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E. J. Bean
12. Hunter v. FERC, 711 F.3d 155, 157 (D.C. Cir. 2013). 13. “Federal Court Orders Brian Hunter of Calgary, Alberta to Pay a $750,000 Civil Fine in CFTC Action Alleging Attempted Manipulation of Natural Gas Futures Prices during the Expiry on Two Trading Days,” CFTC Press Release No. pr7000-14 (9/15/2014), http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/ pr7000-14. 14. See 2008 farm bill, Public Law No. 110-234, Title XIII, Commodity Futures, Section 13201 et seq. 15. See, for example, “Excessive Speculation in the Wheat Market,” S. Hrg. 111155 (7/21/2009), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg53114/ pdf/CHRG-111shrg53114.pdf; Levin letter filed with the SEC (3/19/2012) in response to a concept release, “Use of Derivatives by Investment Companies under the Investment Company Act of 1940,” SEC Release No. IC 29776, RIN: 3235-AL22 (8/31/2011), https://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-33-11/ s73311-54.pdf; “Compliance with Tax Limits on Mutual Fund Commodity Speculation,” S. Hrg. 112-343 (1/26/2012), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/ CHRG-112shrg73671/pdf/CHRG-112shrg73671.pdf; “Excessive Speculation and Compliance with the Dodd-Frank Act,” S. Hrg. 112-313 (11/3/2011), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg72487/pdf/ CHRG-112shrg72487.pdf. 16. Public Law 111-203 (7/21/2010). 17. The information in this section is based on “Wall Street Bank Involvement with Physical Commodities,” S. Hrg. 113-501 (11/20–21/2014), Volumes 1–2 (hereinafter “2014 Senate Commodities Hearing”), https://www.gpo. gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113shrg91522/pdf/CHRG-113shrg91522.pdf. 18. “The Merchants of Wall Street: Banking, Commerce, and Commodities,” Minnesota Law Review, Professor Saule T. Omarova (11/24/2012), Volume 98, Issue 265 (2013), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=2180647. 19. 2014 Senate Commodities Hearing, “Physical Commodity Activities at SIFIs,” Prepared by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Commodities Team (10/3/2012), FRB-PSI-200477-510 (sealed exhibit). 20. 2014 Senate Commodities Hearing, Hearing Exhibit 1h, at 823; discussed at 103–105. 21. S. 3013. 22. “Industrial and Commercial Metals,” Rule Promulgated by the OCC, 81 Fed. Reg. 251, at 96353 (12/30/2016). 23. “Regulations Q and Y; Risk-Based Capital and Other Regulatory Requirements for Activities of Financial Holding Companies Related to Physical Commodities and Risk-Based Capital Requirements for Merchant Banking Investments,” Rule Proposed by the Federal Reserve, 81 Fed. Reg. 190, at 67220 (9/30/2016).
