6th year Portfolio - Volume 7.1 by Elii Ecoo

[eleni economidou] 2013-14

Portfolio Vol.ume 7.1

M..Arch 6th year qed

MSA MArch 2013

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MSA MArch 2013

**this publication can be found online at: just scan the QR bar-code. Portfolio

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Eleni Economidou _MArch Master of Architecture 2013 Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University Year 6

T: E: W:

+447598942804 economidou.eleni@gmail.com economidou.eleni@stu.mmu.ac.uk www.elenieconomidou.com

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MSA MArch 2013

This portfolio has been prepared as part of a the 2nd semester portfolio submission 5.2 for Manchester School of Architecture for the academic year 2013-2014.

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Index: MArch Master of Architecture 2013-14 6th year works

| instructors: Colin Pugh, Siobhan Barry, Dominic Sagar | | unit: q.e.d.(quad erat demonstradum) |

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MSA MArch 2013

Portfolio

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MSA MArch 2013

ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL TOWER

DUBAI

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MSA MArch 2013

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Contents:

0.0 - Thesis Position 1.0 - Location

5.0 - Massing

5.1 - Massing + Programme

2.0 - Water Scarcity

5.2 - Programme Analysis

2.1 - Water Needs

5.3 - Programme + Users

2.2 - An Unsustainable Urbanism

6.0 - Initial Plans

3.0 - Site Selection 3.1 - Population+site 3.2 - Education +Site

7.0 - Concept Design

Bibliography

3.3 - Culture+ site

7.1 - Precedents

8.0 - Montages

4.0 - Solar + Wind Study – 11 –

MSA MArch 2013

THE POSITI

0.0 – 12 –

ESIS IΟN

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Due to my interest towards a sustainable design in hot climates and my origins from a country with similar weather conditions as Dubai, my intentions were to explore ways to shift the existing conditions of these unsustainable urbanism through mechanisms and systems that can be implemented on green urban developments in order to create an emerging sustainable building typology that goes past the current building situation of designing merely for the sake of design. The brief is briefly outlined by the AC-CA competition which calls for an architecture school tower with zones open to the general public as well. This building typology and the given site of the project consist a challenge on its own. Dubai has been through a building boom in the past decade, architects’ vain blank canvas. The epitome of capitalism. The silicon Valley of Asia. An economy build from the top, a bubble, which in a way, burst when the economic crisis of 2008 hit1. As recently as the middle of the 20th century, Dubai was a fishing and pearling city engaged in commerce and boat building. Nowadays, there have been lots of action from small entrepreneurs that tried to shift or balance things out by building things from the bottom up, turn to the community, foster a capitalism or rather politics from below2. In this constantly shifting environment the intention is to propose an iconic building with a negative impact towards the environment and will utilise bioclimatic design in respect to the selected site. 1 2

References: 1 Lewis, P. 2009. Dubai’s sixyear building boom grinds to halt as financial crisis takes hold. [online] Available at: http://www.theguardian. com/world/2009/feb/13/dubai-boom-halt 2 Nytimes.com. 2014. Log In - The New York Times. [online] Available at: http://www. nytimes.com/2013/11/26/ world/middleeast/dubai. html

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VOLUME 4

MSA MArch 2013

1.0 – 14 –

LOCATI

ION

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The selected location of this project is Dubai, United Arab Emirates, an area becoming increasingly urbanised (largest city population in the country). Dubai is a city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), located within the emirate of the same name. The emirate of Dubai is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is one of the seven emirates that make up the country. It has the largest population in the UAE and the second-largest land territory (4,114 km2) after Abu Dhabi. Dubai has emerged as a cosmopolitan metropolis that has grown steadily to become a global city standing tall as a business and cultural hub of the Middle East and the Persian Gulf region as a whole. It is also a major transport hub for passengers and cargo. Although, Dubai’s economy was historically built on the oil industry, the emirate’s Western-style model of business drives its economy with the main revenues now coming from tourism, aviation, real estate, and financial services. Dubai has recently attracted world attention through many innovative large construction projects and sports events. The city has become symbolic for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, such as the world’s tallest Burj Khalifa, in addition to ambitious development projects including man-made islands, hotels, and some of the largest shopping malls in the region and the world Dubai is a city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), located within the emirate of the same name.

References Fotopedia. 2014. Dubai. [online] Available at: http://www. fotopedia.com/reporter/stories/S6TSiMpyOio/view [Accessed: 28 Feb 2014]. Kaye, L. 2012. Can Dubai ever be sustainable?. [online] Available at: http://www. theguardian.com/sustainable-business/dubai-sustainability-inspiration-city [Accessed: 28 Feb 2014]. Emcnetwork.com. 2014. UAE as destination. [online] Available at: http://www.emcnetwork.com/uae_as_destination.html [Accessed: 28 Feb 2014]. Sustainable Urban Planning. 2014. Dubai. [online] Available at: http://sustainablepurdue.weebly.com/dubai.html [Accessed: 1 Mar 2014].

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VOLUME 4

MSA MArch 2013

hot and humid climate

The proposal explores the connection of this cosmopolitan metropolis and the sea and ways of reducing air pollution, desalination and passive cooling mechanisms.

Musandam

The emirate of Dubai is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is one of the seven emirates that make up the country. It has the largest population in the UAE and the second-largest land territory (4,114 km2) after Abu Dhabi.

References Thenational.ae. 2014. Population of Dubai rises 5 per cent to 2.1 million | The National. [online] Available at: http:// www.thenational.ae/news/ uae-news/population-of-dubai-rises-5-per-cent-to-2-1-milli

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The emirate’s population increased 5 per cent last year to 2.1 million. It has the largest population in the UAE (2,106,177) and the second-largest land territory (4,114 km2) after the capital, Abu Dhabi. Over 1 million come to Dubai for work daily. Two-third of the population are in the age group of 20 to 39. The most populous neighbourhood in the emirate is Muhaisnah 2, a labour camp area known as Sonapur, where there are more than 3,000 men for each woman. Muhaisnah 2 contains about 8 per cent of Dubai’s population in 5.5 square kilometres.

Ajm

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Muscat

GULF OF OMAN

Fujairah

m peninsula Al Ain

man Sarjah

Dubai

ERSIAN GULF

Abu Dhabi – 17 –

MSA MArch 2013

WATER SCARC

2.0 – 18 –

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CITY

hot and humid climate

water scarcity

Recent satellite data released by the University of California, Irvine, shows the world’s water supply is disappearing fast because of agricultural demand, an expanding population, energy production and climate change, with the Middle East, Africa and Asia in particular facing crisis in the next few years. Shortages are so severe in the United Arab Emirates that the country is using non convention-

desalination, treated wastewater, rainwater harvesting and cloud seeding. al resources, including

At a water conference, Crown Prince Gen. Sheik Mohammed bin Zayed al-Nahyan said:

“For us, water is (now) more important than oil.”

With the third lowest water reserves in the region, Jordan is struggling to cope with an influx of Syrian refugees. The country is undergoing power cuts because of water shortages. Prince Hassan, uncle of King Abdullah, warned last week that a war over water and energy could be bloodier than the Arab Spring.

References Ltd., B. 2014. Bravo’s Atmospheric Water Solutions Could Help Ease Water Crisis in MidEast. [online] Available at: http://globen e w s w i r e . c o m / n e w s - r elea02/24/612857/10069775/ en/Bravo-s-Atmospheric-Water-Solutions-CouldHelp-Ease-Water-Crisis-inMidEast.html

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MSA MArch 2013

WATER NEEDS

2.1 – 20 –

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“Residents of the United Arab Emirates

water scarcity

are among the highest per capita water users in the world, consuming an average of 550 litres per day, way above the global average of 200 litres per person per day

” reported the Gulf News.

References

Meanwhile, ground water is constrained by its total reservoir in the country as ground water depends on rainfall for stock replenishment which is both scanty and erratic in the UAE. Desalinated water is largely used to meet the requirement of the inhabitants and industry in the urban areas. Although, water production has gone up during the past six years, there is increasing demand for desalinated water as the reverse osmosis process which till the late nineties was the key process to make sweet water from seawater and brackish groundwater has slowly lost its importance.

Khaleejtimes, 2014. UAE water consumption one of the highest in the world. [online] Available at: http:// www.khaleejtimes.com/ DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/business/2005/July/ business_July470.xml&section=business Goldenberg, S. 2014. From California to the Middle East, water shortages pose threat of terror and war | The Raw Story. [online] Available at: http://www.rawstory.com/ rs/2014/02/09/from-californiato-the-middle-east-water-shortages-pose-threat-of-terror-andwar/

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MSA MArch 2013

m m3/d = million cubic meters per day

According to Global Water Intelligence and the International Desalination Association United Arab Emirates have 13% of the world’s desalination Plants just after Saudi Arabia (17%).

98.8%

Desalination Plants Supply of Dubai’s Water, Forum Is Told with the remaining 1.2 percent coming from groundwater sources1. However References 1. Waterwebster, 2014. Desalination News. Available at: http://waterwebster.org/Desalination.htm 2. Hackley, R. 2013. Desalination Plants Supply 98.8% of Dubai’s Water, Forum Is Told. [online] Available at: http://www. bloomberg.com/news/201309-23/desalination-plants-supply-98-8-of-dubai-s-water-forum-is-told.html

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“ Producing desalinated water is so energy-consuming that future water and energy plans must aim for a more sustainable balance.

”

Saeed Mohammed Al Tayer, chief executive officer of the state-owned utility Dubai Electricity and Water Authority, or DEWA, told the forum2.

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AN UNSUSTAINABLE URBANISM

CO2 water scarcity

CO2 emmissions

2.3

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MSA MArch 2013

VOLUME 4

CO2 EMISSIONS PER CAPITA

Electricity demand in the UAE over the last 30 years. Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA). Copyrights: Carboun

References Green, C. 2014. Dubai tops list as World’s top CO2 polluter from energy use > International News > News | Click Green. [online] Available at: http://www.clickgreen. org.uk/news/internationalnews/121654-dubai-tops-listas-worlds-top-co2-polluterfrom-energy-use.html Rogers, S. and Evans, L. 2011. World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest. [online] Available at: http:// www.theguardian.com/ news/datablog/2011/jan/31/ world-carbon-dioxide-emissions-country-data-co2

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China emits more CO2 than the US and Canada put together - up by 171% since the year 2000 But that is only one way to look at the data.If you look at per capita emissions, a different picture emerges where: Qatar’s carbon emissions per capita are the highest in the world and three times as high as the United States’. The poor performance of Dubai and Abu Dhabi in the UAE and Saudi Arabia is reflective of a near 100% reliance on fossil fuels and their use of energy intensive desalination plants to produce drinking water. Dubai currently gets all its energy needs from the burning of natural gas, which is why it ranks

third

on Global Foot-

print’s list. • The US is still number one in terms of per capita emissions among the big economies - with 18 tonnes emitted per person • China, by contrast, emits under six tonnes per person, India only 1.38 Belgium’s biocapacity of cropland is extremely low, so much of its food must be imported. This begins to explain Belgium’s high ranking on Global Footprint’s list. The Netherlands consume six times more resources (energy, food, and more) than they are able to produce, and about three times more than the Earth overall is able to sustain. The list includes Kuwait, Denmark, Ireland and Belgium.

CO2 CO2 emmissions

map of the top 10 countries in C02 emissions per capita

The whole world emits

4.49 tonnes per person

United Arab Emirates emit

40.31 tonnes per person

VOLUME 4

MSA MArch 2013

SITE SELECTION

DUBAI CREEK – 26 –

3.0

VOLUME 4

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hot and humid climate

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MSA MArch 2013

SITE LOCATION A.

The site is adjacent to the Dubai Creek and a large motorway with views towards the river, the motorwa and the green space next to it. – 28 –

next to motorway

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A. B.

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MSA MArch 2013

VOLUME 4

Potential 2014

UNESCO

World Heritage Site

adjacent to cultural heritage site

The Dubai Creek, or Khor Dubai in Arabic, and the area surrounding it has a historical record which shows a vibrant culture of sea-fearing and trading of more than 150 years. The municipality has carried out renovation work in the area for more than 20 years and 187 historical buildings have been improved. Without the creek, Dubai would not exist. This safe inlet, one of a few in the Gulf area, was the obvious choice for a commercial port for the sea-trade that funds the region. Dubai port developed into the natural focus for ocean traffic around the Gulf, to the west, and boats from India and Africa. The waterfront bears little resemblance to its early years, it’s been dredged and widened several times during the 20th century.

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DUBAI CREEK

http://www.airpano.ru/files/UAE-Dubai-City-Virtual-Tour/2-2

K The selected location of this project is Dubai, United Arab Emirates, an area beccoming mot\re and more urbanised (largest city population in the country). It explores the connection of

this cosmopolitan metropolis and the sea and ways of reducing air pollution and flood prevention mechanisms.

SITE SELECTION

DUBAI CREEK

MSA MArch 2013

CULTURAL JUXTAPOSITION

Historically, Dubai was a transit stop for caravans traveling to and from other Middle Eastern countries, as well as those traveling from East Africa and India. It became a spot where different traditions and cultures mixed, and this is reflected in Dubai’s traditional architecture. It’s clearly Arabic but there are also hints of European and Asian styles. Back then, Dubai’s original architecture was focused on simplicity, functionality, durability and suitability. But nonetheless, it was still influenced by Iranian, Indian and Islamic designs. You can find a lot of these type of buildings in Al Bastakiya, a historical district in Dubai where wealthy merchants once resided. It’s also home to the Al Fahidi Fort (Dubai Museum), which was built in 1799, and is the city’s oldest surviving structure. Even to this day, the buildings in Dubai’s architectural scene are a mix between both Eastern and Western ar– 32 –

chitectural styles, perfectly blended to give Dubai its own unique character Inland more permanent houses were built of stone guss and were roofed with palm trees leaves. Fossilized coral, cut in blocks, bonded with sarooj, or a lime mixture derived from seashells, and plastered with chalk and water paste, weflects the traditional lifestyles and customs of the people. Building materials are simple, but well-adapted to local living and climatic circumstances. Portable tents traditionally provided shelter during tribal wanderings in the winter season. However, nowadays, Dubai’s city centre serves a whole different lifestyle. The construction industry is mainly based on oil. No organisation or cultural reference, nothing that reminds the city of its cultural past.

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MSA MArch 2013

POPULATION + SITE LOCALS AND EXPATRIATES

pakistanis indians filippinos bangladeshis iranians afgans egyptians sri lankans jordians british

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12000000 10000000 700000 600000 500000 300000 300000 300000 250000 240000

91%

Immigrants from all over the world come to live in Dubai in search of a better life. The society’s open mindedness resulted in expatriates outnumbering natives in their own country at a ratio of 11 to 1. They now make up only 9% whereas foreigners make up 91% of the remaining population

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adjacent to cultural heritage site

3.1 – 35 –

MSA MArch 2013

3.3 – 36 –

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adjacent to cultural heritage site

The map on the right illustrates the sites of cultural importance that will be preserved by UNESCO as part of a World Heritage Site. The selection of a site was made in order to have a close proximity to the area but not interfere with the boundary of the preservation area

Boundary showing the part of the site that will be protected by UNESCO. Buildings of Cultural importance Site

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MSA MArch 2013

EDUCATION + SITE

3.3 – 38 –

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architectural education ethos

UAE devotes 25% of total federal government spending to education

There are 5 public and 58 private colleges and universities in Dubai, serving both Emiratis and expatriates. As in most countries, institutions have independent internal governance, there are variations among Dubai’s universities in terms of the subjects they teach (with some specializing in one or two subjects only) and the level of degree program they offer (with some offering only undergraduate or postgraduate programs). Higher education institutions in Dubai are either federal institutions, branch campuses of international universities or private universities located inside or outside Free Zones. Federal institutions mainly cater to Emirati students seeking tertiary qualifications. Private universities are accredited by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, while international branch campuses in Free Zones, if not accredited federally, have their quality assured by KHDA. The country’s universities are categorized as either a local university (founded and based in Dubai) or a branch campus (founded in another country, with a campus in Dubai).

Left: Mapping all the Higher education institutions around the area in order to define connections to the site.

Higher Institution Site References Khda.gov.ae. 2014. Government of Dubai | Knowledge and Human Development Authority | Higher Education. [online] Available at: http://www.khda. gov.ae/Pages/En/highereducationeng.aspx Topuniversities.com.2014. Universities in Dubai | Top Universities. [online] Available at: http:// www.topuniversities.com/ where-to-study/asia/united-arab-emirates/universities-dubai Warnock, M. 2014. Architect launches global design school in Dubai |ConstructionWeekOnline.com. [online] Available at: http:// www.constructionweekonline.com/article-7144-architect-launches-global-design-school-in-dubai/#. Ux8Ee_mSzAs

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MSA MArch 2013

ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION + SITE 1.

3.4 – 40 –

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architectural education ethos

Only 4 out of 63 Colleges and Universities offer a degree in Architecture. All of the campuses are situated in the new modern part of the city. The Universities are listed below. The Canadian University of Dubai, founded in 2006, located in the heart of Dubai’s Downtown. The American University in Dubai is a private, non-sectarian institution of higher learning founded in 1995. AUD’s campus is situated next to Media City, Internet City, the Palm Island and five star beach resorts area. It is 15 minutes from the heart of Dubai’s financial and commercial centre. Manipal University of Dubai is a branch campus of Manipal University, India. It established its presence in Dubai, UAE in the year 2000. The university’s campus is situated in Dubai International Academic City Heriot-Watt University was the first overseas university to open a campus in Dubai International Academic City in 2005.

Left: 1. The Canadian University of Dubai, 2. Manipal University of Dubai 3. Heriot-Watt University 4. The American University in Dubai

References Aud.edu. 2014. :: American University in Dubai :: Overview. [online] Available at: http://www.aud. edu/About_AUD/Overview/ overview.asp Cud.ac.ae. 2014. 5-year Architecture Program fulfils membership requirements | Canadian University of Dubai. [online] Available at: http://www.cud.ac.ae/ news/5-year-architecture-program-fulfils-membership-requirements Hw.ac.uk. 2014. Architectural Engineering BEng (Hons) / MEng - Undergraduate study | Heriot-Watt University Dubai. [online] Available at: http://www.hw.ac. uk/what-can-i-study/dubai/ undergraduate/architectural-engineering.htm Manipaldubai.com. 2014. [online] Available at: http:// www.manipaldubai.com/ InteriorDesign/Programs/ GraduateProgram/Pages/ BArch(BachelorofArchitecture).aspx

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MSA MArch 2013

TOWARDS A SCHOOL WITH A NEW ETHOS 21.000

10.000 6.500

UEA

Asian

Arabs

4.000

Others

3.500

GCC

2.000 1.500

Iranian

African

Graph 1

The Emirate currently has more than 48,000 college students from over 60 different countries.

References (Khda.gov.ae, 2012, pp. 1-19) Bibliography: Khda.gov.ae. 2012. The Higher Education Landscape in Dubai 2012. Dubai: KHDA, pp. 1-19.

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Students studying in Dubai are from a wide range of nationalities (Graph 1). Emirati students make up the largest group currently comprising 43 per cent of the overall student population. Thirty per cent of

all higher education graduates in Dubai are Emirati, the majority gaining qualifications in Business, IT and Engineering, followed by Asian students (21%). Compared to other years, there have been substantial increases in the numbers of African and Arab students.

MSA MArch 2013

architectural education ethos

References

Indeed most of Dubai’s inhabitants are not native. However, most of the students in Dubai are locals. Therefore, the majority that this country accredits as architects are locals that expediently will stay to practice the profession and set their own practice firms in Dubai. With allude to that fact, the vision behind the proposal will be to create a school which promotes design inspired from the local culture, tradition, climate, and landscape, and not rely on the typology or iconography of the world’s renowned universities. The graduates would focus and – 43 –

reflect upon the traditional lifestyles and customs of the people. Local building materials will be promoted as they are easily sourced, simple, economically but well-adapted to local living and climatic circumstances. Portable tents traditionally provided shelter during tribal wanderings in the winter season. Creating the next generation of great academic institutions, Middle East nations must draw inspiration from the local culture, tradition, climate, and landscape, and not rely on the typology or iconography of the world’s renowned universities.

Aud.edu. 2014. :: American University in Dubai :: Overview. [online] Available at: http://www.aud. edu/About_AUD/Overview/ overview.asp Cud.ac.ae. 2014. 5-year Architecture Program fulfils membership requirements | Canadian University of Dubai. [online] Available at: http://www.cud.ac.ae/ news/5-year-architecture-program-fulfils-membership-requirements Hw.ac.uk. 2014. Architectural Engineering BEng (Hons) / MEng - Undergraduate study | Heriot-Watt University Dubai. [online] Available at: http://www.hw.ac. uk/what-can-i-study/dubai/ undergraduate/architectural-engineering.htm Manipaldubai.com. 2014. [online] Available at: http:// www.manipaldubai.com/ InteriorDesign/Programs/ GraduateProgram/Pages/ BArch(BachelorofArchitecture).aspx

MSA MArch 2013

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND SOLUTION PROPOSAL SUMMARY CO2 water scarcity

adjacent to cultural heritage site

architectural education ethos

CO2 emmissions

water recycling

watering

restrooms

4.0 – 44 –

water features

next to motorway

solar micro cells

qed < ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι

hot and humid climate

locally sourced materials

passive cooling

traditional vernacular architecture

sand

rammed earth

wind towers

water from creek

cement

water features

earth

terracota tiles

timber louvers

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MSA MArch 2013

5.0 – 46 –

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MASSING

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MSA MArch 2013

VOLUME 4

SOLAR+WIND STUDY

site model showing sun path on site.

References Dubaicityguide.com. 2014. Shamal Winds #Dubai - Dubai City Guide. [online] Available at: http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/ index.asp?id=1548

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The line of the Tropic of Cancer crosses through the UAE, causing the weather in Dubai to be warm and sunny. In the winter it has an average daytime temperature of 25°C , nearer the coast 12-15°C , in the desert or mountains 5°C. With the nights being relatively cool. Near coastal areas humidity can average between 50% and 60%. In the summer, the weather in Dubai is very hot and humid, with temperatures reaching mid 40’s. Even the sea temperature can reach 37°C , with humidity averaging over 90%.

qed < ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι

passive cooling

5.1

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MSA MArch 2013

SOLAR+WIND STUDY

site wind studies using Vasari

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qed < ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι

Shamal Winds Dust and sand storms are a persistent problem in the region, but they are most prevalent in the spring and summer months due to the strong (north westerly shamal) winds that characterize the weather during the winter-spring seasonal transition.

References

This seasonal trend can best be characterized as a combination of two separate weather systems: the sub-tropical jet stream pushing up from south of the Arabian Peninsula and a polar front jet stream pushing down from the European continent.

Dubaicityguide.com. 2014. Shamal Winds #Dubai - Dubai City Guide. [online] Available at: http://www.dubaicityguide.com/site/features/ index.asp?id=1548

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MSA MArch 2013

SOLAR+WIND STUDY

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qed < ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι

passive cooling

The shamal winds seasonal trend can best be characterized as a combination of two separate weather systems: the sub-tropical jet stream pushing up from south of the Arabian Peninsula and a polar front jet stream pushing down from the European continent. The diagram above shows how the site can be divided according to the wind current which along with the buildings morphology will enable cooling .

Points at which wind hits the site Extension of the wind course onto the site Wind course

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MSA MArch 2013

FACADE TECHNOLOGY [concept]

passive cooling

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A system of lift up louvers facing the side next to the motorway to prevent noise pollution and passive heating form solar radiation.

MSA MArch 2013

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WIND TOWER TECHNOLOGY [concept] MSA MArch 2013

A..

C..

E..

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B..

D..

The wind tower has been a fixture of Middle Eastern architecture for almost 1,000 years and its solutions are as simple as they are effective. The higher up, the faster the airspeed is. They used to build the towers as tall as possible, capture the air at high speed. As it hits the tower, there’s a wall that runs down the center of it that forces the wind down into the building. The build up of a positive pressure inside the building automatically creates a negative pressure on the outside, which means that stale and bad air inside the building is drawn away. It creates a siphon effect, pushing air into the building, sucking stale and used air out the other side of the wind tower. The most elegant examples of the wind tower still stand in Dubai’s historic quarter of Al Bastakiya -- known locally as The Creek -- where Persian traders created ornate structures built of stone or mud in the 1850s to cool and ventilate their urban mansions.

passive cooling References A.B.C.D.E. different wind tower configuration cnn.com. 2014. Can wind towers take off the heat? [online] Available at: http://edition. cnn.com/2014/01/02/world/ meast/dubai-can-wind-power-take-the-heat/

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MSA MArch 2013

WATER SCREEN [CONCEPT]

A water feature using pumps and pipesand water from the creek running under the wind towers enables cooling the current that enters the building thus aiding the cooling procedure. The final pool doubles up as a water screen projecting students’ latest work.

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water features

qed < ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι

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MSA MArch 2013

PROGRAMME + MASSING

Public Access Social and Welfare zone Academic zone Admin zone Green space Professional practice zone Service zone living spaces zone

SOCIAL AND WELFARE ZONE ACADEMIC STAFF & STUDENT ACCOMODATION

ACADEMIC ZONE - LEARNING

ACADEMIC ZONE TEACHING

CIRCULATION ZONE

ADMINISTRATIVE ZONE

SERVICE ZONE

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qed < ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι creating connections to site in order to enable wind current pass through the openings that the volumes create.

6.0 – 61 –

6.1

Admin

St ud W ios or ks h Le ops ct ur se e th m in ea Lo ar tres ck roo er m s Ms ad eet m ing 2d in r ist oo a W nd ra m or 3 co tio s k d m n co sh pL p offi m op irbin ut ce pu s rtai er rnyg w s St ter o f ud ac rk ce ilit sta St en Mnetr ie tio ud t U ee s n t re ent nPiori ing s st S nnt ro a ev ura hoSpoc er r om en nt ia oo s ts St l a m ex sp aff rea h aL o ca ibit ceock ffice fe io er s n ar s pr ea of St u pr ess ac ionW dio tic a o s e l rk zo sh en Lnee ops ct re tran u ce c pt e s re t

M ad eet m ing in r ist oo ra m tio s co m n offi Lib pu ra ter ce ry w s or ks M ta ee tio t ns Pr ing in So ter roo ci ro ms St al a om aff re Lo offi a ck ce er s s

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24 HOURS

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Academic Zone Academic Zone

Social and Welfare Zone Professional

Circu

r n ee gen g tin cy g /F po ire in Ee ts c a

Social and Welfare Zone Professional Practice zone

Circulation zone Service Zone External Zone

2d W and or 3 co ksh d p m op rin pu s ti ng St ter fa ud ce cil nt St en iti r t ud U e es e re nt nio st S n a ev ura hop en nt ts ex sp hi ac ca bit e fe io n ar pr ea of e pr ss ac ion tic a e l zo ne en t re ran ce c p e sc tio ho n se ol de cu e sk x in rity hib fo p it w rm oin ion ai at t f tin io oy er g n ar ea Pl a Ge nt n ro Re era om Lo fus l St ad e or Pa ingarea age rk a Fir ing rea e Es ca Pa pe La rk po nd ing in Em sca ts e pi

se m the a in Lo ar tres ck roo er m s s

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PROGRAMME ANALYSIS

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LEVELS HIERARCHY

16 floors plant room General Storage refuse area Loading area workshops 3d printing facilitiies lecture theatre

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Cafe Exhibition area events space Students Shop Entrance Reception desk waiting area security point information Landscaping Parking emergency escape admin offices shop

meeting rooms waiting area professional practic zone social area cafeteria

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seminar rooms waiting area studios social area printing rooms lockers academic staff offices computer workstations

seminar rooms library workstations

accomodation lobby common room security gym laundry accomodation offices storage

student accomodation first 4 floors staff accomodation last 2 floors storage lobby

restaurant kitchen shop

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VOLUME 4

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“...combining buildings with varying heights and with long façades permits air movement, which reReferences Carboun, 2014. Passive Cooling: Responding to Electricity Demand in the UAE | Carboun: Advocating Sustainable Cities in the Middle East. [online] Available at: http://www.carboun.com/sustainable-design/passive-cooling-responding-to-uae%E2%80%99s-soaring-electricity-demand/

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sults in better ventilation and re-

”

duced heat gains.

Bioclimatic design, designing according to the site’s specific weather conditions, will be the aspect according to which design parameters will be based and eventually will define the final proposal.

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BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

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MSA MArch 2013 Ground Floor

service zone

First Floor

admin zone

professional practice zone

circulation zone external zone

academic zone

social and welfare zone

living spaces zon

academic zone

professional practice zone

academic zone

Floors 2 + 3

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Floors 4 - 7

Floors 8 - 10

Floors 11-

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INITIAL PLANS

-15

7.0

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CONCEPTUAL PHOTOMONTAGE

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Portfolio

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APPENDIX

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PRECEDENT STUDY Masdar Institute wind tower by

FOSTER+PARTNERS

Prominent feature of traditional architecture in Dubai is the use of wind towers. Rising above buildings’ roofs and open to all four directions, they provided ventilation and passive cooling by capturing wind and directing it into the interior spaces of the building through narrow shafts.

References Carboun, 2014. Passive Cooling: Responding to Electricity Demand in the UAE | Carboun: Advocating Sustainable Cities in the Middle East. [online] Available at: http://www.carboun.com/sustainable-design/passive-cooling-responding-to-uae%E2%80%99s-soaring-electricity-demand/

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The first building constructed in Masdar City an co city in Dubai’s desert, The Masdar Institute provides a local example on how passive design can help reduce energy demand, and thus help achieve the city’s zero energy targets. The first phase of the Masdar Institute, achieved a 50% reduction in cooling demand compared to an average UAE building. To achieve this its designers incorporated several innovative passive design strategies, most of which were inspired by elements from traditional architecture of the Emirates. The most notable feature of these strategies is a 45m structure that provides cool breezes to the central courtyard. This contemporary reinterpretation of the traditional wind tower operates according to the same principles of the wind towers built in the Bastakia area of Dubai .

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8.0 – 75 –

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inner shell

outer shell

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Abra water taxis Abras are used to ferry people across the Dubai Creek It is considered as one of the oldest modes of transportation. They are interwoven within the culture of Dubai’s Creek. As a concept I’m using the shape of the astern, the front part of the boat, for the side of the building facing the sea and also timber cladding as a reference to this traditional means of transport

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PRECEDENT STUDY ABRAS

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PRECEDENT STUDY RAMMED EARTH

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When it comes to materiality Rammed Earth is one of the materials taken into account since it’s a great way to keep heat away during hot weather sue to it’s insulation capabilities.

Furthermore, it is a material that was vastly used in hot climates such as Dubai hundreds of years ago thus creating a special connection with the site and the cultural importance it holds. In recent years, rammed earth has become popular amongst environmentally-conscious architects as well as those seeking an element of exoticism. Contemporary examples, as shown on the right, include: - The Eden Project visitors’ centre in Cornwall - The AtEIC building at CAT in Powys - The Genesis Project in Somerset - Rivergreen Centre at Aykley Heads in Durham - Pines Calyx conference centre - The WISE conference centre at CAT

Reference Greenspec.co.uk. 2014. [online] Available at: http://www.greenspec. co.uk/rammed-earth. php

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INITIAL SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT staff accomodation

student accomodation

studio

libarry seminar rooms and offices

Library

Studios and staff offices

professional practice area

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9.0 – 81 –

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3D MODEL

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5 different cores

green space

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TOP VIEW

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SITE AND STRUCTURE 3D model

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FRONT ENTRANCE

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PLANS

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First floor 2nd floor

3rd floor

7th floor

4th floor

8th floor

5th floor

9th floor

6th floor

15th floor

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Portfolio

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bibliography Lawrence, Andrew (1999). The Skyscraper Index: Faulty Towers. Property Report. Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein Research, January 15, 1999. Dezeen magazine. (2013) CTBUH Height Criteria. [Online] [Accessed on 29th November 2013] http://www.ctbuh.org/HighRiseInfo/TallestDatabase/Criteria/tabid/446/Default.aspx The living, breathing, thinking, responsive buildings of the future / Rodolp El-Khoury, Rodolphe Bioclimatic skyscrapers / Ken Yeang / with essays by Alan Balfour and Ivor R Yeang, Ken Rethinking the skyscraper : the complete architecture of Ken Yeang / Robert Powell, Robert, 1942T. R. Hamzah & Yeang : ecology of the sky / Ivor Richards Richards, I. G. The skyscraper bioclimatically considered : a design primer / Ken Yeang Yeang, Ken 101 of the world’s tallest buildings / edited by Georges Binder

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Tall buildings / preface by Terence Riley, essay by Guy Nordenson Skyscrapers : higher and higher / in collaboration with Georges Binder and t Mierop, Caroline Tall buildings : a strategic design guide / edited by Ziona Strelitz Skyscrapers : structure and design / Matthew Wells Wells, Matthew Skyscraper : designs of the recent past and for the near future / Eric Höwel Höweler, Eric

ble at: http://news.rice.edu/2014/02/13/study-renewable-energy-wont-fix-abu-dhabis-consumption-problem/ [Accessed: 21 Feb 2014]. Fitch, A. 2014. Agriculture Increasingly Spells Opportunity in the Arid Gulf - Middle East Real Time - WSJ. [online] Available at: http://blogs.wsj.com/ middleeast/2014/02/05/agriculture-increasingly-spells-opportunity-in-the-arid-gulf/ [Accessed: 25 Feb 2014]. Fotopedia. 2014. Dubai. [online] Available at: http:// www.fotopedia.com/reporter/stories/S6TSiMpyOio/view [Accessed: 13 Feb 2014].

Online Articles

Goldenberg, S. 2014. From California to the Middle East, water shortages pose threat of terror and war | The Raw Story. [online] Available at: http://www. rawstory.com/rs/2014/02/09/from-california-tothe-middle-east-water-shortages-pose-threat-ofterror-and-war/ [Accessed: 28 Feb 2014].

Ayre, J. 2014. 120 MW Solar Power Plant Planned For UAE. [online] Available at: http://cleantechnica. com/2014/01/29/120-mw-solar-power-plantworks-uae/ [Accessed: 02 Feb 2014].

Gulfnews.com. 2014. Dubai Creek Unesco world heritage site visit begins. [online] Available at: http:// gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/dubai-creek-unesco-world-heritage-site-visit-begins-1.1245421 [Accessed: 26 Feb 2014].

Bitenieks, M. 2014. The Build - Ten Foundations. [online] Available at: http://www.tenfoundations. org/the-build/ [Accessed: 08 Feb 2014]. Builditsolar.com. 2014. Passive Cooling Techniques. [online] Available at: http://www.builditsolar.com/ Projects/Cooling/passive_cooling.htm#Shading [Accessed: 09 Feb 2014]. Carboun.com. 2014. Passive Cooling: Responding to Electricity Demand in the UAE | Carboun: Advocating Sustainable Cities in the Middle East. [online] Available at: http://www.carboun.com/ sustainable-design/passive-cooling-responding-to-uae%E2%80%99s-soaring-electricity-demand/ [Accessed: 20 Feb 2014]. Emcnetwork.com. 2014. UAE as destination. [online] Available at: http://www.emcnetwork.com/ uae_as_destination.html [Accessed: 17 Feb 2014]. Falk, J. 2014. Study: Renewable energy won’t fix Abu Dhabi’s consumption problem. [online] Availa-

Hackley, R. 2013. Desalination Plants Supply 98.8% of Dubai’s Water, Forum Is Told. [online] Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-23/ desalination-plants-supply-98-8-of-dubai-s-waterforum-is-told.html [Accessed: 1 Feb 2014]. Hitachizosen.co.jp. 2014. Desalination Plants - Safe and reliable water throughout the world - | Hitachi Zosen Corporation. [online] Available at: http://www.hitachizosen.co.jp/english/pickup/pickup003.html [AcInhabitat.com. 2014. Inhabitat - Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building. [online] Available at: http://inhabitat.com/ dubai-may-need-to-demolish-boom-buildings-toreduce-vacancies/theworld-ed04-2/ [Accessed: 1 Feb 2014]. Iranian.com. 2014. Solving the Mideast Water and Energy Crises: Solar Desalinization in Ra’s al-Khaima, UAE, to Triple in Megawattage | Informed Comment ▪ Iranian.com. [online] Available at: http:// iranian.com/posts/view/post/27614 [Accessed: 28 Jan 2014].

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bibliography Japantimes.co.jp. 2014. A glance at the world’s major drought hot spots. [online] Available at: http:// www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/02/09/world/aglance-at-the-worlds-major-drought-hot-spots/#. UxAT7_mSxik [Accessed: 28 Feb 2014].

Ltd., B. 2014. Bravo’s Atmospheric Water Solutions Could Help Ease Water Crisis in MidEast. [online] Available at: http://globenewswire.com/news-relea se/2014/02/24/612857/10069775/en/Bravo-s-Atmospheric-Water-Solutions-Could-Help-Ease-Water-Crisis-in-MidEast.html [Accessed: 16 Jan 2014].

Kaye, L. 2012. Can Dubai ever be sustainable?. [online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/dubai-sustainability-inspiration-city [Accessed: 12 Feb 2014].

Macalister, T. 2009. Oil sheikhs and green power experts: an unlikely, but logical, meeting of minds. [online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/ environment/blog/2009/jan/21/renewables-oil [Accessed: 17 Jan 2014].

Khaleejtimes.com. 2014. UAE water consumption one of the highest in the world. [online] Available at: http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/business/2005/July/business_July470. xml&section=business [Accessed: 15 Jan 2014]. Lewis, P. 2009. Dubai’s six-year building boom grinds to halt as financial crisis takes hold. [online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/ feb/13/dubai-boom-halt [Accessed: 13 Jan 2014].

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Menafn.com. 2014. Bravo’s Atmospheric Water Solutions Could Help Ease Water Crisis in MidEast. [online] Available at: http://www. menafn.com/169b150f-8620-4162-851ceceec707b90d/Bravos-Atmospheric-Water-Solutions-Could-Help-Ease-Water-Crisis-in-MidEast?src=main [Accessed: 28 Feb 2014]. Morgan, O. 2006. Dubai’s new prospectors strike again. [online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.

com/business/2006/dec/10/theobserver.observerbusiness6 [Accessed: 22 Feb 2014].

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Nytimes.com. 2014. Log In - The New York Times. [online] Available at: http://www.nytimes. com/2013/11/26/world/middleeast/dubai.html [Accessed: 1 Feb 2014]. Splashwaterforlife.com. 2014. SplashWaterForLife. com - Water is Scarce. [online] Available at: http:// www.splashwaterforlife.com/Scarce [Accessed: 17 Feb 2014]. Sustainable Urban Planning. 2014. Dubai. [online] Available at: http://sustainablepurdue.weebly.com/ dubai.html [Accessed: 18 Feb 2014]. The Economist. 2014. How to keep stomachs full. [online] Available at: http://www.economist.com/ news/middle-east-and-africa/21596978-gulf-arabs-are-debating-how-best-feed-themselves-howkeep-stomachs-full [Accessed: 12 Feb 2014]. the Guardian. 2011. World’s first zero-carbon city: Masdar in pictures. [online] Available at: http://www. theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2011/apr/26/ masdar-eco-city-abu-dhabi [Accessed: 13 Feb 2014]. Thenational.ae. 2014. Population of Dubai rises 5 per cent to 2.1 million | The National. [online] Available at: http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/ population-of-dubai-rises-5-per-cent-to-2-1-million [Accessed: 25 Jan 2014]. UPI. 2014. Mideast faces water crisis: ‘We’re standing on a precipice’. [online] Available at: http:// www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2014/02/14/Water-crisis-brings-threats-of-Mideast-war-terrorism-report/UPI-42231392412195/ [Accessed: 24 Feb 2014]. Vidal, J. 2008. Desert state channels oil wealth into world’s first sustainable city. [online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/ jan/21/climatechange.energy [Accessed: 23 Feb 2014]. Waterwebster.org. 2014. Desalination News. [online] Available at: http://waterwebster.org/Desalination. htm [Accessed: 19 Feb 2014].

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