the scope of this application note, so see section 5 of IEEE 519-2014 for more details.

DRANETZ HDPQ IEEE 519-2014 REPORTS

Although Dranetz products have measured harmonics to IEC 61000-4-7 for many years, IEEE 519-2014 adds the two new harmonic measurement parameters and statistical evaluation required. The only Dranetz product that can fulfill these requirements is the Dranetz HDPQ family. The Dranetz HDPQ family has a built in harmonic statistics report that compiles the very short time and short time harmonics. It produces pass/fail daily and weekly voltage and current harmonic compliance reports in accordance with the IEEE 519-2014 standard. To view the report, press the Harmonics Statistics Report button in the View Data page. You will then see a list of daily and weekly harmonic statistic reports over the last 31 days, with each indicating pass or fail. There will be one very short time 99th percentile report for each day, and two short time reports for each week, one for the 99th percentile and the other for the 95th percentile.

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Harmonics Statistics Reports for 31 Days Prior to and Including: Date

Interval

Apr 17, 2017

Statistic

Compliance

Apr 17, 2017

Daily

Very Short (99th) Pass

Apr 16, 2017

Daily

Very Short (99th) Pass

Apr 15, 2017

Weekly

Short (99th)

Pass

Apr 15, 2017

Weekly

Short (95th)

Pass

Apr 15, 2017

Daily

Very Short (99th) Pass

Channel

Simply select a report in the list and press OPEN to view the details of the compliance for each harmonic to the 50th. Harmonics Statistics Details Date:

Interval:

Statistic:

Apr 17, 2017

Daily

Very Short (99th)

Harm.

0.047

2.193

2.570

112.315

0.067

2.037

1.754

103.085

1.754

1.983

0.465

91.575

0.027

2.169

0.633

77.958

0.017

2.205

0.369

63.174

0.013

2.103

0.209

48.989

SUMMARY

Compliance: Pass CI

IEEE 519-2014 is a significant update to the original version from 1992. In addition to specifying new

harmonic compliance limits, IEEE 519-2014 specifies harmonic measurement techniques based upon the global standard IEC 61000-4-7 and adds new harmonic parameters to that are used for the compliance limits. The Dranetz HDPQ family is currently the only product from Dranetz, and possibly all other manufactures, to fully conform to both the measurement and compliance reporting requirements of IEEE 519-2014.

Rahul More MBA, B.E (Electronics) Cyronics Instruments Pvt Ltd National Manager (Applications & Sales) rahul_more@cyronics.com Mob : 9860093203, 9821342170

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pecial theme: smart city

A Brief Review on India Smart City Open Source Consortium According to McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) -Indian cities are estimated to accommodate 590 million people by 2030 which could generate 70% net new jobs, produce more than 70% of Indian GDP, and drive a new fourfold increase in per capita income across the nation. As of 2013, there are 40+ countries with govt open data platforms, 90,000+ datasets on data.gov (US), 1 million+ dataset made open by govts worldwide – all of this resulting in $3 trillion potential annual value enabled by open data in seven domain.

Introduction

By 2030, approximately 600 million Indians will be living in cities. Indian cities are burdened with increasing demand for energy, water & housing, pollution & traffic issues, infra. & resource constraints. These existing challenges coupled with massive urbanization will put tremendous pressure on cities' existing resources. Therefore, under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the govt has announced a flagship program, 'Smart Cities'. It aims to address challenges associated with India's rapid growth and massive urbanization in coming years. As part of the program, the govt has decided to develop 100 Smart Cities by 2024. Building smart cities will involve development of technology solutions coupled with urban infra. & connectivity that can address cities' growth aspirations and offer employment opportunities to its citizens. Moreover, it should be within regulatory framework of the govt and must adhere to common industry standards. It should also facilitate participation from various sections of society. Smart city development is not just a technology 46

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problem but it also entails facilitation of inclusive environment where stakeholders can co-create, adapt, grow, manage and sustain rapid urbanization. A technology solution for smart city development will help administrators to enhance resource utilization via real-time monitoring and informed decision making based on usage analytics. Many cities in India are already undergoing smart transformation and deploying such solutions. However, it should have India-centric approach. Indian society, diversity, history, political influences, regional alignments, and resource availability pose different challenges in urbanization. It may result in different usage and adaptation of smart solutions. These unique issues may not be comparable to other smart cities in the world. With many domestic and foreign stakeholders at various levels, there is a bigger need to bring in common consensus, inclusive environment and open standards based platform. It will eliminate issues associated with dependency on vendor, proprietary technology stack, scalability and cost. This white paper focuses on the need to have India-centric, inclusive and open environment which will pave the way for development of an open platform for smart city development. It calls for wider collaboration between govt, academia, private sector, technology providers and citizens to build a solution based on standards via an open-source consortium for smart cities in India.

Govt of India's Vision for 100 Smart Cities

During the maiden budget in July 2014, govt of India has announced its plan to develop 100 Smart Cities in the country by 2024. Funds amounting to 7600 crores ($1.24 billion USD) have been allocated

for this program. 31% of urban population in India contributes to 60% India's GDP based on global urbanization patterns, pace of urbanization is typically very rapid from 30% to 60-65%. Therefore, India is currently at very strategic point where it is going to witness sudden and rapid exodus from rural to urban area. This urban growth is expected to contribute to 75% of India's GDP in next 15 years. MGI estimates following growth opportunities by 2030: • 70% net new employment • 68 cities will have population 1+ million, 590 million people will live in cities • 700-900 million square meters of commercial and residential space required • 2.5 billion sq m of roads and 7400 Km of metros and subways to be constructed • $1.2 trillion capital investment required to meet projected demands in cities These overwhelming numbers will put tremendous pressure on policymakers to handle numerous challenges regarding urban infra., conservation of energy, fuel & natural resources, overcrowding, pollution, and overall economy of the city. Following the footprints of other global cities, India too has decided to leverage information and communication technology (ICT) in order to address these urbanization challenges. During the maiden budget in July 2014, govt has announced its plan to develop 100 Smart Cities in the country by 2024.

What is a Smart City? ||www.electricalmirror.net||

How the govt plans to rollout 100 Smart Cities?

Every country has defined its own context and framework of a smart city. govt of India defines a smart city as, Smart cities are those cities which have intelligent social, physical, institutional and economic infra. while ensuring centrality of citizens in a sustainable environment. Its sustainability needs to offer economic activities, employment opportunities and quality of life to a wide section of its residents, regardless of their level of education, skills or income levels. • Institutional infra. refers to activities and systems related to e-governance, planning, and processes that lead to better management of a city via use of ICT. • Physical infra. refers urban infra. of systems like energy, water supply, sewage, solid waste management, etc. integrated through use of ICT. • Social infra. refers activities towards developing the human and social capital in areas • such as education, healthcare, entertainment, etc. • Economic infra. refers to ability of city to attract investments, generate funds and • facilitate necessary business environment to create required growth opportunities. Smart technology solution will make institutional infra. more efficient, transparent and accountable via integration and monitoring of physical infra.. However, it also requires development of social infra. via investment in education and healthcare sectors. Finally, a city has to create sustainable economic infra. so that smart city development becomes an incremental activity generating further employment avenues. Based on these four pillars, following are the key areas identified in smart cities development:

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100 Smart Cities will be shortlisted based on criteria like economic sustainability (GDP contribution), geographic inclusivity, cultural heritage, diversity, etc. This effort also intends to prioritize other flagship programs of govt, e.g. Swachh Bharat, Make in India and Digital India. The implementation is based on 3 key approaches: ICT is the backbone of every smart technology solution. However, “one-sizefits-all” strategy will not work for all approaches as each one poses a different technology challenge e.g. retrofitting a technology solution based on existing crammed infra. will be more costly than similar scale, grounds up deployment in greenfield township. Solutions have to be flexible and adaptable to different ways of retrofitting to serve the need. And yet, quality and ease of use cannot be compromised. This plan cannot be a mere policy decision by the govt leading to assembly of various smart solutions. Neither can it be an implementation mandate from central level percolating down to municipal bodies. It's a complex equation of infra., available resources, technology, regulations, cost, participation and change in the ways cities have been executing. The next section will discuss evolution of smart solutions, current status quo and challenges of integrating these solutions in Indian context on such a massive scale.

Current Smart Solutions & Challenges

According to Navigant Research- Smart cities' technology market will grow from $6.1 billion annually in 2012 to more than $20 billion in 2020 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.2%. This represents a cumulative investment of over $117 billion in smart city technologies between 2012 and 2020. Smart solutions range from broad platform approach to niche solutions for specific problems. • Vendor-specific Platforms: Smart city platform from leading vendors like IBM and Cisco address many areas like water, energy, and building. These are horizontal solutions encompassing many proprietary technology solutions bundled together. • Niche Solutions: On the other end of the spectrum, there are solutions targeting specific area and focusing on providing specific solutions. E.g. Eutech Cybernetic for smart workplace solutions, Petra Systems for smart lighting and smart surveillance. A truly smart city requires horizontal integration as well as creating a system of systems capable of achieving considerable increase in efficiency and generating new opportunities for the city and its citizen. Selection of smart solutions depends on certain questions that policymakers must answer: What is your city's ecosystem in terms of needs, priorities, funds, infra., policies, timeline, and socio-economic ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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reasons? What pecial theme: key problems smart city are you trying to solve? What are immediate gains and long term vision? How much budget is allocated? Is the solution for some other city really going to address problems of your city? Once solutions are chosen and projects are initiated, more challenges start surfacing, such as interoperability of solutions, data ownership, vendor lock-in, scale of implementation, open access, citizen's adoption of these technologies resulting in more user generated data and so on. Following section elaborates on each of these challenges and how it multiplies in the Indian context. THE “REMOTE CONTROL” SYNDROME: Complexity of every city's ecosystem plays a significant role in implementation of smart solutions. Every individual project has its merit within the context of problem it is solving. However, over the period, these decisions would result in multiple smart solutions for different service silos e.g. energy, parking, traffic management. It would lead to heterogeneous data formats and inconsistent visualization. Such user experience is analogous to using many “remote controls” simultaneously to operate different devices at a time. It would also result in increased cost of training and maintenance. DATA FRAGMENTATION: At implementation level, a smart solution is based on technology paradigm of “Internet of Things” (IoT) where things denote various types of sensors deployed in cities' infra. connected via network and passing of data using the communication protocol. These “connected” things pass real-time data e.g. water purification system's quality levels, open parking spaces indicators, and waste containers' filling level. There would be thousands of sensors sending real-time data that enable speedy decision making. However, 'remote control' syndrome would naturally lead to fragmentation of real-time data in various smart solution at city level. This would further culminate in fragmentation at region, state and eventually national level. Obtaining holistic view of data (to perform analysis and lead to better prediction, optimization and efficiency) would lead to very complex integration effort. INTEGRATION AND INTEROPERABILITY ISSUES: Sensors are of different types (location, thermal, acoustic, light and chemical) and they use different communication protocol to transmit data (wifi, Bluetooth, RFID, and Zigbee). Vendor-specific solution provide proprietary interfaces to interact with it. Interoperability between these systems is a key challenge for integrated smart city. This challenge manifests in a very complex scenario when data from multiple smart solution, from different vendors, diverse environment, and multiple govt organizations 48

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needs to be integrated. DATA LOCKED IN CLOSED SYSTEMS: Access to real-time and citizen generated data in smart city is very critical since it will help city administrators to take informed policy decisions. Open data can create new value chains, encourage innovation and transparency. Many govts worldwide have shared vital data freely to citizens, businesses, and academics creating new value chains, products, and business models. Following this global trend of open data, govt of India also makes certain dataset accessible via the Open govt Data Platform India. A smart solution must make open data access as its first priority. However, this remains a big challenge and manifests itself to exponential level with diverse systems at different cities with data locked in proprietary solutions and vendor data centers. ABSENCE OF SMART CITY STANDARDS: It is apparent that data will play key role in smart city implementation. Current big data technologies can handle large & diverse datasets and provide insights. However, there is an immense need to develop standards that can guide technology providers & administrators: • Common data communication protocols at device level • System communication mechanism via well-defined interfaces • Stakeholders communication (internal & external, social media) • Data interpretation, conversion and flow between systems • Standards to maintain citizen privacy • Data security, storage, archival and purging • Integrated data visualization framework • Compliance and regulatory requirements Such standardization demands both top-down and bottom-up approach in collaboration with various stakeholders. Currently, such 'all-encompassing' standards do not exist globally. Standards organization like IEC has clearly identified this need and is coordinating such efforts. VENDOR DEPENDENCY: Currently there are multiple vendors working on smart solutions deployment in different cities. 100 Smart Cities' implementation with multiple vendors will result in various dependency issues such as: • Every vendor has its own proprietary standards for communication and data. Large platform-like implementations are typically slow in adapting new industry standards since it involves complex release cycles. Even if govt defines certain standards, such implementation cannot comply with it immediately.

• Proprietary solution would use its own data center. There is increasing need for environment-friendly co-located data centers for smart cities. Since there is no standardization of data storage, this will result in islands of smart data clouds located worldwide. • Smart city technologies are relatively new and their scaling with large amount of data is unproven yet. Many point solutions for specific services will end up being an expensive proposition for a city. Patchwork of expensive and un-scalable solutions in smart city realization poses a big threat to achieve true value of such efforts. STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION: Citizens are not just consumers of services but also actors and data generators. They should be empowered to contribute to standards definition. The process should inclusive where stakeholders from various section of society contribute along with govt such as: private sector, academia, technology providers, NGO and civil society representatives. Such inclusive approach will lead to necessary consensus.

India Smart City Value Creation in Open Way

Open govt Data Platform India intends to increase transparency in the functioning of govt and also open avenues for many more innovative uses of govt Data to give different Perspective. It is apparent that there is a need for a horizontal open platform that can address current challenges. Such service delivery platform will form a technology backbone of every city. It should be a scalable and secure platform that provides common services, based on open data standards, and ensures interoperability between services.

This paradigm of open standards, open data, interoperability between systems, adherence to regulations and participative approach naturally leads to open source movement for India's Smart City Platform.

Open Platform and Benefits

Scalability: Smart solutions is still a nascent technology ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Sustainable environment Potable water Sanitation 24x7 clean energy Mobility: EVs/HEVs Connected / Autonomous vehicles Urban mobility Traffic control rooms Smart parking Digital India

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e-Governance Green/ Smart buildings Urban planning Safety, security and surveillance Disaster management Smart health Smart education Make in India Smart aerotropolis Geographical information systems (GIS)

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market. Its pecial theme: s c a l a b i l i t y smart city while handling large data volume is not tested enough yet. Policy makers may not know requirements of data analytics and insights leading to complex data processing. In such case, an incremental approach of horizontal scaling and data processing would be better than upfront investment in expensive proprietary solutions. Data ownership: govt gets complete control of smart city data. It would be stored in govt controlled co-located data centers within India. This will solve concern about environment-friendly data centers and ease compliance issues. Open standards: open data standards solve concerns about data storage, security, privacy and ownership. Open communication standards facilitate interoperable systems, protocols and interfaces which aid easy flow of information across systems, uniform ways of data conversion and interpretation, and consistent data visualization. Integration with Open govt Data (ODG) Platform India: This platform facilitates APIs on govt dataset and also endorses apps created by developers on such datasets. This open data platform can be naturally extended for smart city data to boost various interpretations and visualization of such data. New value chains: Real-time open data from different sources when looked in conjunction may result in new interpretations, dependencies and insights creating new value chains and business models. Leveraging open-source: There are many open source technologies already being leveraged in smart city data paradigm for data capture, transfer, storage, processing, and analytics. An open platform is a natural extension of these technologies.

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Agile: Open source software development is typically very agile, constantly evolving and adopting to upcoming standards unlike slow release cycles of vendor software. Moreover, govt gets complete control of when to rollout new system changes. Make in India: Finally, such open platform development would be guided by India-specific standards and not constrained by foreign smart city models or frameworks. It will be developed within India for Indian context â&#x20AC;&#x201C; boosting Make in India initiative of Prime Minister Narendra Modi!

7. Identify and finalize open source components to be used. Once such consortium is formed, formal structure will be defined around its deliverables, phases, checkpoints, timeline.

Open-source Smart City Platform India Consortium

For developing Open-source Smart City Platform India (OSCPI) based on open standards, it can be proposed to form a consortium. It should be a joint partnership between govt of India, academic institutions (IIT, CDAC), Persistent Systems, other technology partners, NASSCOM, and civil society representatives and NGOs.

Consortium Agenda

This consortium's agenda should revolve around use of ICT ii in an open way to build smart city solution. Following would be the key focus areas for consortium: 1. Define technology roadmap for smart city implementation 2. Define smart city architecture blueprint, data flow blueprint and data standards (storage, security and privacy). 3. Define platform interface guidelines. 4. Define device protocol guidelines. 4. Define API requirements, structure, and usage of APIs. 5. Define app creation and promotion strategies for both private and public apps. 6. Establish User interface and visualization guidelines.

Conclusion

Smart city is a vision to be realized over the period of next 10 years. The destination cannot be reached using traditional way of thinking or turn-key approach. Technology alone will not provide the solution magically. The success depends on how standards and framework is defined to leverage ICT ii in efficient manner, how consensus can be achieved democratically, how India specific problems are addressed, and finally, how it is done in most cost- effective and incremental manner via open source approach. An open consortium for smart city is a widely used approach. European Union has been funding such initiatives in EU. Many leading technology providers have identified the need of smart city open platform and are contributing to same. India-specific consortium for smart cities is a natural extension of following global trends. It will also serve as huge impetus to 'Make in India' initiative.

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ase study of the month

Er P.K.Pattanaik, is presently working with OPTCL as Asst. General Manager (Elect) in E & MR Division, Bhubaneswar- Odisha and associated with the Protection and Control schemes of Electrical systems.

VARIOUS CASE STUDIES ON OPERATION AND CONTROL SCHEMES FOR GRID SUB-STATION Contdâ&#x20AC;Ś. 1. Introduction: For the last few months, the response of the readers to the case studies on various incidents is overwhelming. Hence this month we are again choosing the write up on similar kind of studies for developing the synchronisation of practical observation to the theoretical concepts. The analysis of each incident being supported by actual observations had been described during the situation to add awareness amongst the operation, testing and commissioning engineers to know the cause of problems and be helpful for easy rectification of the problems. This can also help to develop economic schemes for the smooth running of the operation and control system in the Grid Sub-Station. 2.1. Non-operation of any protection for 20 MVA Power Transformer: The R phase jumper on 33 KV side was snapped and left untouched to any structure. So supply to 33 Kv system was only with Y and B phase but no protection relay actuated.

Actual Observation:

a. The snapping of the conductor was due to looseness of the jumper and got removed from the gantry point below clamp. b. The neutral point connected to the pit and its surrounding area for the 33 side was

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He is having 25 years of technical experience in Designing, Testing and Commissioning of Protection Control and operational Schemes, project Implementation, co-ordination, operations & maintenance of Electrical Equipments at various LT/ HT/ EHT level Grid Sub- Stations. He has also published around 70 technical papers in different national/international seminars/journals.

observed with red hot of the soil. c. The outgoing 33 Kv side of this transformer was hand tripped. d. The snapped jumper was replaced and transformer was successfully loaded.

Analysis:

a. Due to snap of R phase on 33 KV side and non touching to any earth structure was resulted with the condition BROKEN conductor situation. b. This condition is not considered as a fault (The situation for which Voltage dips and current rises). c. But due to open of one of the conductor, the current becomes unbalance from the system and neutral path carries this unbalance current towards the load through the universal earth conductor. d. Now flow of this path becomes quicker for the condition of the provision of better neutral connection to earth mat. e. In this situation this path was not that suitable. Moreover due to non operation of any protection relay, this abnormal situation continues with full phase current flow on the

ele.pkpattanaik@optcl.co.in

neutral conductor. f. So the surrounding earth of the pit along with mat becomes red hot. g. The reason for non operation of the protection relays were analyzed and found with followings. i. The E/F feature in this relay that used for this transformer was of Directional type and direction was set to look into the transformer. As such for this condition no polarized effect has developed (No voltage change, only negative sequence current has been developed). So the relay did not trip. ii. The non tripping of the differential relay was due to flow of replica current on either side and no current on the operating coil. iii. REF relay also did not actuate due to equal of residual current and neutral current. h. HT neutral was also suffered with similar effect i.e flow of unbalance current on the neutral, but the magnitude of current is less in comparison.

NOTE:- It is always advised to connect Neutral earth to the main mat.

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2.2. Blowing out of fuses of battery charger system: For one of the 220/132 KV grid it was observed with blowing out of the –ve fuse with spark, then on enhancing the rating of this fuse, the +ve fuse started blowing. But raising this rating, spark was observed at one of the contactor in the panel, without blowing of the fuse.

Actual Observation:

a. This grid was connected with (5 numbers of 220KV outgoing feeders+ 6 Numbers of 132 KV feeders) and installed with 350Ah battery set with battery charger of having facility of both Float and Boost charging module. b. The DC distribution to each 220 KV feeder was with a change over contactor facility. For the case of failure of the selected source, the other source to be selected automatically due to actuation of the other contactor. c. The distribution was of the scheme with –ve terminal being common and connected to earth potential.

Analysis:

a. For this situation as described, the DC system had been connected to Earth terminal as part of the supply system. b. Auto change over contactor was directly connected to the DC Distribution board with no control in between. c. One of the Contactor was developed with the problem on the contactor +ve terminal and its metallic body part. d. As –ve was having permanent connection to ground and due to this problem of +ve terminal to the metallic structure, the short circuit was developing across the source. e. So direct fuse was blowing out from the supply board. On enhancing the rating of –Ve fuse, the +ve fuse was blown away. f. But after enhancing the rating of both fuses, the affected part as not being permanently connected to body, developed with heavy spark and luckily the disconnection was resulted and the affected contactor was traced. g. After disconnection of the faulty contactor, the system became OK.

Rectification: The faulty contactor was replaced and required rating of the fuses was replaced on the charger. The system was charged from the existing battery charger system OK. 2.3. Repeated failure of Weigh Bridge control system on lightning at Coal handling site: It was observed with the failure of weigh bridge control mechanism on lightning stroke though ||www.electricalmirror.net||

spike and LAs were used in the system.

Actual Observation:

a. The weigh bridge was fitted at a coal handling system for the weight measurement of the coal to be transferred to the next compartment. b. The weigh bridge control was to be managed with 33 KV/11 Kv supply system. c. So the equipments or items used to be protected with LA system. d. Proper LAs were provided in the system. e. But it was observed with failure of the weigh bridge control mechanism. f. So the earthing arrangement were checked and found with followings i. Earth pit was connected with individual earth pit. ii. The pit was away from the LA unit approximately 20 ft distance. iii. Individual Phase was connected with LAs but common single earth flat was connected to the pit. iv. The pit resistance was measured and found with value of 20Ohm.

Analysis:

a. From the observation it was found use of individual phase LA as per rating. b. But the earth arrangement is not proper/ sufficient to dissipate the surge current during lightning. c. Because of delay discharge, high voltage being available was causing the failure of the weigh bridge control mechanism.

Rectification:

a. The earth flat running combined from each phase was separated and connected to individual pit. b. With the existing pit, for each LA another two Pits were provided with inter-electrode distance being 3mtr. c. All the pits were again inter-connected for developing a mesh. d. All the pits were chemically treated to reduce the resistance of individual pit. e. After such, the problem damage due to lightning was reduced. f. But one pre-monsoon, similar failure was resulted, but this time LAs were failing. g. So the structures that used for this distribution line were checked and found with no tower footing. h. The path that used was of rocky area and prone to lightning zone. i. This time each structure of that area was strengthed with raising of tower footing resistance. j. Then the problem was rectified. 2.4. Failure of 400 KV LA at a 400/220 Kv Grid Sub-station, though it was observed with LCM (Leakage Current Measurement) value was only 40 mA and other testing values were within the limit.

Actual Observation:

a. This failure was resulted after successful during the Auto reclosure of the line. b. The last test results of this LA were reviewed

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ase study of the month

and found within the limit. c. The earthing connection to the individual pit and then connected to mat was also checked and found intact.

Analysis:

a. Moisture entry to the LA, destroys the kinked property ZNO2. So for the case of being better result, this oxide material may loose its property. So the top enclosure of the LA was checked but found with no such abnormality. But moisture shipping could be very minimum and cause deterioration and cannot be identified. This might be the issue here. b. As the case of failure has been resulted after successful AR ( Auto Reclosure), then the followings could be the reason of failure. c. During single phase to earth fault and due to Zone1 fault, the feeder tripped on either side of the line and accordingly issued AR command for closing of the affected breaker pole. d. Now there might be the case of mismatch of the DEAD time at both end, for which one side the affected pole has tripped, resulting the development of transient voltage in the line. But before dying down of this voltage, the switching action at the other end has been developed. e. Hence the voltage on this phase has been developed high, resulting the failure of the affected LA.

Rectification:

a. The LA was replaced. b. The DEAD time was reviewed and found with mis-match (one side being 600 mS and other side 1000mSec.) c. The setting was changed to 1000mSEC on both sides. d. The line was charged successfully.

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2.5. Tripping of 220/132KV, 100MVA Auto transformer on differential relay after replacement of 132 KV side CTs.

Actual Observation:

a. This Transformer was used with Static type Differential relay being connected with ACT (Auxiliary Current Transformer) of suitable ratio. b. Before change of the CT, it was connected with 300/1 CT on 220 KV side and 600/1 on 132KV side. The new ratio was changed from 600/1 to 800/1 for 132 KV side. c. On calculation as per the Full load current the ratio of ACT was available before of 0.875/0.577 on 220 Kv side and 0.724/0.577 on 132KV side. d. So on charging with new ratio of 800/1 in place of 600/1 on 132KV side, the current becomes unbalance in the differential relay and tripping resulted.

Action taken:

a. On changing of the ratio from 600/1 to 800/1, the new ratio should be (FL current/ CTR)/ 0.577 = (437/800)/0.577= 0.545/ 0.577 on the 132 KV side. b. But on checking of the available Aux CT, it was found with no such ratio available with the terminals in the ACT. c. So it was planned for non-use of Aux CT on the 132 KV side, as because of new ratio is of 0.545/0.577 = 0.944 ≈ 1.00. d. So final circuit was made with DELTA for the secondary CT connection on both side of the transformer and on 220 KV side AUX CT with ratio of 0.875/ 0.577 and NO AUX CT on 132 KV side. e. Now current calculation made available to the Static Differential circuit for the current of say 100 Ampere on Primary side of HT side as follows i. Example of 100 Amp on 220 KV side shall draw

100x220/132= 166.67Amp on 132 Kv side. ii. HT sec current before ACT= (100/300)x √3= 0.577 iii. HT sec current to Differential relay= 0.577/ ( 0.875/0.577) = 0.3805 Ampere iv. Similarly LT secondary current = (166.67 /800) x √3= 0.3610 Ampere. v. So the current on both side was found almost all equal f. So with bias setting, this connection was taken and transformer was charged and loaded successfully. g. After arranging the numerical relay and choice of auto selection in the relay with setting of all the parameters of the transformer, the unit was charged successfully on replacement of static differential relay and it’s ACT. 2.6. Humming sound was observed from the running 220 KV PT after 6 months of commissioning.

Actual Observation:

a. When this PT was commissioned, no such humming sound had been observed. b. After running of 2months, low humming was observed and increased and became prominent after 6 months.

Action taken: a. Shut down was availed and checking of Tandelta point, Primary Neutral links aws done. b. No such abnormality was found. c. Decision of opening of the PT and checking of the CORE was decided. d. On checking of the CORE it was observed with the following. i. The Core Clamps were loosen and core bolts was again fitted with spring washer ii. The tightness of all the flats, bolts and other auxiliaries were done. Then the said PT was charged and found with no humming sound. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ndustry focus: wires & cables

Wires and cables industries are modernizing and planing to upgrade the different levels of aspects such as power, lights, data, signals, communication and automation on international level, going through the content we find how the wires and cables industries growing, modernizing and its various opportunities which are responsible to great future of power industries. 56

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one country to another. HVDC cables are expected to become a viable option for such assignments in the future. India is likely to follow this trend during the forecast period. In addition, these HVDC light cables find preference over their AC counterparts, especially in submarine power transmission, due to their lightweight and dimensions. According to the report, one of the primary drivers in the market is growth in renewable power generation in India. A huge emphasis is given to the commercialisation of renewable energy worldwide, which will create an enormous demand for electric wire and cables. This is because most of these renewable energy resources are set up in places where proper T&D infrastructure is not available. Future expansion of existing networks worldwide is also expected. These expansion activities are fueled by emerging economies such as India, which are on the threshold of integrating regional grids to form a nationwide electric grid network to allow a seamless flow of electricity. All this calls for extensive T&D infrastructure development activities. Further, the report states that one major challenge in the market is compliance to regulations. Electrical wire and cable manufacturers in India are required to comply with various safety rules and regulations for the installation of power cable systems. These regulations are scripted and decided by regulatory bodies such as American National Standards Institute (ANSI), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The rules vary depending on the circuit voltage, temperature rating, and environmental conditions.

Wires & Cables and Conductors: A Brief Review on Opportunities in Various Sectors The Indian wires and cables market is estimated at Rs 40,000 crore, out of which, the company is targeting in segments which together has a market potential of about Rs 14,000 crore. This is expected to reach Rs 25,000 crore in 2021. Industry experts forecast the global electric wire and cable in India market to expand at a CAGR of 15.61 % during 2016-2020. Electric Wire and Cable in India Market Research Report covers the market landscape and its growth prospects over the coming years and discussion of the key vendors effective in this market. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

One of latest trends in the Indian market is increase in sales of HVDC power cables. HVDC underground power cables have become viable options for long distance and high-voltage safe power transfer. HVDC power systems provide a viable option for long distance bulk power delivery. The European Commission has selected 43 major energy projects to build cross-border infrastructure to create an internal energy market and enhance the security of energy supply. For these projects, high loads of electricity would be required to be transferred from ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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ndustry focus: wires & cables

The wires and cables industry in India has come a long way, growing from being a small industry to a very large one, over the past decade. Although the industry comes with a lot of technical and quality nuances, it is mostly volume driven. Over the last 20 years, the industry has shifted from being an unorganised sector to an organised one, Still 35% of the industry continues to be a part of the unorganised sector. The increasing demand for power, light and communication has kept demand high for wire and cable. The wires and cables market in India comprises nearly 40% of the electrical industry. According to industry experts, it is expected to double in size in the next five years. The market is growing at a CAGR of 15% as a result of growth in the power and infrastructure segments. The present estimated per capita consumption is only about 0.5 kg. As the new government is focusing on ‘Make in India,” the industry can grow at a similar rate for the next 5 years. Talking about the power sector, copper holds high significance in terms of usage and consumption in this sector. The world average per capita copper consumption is around 2.7 kg. Electrical sector is the largest user of copper in India. Since copper and its alloy components play a vital role in electricity generation, distribution and utilisation, 12-15% per annum demand growth in this sector is possible, if good quality is assured. Quality of Copper plays a very important role in wire i.e. use of Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) grade Copper wherein the purity of Copper in percentage terms should be min 99.90 % as per national standards, All electrical consultants, A-grade electrical contractors, while specifying makes should ensure quality credential from independent laboratories or poor quality of Copper used in wire may result in safety hazards as well as energy loss. 58

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As important as it is to use good quality copper, there are various disadvantages and serious consequences of using untested copper for wiring as per the table. Relative specification values measured of wires using Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper vis-à-vis Scrap Refined (Commercial) Copper (for 1sq mm wire) The test results (on the next page) amply prove that wires with commercial copper are not only inferior in physical properties but are also alarmingly low on electrical parameters such as conductivity. It is proved further that high level of impurities has resulted in a steep increase in resistance by as much as 88%. This obviously explains almost twice the temperature rise as compared to ETP copper since higher resistance causes higher loss resulting in heat. ICA India therefore strongly recommends that all concerned such as, consultants, contractors, electricians etc. should consider use of ISI certified copper wires only. According to industry experts, the wires and cables market is expected to double in size in the next five years. The market is growing at a CAGR of 15% as a result of growth in the power and infrastructure segments. The present estimated per capita consumption is only about 0.5 kg. As the new government is focusing on ‘Make in India,” the industry can grow at a similar rate for the next 5 years. To ensure that copper is duly tested and verified for safety, in India we have IS 694 for PVC insulated wires for working voltages up to and including 1100V, IS 8130 for specification of conductor for insulated electrical wires and flexible cords. Additionally, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) issues ISI mark to all wire and cable manufacturers on compliance of minimum qualification criteria of above mentioned IS standards.

The below aspects can ensure adherence to regulatory norms and encourage a good quality copper output: • Strict monitoring and compliance of qualification criteria by BIS before issuing ISI mark to wire manufacturers • BIS should ensure regular sample checks of all ISI issued wire manufacturers, • Electrical consultants, A-grade contractors and project heads should approve the wire makes which should adhere to quality and maintaining resistance as per standards, • Test of wire samples in large, medium and small projects should be mandatory Growing domestic market, government’s priority for infrastructure development, copper in many end-use sectors, improved lifestyle, newer opportunities, etc. have all given a boost to the Indian copper industry. Going forward the demand for copper is expected more in the railways and automobile sector. India showed a 5% increase in copper wire rod used in wire and cable production for 2014, which is a vast improvement on the y/y reduction of 0.4% in 2013. In India wires are manufactured in organised as well as in the unorganised sector. The Indian power and cable industry has about a dozen producers in the organised sector, claiming more than two-thirds share of the market. The unorganised sector constitutes a few small units. The divergence in the two segments goes beyond their unit sizes. The two sectors exhibit significant differences in quality and capacity. While the organised sector has been manufacturing high voltage and specialty cables, the unorganised sector limits itself to the relatively low voltage market. The organised segment caters also to the industrial market. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

The electrical conductivity of copper is second only to silver and is 65% better than Aluminium, which makes it a preferred metal for wire & cable industry. Copper being harder, stronger and more ductile, expands less and does not flow at terminations and consequently does not require periodic inspection and tightening of screws. Higher copper content in transformers improves energy performance and consequently lowers lifecycle costs in most cases. The growing trend in the building construction and automobile sector is expected to keep demand of copper high. Understanding the copper technology involved in copper production, exploration, mining, and the uses of copper, as well as the global industry structure would impact the copper mining on the environment, the various markets of copper, etc. The industry is affected by the price trends of copper, market performance, import/export scenario, the physical market trends, demand for copper, and of course, a market forecast. The Indian government has made an ambitious plan. According to their Indian Electrical Equipment Industry Mission Plan 2012-2022, the government has planned to make India the country of choice for the production of electrical equipment and reach an output of $100 billion by balancing exports and imports. Requirement of electrical equipment is one of the most important inputs for development of the power sector.

Wires & Cables: Opportunities in various sectors

Cable and wire industry has established itself as a backbone of modern information age. The increasing importance for power, light, data, signalling, communication and automation etc. has kept demand high for wire and cable. This trend will continue as demand for reliable, efficient energy and data communications will strengthen the wire and cable industry. Cables play a small but significant part in infra activities. With strong investments proposed across sectors such as power, realty, industrial, freight corridors, defence, shipping, inland waterways, petrochemicals, other infrastructure projects and telecom the cable industry in India is slated for a strong growth going forward. Apart from the above, Govt impetus in refineries, ports, airport modernization, renewable power and fertilizers will offer a boost to the wire and cable industry as almost all manufacturing companies need cables. Robust industrialization and growing urbanization are also one of the important drivers identified. Auto sector and railways are the other important sectors consuming wires and cables on a large scale. Additionally, growth will be fuelled by urbanization as cables and wires will be required in buildings and offices. Power: Power or electricity is very essential constituent of infrastructure affecting economic growth and welfare of the country. India is the 5th largest producer of electricity in the world. At an electricity-GDP elasticity ||www.electricalmirror.net||

ratio of 0.8, electricity will continue to remain a key May 2015 stood at around US$ 24.07 billion. The input for India’s economic growth. Electricity demand Government of India has been supportive to the real is likely to reach 155 GW by 2016-17 & 217 GW estate sector. In August 2015, the Union Cabinet by 2021-22 whereas peak demand will reach 202 approved 100 Smart City Projects in India. The Govt GW & 295 GW over the same period respectively. has also raised FDI limits for townships and settlements The Planning Commission’s 12th FYP estimates total development projects to 100%. Real estate projects domestic energy production to reach 669.6 MTOE by within the SEZ are also permitted 100% FDI. In 2016– 17 and 844 MTOE by 2021–22. By 2030–35, Union Budget 2015-16, the govt allocated US$ 3.72 energy demand in India is projected to be the highest billion for housing and urban development. The govt among all countries according to the 2014 energy has also released draft guidelines for investments by outlook report by British oil giant, BP. The Ministry Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in non-residential of Power has identified following five Ultra Mega segment. Growth in the real estate sector is essential Power Projects (UMPP) for bidding: (i) Cheyyur UMPP, to the wires and cable industry. Tamil Nadu. (ii) Bedabahal UMPP, Odisha. (iii) Bihar Airport Modernization: Airports being nuclei UMPP. (iv) Deoghar UMPP, Jharkhand. (v) Tilaiya of economic activity assume a significant role in UMPP, Jharkhand (re-bid). Bidding for three UMPPs the national economy. In many remote, hilly and namely Cheyyur UMPP, Tamil Nadu, Bedabahal UMPP, inaccessible areas of the country, air transport is Odisha and Bihar UMPP would attract an investment the quickest and sometimes the only mode of travel of approx. Rs. 90,000 Cr. Deoghar UMPP and Tilaiya available. This is especially true of sensitive regions UMPP, Jharkhand may be bid out in the coming on the borders with our neighbours in the west, north financial year after due process is met, attracting and northeast. Airports need to be integrated with investment of Rs. 60,000 crore. The positive trend other modes of transport like Railways and Highways, in the power sector is one of the most important enabling seamless transportation to all parts of the catalysts for the wire and cable industry. Cables play country. India’s aviation sector, like other infrastructure a crucial part in all the three aspects of the power sectors, has shown robust growth with increased private sector - generation, transmission and distribution. participation under PPP, development of greenfield Therefore, the trend of wire & cable industry is to airports, restructuring and modernisation of airports, some extent dependent upon the power sector. FDI in domestic airlines, increase in number of Low Real Estate Sector: The Indian real estate sector is one MAXWELL SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION of the most globally (An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Co.) recognized sectors. In the country, it is the second largest employer after agriculture and is slated to grow at 30 % MILLION MEGA-OHM METER WITH SRB DIGITAL MICRO-OHM METER WITH SRB over the next decade. It comprises four sub sectors - housing, retail, hospitality, and commercial. The growth of this sector HALOGEN TEST APPARATUS TENSILE TESTING MACHINE STANDARD RESISTANCE BOX is well complemented by the growth of the Specialist in Testing Instruments COMPLETE LAB SET-UP for CR, IR, HV & TENSILE STRENGTH corporate environment for Wire & Cable Industries TESTING INSTRUMENTS Items required in BIS : 694,1554 & 7098 and the demand for FRLS Testing instrumens as per BIS : 694 for CR (Conductor Resistance) Testing Lowest Range of Measurement : 0.02 Micro-ohm office space as well as for Plugs & Socket Industries Items as per BIS : 1293 for IR (Insulation Resistance) Testing urban and semi-urban More items offered as per BIS: 9537, Highest Range of Measurement : 100 Tera-ohm 14927 etc accommodations. Real for HV (High Voltage, AC & DC ) Testing RESISTANCE STANDARDS Highest Range of Measurement : 35KV estate is currently the for NABL Accredited Laboratories for Tensile Strength Testing fourth-largest sector in Accuracy : 0.05 % or 0.1% or 0.5 % Highest Range of Measurement : 100KN or 1 % Different models for CR & IR Testing. the country in terms Stable Reading assured in prescribed conditions of FDI inflows. Total OFFICE :4234/1,Science Market Ambala Cantt. 133001 (HR) INDIA Ph : 0171 - 2630098 FDI in the construction WORKS: 234,Arjun Nagar opp. Pooja filling station. Ambala Cantt.-133006 development sector E-mail : maxwell2k@rediffmail.com,rk@maxwellindia.com Visit us : www.maxwellindia.com Ph: 0171-2699798,6530001 Mobile 09215005098 Fax 0091-171-2699798 during April 2000– ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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Cost Carriers (LCCs) and emphasis on regional connectivity. There has been strong growth in traffic at Indian airports during 2015-16 with domestic travel increasing by 20% and international traffic by 7.8% during April-November 2015 from the corresponding period a year ago. On the other hand, international cargo throughput increased by 5.8 % and domestic by 6.1 % in April-November 2015 as compared to the corresponding period of the previous year. Airport infrastructure during 2015-16 was developed by the Airport Authority of India (AAI) of Kadapa Airport, the New Civil Air Terminal at Chandigarh (Mohali side) and the New Integrated Terminal building at Tirupati Airport with apron and associated works. Greenfield airports at Mopa in Goa, Navi Mumbai, Shirdi and Sindhudurg in Maharashtra, Shimoga, Hassan and Bijapur in Karnataka, Kannur in Kerala, Pakyong in Sikkim, Holongi (Itanagar) in Arunachal Pradesh, Datia in Madhya Pradesh, Kushinagar in Uttar Pradesh and Karaikal in Puducherry are at various stages of planning and execution. Increased activity in Airport modernization shall add to the demand for specialized cables. Railways (including Metro-rails): Indian Railways is the lifeline of the nation. It traverses the length and breadth of the country providing the required connectivity and integration for balanced regional development. The system never rests; it has been up and working unceasingly for the last several decades. It is an integral part of every Indian’s being. It is one of the pillars of the nation. Vision 2020 addresses another major development challenge, which is both national and global in nature, namely, reducing hazardous carbon emissions that have triggered climate change. So far, there has been inadequate recognition of the Railways’ contribution towards India’s climate protection efforts. Vision 2020 addresses one of the biggest development challenges of contemporary India, namely, Growth with Jobs and not Jobless ndustry focus: wires & cables

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Growth. Vision 2020 aims at considerably enhancing the Indian Railways’ contribution to the national goal of achieving double digit GDP growth rate on a sustainable basis.

Some of the major goals set for 2020 in the document include:

a. Establish quality of service benchmarked to the best of the railway systems in the world; b. Target to achieve Zero accidents; c Target to achieve Zero failures in equipments; d. Utilize at least 10% of its energy requirement from renewable sources; e. Institute a foolproof eco-friendly waste management system; f. Complete 4 high speed corridors of (2000 kms) and plan development of 8 others. Four goals for Indian Railways to transform over next five years: 1. To deliver a sustained and measurable improvement in customer experience. 2. To make Rail a safer means of travel. 3. To expand Bhartiya Rail’s capacity substantially and modernise infrastructure: increase daily passenger carrying capacity from 21-30 million: increase track length by 20% from 1,14,000 km to 1,38,000 km: grow our annual freight carrying capacity from 1 billion to 1.5 billion tonnes. 4. Finally, to make Bhartiya Rail financially self-sustainable. Generate large surpluses from operations not only to service the debt needed to fund our capacity expansion, but also to invest on an ongoing basis to replace our depreciating assets. Railways’ budgeted annual plan for 2017-18 is Rs. 1.31 lakh Cr. Oil & Gas: The oil and gas sector is among the six core industries in India and plays a major role in influencing decision making for all the other important sections of the economy. In 1997–98, the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) was

envisaged to fill the ever-increasing gap between India’s gas demand and supply. The Indian oil and gas industry is anticipated to be worth US$ 139.8 billion by 2015. India’s economic growth is closely related to energy demand; therefore the need for oil and gas is projected to grow more, thereby making the sector quite conducive for investment. Backed by new oil fields, domestic oil output is anticipated to grow to 1 MBPD by FY16. With India developing gas fired power stations, consumption is up more than 160 per cent since 1995. Gas consumption is likely to expand at a CAGR of 21 % during FY08–17. Presently, domestic production accounts for more than three-quarters of the country’s total gas consumption. India is the 5th largest LNG importer after Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom and Spain and accounts for 5.5 % of the total global trade. The LNG imports had increased by 24 % year-on-year in January 2016 to 1.98 BCM. Domestic LNG demand is expected to grow at a CAGR of 16.89 per cent to 306.54 MMSCMD by 2021 from 64 MMSCMD in 2015. Refining: India is emerging as a refinery hub as the last decade showed a tremendous growth in the refining sector. India has 17 public sector refineries and five refineries in the private sector/or as a joint venture, the largest refineries being RIL Jamnagar (Gujarat), RPL Jamnagar (Gujarat), MRPL Mangalore (Karnataka), CPCL Manali (Chennai, Tamil Nadu) and IOC Koyali (Gujarat). Domestic oil output is anticipated to grow to 1 MBPD by FY16. With India developing gas-fired power stations, consumption is up more than 160 per cent since 1995. Gas consumption is likely to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 21 per cent during FY08–17. Presently, domestic production accounts for more than three-quarters of the country’s total gas Consumption. In the 12th FYP period 50 million tonne will be added to the total refining capacity of India through capacity expansion projects of existing units. While new refinery units, which are expected to come up in the near future, will add up to 90.5 million tonne to India’s total refining capacity.

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Risks and Concerns for CoS

Liquidity Risk: Liquidity risk is the risk that a given security or asset cannot be traded quickly enough in the market to prevent a loss. All businesses need to manage liquidity risk to ensure that they remain solvent. The company manages the liquidity risk through prudent resource planning to ensure the availability of adequate funds at all times to meet its obligations on its liabilities as well as disbursement on due dates. Finance Cost Risk: Finance Cost risk arises due to payment of high rate of interest on term loans and other funds & non fund based facilities being availed by the company from banks and other financial institutions. The company tries to minimize this risk by keeping a check on the interest rates charged by various banks and by swapping its long term/short term loans with banks charging lesser interest rates. Raw Material Availability and Price Fluctuations: Scarce availability and price-volatility in Company’s Basic Raw Materials - Copper, Aluminium, Steel, and PVC etc. can severely impact the profits of the Company. To mitigate these risks, the Company inculcates MOUs with its suppliers, price escalation clauses for large orders and hedges these raw-materials on the commodity exchange. Foreign Exchange Risk: Foreign exchange risk is a financial risk posed by an exposure to unanticipated changes in the exchange rate between two currencies. Company imports a part of its raw materials and is also engaged in export of its products. To mitigate this risk, the company resorts to forward booking where deemed appropriate. Human Resource Risk: In the absence of quality human resources, the company may not be able to execute its growth plans. To mitigate this risk, the company places due importance to its human capital assets and invests in building and nurturing a strong talented pool to gain strategic edge and achieve operational excellence in all its goals.

Edging aluminium for the power system modernizing

India’s power demand is burgeoning and so also, is the need to reinforce the country’s transmission and distribution apparatus. As the federal government works tirelessly towards realising its dream of ‘Power for All’ by 2019, the challenges down the road, especially the ones concerning efficiency, need to be carefully taken into consideration. By the end of Feb’17, the total installed capacity of power stations in India was a staggering 315,426.32 MW. Over the next 4-5 years, the Indian power sector will have an investment potential of $225 billion, thus throwing up immense opportunities in power generation, distribution, transmission and equipment. The government’s immediate goal is to generate two trillion units of energy by 2019 – this suggests doubling the current production capacity to provide ||www.electricalmirror.net||

24×7 electricity for residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural use. The govt also plans formation of a national grid for power transmission along with the strengthening of regional and state grids. This is expected to cut transmission losses and enabling electricity for all homes. The bets on efficiency are huge. And, to attain a high level of efficiency in the power sector, the country needs to concentrate on quality, size and sound construction practices. The transition can be led by three A’s: all aluminium alloy conductors, aluminium conductor steel reinforced, & aluminium alloy conductors for special applications. To achieve this goal, power lines need to be designed to meet the growing requirements for at least 40 years. The use of efficient conductors, fittings, and transformers with aluminium as the core material, is of paramount importance this calls for investments in developing special alloys that promise efficiency and savings. Aluminium conductors need to be manufactured out of high quality grade aluminium to ensure excellent power conduction. This facet is contextually important since all power efficient countries use aluminium of minimum 99.7 % purity and alloy it with necessary alloying elements to produce conductor grade aluminium. India suffers from steep AT&C losses that are a major drag on its power system efficiency. AT&C losses in the country still reign at the level of 35 %, compared to international norms of 5-9 %. Each one per cent loss translates into a financial burden of Rs 4000 crore for the country’s electricity distribution companies. Furthermore, it is shocking to note that the aggregate power loss in the country is almost three times the amount of power deficit. In almost half of India’s states, the AT&C losses have been going consistently over 30 % over the past several years. Technical losses are made up by the overloading of existing lines and sub-stations, high amounts of current flows in the system, poor repair and maintenance of equipment, and non-installation of sufficient capacitors or reactive power equipment. Then, there are commercial losses like low metering, billing & collection efficiency, pilferage of electricity & tampering of meters, low accountability of employees and absence of energy & auditing. A remedy to cut these losses lies in the applications of ACSR conductors which can be operated at temperatures of up to 100 degree Celsius without any significant change in the conductor’s physical properties. The increased thermal expansion of the conductor causes power lines to reduce the clearance between the ground and the energized conductors. In view of the stringent environmental restrictions and high cost involved in constructing new lines, methods need to be explored to increase their capacity in the existing towers. India should look at expanding the use of aluminium in electricity distribution as the metal’s low densities coupled with its excellent electrical conductivity make it a crucial material in

this segment. Be it high tension wires or conductors, aluminium holds the hope of kicking out copper in such applications due to its lightweight character.

Next Gen aluminium alloy conductors

What the Indian power sector desperately needs is indigenously developed newer aluminium alloy conductors that can transfer a larger quantum of power and withstand higher operating temperatures. Here, the research strategy can be centred on exploring and developing high temperature alloy conductors with 200 degree Celsius as the normal operating temperature. India is still looking to other countries to source such high strength aluminium alloys achieved by solution treatment and ageing heat treatment. The success of production of high strength aluminium alloys is possible only when suitable technology is

understood and introduced. As product development is a dynamic initiative that today’s manufacturers must seek to leverage with its worldwide network, informed decisions favour the use of better alloys with improved properties. Whilst scientists and engineers in the developed countries are investing their resources in developing the next generation aluminium alloys, not much emphasis is being given to this in India. It is clear that the focus should be on developing indigenous R&D capabilities for producing special grade alloys with a potential to change the power infrastructure landscape of the country. Some work in this direction has been started by the Jawaharlal Nehru Aluminium Research Development and Design Centre, Nagpur in the western state of Maharashtra. The centre is involved in the development of a super thermal aluminium conductor for the Indian power sector. This emerging area can be monetised as it offers an array of market applications- long distance power lines, aerials, satellite dishes & standard base for bulbs, thermal resistant aluminium with fibre reinforced metal/matrix composites as core, thermal grade aluminium with improved electrical conductivity and alumina fibre reinforced aluminium metal matrix composite and carbon fibre reinforced polymer resin composite wires.

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uest Article

The small, battery-powered CPOL polarity checker can be used to carry out measurements anywhere in the installation – both in the current and voltage circuits – without requiring a connection to a source.

Klaus Jotz studied electrical engineering at the GeorgSimon-Ohm TH in Nuremberg, specializing in electrical energy technology, after which he completed additional training as an energy manager. He has worked in the field of technical marketing for many years as well as working as a specialized journalist and specialist instructor. He has been working at Omicron since 2014 as a marketing communications engineer.

Ulrich Klapper, born 1967 in Hard, Austria. He studied electrical engineering at the distance learning University of Hagen, where he obtained his undergraduate engineering degree (Dipl.-Ing.) in 1997. He has had various jobs at OMICRON electronics since 1998 and is currently product manager for protection and measuring system testing solutions. ulrich.klapper@omicronenergy.com

Klaus.jotz@omicronenergy.com

Reliable Testing of Transformer Wiring – a Poor Relation?

very protection system must work safely, quickly, and in a targeted manner. All operators will undoubtedly agree that the aim of this requirement is to deliver a supply of energy that is as stable as it can be and, most importantly, to ensure the safety of electrical energy facilities. In the field of relay testing, various suppliers offering well-proven devices together with a generally accepted set of methods regarding how testing is to be carried out have been around for many years. However, even the most thoroughly tested protection relay will not be doing its job if it is unable to detect an event caused by a one-off wiring error. Wiring testing is, therefore, vital – especially when commissioning a new or modified installation – and should be a process carried out according to a standard that is likewise broadly accepted. The many interviews carried out with operators of electrical energy facilities have shown that there does not appear to be an established standard for wiring testing. Practically, all the companies surveyed rely on an in-house process for wiring testing that has been developed over the years from their respective experiences. The basic idea behind this approach addresses the question of what errors should be 62

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found (or, ideally, not found) when testing wiring. In this article, the author proposes a reliable method for wiring testing that has been developed on the basis of this question and the findings from the interviews. It can be carried out with minimal outlay while providing as high a level of safety as possible. To keep the length of this article within bounds, the various steps are listed, but not all of them are examined in detail. If we look at the configuration those crops up most frequently in the field, that is, a three-phase system with three current and three voltage transformers, the following errors might occur. They should, therefore, be looked for every time a test is carried out: 1. Incorrect polarity in the current transformer. 2. Current transformer installed in wrong direction. 3. Current transformer circuit not grounded. 4. Additional unintentional ground connections. 5. Malfunction of a relay test plug or relay test connector. 6. Break in the secondary wiring of current or voltage transformers. 7. Polarity error in the secondary wiring.

8. Phase reversal in the secondary wiring. 9. Installation direction of current transformer incorrectly set in relay. This last item is, of course, not a wiring error in the strict sense of the term, but in traditional protection testing it is this aspect in particular that is not especially easy to test.Thisis why it is good practice to eliminate this possible error while carrying out the wiring test.

Suitable Equipment for Reliable Testing

In principle, any test set that can output a current and a voltage is suitable for the overwhelming majority of wiring tests. It should also have at least two inputs for measuring current and/or voltage. However, a closer look at many of the test sets already available on the market reveals that they have major disadvantages when used for such tests as some errors, for example, auto-reclosing of the testing switch, are impossible to detect at all. Polarity checking with traditional sources and measuring inputs is of course possible, but a cable always has to be run from the measuring point in the installation to the source, something that is very expensive. If this is not done, multiple errors will sometimes not be detected. OMICRON has, therefore, now launched the COMPANO 100 (Figure 1), a new device that, among other ||www.electricalmirror.net||

new

COMPANO 100 Our new COMPANO 100 is a unique, battery operated testing tool for all types of basic testing tasks in electrical energy systems. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lighter and easier to use than all of the comparable test sets on the market today. Numerous applications such as quick wiring, polarity and CT/VT ratio checks, as well as single-phase protection relay testing, are possible with this cost-effective device.

battery

operated

www.omicronenergy.com/newCOMPANO100

uest Article

things, is optimized to test the wiring of transformer circuits. The following list itemizes some of the major benefits that make the COMPANO 100 ideal for wiring testing: • At 10 kg, it is significantly lighter than comparable devices. • Battery-powered, hence highly portable. • Special DC-free polarity check signal. • Special circuit for detecting breaks in current transformer circuits, for example, when checking test plugs or test switches. • Regulated outputs for direct adjustment of set points. • Emergency Stop switch for highest levels of safety. The sources and inputs also enable the device to be employed for numerous other tests, such as simple relay tests, micro-resistance measurements and the ground resistance measurements of small grounding systems.

Proposal for a Reliable Testing Method

Once the transformers have been energized and grounded according to the five safety rules, a primary injection is used to verify firstly the grounding of the secondary circuits, followed by the transformation ratios (if required) and the polarities of the transformers. The details will not be set out here, but this step will detect the errors numbered 1, 3, and 4 in the above list. The remaining tests can be carried out more easily using a secondary injection. The test set can remain right next to the transformers for all these tests.

Polarity checking of the secondary wiring is performed using the CPOL method familiar from other OMICRON devices (Figure 2). This involves injecting a saw-tooth signal into the current and voltage transformer circuits (shown in red and blue respectively in Figure 2). This signal has no DC component, so magnetization of the transformer is never a problem. The small, battery-powered CPOL polarity checker can then be used to carry out measurements anywhere in the installation – both in the current and voltage circuits – without requiring a connection to a source (Figure 3). It shows if the measurement is being carried out in the right circuit and whether the polarity of the circuit is correct. This approach will detect errors 6, 7, and 8 in the list.

Test Switch Malfunctions Pose Danger to Personnel

Another interesting feature of the COMPANO 100 is its ability to detect breaks in the current circuit. It is well known that relay test switches must short when the current transformer circuit is activated before they disconnect the relay from the circuit. This is an area where not all test switches have proved reliable, a situation that can pose a danger to personnel. Checking this function by means of a primary injection is, however, not advisable (in fact it can be extremely dangerous), as doing so would, if the test switch were to malfunction during the test, generate precisely these excessively high voltages. By detecting breaks in the secondary circuit, the COMPANO 100 performs this test in a straightforward manner without exposing the tester to any danger. If the test switch is some distance away from the source, the device can be configured to disconnect

The CPOL method familiar from other OMICRON devices is used to inject a DC-free saw-tooth signal into the circuit of the current or voltage transformer. The CPOL test set then checks the respective circuit for the presence of correct polarity.

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The COMPANO 100 (winner of the iF Design Award 2017 in the category "Products", category "Industry & Skilled Trades") is a universal test set featuring dedicated functionality for the testing of transformer circuits.

the output automatically if a break is detected in the circuit. The tester can then operate the relevant test switch a couple of times in succession without having to be anywhere near the test set, and in doing so establish whether a break has occurred without having to check the display on his device. The duration of the break will be also shown on the display. Item 5 in the list of errors shown above can now be reliably detected. The remaining sources can now be checked for possible polarity errors by simultaneous injection in the current and voltage transformers and reading off the sign of the active power indicator on the relay display. This method can reveal the remaining possible polarity errors (numbers 2 and 9), especially in the case of primary injection in the current transformer.

Other COMPANO 100 Features

The sources and inputs present in the COMPANO 100 enable the device to be employed for a range of other tests, such as simple relay tests, microresistance measurements and the ground resistance measurements of small grounding systems, such as transformer distribution stations. In developing the COMPANO 100, OMICRON has looked very closely at the whole subject of wiring testing. We have noticed that companies have adopted a variety of interesting methods over the years, which is why we are currently inviting interested parties to discuss the pros and cons of these methods directly with our product developers. Simply visit www.facebook. com/compano100 to find out more. With the COMPANO 100, OMICRON has developed a test set that is optimized to test the wiring from the transformers to the relays, meters, or control room. All the most important errors that might occur in such applications can be detected using this device. Its light weight and battery-powered operation simplify the testing process. New methods, such as the detection of auto-reclosing in the current circuit, are genuine innovations that also offer increased safety for testing and operating personnel. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ost Event

We need to look into a way forward to open access and have a plausible distribution licensing system with multiple licensing system to usher competition”: H E Shri VP Singh Badnore Hon’ble Governor of Punjab

IEEMA organized the 7th edition of Metering India seminar on 6th and 7th April 2017 at Hotel Le Meridian, New Delhi. The Chief Guest of the Conference were H E Hon’ble Governor of Punjab, Shri V P Singh Badnore. Other dignitaries present on the occasion were Shri R K Verma, Chairperson CEA, Ms. Ritu Maheshwari, CEO-RECTPCL, Mr. Richard Schomberg, Chairperson –System Committee, Smart Energy, IEC. The total numbers of participants during the seminar were 510 out of which 157 delegates were from 49 utilities across India. The two day event focused on diverse perspectives and experiences in order to add tremendous value to the participating delegates through this collective knowledge sharing process, that included all aspects of metering domain like smart meters, communication technologies, energy conservation, IT infrastructure, smart meter pilot roll-out so far etc. The development of smart meters is a key component of grid modernization. Smart meters are used for monitoring the energy usages of consumers by recording time-differentiated energy consumption. Smart meters not only help consumers in managing their power demand but also assist distributing companies in detecting and locating outages and ensuring fast restoration of systems, monitoring the quality of electricity supply, and identifying meter tampering among other things. Owing to these functionalities, smart meters also form a vital component of advanced metering infrastructure. METERING INDIA has catered to diversified themes in the

“A sustainable business models should be developed based on holistic benefits of Smart Grid implementation”: Shri RK Verma, Chairperson, CEA

IEEMA organises ‘METERING INDIA 2017... Towards Smart and Sustainable Utilities’ past like “Revenue Management” to “IT in Metering for Efficient Power Distribution”, “Smart Indian Dimension”, etc. Today, ‘smart’ features are impacting our lives like never before. The awareness related to resource conservation in every form has taken over our lives like never before. At this juncture, it is imperative for us to take a stock of smartness for sustainability. ‘Metering India 2017... Towards Smart and Sustainable Utilities’ target to explore the use of ICT to make Indian power utilities more sustainable. This seminar welcomed global thought processes on making Indian utilities sustainable through deployment of smart technology. The Seminar had a session named “Expert Speak” where Shri Arvind Gupta, Head and co-founder Digital India Foundation , Cdr Manish Tiwari , Chief Information Security officer , Microsoft and Shri Rritu Saurabha , Executive Vice President ,Project finance Yes Bank expressed their views. A special Session on Policy “Policy 360 degree for Distribution eco-system” was chaired by Shri Ghanshyam Prasad, Chief Engineer, CEA. The other participant of the Session were Shri Vishal Kapoor , Director Distribution, MoP, Shri A. K Mishra -Director –NSGM, Shri Rajesh Bansal, BSES and Shri Babu Babel, Past President , IEEMA The panel discussion saw participation of Dr. A.K Verma – Jt. Secretary Distribution Ministry of Power, GoI , Shri Vikram Kapur, IAS , Principal Secretary, Energy ,Government of Tamilnadu , Shri A.K Bohra , MD-JVVNL , Shri Gopal Saxena , Director, BSES, Mr. Richard Schomberg, Chairperson -SyC Smart Energy, IEC.

Apart from above Metering India 2017, had five Sessions in which 21 papers on various topics was presented. Session I Making Utilities Sustainable Session II Innovative Ideas Session III Case Studies - AMI rollout Session V Journey of Smart Metering Session VI: Utility Perspective on Smart Grid Implementation Speaking on the occasion, H E Shri VP Singh Badnore Hon’ble Governor of Punjab said, “The real challenge is the distribution sector. Financial weak discoms are the weakest link and unfortunately the sector is ailing and is not in a good shape. Thus it is required to review the Electricity Act 2003 with special focus on distribution. We need to strengthen and give more autonomy to SERC and CERC and look into a way forward to open access and have a plausible distribution licensing system with multiple licensing system to ushering competition.” Mr. Jitendra Agarwal, Chairman – Meter Division, IEEMA added, “Metering India 2017… Towards Smart and Sustainable Utilities aims at showcasing the global thought processes of the best minds in our ecosystem from policy, industry, utilities, regulatory, testing laboratories etc in order to cater to the blazing issues faced by various stakeholders. The conference is not only contributing towards making Utilities smart and sustainable but also enabling them to deploy resilient energy infrastructure in the nation”

L to R: Ms. Manjushri Shah, Convener Merteing India 2017; Mr. J K Agarwal, Chairman ,IEEMA Meter Division; Ms. Ritu Maheshwari, CEO-RECTPCL; Mr. R K Verma, Chairperson CEA; H.E. V P Singh, Governor of Punjab; Mr. Richard Schomberg, Chairperson – System Committee, Smart Energy, IEC; Mr. Harish Agarwal, Vice President IEEMA; Mr. Sunil Misra, Director General IEEMA 66

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The Torkel 900 is Megger’s Latest Battery Discharge Tester, Which Gives the Most Comprehensive Results When Testing Battery Capacity. I Would Urge Elecrama to Come With Solutions In Order to Enable US to Make the Msme Sector Prosper: Piyush Goyal IEEMA officially launches ELECRAMA 2018, the biggest showcase of the world of electricity The event was graced by Shri. Suresh Prabhu, Hon’ble Union Minister for Railways and Shri. Piyush Goyal, Hon’ble Minister of State (I/C) for Power, Coal, New and Renewable Energy, senior officials from the Government of India, Utilities, Diplomats, Senior Industry representatives, and various other dignitaries from the stakeholder universe. The 13th edition of ELECRAMA, will be held at India Expo Mart, Greater Noida from 10th -14th March, 2018. ELECRAMA,is the flagship showcase of the Indian Electrical Industry ecosystem and the largest congregation of power sector ecosystem in the geography bringing together the complete spectrum of solutions that powers the planet. Mr. Piyush Goyal, Hon’ble Minister of State (IC) for Power, Coal, New and Renewable Energy and Mines said, “In the last few years the MSME sector had the challenges of technological up gradation, adequate capitalization, ability to expand and serve on a larger scale which is now becoming the order of the day. I would urge ELECRAMA to come with solutions in order to enable us to make the MSME sector prosper because this sector is largest exporter of the country and it creates large job opportunities and according to me the new India of possibilities can only be driven through the MSME sector.”

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Mr. Suresh Prabhu, Hon’ble Union Minister for Railwayssaid, “In a bid to adopt green technology, the Indian Railways is giving a big push to renewable energy to attain cost efficiency. Railways will save significant energy by investing in renewable in the next 10 years. ELECRAMA is a portal to the future because it is all about adapting to change and technology.” IEEMA President, Mr. Sanjeev Sardanasaid during the launch, “The power sector in India is at an inflexion point. The old practice and technology are rapidly giving way to the new. The thrust on renewable sources, power storage and smart technologies have changed the paradigm. Keeping in perspective of this transformation, ELECRAMA 2018 will now evolve from the traditional power transmission and distribution encompasses the complete electricity ecosystem”. Mr. Vijay Karia, CHAIRMAN, ELECRAMA 2018 said, “We are happy to announce the 13th edition of ELECRAMA, the flagship show of the Indian Electrical Industry. ELECRAMA has always been focusing on relevance, adapting to change & technology to provide relevant exposure to the products as well as strengthening the knowledge quotient. ELECRAMA-

2018 is all about complete digital experience.This platform will offer a gamut of new segments and verticals and for the first time ever, this platform will have W4C- contractors, consultants & channel meet, GEMS - Global Equipment Manufacturers Summit and a startup showcase E-TECHNEXT in partnership with TIE and NASSCOM. A complete domain of electricity along with vibrant experience will showcase a special, Railway Pavilion and a Power Pavilion which will include nuclear and defense. At ELECRAMA 2018 you will see participation from new segments and genres like Power Electronics, Electro-mobility and Power Storage which have never been experienced before.” Mr. Sunil Mishra, Director General, IEEMA said, “The Indian power sector is undergoing important changes by redefining the industry outlook. IEEMA is happy to launch ELECRAMA 2018 that will cover the entire spectrum of electricity under the purview of the event, namely generation , transmission, distribution and automation.All of this is supported by high quality conference with tracks on digital Transformation of Power Delivery, Energy Storage Systems & Solutions, Industrial Internet &IoT Solutions for Industry & Buildings and showcase for Electricals & Electronics for Electric Mobility.”

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Advance Condition Based Monitoring for the Assets

uest Article

Transformers and reactors are one of the most important as well as very expensive units in the electrical power supply system. Transformers are most reliable product however expected outage results in substantial revenue loss due to the outage of the power station. Global transformer failure rate in normal service conditions is 1~2% per year. However, financial losses can be extremely high the average cost in case of transformer failure is

about 6 Lakhs per MVA. Following are some statistics showcasing the loss due to such unexpected failures.

There is a huge interest for monitoring and diagnosis systems to evaluate the condition of the transformer. Different

A comprehensive on-line monitoring system for all types of power transformers and shunt reactors. It should provide monitoring and diagnostic for all vital transformer parts by integrating the available sensors and supports various IED communication protocols. The system needs to be modular and expandable to new or existing transformers from any manufacturer. Its wide range of monitoring functions includes bushings, active part, partial discharges, on-load

tap changer and cooling system supported with tools for easy data analysis. Key Monitoring Parameters required for comprehensive monitoring of Transformer Transient Over voltage on-line Monitoring Monitoring of Bushing for Overvoltage, Change of capacitance, Tan delta/P.F. Monitoring for the Active part like Power, Losses,

Temperature of Oil and Hot-spot. Gas and Moisture in oil. Paper insulation ageing and lifetime. Partial discharges measurement by Electrical and UHF Monitoring of On-Load Tap Changer System, Monitoring of Cooling system and intelligent control Auxiliary equipment statuses and alarms.

Condition monitoring solutions sets the standards in predictive maintenance Condition monitoring plays important role in power generation process. It extends the lifetime of key applications as well as preserves investment value and contributes to optimized asset management. With over 50 years of experience in power generation and transmission, KONČAR – Electrical Engineering

Institute from Croatia a global leader in condition monitoring solutions of transformers and rotating machines with over 350 systems delivered across the world has forged an alliance with The Motwane Manufacturing CO Ltd, for Promoting the Online Condition Monitoring Solution in India. Key Value propositions of the solution are as bellows Revenue saving by preventing unplanned failures and Shut downs.

Detection of incipient faults, assistance in preventing failures and unplanned outages. Data recording for root cause analysis in case of failure. Optimization of transformer performance and asset management (overloading, lifetime Expectancy estimations) Electrical asset becomes ready for connection to the ‘Smart Grid’

Next Issue : June 2017

Cover Story : Gensets, UPS & Batteries

www.electricalmirror.net Contact For Advt. 011-65104350, 9899072636, 09702818098

focus: Power factor correction

Roouct Info

“ SKS Sensors® Temperature Sensors Go ‘Hand in Hand’ With Pr Temperature Transmitters to Hazardous Locations all Over the World ”

TPN Multivane Vacuum Pump

SKS values PR products’ ability to complete temperature measuring solutions with quality and reliability... SKS Group is an ATEX and IECEX certified temperature sensor manufacturer located in Finland. The company develops, manufactures and sells thermocouples and Pt100 resistance thermometers (RTDs) of the trade mark SKS Sensors®, imports and sells cables, connectors and other process and factory automation components. SKS also processes wire harnesses, offers electrical assembly service and performs temperature calibration tasks according to customer needs. SKS Sensors® temperature sensors are represented by a rapidly expanding chain of distributors all over the world.

with quality and reliability.

Matching portfolio and values

“The biggest advantage is that we can create complete packages of temperature measuring circuits. The widely approved PR products with our certified SKS Sensors® are a matching technical solution, even for hazardous environments. On our certificates there are PR product types specified to guarantee the quality, safety and reliability of the whole package. Many decades long co-working period has taught us to easily choose “the red boxes” - the right solutions for our customers. Besides - both PR devices and SKS Sensors® are guaranteed by a five year product warranty - another matching feature, which is appreciated by our customers”.

Toshniwal Multivane vacuum pumps featuring solutions, the result of constant innovation through research and development. Rotary Multivane vacuum pumps are easy to install (no foundations needed), they are turnkey units for full automatic operation, and represent the simplest and most economic system for vacuum plants. The vacuum pump, complying with international and reliable standards, thanks to their safety, environmental protection, low noise level, compactness, high performances, reliability, efficiency and low Life Cycle Cost. The specific design of the Rotary Multivane principles grants excellent performance and leads to the best results in the category of air cooled single-stage rotary vanes vacuum pumps. For Details contact:

SKS and PR electronics have been working together since 1982. SKS values PR products’ ability to complete their temperature measuring solutions

Toshniwal Instruments (Madras) Pvt. Ltd. 267 Kilpauk Garden Road, Chennai - 600 010. India Tel:+91(0)44 26448983 / 8558 Email:sales@toshniwal.net, Web :www.toshniwal.net

Sensor calibration...

Products used - examples: • 4114 - universal transmitter • 4501 - display/programming front 4114- Universal transmitter • Input for RTD, TC, Ohm, potentiometer, mA and V • 2-wire supply &gt; 16 V • FM-approved for installation in Div. 2 • Output for current and voltage • Universal AC or DC supply

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• 5104B - Ex repeater / power supply • 5333A - 2-wire programmable transmitter 4501 -Display / programming front

• 5337D - 2-wire Ex-transmitter with HART®protocol

5104B -Ex repeater / power supply

• Modification of operational parameters in system 4000 and 9000 devices

• 1- or 2-channel version

• Fixed display for visualisation of process data and status

• Loop supply &gt; 17.1 V in hazardous area

• Password protection

• 20 programmable measurement ranges

• Scrolling help text in 7 languages • Clicks on to the front of the device mounted in the process

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• 3- / 5-port 3.75 kVAC galvanic isolation

• Universal supply by AC or DC

5333A - 2-wire programmable transmitter • RTD or Ohm input • High measurement accuracy • 3-wire connection • Programmable sensor error value • For DIN form B sensor head mounting

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Roouct Info

With the increased sophistication of electrical and electronic equipment, and new micro generation systems being added to the grid, there is now more than ever attention being paid to the quality of supply. Power quality surveys on electrical noise, lamp flicker, load balancing, power factor correction and motor in-rush studies can all be carried out with Megger power quality analyzers. The versatile MPQ1000 offers oscilloscope and DVM modes. In both modes it can monitor and record power, energy, RMS voltage and current, harmonics, inter-harmonics, harmonic direction, THD, TDD, flicker, unbalance, rapid voltage change (RVC), mains signalling and phase angle deviation as well as sags, swells and transients down to one microsecond. It also performs waveform analysis up to the 128th harmonic in real time. Data gathered during testing can be recorded by simply pushing a button. The instrument automatically

Power Quality Analyser Gives Class a Versatility

detects current clamps, recognizes the range, identifies the nominal voltage and sets the triggers, after which it verifies that the unit is properly connected before allowing

a test to commence. On-board data analysis is provided, and a removable SD card can be used to expand the instrument’s memory capacity easily and inexpensively. All data recorded can be viewed on the integral VGA colour display and can also be transferred to Megger’s power quality analysis software for more advanced analysis, reporting and archiving. The PC-based software supplied at no extra cost with the analyser automatically creates custom configurations based on user requirements and facilitates tailored automatic data analysis. It also allows users to create their own analysis templates that can be loaded into the analyser. To complement its versatile handheld MPQ1000 power quality analyser, Megger offers flexible current clamps that have four selectable ranges from 0 to 6000 A

Megger Releases the Fourth Generation of Battery Discharge Tester The TORKEL 900 is Megger’s latest battery discharge tester, which gives the most comprehensive results when testing battery capacity. The TORKEL concept was released in the 80’s as the first portable battery discharge tester that had automated resistance regulation to be able to keep constant current. The TORKEL 900 series is the 4th generation product and with that a new way to regulate the discharge current is introduced, with the benefit of a world leading dynamic power/voltage range. Furthermore, the new design has enhanced safety features including spark free connection and emergency safety fuse. Stationary back-up batteries are present in substations but also many other areas. TORKEL™ 900 series is used to perform load tests or discharge tests which is the only way to determine a battery systems actual capacity. Tests can be conducted at constant current, constant power, constant resistance or in accordance

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with a pre-selected load profile.Together with the cell voltage logger, BVM, now connected directly to the TORKEL 900, it becomes a complete stand-alone discharge test system. The TORKEL is connected to the battery, the discharge current and the alarm levels (voltage, capacity, time) are set. After starting the discharge TORKEL keeps the current constant at the preset level. When the voltage drops to a level slightly above the final voltage, TORKEL issues an alarm. If the voltage drops so low that there is a risk for deep discharging the battery, TORKEL shuts down the test. All values are stored in TORKEL and can easily be transferred via an USB-stick to a PC for evaluation. Testing can be carried out without disconnecting the battery from the equipment it serves. Via a DC clamp-on ammeter, TORKEL measures total battery current while regulating it at a constant level. Furthermore, the high discharge capacity of TORKEL gives the opportunity to

shorten the test time. Discharging can take place at up to 220 A, and if higher current is needed, two or more TORKEL units or extra load units, TXL, can be linked together. For more information please contact Megger en.megger.com

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Roouct Info

NEW Testo 750 - Voltage Tester - the Voltage Tester With the Best Display on the Market

NEW Testo 745 - Non-Contact Voltage Tester - the Most Reliable Non-Contact Voltage Tester

The three models in the testo 750 voltage tester family are the first instruments with an all-round LED display. The display can be seen from any position and guarantees an ideal voltage indication thanks to its unique fibre optics. All three models meet the latest voltage tester standard EN 61243-3:2010 and have a safety specification according to CAT IV. They have the most important functions for voltage testing, continuity testing and rotating magnetic field measurement. The testo 750-2 is also suitable for single pole voltage testing and has a torch along with an RC trigger function. Vibrating load buttons ensure that the trigger test cannot be carried out accidentally. In addition, the testo 750-3 is fitted with an LC display to show the current reading.

The testo 745 non-contact voltage tester with a voltage range of up to 1,000 V AC is particularly well-suited to fast initial checking of any suspected fault sources. When the presence of alternating current is determined, the testo 745 gives a warning via a clear visual and acoustic signal. In order to increase reliability, the voltage tester has a filter for high-frequency interference signals and is also waterproof and dustproof according to IP 67. Filter for high-frequency interference signals • Adjustable sensitivity • Visual and acoustic signal • Waterproof and dustproof according to IP 67 • Measuring point illumination

NEW Testo 755 – Current/Voltage Tester the First Voltage Tester That also Measures Current Both instruments in the testo 755 current/voltage tester family are the first of their kind: voltage testers which meet the latest standard and which can also measure current. This means they are suitable for virtually all daily electrical measuring tasks. Each time they are used they automatically select the right settings and therefore prevent dangerous incorrect settings. Both instruments have all the important functions for determining voltage/ de-energization, for measuring current and resistance, as well as for continuity tests. In addition, the integrated torch enables dark spots to be illuminated. The measuring tips can be changed easily, so that the whole instrument does not need to be replaced in the event of damage. The testo 755-2 model is differentiated by the larger current range of up to 1,000 V and special functions, such as the single pole phase testing and rotating magnetic field measurement. • Automatic measurement parameter detection

• Clear, patented all-round LED display • Fibre-optic technology for optimum voltage indication • Anti-slip ring for secure grip • Ergonomic handle shape • Measuring point illumination

NEW Testo 760 - Digital Multimeter - the First Multimeter With Automatic Measurement Parameter Recognition

NEW Testo 770 – Clamp Meter - the First Clamp Meter With Revolutionary Clamp Mechanism

The testo 760 digital multimeter family comprises three models for all important electrical measuring tasks. Function keys replace the traditional dial on all three instruments, which means easier operation and greater reliability. Incorrect settings are now impossible, because the measurement parameters are detected automatically via the assignment of the measuring sockets and also shown by the illumination of the appropriate function keys. The testo 760-1 model is the standard version for virtually all daily measuring tasks. The testo 760-2 is differentiated by a larger current measurement range, the true root mean square measurement - TRMS - and a low-pass filter. The testo 760-3 is the model with the highest specification and, in addition to the features of the other two models; it has a voltage range of up to 1,000 V, along with higher measuring ranges for frequency and capacitance.

The three instruments in the testo 770 clamp meter family are ideally suited for current measurement in switching cabinets. One of the two pincer arms can be fully retracted into the instrument. This unique grab mechanism means that cables in tight switching cabinets can be easily grabbed. The automatic measurement parameter detection also ensures reliable work: in the current and voltage area, all three instruments detect direct and alternating current and select other parameters such as resistance, continuity, diode and capacitance automatically. The testo 770-1 model is the standard version for daily measuring tasks, including starting current measurement.

• Easy, modern operation with function keys instead of a dial

• Certified according to voltage tester standard

• Measurement parameter detection and selection via the socket assignment

• DIN EN 61243-3:2010

• Prevents incorrect settings

• Measurement result without any switching on or selection

• True root mean square measurement - TRMS • Large, backlit display

• Measuring point illumination • Exchangeable measuring tips

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For more info: www.testo.in|info@testoindia.com

In addition, the testo 770-2 contains both a μA area as well as a temperature measurement by means of an optional thermocouple adapter type K. The testo 770-3 also calculates all output ratings, has a Bluetooth interface and the possibility of connecting to the testo Smart Probes App to show the measuring profile as a graph or to document it directly in a report. • Unique grab mechanism makes it easier to work at tight measuring points • Auto AC/DC for current and voltage • Large two-line display • True root mean square measurement - TRMS • With additional functions, such as starting current, power and μA measurement • Bluetooth and testo Smart Probes App ||www.electricalmirror.net||

MECO “POWER & HARMONICS ANALYZER – Model PHA-5850 A/B/C/D ” MECO “POWER & HARMONICS ANALYZER – Model PHA-5850 A/B/C/D ” Under BEE’s PAT Scheme (Perform, Achieves & Trade) for Eight Industrial Sectors mandated to compulsorily improve their Energy Efficiency by adopting all the available measures including replacement of their old Equipments with New and Energy Efficient Equipments MECO “POWER & HARMONICS ANALYZER – Model5850” is a state of art versatile instrument using micro controller technology, Ideal to carry out Vigilance checks, Surveys, Audits and Periodic Visits for checking at Industrial and Consumers end. The measurements can be done on Live loads. Useful to Analysis for 1 & 3 Phase Quality Power System. Large Dot Matrix LCD Display with Backlight

of 35 Parameters in screen to monitor Energy, Active Power, Apparent Power & Reactive Power, Power Factor, Energy, TRU RMS Value, AC Current, and Average & Maximum Demand with Programmable Time Interval & CTR & PTR. Displays Individual Harmonics of Voltage & Current upto the 99th Order, THD with Waveform & Peak value. It Has inbuilt memory of 512K for 17000 records & Optical Isolated RS-232 ~ USB Interface with users friendly Software with facility to retrieve Power Data & Harmonics on Meter Screen at site. Analyser available with Clamp on CT having Multiple Range of 1/10/100A or 10/100/1000A or 300/3000A & 120/1200A (Flexible CTs) as per application. For Details Please Visit : Website : www.mecoinst.com

“KUSAM-MECO” SINGLE PHASE TRMS POWER CLAMP METER MODEL – KM 2740 Kusam Electrical Industries having 6 Models of Power Clamp Meters in their range of applications have introduced the latest in technology Power Clamp Meter. These meters are very light (approx. 225 gms.) in weight and compact in size making it the most convenient instruments available. This Clamp-on meter is designed to apply around or remove from uninsulated hazardous live conductors. But still, individual protective equipment must be used if hazardous live parts in the installation where measurement is to be carried out could be accessible. Model KM 2740 has 6000 counts LCD display on voltage function, 9999 Counts in Power, Ohm & Hz function & 4000 counts in ACA Clamp-on function. It is packed with features not available in other contemporary instruments. It can measure TRMS 1000A

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AC Current upto 3.1KHz frequency, TRMS AC 600V upto 3.1 KHz frequency, DC 600 Volts, Resistance upto 1000Ω, frequency, continuity. It can measure Power parameters like (600)W, (600) VAR & (600)VA with dual-display Total Power Factor. It has peak-rms Hold & data hold facility. It has an optional RS232 interface for transfer of data onto the PC. It has transient protection upto 6.5KV (1.2/50µs surge) lightning surge and meets the requirements for CAT III 600V AC & DC. It has an AutoVA check facility. It meets E.M.C. requirements and IEC 61010-2-032 2nd Edition (2002), UL61010B-2-032 (2003). It takes conductors upto 45mm dia. It operates on 1.5V AAA battery x 2. It is supplied with Carrying Case, Operating Manual, Test leads (pair) & Batteries. PC interface kit is optional.

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3rd Smart Cities India 2017 Expo ......................................................... 49

Next Gen Equipments Pvt Ltd .... .......................................................... 77

ABB India Pvt. Ltd ................................................................................ BC

Omicron Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd ............................................................ 63

Automation Expo 2017 .......................................................................... 71

Precision Wires India Limited .................................................................. . 23

Electroma Expo 2017 ............................................................................ 55

Quippo Energy Limited .............................................................................. 05

Epcos India Pvt. Ltd ............................................................................. 25

Ramelex Pvt. Ltd. ...................................................................................... 65

Green-Watt Techno Solutions Pvt. Ltd. .................................................. IFG

Slimlites Electricals Pvt. Ltd ....................................................................... 81

GTB Transformers .................................................................................. 37

Scope T & M Pvt. Ltd. .............................................................................. 03

Heatflex Cables Pvt. Ltd ....................................................................... FC, 19

Sonel Instruments Pvt Ltd ........................................................................... 80

HPL Electric & Power Ltd. .................................................................... 01

Sterlite Power ............................................................................................. 07

KLJ Polymers & Chemical India .......................................................... 51

The Motwane Mfg. CO. Pvt. Ltd .................................................................. 79

Maxwell Scientific Corporation ............................................................... 59

Tibrewala Electronics Limited ................................................................... 27

Meco Instruments Private Ltd. .............................................................. 15

Toshniwal Hyvac Pvt. Ltd. .......................................................................... 2 1

Mersen India Pvt. Ltd ........................................................................... 69

Transwind Technologies .............................................................................. 73

M & I Materials India Pvt. Ltd ............................................................. 09

Wheels Polymers Pvt. Ltd .......................................................................... 17

Mtekpro Technologies Pvt. Ltd. ............................................................. IFC

Next Issue : June 2017

Cover Story : Gensets, UPS & Batteries

focus: Power factor correction

www.electricalmirror.net 76

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Contact For Advt. 011-65104350, 9899072636, 09702818098

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EVENT DIARY Month/Date Location Web

: July 08–11, 2017 : Pragati Maidan Delhi,India : www.plastasia.in

About Event Over the last 12 years, Plastasia Exhibitions have built a reputation as an ideal place to discover the latest innovations in plastics, witness live demonstrations, share ideas and most importantly, secure orders.

Month/Date Location Web

: 5 – 7 October 2017 : New Delhi, India : www.cablewirefair.com

About Event Cable & Wire Fair 2017 (CWF17), the second edition will take place from 5 – 7 October 2017 at Hall 12 & 12A, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India

Month/Date : 09-12, August 2017 Location : Bombai Exhibition Centre, Mumbai Phone : +91-22-22079567 / 22073370 Email : arokiaswamy@iedcommunications.com Website : www.automationindiaexpo.com About Event Automation Expo, the largest Automation & Instrumentation exhibition of South-East Asia is all set to make a mark in 2017 as well. Under the valiant leadership of Mr. M. Arokiaswamy, IED Communications has been successfully hosting Automation Expo and achieving its objective to fuel innovation and growth for 14 years now.

Month/Date : 06- 08 October 2017 Location : Hotel Gulmor, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Web : www.tradeshows.tradeindia.com/electromaindia About Event Electroma Expo would provide an upbeat, pioneering & value based platform for interaction within professionals, distributors, Dealers, Retailers & OEM of latest Electric, Electronic & Solar Energy manufacturing technology under one roof. The expo would focus on the latest technology & products of the sector thereby proving an ideal platform f or disseminating the knowledge & innovations etc.

Month/Date AugustLocation Phone Website

Month/Date Location Web

: 16-17, August 2017 : Riyadh, Saudi Arabia : +91-9036981048 : www.kingdom-renewableenergy.com

About Event Kingdom Renewable Energy summit 2017 will give you a latest renewable energy technologies and solutions. Renewable energy is increasingly becoming a new sector in the Kingdom and is expected to expand until the new renewable energy program can reach its target by 2023. So it is a right time to start focusing on Renewable energy, and the benefits in world market

Month/Date Location Web

: September 14-16, 2017 : Delhi, India : www.electronica-india.com

About Event electronica India. A place that is unique in the universe as we know it. Nowhere else are there as many ways to promote your business and get an exclusive look into the future of the electronics industry in India. 78

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: December 5–7, 2017 : Mumbai, India : www.intersolar.in

About Event Intersolar India is the country’s largest exhibition and conference for the solar industry. It takes place annually at the Bombay Exhibition Centre (BEC) in Mumbai.

Month/Date Location Web

: March 10–14, 2018 : Greater Noida, NCR, Indida : elecrama.com

About Event The biggest showcase of the world of electricity, ELECRAMA brings together the complete spectrum of solutions that powers the planet. Featuring not just equipment & technology, but peerless thought leadership platforms for everything electric – from technical conferences to industry summits. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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Improving network availabilityâ&#x20AC;Ś

â&#x20AC;Śthrough enhanced power quality.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Enhancing power quality for a stronger network. Power quality is key to improving grid availability and reliability. It enables the optimization of operating costs and secures grid code compliance. Power quality supports the integration of renewables into the grid and enhances energy efficiency, leading to lower carbon emissions and minimizing environmental impact. ABB is a technology leader with a wide range of products, systems and services that improve power quality including capacitors and filters, power electronics-based compensators and software solutions, across the power value chain for low, medium and high-voltage applications, helping to shape a stronger, smarter and greener grid. http://new.abb.com/grid