A T Y P E FA C E B Y A D R I A N F R U T I G E R
aaa 1
LETTER
univers 55, 450 pt.
akzidenz grotesk, 450 pt.
arial regular, 450 pt.
A B C D F G H I J L M N O Q R S T V W X Y univers 55, 46 pt.
E K P U Z
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A B C D FGHIJ L M N O Q R S T V W X Y helvetica regular, 46 pt.
E K P U Z
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G RI D
understanding the grid
Since the invention of book printing, Univers was the first entire font system to be designed with interchangeable weights, proportions, and corresponding italics. In the design of older typefaces visual alignment among such variations was not a standard consideration. For a given size of type all twenty-one variations of Univers whether light, regular, medium, bold, condensed, expanded, or italic, had the same x-height (the height of lowercase letters without ascenders or descenders) and the same baseline. This simplified letterpress printing and increased the possibilities for visual contrast in tone, weight, width, and direction, available in eleven sizes for metal typesetting.
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F O RM
THEPRINCE by
Nicolo Machiavelli
HOW MANY KINDS OF PRINCIPALITIES THERE ARE, AND BY WHAT MEANS THEY ARE ACQUIRED All states, all powers, that have held and hold rule over men have been and are either republics or principalities.
or
they
are
new.
The new are either entirely new, as was Milan to Francesco Sforza, or they are, as it were, members annexed to the hereditary state of the prince who has acquired them, as was the kingdom of Naples to that of the King of Spain. Such dominions thus acquired are either accustomed to live under a prince, or to live in freedom; and are acquired either by the arms of the prince himself, or of others, or else by fortune or by ability. C O N C E R N I N G H E R E D I T A R Y PRINCIPALITIES I will leave out all discussion on republics, inasmuch as in another place I have written of them at length, and will address myself only to principalities. In doing so I will keep to the order indicated above, and discuss how such principalities are to be ruled and preserved.
Principalities are either hereditary, in which the family has been long established;
I say at once there are fewer difficulties in holding hereditary states, and those long accustomed to the family of their prince, than new ones; for it is sufficient only not to transgress the customs of his ancestors, and to deal prudently with circumstances as
they arise, for a prince of average powers to maintain himself in his state, unless he be deprived of it by some extraordinary and excessive force; and if he should be so deprived of it, whenever anything sinister happens to the usurper, he will regain it. We have in Italy, for example, the Duke of Ferrara, who could not have withstood the attacks of the Venetians in ‘84, nor those of Pope Julius in ‘10, unless he had been long established in his dominions. For the hereditary prince has less cause and less necessity to offend; hence it happens that he will be more loved; and unless extraordinary vices cause him to be hated, it is reasonable to expect that his subjects will be naturally well disposed towards him; and in the antiquity and duration of his rule
the memories and motives
that
make for change are lost, change always
for one leaves the
for
toothing
another.
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12 pt. type, 14.4 pt. leading, 108 pt. line length, standard tracking
F UNCT I ON
U45
U55
There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appreciates what others can understand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excellent, the second good, and the third kind useless
There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appreciates what others can understand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excellent, the second good, and the third kind useless. It is necessary for him who lays out a state and arranges laws for it to presuppose that all men are evil and that they are always going to act according to the wickedness of their spirits whenever they have free scope.
It is necessary for him who lays out a state and arranges laws for it to presuppose that all men are evil and that they are always going to act according to the wickedness of their spirits whenever they have free scope. U86
U65
U76
U75
U85
There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appreciates what others can understand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excellent, the second good, and the third kind useless.
There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appreciates what others can understand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excellent, the second good, and the third kind useless.
It is necessary for him who lays out a state and arranges laws for it to presuppose that all men are evil and that they are always going to act according to the wickedness of their spirits whenever they have free scope.
It is necessary for him who lays out a state and arranges laws for it to presuppose that all men are evil and that they are always going to act according to the wickedness of their spirits whenever they have free scope.
There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appreciates what others can understand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excellent, the second good, and the third kind useless. It is necessary for him who lays out a state and arranges laws for it to presuppose that all men are evil and that they are always going to act according to the wickedness of their spirits whenever they have free scope.
U66
U56
U46
8 pt. type, 9.6 pt. leading, 198 pt. line length, standard tracking Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflffllfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches. Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflffllfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches. Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflffllfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches. Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.
8 pt. type, 8 pt. leading, 198 pt. line length , -30 pt. tracking
THAT A V B E DESPISED
ONE O I AND
SHOULD I D N G HATED
THAT A V B E DESPISED
ONE O I AND
SHOULD I D N G HATED
THAT ONE SHOULD A V O I D B E I N G DESPISED AND HATED
Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflflfl y fl under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches. Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflflfl y fl under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.
Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflflfl y fl under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.
Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss briefly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.
E X PE RI MEN T A L
5
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r of
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n they are passing from the ci e r wh e vil to d a ng t h e abs le to ol liab civil to the absol u e t h e t o are r deutre oord from ies fe ing s g o alit ver pas n re o danger when m t e h y a le t e n t, y the liab ar e e ar pa s
s ie
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