Sun Yat Sen Memoirs

MEMOIRS OF A CHINESE REVOLUTIONARY

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A Program of National Reconstruction for China

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CONTENTS PREFACE.

The Causes of China's Stagnation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

CHAPTER I. The Mistake of the Chinese Sages (a) First Proof. Labor and Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 (b) Second Proof. The Problem of Human Diet . . . . . . . . . 21 11 (c) Third Proof. The Writing of Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 17

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II. "To Understand is Difficult, but to Achieve is Easy" (seven more proofs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 21 III. The Chinese Need Knowledge and Revolutionary Action . . . .58 30 IV. Problems of the Revolutionary Reorganization of China . . . . .69 35 V. Who Was Right? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 43 VI. The Causes of China's Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 47 VII. A Plan for the Development of Chinese Industry . . . . . . . . . 102 . 52

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VIII. The Revolution is the Path to the Regeneration of China.

(How the Kuomintang Organized the Chinese Revolution) . 107 . 54

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APPENDIX I. "San-Min-Chu" (The Three Principles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 66 II. "The Fivefold Constitution" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 71

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PREFACE THE CAUSES OF CHINA'S STAGNATION For thirty-one years I have toiled hard for the welfare of the Chinese people. My life has been consecrated to the Chinese people, and my devotion to the tasks I set myself has remained unchanged during this long period. Neither the might of the Manchu dynasty nor all the misfortunes of my life availed to turn me aside from the aims I placed before me. I strove for what I aspired to: and the more failures I experienced, the more I yearned for the struggle. That is why I was able to raise the mass of the Chinese people to revolutionary action, and thereby overthrow the monarchy and found the Republic.

At first it seemed as if I, as the leader, would be able very easily to give effect to the program of the revolutionary party, i.e. nationalism, de-mocracy, Socialism and the Fivefold Constitution, as well as solve the problems created by the Revolution. If I had succeeded in achieving this, China would have found her place amongst the family of nations and would have entered the path of progress and happiness. But, unfortunately, the Revolution was scarcely completed when the members of our party unexpectedly turned out to be of a different opinion from myself, considering my ideals too elevated and unattainable for the reconstruction of modern China.

These doubts, moreover, were taken for granted, and even some of my comrades began to entertain doubts concerning the realization of my program. Therefore it turned out that my program had less chances of being realized when I held the post of President than when I was the leader of the Party which was preparing the Revolution. Hence the attempt at reconstruction was not successful, and the national tasks, which I put forward, were abandoned after the Revolution.

The Chinese Revolution, in the minds of many, was called upon to overthrow the Manchu dynasty and replace it by the tyranny of a group of bandits even more savage and rapacious than the former TaiTsing Government. This was the direct cause of the further intolerable yoke that cast a shadow over the Chinese people. If we analyze our first promptings to carry out the Chinese Revolution, we shall see that we 1 2

had in view the salvation of the Chinese people and the country; whereas the result has been quite the opposite, and the Chinese people is becoming more and more oppressed, the country more and more unhappy.

To a considerable extent this results from my inability to influence my party comrades and, apparently, my incapacity to guide them. But, on the other hand, my party comrades also cannot escape the reproach of insufficient conviction and effort in the realization of our revolutionary ideals and the carrying out of our revolutionary program.

As for the causes of their loss of heart, they do not all spring from the temptation of place and profit: their efforts slacken rather from their mode of thought.

What was that wrong mode of thought? It was, in their understanding, the idea that "actions are difficult, but knowledge is easy." This view was first expressed by Fu-Kueh, under the Emperor Wu-Ting of the Shan dynasty, two thousand years ago. Since that time it has taken root so deep in the mind of the Chinese people that now it is seemingly difficult to tear out. My whole plan for the reconstruction of China was paralyzed by this saying.

When the first revolutionary wave went by, and organic reconstruction had to begin, I could not help being agitated and delighted, because at last I had united the ideal which had long matured within me with my plan of revolutionary action, in a program of national reconstruction for China. I desired immediately to give effect to my program, in the hope of leading China up the steps of progressive modern science. But there were already people to say to me: "We all recognize that your ideal is lofty and full of merit, and your plan is profound and all-embracing. But do you know that actions are always difficult, while knowledge is always easy?"

When I first heard this I was dumbfounded and much confused, because I myself, like other Chinese, believed in this theory, and considered it indubitable that our ancient scholars taught us the truth.

However, a little later 1 made up my mind to test this principle and overcome this obstacle. It turned out that my object was easily attainable. I inspired my comrades with the doctrine of Wang-YuanMing, which preaches "unity of action and knowledge," i.e. the theory that knowledge is action and action knowledge.

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But in time I discovered that the bold mind of the Chinese revolutionaries could not outstrip their courage. The whole Chinese people was in the same position. Later I devoted myself to the study of the question of "difficulty of action and easiness of knowledge." I studied this question for several years, and finally came to the conviction that the old tradition was false: the exact opposite is the case.

I was happy because I had understood the cause of China's stagnation. It is due to the fact that the Chinese are ignorant of many things, and not at all because they cannot act.

The fact that, even though they have knowledge, they do not act, is due to their misconception that knowledge is easy but action difficult.

Imagine that we can prove the opposite, and force the Chinese to act fearlessly. Without doubt the affairs of China will move forward considerably. Therefore I shall try to prove it by a number of examples, in order to confirm the theory of the easiness of action and the difficulty of knowledge; which may serve, on the one hand, for the subject of discussion by scholars, and, on the other hand, may teach the people to forget undesirable and harmful traditions and superstitions.

The theory of the difficulty of action and the easiness of knowledge came to us two thousand years ago, and was accepted all over the country. In the minds of a people of 400 millions it has struck such deep roots that they cannot be torn up without great effort. If we merely tell the Chinese that it only seems to be the truth, but in reality is a pure invention, it is hardly likely that we shall convince them.

The theory of Fu-Kueh is my enemy, a thousand times more powerful than the authority of the Manchu dynasty. The power of the Manchus could achieve only the killing of our bodies, but it could not deprive us of our will. The might of the theory of Fu-Kueh not only destroyed the iron will of my comrades, but deceived the millions of the Chinese people. During the time of the Manchu dynasty, when I was agitating for the Revolution, I could hope for progress, but in the days that followed the establishment of the Republic my plans for the reconstruction of China could in no way be carried out. My thirty years' faithfulness to my ideal was almost crushed by this blow, my iron will almost killed. It was terrible and hateful.

"The best method of struggle is to kill the mind. "So ancient military strategy teaches us. That is why the national program of 2 4

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reconstruction of our Party suffered from the blow inflicted on our minds by the enemy. The nation is an assembly of individuals, and individuals, in their turn, are receptacles of mind. Thus the affairs of the people are the result of the expressions of mind in groups of these individuals. While we believe in our minds in the practicability of any plan, be it to move mountains or to fill up the sea, it can be easily accomplished. But when we are convinced in the impracticability, even of such simple acts as to move our hand or to break a twig, they cannot be carried out. Truly, great is the power of mind.

Mind is the beginning of everything that happens in the world.

The overthrow of the monarchy was carried out by mind, the construc-tion of the Republic was delayed and later brought to naught by this same mind. Just at the beginning of the victory of the Chinese Revolution, the revolutionaries themselves became the slaves of the theory of the difficulty of action and the easiness of knowledge, began to look on my plan as a Utopia and empty words, and renounced responsibility for the reconstruction of China. That responsibility, of course, was not to have been their monopoly, but should have been borne by all the citizens of China. But seven years have passed since the foundation of the Chinese Republic, and literally nothing has been done in this direction. On the contrary, the affairs of the Chinese Republic have become more and more complicated and the difficulties of the Chinese people have grown with every passing day.

When I think of this, day after day, my heart aches. The reconstruction of China cannot be postponed day after day. The question arises in my mind: "Chinese, why do you not carry out that which should and must be carried out — since, postponing it, you only obstruct your fulfilling your own appointed task? Why is this? Is it because you do not wish to fulfill it? Or is it because you are incapable of grappling with it?" I think that this arises, not because the Chinese are incapable, not because they have no inclination, but simply because they do not know it. When they become aware of it, the work of reconstruction will be just as easy as the turning of a hand or the breaking of a twig.

When I recalled all that I had taught the members of our Party, and what they had contemned: when I saw that my teaching was again coming to the surface as a new current in modern thought, and might 5

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CHAPTER I

become a plan for the national building-up of China, I conceived the CONTENTS purpose of writing a book about it under the title of A Program of National Reconstruction China, in the hope that my teaching PREFACE. forThe Causes of China's Stagnation . . . . would ........... 1 be accepted by all Chinese. However, I waited. I feared that the psychology CHAPTER of the Chinese masses was the same as the psychology of our Party. Perhaps the Chinese still hold the opinion that actions are difficult butI. knowledge easy?

If Chinese so, the Sages result of my book and my The Mistake of the teaching will be the(a) same seven years will .look FirstasProof.

Laborago: andthey Money . . . .on . . my . . . plan, .......... 4 on my program for (b) the Second reconstruction China, as a Utopia.

Proof. ofThe Problem of Human Diet . . . . . . . . . 11 However, I (c) stillThird beginProof. the writing of this book, first of. .all The Writing of Chinese . . for . . .the . . . . . . . . 17 purpose of crushing the enemy with the help of my theory, and leading the thoughtsII.of "To my Chinese fellow-countrymen of the blind alley in Understand is Difficult, but out to Achieve is Easy" which they are at present.

Thenproofs) they will (seven more . . .not . . .look . . . .on . . .my . . .program . . . . . . . as . . .a . . . . . . 21 Utopia, and millions of them will be my sympathizers, will fight for the reconstruction China, will consolidate the Republic, and will create a . . . . 30 III. ofThe Chinese Need Knowledge and Revolutionary Action Government by the people, of the people and for the people. I believe in this, since I IV. believe in the Chinese people.

Problems of the Revolutionary Reorganization of China . . . . . 35

THE MISTAKE OF THE CHINESE SAGES (a) First Proof. Labor and Money Let us take the circulation of money, and examine it from the standpoint of proving my theory that "action is easy and knowledge difficult." Of course, the circulation of money is not something inborn in human nature, but is rather only a habit of human life, practiced by all civilized people. We need money to purchase our daily food, clothes, etc. We need it at home and during a journey. We spend it daily, and find that quite natural. We know that we can be masters of everything, if we have money; and, on the contrary, we shall find it hard to make both ends meet, and will be in very great difficulties, if we have no money. Therefore we all hunt after money, and begin to depend on it more and more as society becomes more civilized, industry more developed, and the utilization of money more widespread and diversified. Human bliss, sorrow or pleasure — nearly everything is determined by the money question. Therefore belief in the allpowerfulness of money has taken deep root in the mind of man.

The relations between man and money are so close, the mode of its use is so universally accepted — yet I ask: "How many people are there who know what money is and what is its functional peculiarity?"

I should like first of all, reader, to have a talk with you about what money is. There is an old definition that money carries out the functions of exchange (for commodities). The Western economists also say that money itself belongs to the category of commodities, and is capable of determining the two important peculiarities, first, exchange at the average value of a commodity, and, second, to be a measure of all commodities. The writer takes them into account, calls money "established (or conditional) value," and defines it as follows: "Money is the established value of all commodities."

In far-off times money in China was made of shells, silk, beads or pearls; later on of gold, silver and copper. At the present time the most savage and uncivilized tribes and peoples have almost the same

SUNV.YAT-SEN Who Was Right? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Shanghai, December 30,Causes the 7th of Year of thePoverty Republic VI. The China's . . (1918) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 VII. A Plan for the Development of Chinese Industry . . . . . . . . . . 52

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VIII. The Revolution is the Path to the Regeneration of China.

(How the Kuomintang Organized the Chinese Revolution) . . 54

APPENDIX I. "San-Min-Chu" (The Three Principles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 II. "The Fivefold Constitution" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

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kind as of we money as we had intimes. primitive times.the Amongst theIn order to show In order to we show this, wetwo shall take twoSome examples. this, shall take examples. scoreSome score kind of money Chinese hadChinese in primitive Amongst nomad peoples oxen were and sheep wereasreckoned as fishing money, inoffishing yearswas agoathere a great famine in theofprovinces of Shensi and years agoofthere greatwas famine in the provinces Shensi and nomad peoples oxen and sheep reckoned money, in countries fish and shells, in agricultural countries fruit and Shansi, in consequence of which cannibalism was rife.ofMillions of Shansi,In in consequence of which cannibalism was rife. Millions countries fish and shells, in agricultural countries fruit and millet.

In millet.

Mon-golia Tibet it often tea andperished people perished of this Both these famous for their of this famine.

Bothfamine. these regions wereregions famouswere for their present-day present-day Mon-golia and Tibet it and often happens thathappens they usethat teathey and usepeople saltIn asshort, money.

In short, therethings are many the world may andfertility and abundance.

Their had population hadofvast sumsand of money, and fertility abundance.

Their population vast sums money, salt as money. there are many in thethings worldinwhich may which be money, countedand as money, andreckons each tribe reckons to thing be coin the thing banks in bothwere provinces full of forof thethese people of these thewhich banks inthe both provinces full of were deposits, fordeposits, the people be counted as each tribe to be coin the which is most suitable for it. provinces every year brought large sums earnedinasthewages in the provinces every year brought home large home sums earned as wages is most suitable for it.

Specialists of money-circulation talkasofa money a other However, provinces. the However, drought and badforharvests for otheras provinces. droughtthe came, and came, bad harvests Specialists on questionsonofquestions money-circulation talk of money which canbest actestablished as the best value established for all commodities, several led to the of exhaustion of food the gold which led toyears the exhaustion food stocks.

Yet stocks. the goldYet which thing whichthing can act as the for allvalue commodities, if severalifyears possesses the sevenimportant followingqualities: important(1)qualities: (1) if it is had suitable had beendid collected did notMany diminish. of the starving possessed been collected not diminish. of theMany starving possessed it possesses itthe seven following if it is suitable and (2) has convenience value; (2) convenience for(3) transport; (3) indestructibility; gold, but they could not get a single bushelforofmillions millet for but they could not get a single bushel of millet of millions of and has value; for transport; indestructibility; (4) gold, (4) constant price;divisibility; (6) easy divisibility; if it isdollars, easily anddollars, and were drivenbytostarvation. death by As starvation.

As there were driven to death there were no were no purity; (5) purity; constant(5)price; (6) easy (7) if it is(7) easily distinguished from other things.

A thing whichthese possesses seven commodities, gold was useless. commodities, gold was useless. distinguished from other things.

A thing which possesses seven these qualities may called the best possible to serve as money.

Have you readCrusoe?

Robinson Try and imagine Have you read Robinson TryCrusoe? and imagine yourself in ayourself in a qualities may be called thebebest possible to serve as money. the Chow dynastygold in China gold the best coinage, similarYou position.

You have brought goldand with you, and similar position. have brought a vast sum aofvast goldsum withofyou, During the During Chow dynasty in China was the bestwas coinage, silver the the third.

Chien have dynasty have been to a desert You have on it. The birds been exiled to a exiled desert island.

Youisland. have landed on it.landed The birds silver the second, andsecond, copper and the copper third. When the When Chien the dynasty conquered andthrone seizedofthethethrone the Chow dynasty, a single chirped coinage to greet chirped greet you, the flowers werethe beautiful, you,tothe flowers were beautiful, fruits inthe thefruits forestin the forest conquered and seized the Chowofdynasty, a single coinage was established.

Theygold reckoned goldand sterlings cashthe as streams and the streams the rocks wereand delightful and The accessible. in the rocksinwere delightful accessible. whole The whole was established.

They reckoned sterlings copper and cashcopper as and deprived pearls of andvalue. shellsAfter of value.

After and the Chow and island belongs and all its entirely at your disposal, island belongs to you, and to allyou, its treasures aretreasures entirely are at your disposal, money, but money, deprivedbutpearls and shells the Chow Chienthe dynasties, wastosubjected to changes but never went them to spend youifwish.

Buthungry, if you are you must to spend as youthem wish.asBut you are youhungry, must procure the procure the Chien dynasties, coinage the wascoinage subjected changes but never went beyond of thethe bounds of theofutilization of gold, silver and and yourself; the fruit yourself; when you are bymust thirst,get you mustfrom get water from fruit when you are tortured by tortured thirst, you water beyond the bounds utilization gold, silver and copper, and copper, the same applies of all moderncountries. civilized Some countries.theSome the stream. Everything flourishes on there this island, is any stream. Everything flourishes on this island, is anythere amount of amount of same applies to the coinsto oftheallcoins modern civilized countriesgold introduce gold as the chief coinage, withcopper silver and as commodities theirbut raw state, there — is no — and commodities in their raw in state, there is but no trade andtrade therefore notherefore no countries introduce as the chief coinage, with silver and as copper auxiliaries, insistshould that silver should chief andneed copper need of live gold.not You by but yourbygold, by your What is of gold.

You by live yournot gold, yourbut labor.

Whatlabor. is auxiliaries, while otherswhile insistothers that silver be the chief be andthe copper theThe auxiliary. reason all prompting recognize gold, inimportant in such— a situation — gold labor?

In this wayfor the reason for important such a situation gold or labor?

In or this way the reason the auxiliary. reason The prompting countriesalltocountries recognizeto gold, silver as andmoney copperisas money is their of possession of the principal qualities gold in civilized societiessuch possesses such a magic effect is now which gold which in civilized societies possesses a magic effect is now silver and copper their possession the principal qualities of "established value." clear and can be exhaustively studied. clear and can be exhaustively studied. of "established value." and importance From theitforegoing it isany clear that any commodity I want the to discuss the nature nature and importance of money. of Themoney. The From the foregoing is clear that commodity suitable for suitable forI want to discuss worldyet hasseen never yetwhich seen trade if money. there is no money. may be transformed is only has never trade couldwhich exist could if thereexist is no "established"established value" may value" be transformed into money,into andmoney, gold is and onlygoldworld What is it, however, leads us to utilize money and what one of the of such a kind of commodity.

But why has gold What is it, however, that leads usthat to utilize money and what drives us to drives us to one of the varieties of varieties such a kind of commodity.

But why has gold occupywith ourselves trade?consider We must consider this more retained power of up toThe our answer times? The answer that the ourselves trade? with We must this more closely in closely in retained such power such of attraction upattraction to our times? is that the isoccupy order all of thethe secrets of thesystem. monetary system.

Before we can andgold power gold by arethe drawn the from latter the only from orderthe to know alltotheknow secrets monetary Before we can importance importance and power of are of drawn latterbyonly discover to the of utilization of money, we mustit consider it of commodities.

If there were no of what discover leads what to theleads utilization money, we must consider process of process exchangeof ofexchange commodities.

If there were no process of process from theofstandpoint of theofevolution of civilization. of commodities would be transformed into sand fromand the standpoint the evolution civilization. exchange ofexchange commodities gold wouldgold be transformed into sand and Even there were commodities, but gold no trading, we see, savage at the savage peoples at peoples the present timepresent live intime deeplive in deep dust. Even ifdust. there wereif commodities, but no trading, would gold also would alsoAs we see,As lose its significance. remote mountains, gathered clans and tribes. valleys and valleys remote and mountains, gathered together in together clans andin tribes. lose its significance. wear clothes homespun feed on kill whatthemselves. they kill themselves.

They wear They homespun and clothes feed onand what they 8

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Although theytolive to one another, they communicate other away as unnecessary, would not know away as unnecessary, while otherswhile who others neededwho themneeded wouldthem not know Although they live close oneclose another, they communicate with other with tribesand very little Their and rarely.

Their verydescribed like those described wherethem. to procure them. where to procure tribes very little rarely. customs arecustoms very likeare those in our being old books, just and as "simple and sincere."

More developedWhen one When one toman to do simultaneously the a work of a man has do has simultaneously the work of in our old books, just asbeing "simple sincere."

More developed liveand in valleys and plains whereis the earth produce is fruitful, merchant, produce amerchant, a tiller of the soil and a itcraftsman, it involves unproductive tiller of the soil and a craftsman, involves unproductive peoples livepeoples in valleys plains where the earth fruitful, abundant, communications whichrelations facilitates relations waste time.a Yet suchofa division of labor the agriculturist or wastethe of time.

Yetofsuch division labor obliges the obliges agriculturist or abundant, communications easy, whicheasy, facilitates between thebetween various tribes. to work assume work There of a trader.

There are, craftsman tocraftsman assume the of the a trader. are, besides this,besides many this, many various tribes.

From the way matters at day the present weofcan judge of in difficulties kind of Aexchange.

A certain Mr.aW. wrote a book difficulties this kindinofthis exchange. certain Mr. W. wrote book From the way matters stand at the stand present we can day judge the case days gonethen by. People then families constituted about his journey the Philippines, which tells how, when aboutand his journey through the through Philippines, in which heintells how,hewhen what was thewhat casewas in days goneinby.

People constituted andfamilies and maintained became a little more intohethewent into the villagestribes, of savage tribes, not get a single piece he went villages of savage he could nothegetcould a single piece tribes, and tribes, maintained themselves. themselves.

When they When becamethey a little more civilized, beganintobarter. engageEven in barter.

Evenconservative the most conservative bread all day, didthe notuse know the use of money, of bread allofday, because thebecause savages the didsavages not know of money, civilized, they began they to engage the most scholars, such as How-Shien, who the preached of selfwhile did what not require he had they did notthey require he hadwhat prepared forprepared barter. for barter. scholars, such as How-Shien, who preached doctrinetheof doctrine self- while plowing—ourselves could People living times, in olden andtoday, savages today, often in olden and times, savages often maintenancemaintenance — weaving — andweaving plowingand ourselves could not—hold outnot hold outPeople living current and of events, and were forced tohats exchange hats or this experience thisasdifficulty, as is the seenfollowing from thecircumstance. following circumstance. experience difficulty, is seen from against the against current the of events, were forced to exchange or for was rice.the Barter was the guiding thread to trade.

The agriculturist surplus foodclothes: and needs clothes: he goes to the The agriculturist has a surplushas ofafood and of needs he goes to the crockery forcrockery rice. Barter guiding thread to trade.

But the is asked, then is the between difference between man who makes andtoasks him toBut exchange.

Butdoes the latter does man who makes clothes and clothes asks him exchange. the latter But the question is question asked, what then iswhat the difference The isdifference is this: barter is the ofexchange of food, not but need food, but requires sheep: he sheep goes tofarmer the sheep farmer and asks not need requires sheep: he goes to the and asks barter and barter trade? and The trade? difference this: barter is the exchange for commodity, trade is theofexchange of commodities him toa exchange for his Butfarmer the sheep him to exchange sheep for ahissheep clothes.

Butclothes. the sheep doesfarmer not does not commodity commodity for commodity, while trade while is the exchange commodities for money.

Before moneybarter appeared, barter This barter want such an because exchange, requiresHe crockery.

He brings his want out such an exchange, he because requires he crockery. brings his for money. Before money appeared, existed.

Thisexisted. barter arose out arose to the tocraftsman exchange forbut crockery, but the craftsman of the division As theby fulfillment oneone mantribe or by tribe of to thesheep craftsman exchangetofor crockery, the craftsman of the division of labor.

Asof thelabor. fulfillment one man by or by of onesheep several different kinds of work the might same time harm the workfood.wants food. his turn, to the wants He, in his He, turn,inbrings his brings crockeryhistocrockery the owner of owner of several different kinds of work at the same attime harmmight the work foodstuffs, the latter would like to get clothes. they did, division labor was invented withofthe object ofit.perfecting it. but foodstuffs, the latterbut would like to get clothes. they did, division of labor wasofinvented with the object perfecting all of the the tillers circle will of wishes crush Agriculturists beganthemselves to devote exclusively themselves exclusively tilling the soil,This circle This of wishes crush will all the tillers soil,of the soil, Agriculturists began to devote to tilling thetosoil, craftsmen, sheep farmers,etc. weavers, Each them has his surplus weavers began to produce cloth. way the productivity of sheep farmers, weavers, Each ofetc. them hasofhis surplus weavers began to produce only cloth. only In this wayInthethis productivity of craftsmen, and needselse, something else, but, each laborand increased andnothere no loss of time.

Thanks to this of something and needs but, because the because wish of the eachwish doesofnot falldoes in not fall in labor increased there was loss was of time.

Thanks to this division of division receive satisfaction.

This with the wishes none of others, nonereceive of them labor, productivity increased, andthere as a was resulta there was a surplus with product the wishes of others, of them satisfaction.

This labor, productivity increased, and as a result surplus product on the a proper theycome could all come could be used for barter. depends on depends the absence of aabsence proper of place, whereplace, they where could all which couldwhich be used for barter. andtheir carry out theirOwing exchange.

Owing to the absence Thusof thebarter period of barterarepresents a higher development than andtogether together carry out exchange. to the absence of such a of such a Thus the period represents higher development than a lot of on labor both on and production and on exchange, period of self-maintenance.

Yet nevertheless was bythe no means thetheymarket market waste athey lot waste of labor both production on exchange, the period ofthe self-maintenance.

Yet nevertheless it was by noitmeans butresults, with little and of course progress is delayed. in the division of labor.

People might become specialized, but little but with and results, of course progress is delayed. last word inlast the word division of labor.

People might become specialized, but An old Chinesenamed Emperor, named Shien-Lung, foreseeing this, theycombine could not combine and production andtotrade: i.e. to do simultaneouslyAn old Chinese Emperor, Shien-Lung, foreseeing this, they could not production trade: i.e. do simultaneously taught to the"assemble people to in "assemble in the market-place midday." Thus work of aand craftsman and aThe merchant.

The agriculturist to bringthe people the market-place at midday."atThus the work of the a craftsman a merchant. agriculturist had to bringhad taught and commodities could be assembled.

After people the barter, people thehis surplus of his rice, the surplus weaver of thehis surplus to thepeople marketand people commodities could be assembled.

After the barter, the surplus of rice, the weaver cloth of to his the cloth market for with exchange with oneThe another.

The same waswith the the case with the home returned home Ifsatisfied. market isthiscreated, thisthelightens the returned satisfied. a marketIf isa created, lightens for exchange one another. same was the case difficulties barter.

As for the four people mentioned, they could have fisherman, hunter, woodcutter, fact, all craftsmen: difficulties of barter. Asoffor the four people mentioned, they could have fisherman, hunter, woodcutter, blacksmith blacksmith and, in fact,and, all in craftsmen: come together in the market-place theand same timeand andseek place, and seek theytheir brought their for for exchange for what they required. come together in the market-place at the same at time place, they brought surplus for surplus exchange what they required. what they required. wouldwhat exchange what they Otherwise the of possessors of thesecould surpluses them what they required.

They wouldThey exchange they require and require would and would Otherwise the possessors these surpluses only could throw only themthrow leaveThe satisfied. market time facilities and givesforfacilities leave satisfied. marketThe saves time saves and gives barter. for barter.

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From the market is recognized, no more obstaclesAccording According to my researches, the introduction to my researches, the introduction of the use of of the use of From the moment themoment market isthe recognized, there are nothere moreare obstacles took the place after the in "assembly in the market-place money tookmoney place after "assembly the market-place at midday,"at midday," to barter. to barter.

The same with theofutilization of money.

Hence thei.e. author after the Emperor Shien-Lung.

The usewas of money known at the after thei.e.

Emperor Shien-Lung.

The use of money known was at the The same occurs with occurs the utilization money. Hence the author draws the that conclusion that the method of "assembling in the time marketof the Chowwhen dynasty, when civilization already moved of thetime Chow dynasty, civilization had alreadyhad moved draws the conclusion the method of "assembling in the marketplace is at the midday" is the guiding to theofutilization of money.

Some greatly. forward interval between them two was thousand about two thousand forward Thegreatly. intervalThe between them was about place at midday" guiding thread to thethread utilization money. Some money This supposition years. But culture thatnot time washigher not only than in previous at that timeatwas only thanhigher in previous economists economists affirm that affirm money that arose from arose barter.from Thisbarter. supposition is years. isBut culture mistaken.

They do that not during know that periodthere of barter there times, but not evenbecould not bebysurpassed by thecenturies. followingThis centuries. This times, but even could surpassed the following mistaken. They do not know the during period the of barter existed "value" for commodities, just aswe nowadays we have valuereally in the wasgreatest really the greatest progress, resulting from theofutilization progress, resulting from the utilization money. of money. existed a "value" fora commodities, just as nowadays have a value in a was period of trade.

Duringofthe period of trade, money serves asFrom a value From wethe may draw the that conclusion the useserves of money this we maythis draw conclusion the use that of money as a serves as a the period ofthe trade.

During the period trade, money serves as a value for all commodities, thebarter period of barter "assembly in the in of thecivilization. growth of civilization. thanks to of circulation of great factor great in thefactor growth Only thanksOnly to circulation for all commodities, while in thewhile periodin of "assembly in the midday" money, as the measure ofmoney value. wasmoney was able humanity to step forward fromtimes primitive humanity to stepable forward from primitive to times to market-placemarket-place at midday"atserved, like served, money, like as the measure of value.

A utilize man might utilizei.e. thisa value, i.e. a opportunity, convenient opportunity, to civilization. modern civilization. modern A man might this value, convenient to securewhile benefits, could not do so many underwent manySome thousands Someofthousands ofthe years after the appearance of money, modern years after appearance of money, modern secure benefits, thosewhile who those could who not do so underwent Before money use, the facilitating institution facilitating machines wereAfter invented.

After this race the human race went forward more machines were invented. this the human went forward more difficulties. difficulties.

Before money entered intoentered use, theinto institution exchange was in "assembly in the market-place that his andquickly, material developed conditions and developed and still flourished materialand conditions flourished more. still more. exchange was "assembly the market-place at midday,"atsomidday," that his so quickly, must be as considered originOnce of money.

Once there was afford Machines afford theof possibility subjecting natural Machines the possibility subjectingofnatural forces to theforces powerto the power must be considered the cradleasofthe thecradle originofofthe money. there was anin"assembly in the market-place at midday"took exchange took place very andofutilize man, them and utilize them in place of hand What could previously could of man, in place of hand labor.

Whatlabor. previously an "assembly the market-place at midday" exchange place very easily, as many commodities set out on view before At the crowd. bethe done with the a man is now excellently not beAtdonenot with strength of strength a man is of now excellently fulfilled by fulfilled by easily, as many commodities were set outwere on view before the crowd. the same time great this gave greatofeconomy of human also When machines.

When we usetomachines to weights, load heavy weights, machines. we use machines load heavy they developthey develop the same time this gave economy human labor, and labor, also and an effort can be only compared only the aroused in anthe increase desire to buy. an effort with which with can which be compared the strength of strength several of several aroused an increase desireintothe buy. thousand human hands.

When them to transport people exchanged only necessary the most and necessary and human thousand hands.

When we use themwe to use transport goods, they goods, can they can Previously Previously people exchanged only the most in onegreat day carry great for manyofhundreds of miles. essential commodities, now theyattention pay more to theofexchange in oneofday carry weights for weights many hundreds miles. When we When we essential commodities, now they pay more to attention the exchange use under machines, under the control onetilling man, the for soil, tilling the soil, they elegant articles.

Before commodities were themselves machines, the control of one man,offor they elegant articles.

Before commodities were themselves exchanged, exchanged, they use they reap rye as will feed several hundred When were exchanged elegantand articles, and the latter reap as much ryeasasmuch will feed several hundred men.

When men. we use themwe use them were exchanged even earliereven for earlier elegantforarticles, the latter weaving, theyone canman's undermanagement one man's management produce in for theircommodities. turn for commodities.

Elegant articles, suchweaving, as for they can under produce clothes for clothes for exchanged exchanged in their turn Elegant articles, such as for a thousand shells,stones precious pearls, began tothe represent the value of men, a thousand and somen, on. and so on. shells, precious and stones pearls, and began to represent value of revolution industry, and This created invention an entire in commodities: such isofthe originThus of money. at first was notThis invention an created entire revolution industry,inand commodities: such is the origin money. at firstThus money was money not moneybegan gradually began to lose its force.

Why? Before theofinvention of the chief thing.theBut from timedeveloped that barterinto developed into exchange, money gradually to lose its force.

Why? Before the invention the chief thing.

But from time thatthe barter exchange, machines, world was production carried by hand labor. The volume money began to play anpart. important part.isAsused money is used in exchange machines, world production carried was on by hand on labor.

The volume money began to play an important As money in exchange of limited, trade was the totalof quantity of commodities for a commodity, possessorcan nowadays cantrader go toand anybuy trader and buy was of trade thelimited, total quantity commodities did not go did not go for a commodity, its possessoritsnowadays go to any beyond of thethe bounds sphereBut of money.

But when world production what heavoiding requires,hisavoiding double obligations and athe bounds sphereofofthemoney. when world production what he requires, double his obligations as a trader as anda atraderbeyond from hand to machine whichonis by carried on by the united craftsman. way the appearance of money greatly thefrompassed passed hand to machine labor, whichlabor, is carried the united craftsman. In this wayInthethis appearance of money greatly lightens thelightens forces of man, natureproduction and man, increased productionthousands increasedofthousands of times, and of greatly mankind, increases greatly the increases the production of nature and times, and difficulties difficulties of mankind, production of forcesof volume of trade correspondingly increased commodities, and is astenadvantageous times as advantageous as in "assembly the the of trade correspondingly increased many times.many This times. forced This forced commodities, and is ten times as "assembly the theinvolume nature of trade Commercial to change. Commercial accountsbegan gradually midday."

The development mankind was hastened, the nature ofthetrade to change. accounts gradually to began to market-placemarket-place at midday."atThe development of mankind of was hastened, which are nowadays are by credit means obligations, of credit obligations, and civilization moved forward considerably, with the introduction of be bymanaged means of which nowadays and civilization moved forward considerably, with the introduction of be managed driving out money. theof circulation driving out money. the circulation money. of money.

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spent on commerce, the same timeadvantages produces advantages for can beby illustrated by theexamples. followingAexamples. merchant sends on a commerce, and at the and sameattime produces for This can beThis illustrated the following merchantAsends a spent ship from Canton, goods value of dollars, 1,000,000 to society? society? ship from Canton, with goods with to the valueto ofthe1,000,000 to dollars, Shanghai, them, and divides them into He ten makes parts. 1He makes 1Hence in modern commerce is by carried on by Hence in modernstates civilized states is civilized commerce carried on Shanghai, sells them, sells and divides them into ten parts. percent, profit on i.e. every part,dollars i.e. 1,000 dollars each.

All thismeans is paidof credit means(bills of credit (bills andGold cheques). must lose Ifitsthe power. If the and cheques). must Gold lose its power. percent, profit on every part, 1,000 on each.

Allonthis is paid in reckon cash. Ifitwe it upeach in dollars, each part 4950 will weigh lan people Chinese still superstitiously that of thegold power Chinese still people superstitiously believe thatbelieve the power has of gold has him in cash.him If we upreckon in dollars, part will weigh lan 4950 [One 1lan1/3equals 1/3silver.]. ounce of silver.]. he Supposing he gathers not very fallen,much this resembles very muchthe resembles the way How-Shien, notthem fallen, this way How-Shien, towards thetowards the [One lan equals ounce1 of Supposing gathers them together.

Then he goes to the market buy other goods, in self-supporting of dynasty, the Chowstill dynasty, stillin believed end lots. of the end Chow believed self-supporting economy. economy. together. Then he goes to the market to buy othertogoods, in ten lots. in ten of goods from tothehimself, seller tohe himself, must do People not that yet know that moment from thethere moment People not yet doknow from the beganthere "the began "the Besides theBesides dispatchtheof dispatch goods from the seller must he forward the seller a large quantityThe of dollars.

Thehisman sells his goods inassembly in the market-place midday," self-supporting assembly the market-place at midday,"atself-supporting by mixed by mixed forward to the seller to a large quantity of dollars. man sells goods in ten lots, receives theirinequivalent in dollars: must buy goods forms labor was unnecessary.

When came into use, "assembly forms of labor wasofunnecessary.

When money camemoney into use, "assembly in ten lots, receives their equivalent dollars: then he mustthen buyhegoods pay for all he received also This in tenmeans lots. This meanswaste the purest in the market-place in its turn, became obsolete. in waste the market-place at midday," at inmidday," its turn, became obsolete.

Since men Since men and pay for and all he received also in ten lots. the purest time and andinvolves moreover involves began to use (bills and money cheques), also has become began to use credit (billscredit and cheques), alsomoney has become of time and of energy, and energy, moreover great risk. great risk.

Further, trade on is by carried by many in merchants in one valueless. valueless.

Further, when trade when is carried manyonmerchants one place, all their taken are worth In theoffirst of the Chinesewhen Republic, when that I proposed that the year Chinese Republic, I proposed place, all their goods takengoods together aretogether worth millions andmillions billionsand of billions ofIn the first year and their trading require operations too much time for gold be from withdrawn from and circulation and bank-notes be to introduced to goldtheir be withdrawn circulation bank-notes be introduced dollars, anddollars, their trading operations too require much time for their money which passesthethrough the these hands of thesethe lighten burden the State and to developmyindustry, my lighten burden the on the Stateonfinances andfinances to develop industry, completion. completion.

The moneyThe which passes through hands of will enormous constitute sums. enormous gold shouted audience that this was impossible. theWar last Great War audience thatshouted this was impossible.

During the During last Great merchants merchants will constitute The sums. silver The and silver gold and on the will not suffice for such trade. Therefore paper somedid countries did away withintroduced gold and introduced some countries away with gold and paper money in money in accumulatedaccumulated on the market will market not suffice for such trade.

Therefore of it, i.e. what proposed the authorseven proposed years ago. If gold in andsuch silver in such lose conditions lose their place of of it, place i.e. exactly whatexactly the author yearsseven ago. If gold and silver conditions their value.

The value. strengthThe of strength the proper will fully replace the use money becomesand exhausted, its place is taken by credit obligations. paper moneypaper is setmoney going is inset thegoing properinway, it will way, fully itreplace the use money becomes exhausted, its placeand is taken by credit obligations. of gold. value bills and mortgages? can be of easily gold.

What is theWhat valueisofthe bills andofmortgages?

This can beThis easily But some put thisduring objection: duringand ourMing Yuan and Ming by one of commercial affairs. forward thisforward objection: our Yuan understood understood even by oneeven ignorant of ignorant commercial affairs. In the case In of the case ofBut some put dynasties, four hundred years money ago, paper was also Cantonalready merchant already mentioned, who shipped goodsdynasties, to the four hundred years ago, paper was money also issued, but issued, but the Canton the merchant mentioned, who shipped goods to the they only hastened their downfall andthe increased value of dollars 1,000,000 dollars tohe Shanghai, he insold in ten lots and theythereby thereby only hastened their downfall and increased poverty the of poverty of value of 1,000,000 to Shanghai, sold them tenthem lots and the people.

During theinCivil War inStates, the United their Government madeprofit.

1 percent, profit.heTherefore receivedBut 1,010,000.

But thisthe means people. During the Civil War the United theirStates, Government made 1 percent, Therefore received he 1,010,000. this means also paper and thisthe produced the same not 49,500 but only sheets paper.

It means either aorbanknote, or also issued paperissued money, andmoney, this produced same result.

Whatresult. was What was not 49,500 lan, but onlylan, sheets of paper.

It of means either a banknote, reason? was issued that they issued paper money in and unlimited and the note of some financial house, share of someorcompany, thea bill. reason?the It was that Itthey paper money in unlimited the note of some financial house, the share ofthe some company, a bill. or excessive and quantities, this led to theirasdownfall, the total money When his lotsthe of buying goods, and the buying to quantities, excessive this ledand to their downfall, the total as money When he sold his he lotssold of goods, selling and was selling limitedwas to limited issued constantly the ofquantity of commodities sheetsApart of paper. from the delivering the goods, they will never constantly issued increased, increased, while the while quantity commodities ten sheets oftenpaper. from Apart delivering goods, they will never pay one another in gold. Afrom merchant from Fukien, ordering in theremained remained same. the same. pay one another in gold.

A merchant Fukien, ordering goods in goods However, some did notGovernment the Pekin Government [The Government of Shanghai, payssame withpaper. the same paper. inTherefore in such transactions However, some ask, did not ask, the Pekin [The Government of Shanghai, pays with the Therefore such transactions (1912-1916)] cash onIsitsnot bonds? value are of millions are sold without being need to Yuan-Shih-Kai (1912-1916)] stop paying stop cashpaying on its bonds? this Is not this goods to thegoods valuetoofthe millions sold without there being there any need to anyYuan-Shih-Kai money? there not the results gold and withthis one,means and this means by economy, by eliminating the theofabolition money? of Why were Why there were not the results which you which you bring gold bring with one, economy, eliminating the the abolition on thepanic contrary panic and hesitation? oftransmission the double transmission of lan the from 49,500 from seller to but,expect, on thebut, contrary and hesitation?

We think itWe wasthink it was necessity ofnecessity the double of the 49,500 thelan seller to the expect, the Pekin Government, when this publishing decree, copied the back. buyerThis and also back.preserves This alsomoney preserves loss or accident. because thebecause Pekin Government, when publishing decree,this copied the buyer and frommoney loss orfrom accident. part of theadopted measures adopted in otherIncountries.

In other countries it bethis said that thistrade, facilitates trade, thetime cares and onlytime part ofonly the measures in other countries. other countries Need it be Need said that facilitates reduces the reduces cares and the Govern-ments on bills in or specie, chequesbut in at specie, the Govern-ments did not pay did on not billspay or cheques the but at the 14

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same did timenotthey did specie. not accept The Pekin Government acted ofcounselor of theWu-Ti Emperor Wu-Ti the Han dynasty, the introduced the the Emperor of the Han of dynasty, introduced same time they accept Thespecie.

Pekin Government acted counselor otherwise.

Whenthe publishing decree,that it thought would measure not pay of measure of "the prices of com-modities" down to their "the lowering of lowering the pricesofofthe com-modities" down to their otherwise. When publishing decree, itthethought it wouldthat notitpay to the did not the of possibility of value, nominal value, then in order then to release commodities nominal in order to release commodities for proper for proper in specie tointhespecie people, but people, that thisbut didthat not this exclude the exclude possibility notthe accepting the bank-notes it had itself.was Butonly this was only circulation.

Collecting them inperiod, a normal period,hishereserve threw his reserve circulation.

Collecting them in a normal he threw not accepting bank-notes it had issued itself.issued But this deceiving theworthless people byand worthless and valueless why the intosupplies intowhen the market rose, and thus lowered the market priceswhen rose, prices and thus lowered prices againprices again deceiving the people by valueless paper.

That paper. is whyThat the is supplies Pekin Government fell. to their normal When need for of some kind of commodity was to their normal value.

Whenvalue. the need forthe some kind commodity was Pekin Government fell.

Great Britain stopped paying of on her account felt in alocality particular and its thisprice raised in that felt inhera particular andlocality this raised in its thatprice locality: or locality: or When GreatWhen Britain stopped paying on account bills,of herher bills, thestopped same time stoppedspecie. accepting specie.even Therefore even whena there was a of superfluity of some commodity and its price when there was superfluity some commodity and therefore itstherefore price GovernmentGovernment at the same at time accepting Therefore war costs, whichtoamounted 60 or 70 millions day,for were forheinwasfell, able his to transfer supplies fromtoone place to fell, ableheto was transfer supplieshis from one place another, in another, in war costs, which amounted 60 or 70 to millions a day, were apaid in paid whichceaselessly circulated ceaselessly on and the market and which everyone prices. did this order thereby to regulate commodity order thereby to regulate commodity prices. He did thisHe because he because he paper, whichpaper, circulated on the market which everyone wasuse. gladThis to went use. This wentseveral on for severalWhen months. knew the real is athat great pitymeasures that these measures knewthe the real meaning of meaning money. Itofismoney. a greatItpity these was glad to on for months. the When issuedloan, a national it was paid up in paper.were Those wereintroduced not again after introduced after time of San-Hen-Yang, not again the time of the San-Hen-Yang, as Chinese as Chinese GovernmentGovernment issued a national it was loan, also paid upalso in paper.

Those who had had to specie had toit exchange for paper in bank-notes to economy nationaltoday economy moreisthan is inand a chaotic and confused national more today than ever in aever chaotic confused who had specie exchange for paper it bank-notes the banksintothe banks pay or their taxes or purchase commodities, otherwise speciecondition. would condition. pay their taxes purchase commodities, otherwise their specie their would have beenThat worthless. is Britain how Great Britain ceased paying in cashAt the present At the day, after the the Great day,present after the outbreak of outbreak the GreatofWar, nearlyWar, nearly have been worthless. is howThat Great ceased paying in cash (specie).

But Government the Pekin Government did the not paper accept itthe had adult the whole adult in population in the countries belligerentwas countries population the belligerent called was to called to (specie). But the Pekin did not accept hadpapertheit whole itself. It discredited its own notes, and everyone yet forcedtoeveryone arms.

Industry came to at a standstill thisthe time, andofthe value of money arms. to Industry came to a standstill this time,atand value money issued itself.issued It discredited its own notes, and yet forced trustaccept them them. and accept them.

Is such a thingIt possible?

It is hardly The Governments of all countries belligerentwere countries were obliged felllikely heavily.fell Theheavily.

Governments of all belligerent obliged trust them and Is such a thing possible? is hardly likely a skilfulormerchant, or broker, even a bad broker, would do such yetovertoa take overofa branches number ofofbranches and commerce, and to to take number industry of andindustry commerce, and to that a skilfulthat merchant, even a bad would do such a thing: yet a thing: them for military This purposes.

This wasfirst achieved was done by a Government itself the representative of the them adapt for military purposes. was achieved of all first in of all in it was doneit by a Government calling itselfcalling the representative of the adapt Germany but other followed countriestheir followed their example This istoequivalent to proclaiming oneself a bankrupt. Germany and Austria,andbutAustria, other countries example people. Thispeople. is equivalent proclaiming oneself a bankrupt. wasthe in essence policy of San-Hen-Yang.

Pekin Government is quitein ignorant in theofquestion of immediately. immediately.

This was in This essence policy ofthe San-Hen-Yang.

The Pekin The Government is quite ignorant the question to the ofteaching of scientists, European human scientists, human currency.

Many people are dis-tinguished by this to the teaching European currency. Many people are dis-tinguished by this failing, evenfailing, thougheven thoughAccording According existence can beinto divided threeThegrades.

The first represents they some-times spend dealDuring of money.

During the Han dynasty, existence can be divided three into grades. first represents they some-times spend a great deal aofgreat money. the Han dynasty, lackmakes of which makes life insupportable. whichtheinherited of dynasty, the Chien all adults in the requirements, the lack of the which life insupportable.

The secondThe second which inherited ruin of the the ruin Chien alldynasty, adults were in thewererequirements, stage the represents the conveniences, without army, oldmen and served weak men served in corps, the supply work was very stage represents conveniences, without which life which is not life quiteis not quite army, old and weak in the supply workcorps, was very pleasant.

The is third stagewhich is luxury, not very to life. difficult, and theposition financial of Chinaonbordered on bankruptcy. pleasant. The third stage luxury, is notwhich very is essential to essential life. difficult, and the financial of position China bordered bankruptcy. ourifhappiness if we possess it, not but destroy it does not The Government of the day was due to insufficiency of We ourincrease happiness we possess it, but it does our destroy our The Government of the day decided thatdecided this wasthat duethis to insufficiency of We increase convenience if we lose it. ifNaturally, we study stages in their currency, andbegan therefore began tothe stimulate thecoin people to coin convenience money. if we lose it.

Naturally, we studyifthese stagesthese in their currency, and therefore to stimulate people to money. humanity theya will a very elastic meaning.

However, by little it began to beby disquieted by the overproduction application application to humanitytotoday, they today, will have veryhave elastic meaning.

However, little by littlelittle it began to be disquieted the overproduction of coined obligedit toaltogether. forbid it Of altogether.

Whatconsiders one mana considers necessity, reckonofan article of What Of one man necessity,aothers will others reckon will an article of coined money, andmoney, finally and was finally obligedwas to forbid was notmethod a correct of The procedure. or andcomfort, andasyet others as a luxury.

But if speak of these comfort, yet others a luxury.

But if we speak ofwe these stages with stages with course, thiscourse, was notthisa correct of method procedure. wealth The or wealth of anonation no means on the quantitybut of money, but toreference to various epochs, these stand differences stand out very sharply. reference various epochs, these differences out very sharply. poverty of apoverty nation by meansbydepends on depends the quantity of money, on the quantity of commodities andcirculation. their wide circulation.The writer considers The writerthat considers thatwhich the times whichthepreceded the use of money the times preceded use of money rather on therather quantity of commodities and their wide At theofbeginning of the Han the latter's were difficulties were the age necessities. of primary necessities.

Human at aspirations were the agewere of primary Human aspirations that time at didthat time did At the beginning the Han dynasty, thedynasty, latter's difficulties connected a lack of commodities, later more on became not go bounds of to thebedesire well fed and clothed. notacute go beyond the beyond bounds the of the desire well to fedbeand clothed. connected with a lack with of commodities, and later onand became acute more did for notother strivethings, for other and strive could for not strive for owing to their insufficient Therefore San-Hen-Yang, thethenPeople did notthen strive and things, could not owing to their insufficient circulation. circulation.

Therefore San-Hen-Yang, the People 16

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China is now living second stage of economic From the camethere into began use, there living through thethrough second the stage of economic them. Fromthem. the moment thatmoment money that camemoney into use, the began theChina is now which the age ofthe procuring theachieving means for achieving development. and handi-crafts are still served by hand development.

Agriculture Agriculture and handi-crafts are still served by hand epoch whichepoch we can call we the can age call of procuring means for comfort,human because human desires wereand growing could labor. not be labor. has not yet stage of utilizingand machines, She has not She yet reached the reached stage ofthe utilizing machines, thus and thus comfort, because desires were growing could and not be by clothing food andalone: clothing alone: because the more because could the harnessing forces nature help hand by the of application of forces ofthe nature to of help handtolabor, by thelabor, application satisfied bysatisfied food and the more they could theyharnessing procure things which brought themFrom comfort.

Fromofthe of thegas, steam, gas,and electricity and water-power.

Nevertheless, with the opening electricity water-power.

Nevertheless, with the opening procure things which brought them comfort. the time thetimesteam, machines begins the ageOnly of luxury. in can this period can trade ouractivity economic of with port other trade countries, with other our countries, of port economic hasactivity greatly has greatly invention ofinvention machinesofbegins the age of luxury. in thisOnly period we observe over-production. increased.

This is not foreignhave merchants have more money increased. This is not because the because foreign the merchants more money we observe over-production.

We poverty do not fear anywemore, but weofare afraid of inequality thanbecause we, but of goods im-ported goods than we, but thebecause quantitytheof quantity im-ported exceeds theexceeds the We do not fear anypoverty more, but are afraid inequality of distribution.

Countries with developed a strongly industry developedtryindustry try to exported quantity by us: theamounts difference to two milliard dollars byexported us: the difference to amounts two milliard dollars to quantity of distribution.

Countries with a strongly theirandmarket, and their to export their manufactured a year. it will amountmilliards. to twentyIfmilliards. a year.toIn ten yearsInit ten willyears amount to twenty this goes Ifon,this goes on, extend theirextend market, to export manufactured goods to goods countries a less industry. developedMany industry.

Manycountries, civilized countries, will be irreparable, evenpiles if weofhad of gold the damage the willdamage be irreparable, even if we had goldpiles as high as as high as countries with a lesswith developed civilized unfortunately, the nonsensical point view that onlymountains, articles mountains, and innumerable and bottomless copper and innumerable and bottomless copper mines.

We mines. know We know unfortunately, maintain themaintain nonsensical point of view thatofonly articles of luxury benefit to mankind. Corresponding with theofevolution of thewell daywhen will come when our reach its culminating well that daythat willthe come our poverty willpoverty reach itswill culminating of luxury bring benefitbring to mankind.

Corresponding with the evolution the three stages of development economic development point, andwill our dis-appear. wealth will What dis-appear. is the way out? point,the and our wealth is the What way out?

The one andThe one and the three stages of economic there takes there placetakes the place in the understanding of conditional value. age way of outonly way aout of such is a condition is the introduction of machinery. of such condition the introduction of machinery. evolution inevolution the understanding of conditional value. In the age In of the only primary"assembly necessity in "assembly in the market-place midday" affordedWhen we examine When wetheexamine the yearly industrial countries yearly incomes of incomes industrialofcountries primary necessity the market-place at midday" at afforded the of possibility In comfort, the age of comfort, money, we and by the number of the population, see that every and divide themdivide by thethem number of the population, we see thatwe every the possibility exchange.of Inexchange. the age of money, which we which still use, was current. the agemoney of luxury money by is replaced creditcan citizen or eightdollars, hundred on the receive sevenor hundred citizen receivecan seven hundred eight hundred on dollars, the still use, was current.

In the age ofInluxury is replaced credit by average, yearly.

In our country, only of hand (cheques, bills). average, yearly.

In our country, which still which makes still use makes only ofuse hand (cheques, bills).

Theseinalterations in the conditional of all three in the would population would receive of anseven average of seven labor,are everylabor, personevery in theperson population receive an average These alterations the conditional value of all value three epochs are epochs or eight of yearlyBut income. we machine bring in machine to theofhappiness mankind, and men take advantage or eight dollars of dollars yearly income. if we But bringif in conducive toconducive the happiness mankind,ofand men should take should advantage we shallbenaturally be able the to achieve the same of this them.

Butnot thismean doesthat not itmean is no use having to production, production, we shall naturally able to achieve same results as results as of them. But does is nothat useithaving recourse to recourse the countries, industrial and countries, and then seven or eight other methods than those already Forin example, days of characterize the industrial then those seventhose or eight other methods than those already existing.

Forexisting. example, the days in of the characterize i.e. our national an hundredfold "assembly in the market-place midday," still tocontinued dollars,toi.e. dollars, our national wealth, willwealth, increasewill an increase hundredfold compared compared "assembly in the market-place at midday,"atpeople still people continued with the present time.then Wemove can then on tostage a higher conduct self-supporting economy. were are still withwho the present time.

We can on tomove a higher of stage of conduct self-supporting economy. There were There and are stilland people who people economic well-being. practicein"assembly in the market-place at midday" duringofthe period of well-being. economic practice "assembly the market-place at midday" during the period The revolution industrial revolution in the and European and American the of utilization of thesystem, monetary system, as fora example, in the European American the utilization the monetary as for example, fair whicha fair whichThe industrial countriesa produced a sudden change in their living conditions.

Their days. place This takes in the neighborhood of produced sudden change in their living conditions.

Their takes place takes every place three every days. three This takes in theplace neighborhood of countries of luxury and great creature daily life rapidly period and before people the agethey of luxury, already knew daily life rapidly entered theentered period the of luxury great creature towns. Eventowns. beforeEven people reached the reached age of luxury, alreadythey knew effect is onexactly society similar is exactly similar to that which Henry the use of bills paid (cheques), in place in of the money, of Itscomforts. comforts. effect onItssociety to that which Henry the use of bills (cheques), out in paid placeout of money, shapeinofthe shape Georgeindescribed his book:and Progress so-called bills" and "money of the Tan and described George his book:inProgress Poverty.and HePoverty. said thatHe thesaid that the the so-calledthe "flying bills""flying and "money notes" of thenotes" Tan dynasty, anddynasty, progresscivilization of modern civilization is like a sharp wedge suddenly "notes hand"on andcall" "notes on call" during the Sun-dynasty. were of modern progress is like a sharp wedge suddenly driven in driven in "notes of hand" andof"notes during the Sun-dynasty.

These were These the lower upper classes. and lower classes. whothis are sharp above this sharp the forerunners of bills ofInexchange. our we ownhave times to use thebetween upper and Those who Those are above the forerunners of bills of exchange. our own In times to we use havebetween a small of This capitalists.

This is pushed up bills (orotherwise cheques),we otherwise we cannot carry on industry or commerce wedge are awedge small are minority of minority capitalists. minority is minority pushed up bills (or cheques), cannot carry on industry or commerce higher by the wedge on a large But it at is the possible thetosame to use evenand higher who live below higher higher and by the wedge every day. every Those day. who Those live below on a large scale.

But itscale. is possible same at time use time money, evenmoney, though this be not so and convenient and advantageous represent the vastof majority workers.

They are dragged vast majority workers.ofThey are dragged lower and lower and though this be not so convenient advantageous as cheques. as cheques. represent the everymeans day. This means the rich become while the poor lower everylower day. This that the richthat become richer, whilericher, the poor 18

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become results of the revolution industrial bring revolution bringAnd so I sayAnd I say that people unfortunately knowtoonly how to spend thatsopeople unfortunately know only how spend become ever poorer.ever Thepoorer. results The of the industrial happiness only members to a fewofmembers and but money, but very rarely its understand its secrets.

This proof is the of first proof of money, very rarely understand secrets. This is the first happiness only to a few society, of butsociety, inflict but pain inflict and pain theofgreat of the It is not that surprising thattheory the that my "action theory that "action is easy but difficult." knowledge difficult." my is easy but knowledge suffering onsuffering the greatonpart the part people.

It ispeople. not surprising the social revolutionary movement as it that is natural that the social revolutionary movement is growing,isasgrowing, it is natural the majority longer betosacrificed to thelife luxurious majority cannot any cannot longer any be sacrificed the luxurious of the life of the minority. minority.

Second Proof.

TheofProblem Human Diet (b) Second(b) Proof.

The Problem Human of Diet Why arelosses such great losses andinflicted sufferings on humanity?

Why are such great and sufferings on inflicted humanity?

Because do not how themselves to adapt themselves to newLet us takeLetanother Because people do people not know how know to adapt to new us take another example—human example—human diet. This diet. is a This very is a very conditions.

During the of supremacy of hand labor, of thelaisseztheory of important laissez- function conditions. During the supremacy hand labor, the theory important of ourAt organism. the itsame it is a function of function our organism. the sameAttime is a time function faire inprevailed, order to free encourage free competition, faire prevailed, order to in encourage competition, suppress thesuppress living can Acarry A child which whichtheeverywhich livingevery creature cancreature carry out. childout. which has left its has left its of monopolies and income distributeamongst incomethe amongst whole womb, growth of growth monopolies and distribute whole themother's mother's womb, a chick which out has of broken outcan of the egg a chick which has broken the egg carry it can out carry it out This wasunconsciously practiced unconsciously several thousand popula-tion.popula-tion.

This was practiced for several for thousand without beingtrained. specially Butreflect when and we reflect and equally wellequally withoutwell being specially Buttrained. when we Only after Adam in thecentury, eighteenth century, the discovered the years. Only years. after Adam Smith, in theSmith, eighteenth discovered askdo ourselves, we the fullysecret knowofthe secret this, then not only cannot ask ourselves, we fully do know this, thenofnot only cannot truth at of theallbottom of all did what he express what everyonethe wanted truth at the bottom activity, didactivity, he express everyone wanted in reply the street in the affirmative, but, even man inthe theman street in thereply affirmative, but, even after the after the say but not, brought and thishim brought him the of his to say but tocould not, could and this the respect of respect his remarkable and of inventions of modern remarkable discoveries discoveries and inventions modern science, notscience, a singlenot a single contemporaries even ofofthe people of our own day. contemporaries and even of and the people our own day. doctor,physicist hygienist, or chemist, even after devoting physiologist,physiologist, doctor, hygienist, or physicist chemist, even after devoting Aboutpassed a century after the publication of The of About a century afterpassed the publication of The Wealth of Wealth their of this question, whether their whole lives whole to the lives studytoofthe thisstudy question, and whetherand they lived athey lived a Nations before therevolution industrialwas revolution was fully From developed. that years Nations before the industrial fully developed. that From day, grasp can fully grasp all its hundred or at the hundred ago years or at ago the present day,present can fully all its turning point humanity onwards, began humanity began to use for machines for the turning point onwards, to use machines the significance. significance. of production.

Those whomachinery possessedwere machinery were enabledOur China, Our extension ofextension production.

Those who possessed enabled China, althoughand backward andinimperfect in everything, has although backward imperfect everything, has to rulebythe worldofbytheir reason of their wealth.

If wethe stillcustom retain thenot custom to rule the world reason wealth.

If we still retain not been a single country in the development been outdone by outdone a single by country in the development of the art ofof the art of of free competition, or the of laissez-faire, it will preparing be like various of free competition, or the method of method laissez-faire, it will be like preparing various kinds of dishes food. The dishesbyprepared by the Chinese kinds of food.

The prepared the Chinese man with to contend with an automobile in a race.

Eventhose encouragingencouraging a lame man atolame contend an automobile in a race. Even surpass of thecountries Europeanascountries as do our surpass of thethose European much as as do much our methods of methods of a child can see the impossibility of such a contest. a child can see the impossibility of such a contest.

As for taste of the the newest and most up-to-date cookery. Ascookery. for the taste of the Chinese, theChinese, newest and most up-to-date From thewe foregoing draw the that conclusion that weprinciples cannot invented From the foregoing can drawwethecan conclusion we cannot principles Western and cannot hygienists cannot surpass byinvented Westernby doctors anddoctors hygienists surpass the lawscurrency governing currency we dothe notevolution study the evolution ascertain theascertain laws governing if we do notifstudy us leave aside such dishes areordinary, out of the ordinary, the Chinese.the LetChinese. us leaveLet aside such dishes as are out ofasthe of and civilization and the understand the development of thesystem. monetary the system. of civilization understand development of the monetary so-called "eight delicacies."

Butdishes as regards dishes daily use, such, so-calledthe "eight delicacies."

But as regards of daily use,ofsuch, We also laws we do not carefully study thefor history We also cannot knowcannot these know laws ifthese we do notifcarefully study the history as "Chien-Chen," beankidney jelly and kidney example,forasexample, "Chien-Chen," bean jelly and beans, thesebeans, are these are ofand commerce and industry, originetc. of money, of commerce industry, banking, thebanking, origin ofthe money, In short,etc. In theofbest form ofdish, vegetable dish, but do Europeans not even theshort, best form vegetable but Europeans not evendo know that know that European and citizens, Americanlike citizens, like the Chinese, the majoritytheof majority Europeanof and American the Chinese, be used as Dishes food at made all. Dishes of and the internal giblets and internal they can be they usedcan as food at all. of themade giblets unfortunately, only knowofthe powerApart of money.

Apartthey from they areof domestic unfortunately, only know the power money. from this, arethis, organs organs of domestic animals alwaysdainties reckoned dainties animals were alwayswere reckoned amongst theamongst the quite laws ofThey currency.

They are inclined that theChinese; quite ignorant of ignorant the laws of of the currency. are inclined to think thatto think the and Americans English did not them, but now Chinese; Americans Englishand formerly didformerly not eat them, buteatnow money on is founded on commodities.

Onlycan Socialists can that understand that money is founded commodities.

Only Socialists understand do so. do so. money on is founded on human laborall (including handlabor). and brain labor).In Canton IInmet money is founded human labor (including hand andallbrain Canton I met awho foreigner whousdespised us as a foreigner despised as savages andsavages and rests in human and not in money.

Thus power Thus rests power in human labor and notlabor in money. barbarians, we eat black-puddings. doctor has ascertained barbarians, because we because eat black-puddings.

But a doctorBut hasaascertained that pig's blood isofcomposed a mass of ingredients containing iron, that pig's blood is composed a mass ofofingredients containing iron, is anmeans excellent means for the of restoration of energy. which is an which excellent for the restoration energy. All WesternAll Western 20

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who formerly given iron after illness, child-birth American envy Chinese spread various rumors people who people formerly were given were purified ironpurified after illness, child-birth American cooks envy cooks Chinese very much. very Theymuch. spreadThey various rumors or anemia, now take black-puddings instead of iron, to that the effect thatsauce the bean used by Chinesepoisons contains poisons or anemia, now take black-puddings instead of iron, because the because ferrous thetoferrous the effect the bean used sauce

by Chinese contains theyarecontain are oforigin, organic moreare destructive which are destructive of human health. Convinced by this invention, compounds compounds which theywhich contain of organic andorigin, more and which of human health.

Convinced by this invention, convenient physical health than purifiediron. inorganic iron. Thusone blackonecouncil municipal council issued order that Chinese on no account convenient for physicalfor health than purified inorganic Thus blackmunicipal issued an order thatanChinese were on no were account puddings, usedcan as serve a food, cantoserve both toastrengthen a sick to bean to sauce. make bean Later on, medical established researches established puddings, used as a food, both strengthen sick man and to man toand make Latersauce. on, medical researches that bean that bean benefitman; a healthy man; and the Chinese, who use it are as anot food,sauce are notnot sauce butmany contains many nutritive not onlynocontains benefit a healthy and the Chinese, who use it as a food, only contains poisons,nobutpoisons, contains nutritive or savages, but enlightened hygienic is only ingredients, similar to those in They meat juice.

They not no only inflict no harm barbarians orbarbarians savages, but enlightened and hygienicand people.

Thispeople. is onlyThisingredients, similar to those in meat juice. not only inflict harm one but a great number mightAbenumber quoted.ofAdishes, number ofupon dishes, uponbut theonbody, but on the are very The beneficial.

The prohibition one example, butexample, a great number might be quoted. the body, the contrary arecontrary very beneficial. prohibition by the but quitetounknown Western—countries — was withdrawn. prepared byprepared the Chinese butChinese quite unknown Western to countries was withdrawn. such as "Yen-Okh" and "Yu-Chih" (fins) — areChinese cooking Chinese is widespread not only throughout such as "Yen-Okh" (swallows' (swallows' nests) and nests) "Yu-Chih" (fins) — are is cooking widespread not only throughout America, America, the most food delightful by thewhile Chinese, while Western also where in Europe, there are Chinese now many Chinese in restaurants in considered considered the most delightful by thefood Chinese, Western but also in but Europe, therewhere are now many restaurants can only be used as such. the large Since the reforms Japan, the Japanese copy Western peoples can peoples only wonder that wonder they canthat be they used can as such. the large towns.

Sincetowns. the reforms in Japan, theinJapanese copy Western If painting, which pleases eyes, which and music, which the civilization in everything; so far is as concerned, cooking is concerned, If painting, which pleases the eyes, andthe music, pleases the pleases civilization in everything; nevertheless,nevertheless, so far as cooking ears, can be considered arts, then such undoubtedly also still be prefer they the still Chinese prefer the ChineseToday methods. thereChinese are many Chinese ears, can be considered arts, then such undoubtedly can also becan they methods. thereToday are many consideredwhich delicacies pleaseTherefore the palate.the Therefore the preparation restaurants considered delicacies pleasewhich the palate. preparation restaurants in Tokyo. in Tokyo. foodisinanitsart. way is French an art. The French are the considered thein best cooks inNot only areNot only are dishes there many dishes by the and the of food in itsofway The are considered best cooks there many invented by invented the Chinese, andChinese, the Western and countries, andFrance it is in thatthe wehighest find the skilful highestpreparation skilful preparation of food which generally, which cannot be by surpassed by Western countries, it is in thatFrance we find of food generally, cannot be surpassed otherbut countries, Chinese taste also, unconsciously coinciding with Hencethat wegood learnmethods that good preparing civilization. civilization.

Hence we learn of methods preparingoffood are food otherare countries, Chinesebut taste also, unconsciously coinciding with the rules the underlying modernofprinciples of science and by civilization: and thisAispeople natural.untouched A people for untouched a underlying produced byproduced civilization: and this is natural. a the for rules modern the principles science and hygiene, is hygiene, is aboveInallChina praise.theIncommon China the common drink aristocratic green time by is civilization of distinguishing the most above delicate long time bylong civilization incapableisofincapable distinguishing the most delicate all praise. people drinkpeople aristocratic green tea, food whileistheir food is with a ricevegetables dish with and vegetables and This bean jelly. This if there is no fine of distinction of flavors, there no their flavors, andflavors, if thereand is no fine distinction flavors, there will be no will tea,bewhile a rice dish bean jelly. kind food, sotell hygienists tellmost us, is the most for the health. skilful cookery.

The skilful preparation of food by the skilful cookery.

The skilful preparation of food by the Chinese willChinese be a will kindbeofa food, so of hygienists us, is the valuable forvaluable the health.

This is by confirmed fact that people living districts, in remote districts, sufficientofindication of the progress astounding progress civilization. of Chinese civilization. sufficient indication the astounding of Chinese This is confirmed the fact by thatthepeople living in remote In times there was no between commerceChina between and wine without wine reach and meat, reach an age. advanced age.that Thethe fact that the In times when there when was no commerce and China without and meat, an advanced The fact Westernthe countries, Western peoples knew that famous survive Chinese survive and other diseases is partly attributable to the Western countries, Westernthe peoples knew that France was France famouswas Chinese plague and plague other diseases is partly attributable to the the best in But the world.

But learned when they learned of fact Chinese factChinese that thefood Chinese food unconsciously for the bestfor cookery in cookery the world. when they of Chinese that the unconsciously conforms toconforms the rulesto ofthe rules of cookery, beganthe to admire Chinese.

The first Westernhygiene. person Therefore hygiene.the Therefore canthe undertake serious cookery, they began they to admire Chinese.the The first Western person Chinesethe canChinese undertake serious the study of thestudy of the who in our interior was provinces was the Portuguese science of and tryit.toThis master This will certainly strengthen who traveled in traveled our interior provinces the Portuguese Matthew Matthew science of hygiene, andhygiene, try to master willit.certainly strengthen Ricci. reign of ourYao-Huang, Emperor Yao-Huang, of thetheChing Chinese further in comparison withposition. its present position.

Ricci. During the During reign oftheour Emperor of the Ching Chinese the people evenpeople furthereven in comparison with its present he traveled through manyonprovinces onTibet. his way diettheir rely on their Theadvocates Western of advocates of a vegetarian dynasty, he dynasty, traveled through many provinces his way to In to hisTibet. In hisThe Western a vegetarian diet rely on reminiscences of his he more than onceChinese extolled knowledge Chinese of knowledge of hygiene for that theiritclaim that it prolongs more than once extolled reminiscences of his journey he journey hygiene for their claim prolongs life.

But as life. theirBut as their withenthusiasm particular about enthusiasm about our cooking. rangeis of is notand so attractive, ample andand attractive, and their are seasonings are civilization, civilization, writing withwriting particular our cooking. range of dishes notdishes so ample their seasonings In recent whenappeared Chinese abroad, appearedChinese abroad, not Chinese good as often ours, undermine they often their undermine health by insufficient In recent years, whenyears, Chinese as goodnot as as ours, they health their by insufficient vegetarian food. cookery in some sort, fashionable.

In New the nourishment while enthusiastically nourishment even while even enthusiastically advocating advocating vegetarian food. cookery became, in became, some sort, fashionable.

In New York alone York the alone Chinese restaurants reaches some There hundreds. is novegetarianism Hence vegetarianism is scarcely likely widespread. to become widespread.

Chinese Hence is scarcely likely to become Chinese hundreds. is noThere number of number Chinese of restaurants reaches some American town withoutrestaurant. a ChineseThe restaurant.

The seek Americans after vegetarians must eat since bean this jelly,issince thiselse is nothing else than so-called vegetarians must eat bean jelly, nothing than so-called American town without a Chinese Americans after seek Chineselike cookery like somadmen, muchthesoprofessional that the professional meat."

It qualities has all the but isitsfree from its "vegetarian "vegetarian meat." It has all the of qualities meat, butofismeat, free from much soso that Chinese cookery madmen, 22

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Yet the Chinese have become accustomed it without the aidThe human The bodybyis cells: created cells: functioning the organs functioning like bodyhuman is created theby organs like poisons. Yetpoisons. the Chinese have become accustomed to it withouttothe aid the system digestive are cell The factories.

The food the digestive are system cell factories. food which manwhich eats man eats of science. of science.

Thedrink Europeans drink and soureat wines andmeat. eat tainted meat. They have thebecomes the food of cells.

Whileonman the are earth, cells are bound becomes food of cells.

While man lives the lives earth,oncells bound The Europeans sour wines tainted They have become so accustomed thiscannot that they alter it, although withjoined him. Cells joined together in different body are like up there with him.upCells together in different parts of the parts body of arethe like become so accustomed to this that to they altercannot it, although there exist amongst laws, the prohibiting the sale (asliving people living intowns. different Thecondition very firstfor condition people in different The towns. very first human for human exist amongst them drasticthem penaldrastic laws, penal prohibiting sale of wines (asof wines America anddiscoveries also new discoveries in the of is existence to clothed: be fed and the same applies to cells. Therefore existence to be fed isand theclothed: same applies to cells.

Therefore in America inand Russia),and andRussia), also new in the sphere of sphere hygiene. respectand of drinking, eating andwedrinking, we have acquired first requirement and chief requirement of cells fuel and Eightmaterials. Eightthe first andthechief of cells is fuel and ismaterials. hygiene. Luckily, in Luckily, respect ofineating have acquired thancountries. any otherIncountries.

In from distinction otherof what as fuel, while the isremainder is tenths eat are as consumed tenths weofeatwhat are we consumed fuel, while the remainder much bettermuch habitsbetter than habits any other distinction other from we have acquired these good habits without en-couragement oras restorative utilized asmaterials. restorative materials. utilized nations, we nations, have acquired these good habits without en-couragement or We must always them, in order to set an The fuel has twoOne purposes.

One istheto body: warm this the is body: this is two purposes. is to warm intimidation.intimidation.

We must always retain them,retain in order to set an example to example toThe fuel has the whole world. themen fact burn that wood men burn wood themselves to protect themselves comparable comparable to the fact tothat to protect the whole world. ancient sayisthat is "thein universe cold.purpose The other to do same coal as burning againstincold.against The other is topurpose do the is same as the burning in the coal in the The ancientThe sages used sages to sayused that toman "theman universe miniature," butrather we should rather saya that is a "little the ofstokehold a factory boiler, namely, energy to produce and transform stokehold a factoryof boiler, namely, to produce and energy transform miniature," but we should say that he is "littleheState," sinceState," the since andwith intestines, with their appropriate functions, really resemble it into As aworks man who works requires power, it into power.

As apower. man who requires more power,more he eats morehe eats more stomach andstomach intestines, their appropriate functions, really resemble State institutions the their affairs of theirAscountry. for the man who little andrequires therefore power. If there a man than who aworks little works and therefore lessrequires power. less If there State institutions transacting transacting the affairs of country. for the As than various of the the perfection body, the of perfection of theirand organism and the thanissufficient more thanfood sufficient foodhim to supply himthe with heat will the surplus will be more to supply with heat surplus be various parts of theparts body, their organism the is rapidity of their action are quite unattainable

by State institutions. in the of storing-up of fat for unforeseen circumstances. usedAnd in the used storing-up fat for unforeseen circumstances.

If there is If there is rapidity of their action are quite unattainable

by State institutions.

And all these secrets of life very far from being understood yet by insufficient heat, theextract cells must extract the stored, fat already stored, heat, the cells must the fat already and use it and use it all these secrets of life are very farare from being understood as yet by asinsufficient modern knowledge. as fat fuel.has If been the fat hasup, been usedtoup, has toout beof drawn out of the body as fuel. If the used it has be itdrawn the body modern knowledge.

Researches of modern scientists show that the material of which muscles.

This iswhy the reason man has notfood sufficient food and muscles.and This is the reason a man why who ahas notwho sufficient Researches of modern scientists show that the material of which the human and all living things areiscomposed is nothing than toisbe inclined to emaciated. be thin and emaciated. is inclined thin and the human being and allbeing living things are composed nothing else than else cells,atoms. i.e. living atoms. what cell? small It is aobject, very small Foodstuffs thetosame time to supplement the cells needed at the serve same at time supplement the cells needed cells, i.e. living But what is But a cell?

It is a very veryobject, veryFoodstuffs serve surprising and mysterious. extremely mysterious.

According to the discoveries of for body. there are morethan materials than are required, up building the body.upIfthe there are If more materials are required, surprising and extremely According to the discoveries of for building modern it is very and Itintelligent.

It canand act, move they are all transformed and areupnot up inThis the body. This they and are all transformed into heat andinto areheat not stored instored the body. modern science, it isscience, very sensitive andsensitive intelligent. can act, move It has and What intentions.

What is it our that body makessoour is body is very similar waysurplus in which surplus buildinginmaterials in the verysosimilar to the way to in the which building materials the think. It hasthink. reasons andreasons intentions. is it that makes extraordinary, and mysterious, if not this cell? towns for are fuel, burned for fuel, as notrequired. otherwise required.

Thus there should towns are burned as not otherwise Thus there should extraordinary, astonishing astonishing and mysterious, if not this cell?

Various phenomena in the and world vegetable arean excess not beofanfood, excess of food,itotherwise it will up the not be otherwise will swallow upswallow the energy of energy of Various phenomena in the animal and animal vegetable are world of theand exchange and combination of cells.

While humanity organs in transforming the food being many organsmany in transforming it into heat. itIninto the heat. eventInofthe theevent food of being expressions expressions of the exchange combination of cells. While humanity builds ships, its houses, ships,towns carriages, towns and the cellunsuitable creates for unsuitable fuel, the of the willenergy wasteof the energy of fuel, thefor remnants ofremnants the burning willburning waste the builds its houses, carriages, and bridges, thebridges, cell creates humanity andliving all other living objects. in the air are airplanes will beand overtired and in their elimination. the kidneysthe in kidneys their elimination.

The kidneysThe willkidneys be overtired humanity and all other objects.

Birds in theBirds air are airplanes created by cells. fish in water are submarines created by cells. damaged. thereforeTherefore damaged. itTherefore it is undesirable extremely undesirable therefore is extremely to have an to have an created by cells.

Scaly fish inScaly the water arethe submarines created by cells. excess of food. people call also and the instinct excess of food.

What peopleWhat call instinct and instinct intuitionand areintuition also the are instinct intuitionand intuition can into be divided into two categories—the first,ofas a kind of of cells.

Since moderndiscovered scientists discovered thatsensitive, cells are sensitive,Food can beFood divided two categories—the first, as a kind of cells. Since modern scientists that cells are is the distinguishing feature of vegetables; which the old philosophers could not understand, muchbecan fuel: now be this isfuel: the this distinguishing feature of vegetables; the second the as second as which the old philosophers could not understand, much can now explained. newnow erabegun, has now for knowledge greatly reconstructing materials: these abound in meat.

If excess there isofan excess of materials: these abound in meat.

If there is an explained. A new eraAhas for begun, knowledge has greatly has reconstructing of our understanding. these reconstructing materials, used but, up asonfuel: these reconstructing materials, they can be they usedcan up be as fuel: the but, on the widened thewidened limits ofthe ourlimits understanding. fuel, beit turned cannot into be turned into hand, is of an fuel, excessit of other hand,other if there is ifan there excess cannot 24

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reconstructing material. an Therefore an insufficiency of such materials still act in thebecause same way, they not yet lost their civilization civilization still act in the same way, theybecause have not yethave lost their reconstructing material. Therefore insufficiency of such materials cannot beaspermitted, it would mean the destruction of the intestines is still limited. and their for satisfaction nature, and nature, their capacity forcapacity satisfaction is still limited.

Hence theyHence they cannot be permitted, it would as mean the destruction of the intestines and men know these truths, elementary truths, the preservation to the It is with otherwise with civilized rarely ofyieldrarely to theyield passion for passion eating. for It iseating. otherwise civilized and stomach.

If stomach. men knowIf these elementary the preservation of health and the prolongation of life will gain greatly. the civilization, the evil moreis the evil is developed people. Thepeople. higher The the higher civilization, the more the developed health and the prolongation of life will gain greatly.

Food usuallyof consists several most elements: important elements: (wine, that isto harmful to theandhealth), and (wine, opium and opium much and else much that iselse harmful the health), Food usually consists several of most important nitrogen, carbohydrates fats. In addition, there are salt, also water, salt, unsatisfied desires in thethat measure that civilization unsatisfied desires grow in thegrow measure civilization develops. develops. nitrogen, carbohydrates and fats. In and addition, there are also water, iron, phosphorus, organic compounds (chemists haveit isHence it is not that surprising thata we a vast Hence not surprising we have vasthave number of number people of people iron, phosphorus, magnesium magnesium and organicand compounds (chemists have not yet discovered whatconstitute elements the constitute latter), are from suffering lackofoftheir control of their nourishment. suffering lack offrom control nourishment. latter), the which are which not yet discovered what elements man.ofInnitrogen 1 gram there of nitrogen are 4-1 calories also once suffered from which an illness also writer once suffered from an illness was which the was the necessary tonecessary man. In 1togram are 4-1there calories of heat: in of heat: inThe writer The 1 gram of carbonic acid, 4-1 1 gram of fats, 9-3 In consequence of overloading theThe stomach.

The was beginning consequence of overloading the stomach. beginning very was very 1 gram of carbonic acid, 4-1 calories: in 1calories: gram ofinfats, 9-3 calories.

In calories. domestic andis fish there is much Inthere vegetables there isbut Islight, I let develop, the illness as Iwith was other busy matters. with other matters. slight, let thebut illness as develop, I was busy domestic animals andanimals fish there much nitrogen.

In nitrogen. vegetables is also nitrogen, particularly it proved very serious. began treatment. to receive The treatment. The However, itHowever, proved very serious.

I began to Ireceive also nitrogen, particularly in beans. in beans. for thewhich amounts which man mustdaily, consume heresubsided, illness and subsided, gave up as treatment, as other matters again illness I gaveand up Itreatment, other matters again As for the As amounts a man musta consume here daily, physiologists differ.

Some that 100 gram ofareproteins are my distracted myFor attention.

Formy some time my maladystationary, remained stationary, distracted attention. some time malady remained physiologists differ. Some affirm that affirm 100 gram of proteins sufficient, others 50 are enough.

Onephysiologist Austrian physiologist but in of thetime course of timeand medicines and pills ceased help, and I was but in the course medicines pills ceased to help, andtoI was sufficient, others say that 50say are that enough.

One Austrian foundkilogram that every the body required from 34 to 40 forced caloriesto turn forced to turn my attention to my the health. state ofImy my attention seriously to seriously the state of atehealth. only I ate only found that every ofkilogram the body of required from 34 to 40 calories a man on is engaged on mental from 40 to 60 boiled caloriesrice, boiled rice, meat milk. first this greatly me, but meat extract and extract milk. Atand first this At greatly assisted me,assisted but when a manwhen is engaged mental work, whilework, from while 40 to 60 calories remained myfor condition for six by a manin engaged physical work. aTherefore a man cure me completely, and thismy did not curedidmenot completely, and this remained condition six are requiredarebyrequired a man engaged physical inwork.

Therefore man months.

Then the sickness worse, in my stomach was kilogram requires 2,800 calories in the first case and 3500- Then months. the sickness grew worse,grew the pain in the my pain stomach was weighing 70weighing kilogram70 requires 2,800 calories in the first case and 3500constant, untilnothere was no medicine could helpit. me to cure it.

4000 calories in the second. constant, until there was medicine which couldwhich help me to cure 4000 calories in the second.

ThentheI altered of and treatment, and hadto recourse to another scientist whodrew testeda this drew adifferent somewhat differentThen I altered method the of method treatment, had recourse But anotherBut scientist who tested this somewhat first satisfactory this gave satisfactory results: inhowever, 45 gram daily of proteins daily and 1800 Atmassage. massage. first thisAtgave results: however, a few in a few conclusion. conclusion.

He weighedHe 86 weighed kilo, ate 86 45 kilo, gramate of proteins and 1800 months the again old malady again asserted itself, and grew worse and worse. calories of fuel in addition.

Then, his weight by diminished by 13the old malady asserted itself, and grew worse and worse. calories of fuel in addition.

Then, although hisalthough weight diminished 13 months I tried to find a doctor with acquainted withand medicine surgery.

I met a kilo, he nevertheless felt more and strong.

Then the he reduced I triedtheto find a doctor acquainted medicine surgery.and I met a kilo, he nevertheless felt more vigorous andvigorous strong. Then he reduced Japanese, K. The method of is thisundoubtedly doctor is undoubtedly proteins to 38the gram the fuel to 1500 but stilltheremained the Mr. Japanese, K. TheMr. method of this doctor excellent excellent proteins to 38 gram and fueland to 1500 calories, butcalories, still remained He has written a book On the Maintenance of the Health by the same as before.

Many physiologists are now making experiments He has written a book entitled On entitled the Maintenance of Health by same as before.

Many physiologists are now making experiments of Resistance, concerning how many of food man mustAccording consume.to According to of Method he recommends Method Resistance, in which in he which recommends a method aof method of concerning how many gram of foodgram a man must aconsume. their opinion, not50-100 less than units of nitrogen, quite to theThe ordinary.

Western doctors order nourishmentnourishment quite opposite to opposite the ordinary.

WesternThe doctors order their opinion, there must there be notmust less be than units50-100 of nitrogen, a man for theofrebuilding his body. be not easilyfoods digestible theand sick man, and to avoid heavy digestible for thefoods sick for man, instruct himinstruct to avoidhim heavy which a manwhich requires for requires the rebuilding his body.ofThere must There be notmusteasily less than 3,000-4,000 calories of fuel. when a man, in or compact foods.

Mr.you K. advises to meats avoid and both meats and or compact foods.

Whereas Mr.Whereas K. advises to avoidyou both less than 3,000-4,000 calories of fuel.

Cases whenCases a man, engaged in engaged very heavy labor, five or six thousand are very liquid rare. food,liquid food, such as milk, rice,meat eggsjuice, and meat such as milk, boiled rice, boiled eggs and but tojuice, eat but to eat very heavy labor, requires fiverequires or six thousand calories are calories very rare. of man arise from insufficient for vegetables his hard and vegetables and fresh green leaves, selecting which are easily fresh green leaves, selecting those whichthose are easily The illnessesThe of illnesses man usually ariseusually from insufficient care for his carehard In the animal world, all their in digested, in order arouse the andand intestines increase their digested, order to arouse thetostomach andstomach intestines increaseand their nourishment.nourishment.

In the animal world, all animals areanimals guided are by guided their by instinct, they are entirely under the control of their requirements, and andactivity, and to thus return them their natural functions. thus return them theirtonatural functions. instinct, they are entirely under the control of their requirements, and activity, of reaches their food certain limits. WhenAt first I didAtnot first I did not believe in this, but Ilater whenthat I reflected that I believe in this, but later when reflected I therefore thetherefore quantitythe of quantity their food onlyreaches certainonly limits.

When limit has been reached, eatInany more.times In far-off had been milk and for six months without results, hadtimes been taking milktaking and boiled rice boiled for six rice months without results, the limit hasthe been reached, they will notthey eat will any not more. far-off men in also thissavage way, and savage tribes by untouched modern try this method of healing?observing Moreoverthat observing that shouldwhy I notshould try thisI not method of healing?

Moreover men also acted thisacted way,inand tribes untouched modern by why 26

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Mr. K.'shad methods already my discomfort, I resolved cases in arewhich knownaninexcessive which anquantity excessive of meat body. to Manybody. casesMany are known of quantity meat Mr. K.'s methods alreadyhad relieved myrelieved discomfort, I resolved to followMr. his advice.

K. said: "Healing is only acure; temporary you has brought thequantity body. The quantity mustaccording be variedtoaccording to hasif brought harm to the harm body.toThe must be varied follow his advice.

K. said:Mr. "Healing is only a temporary if you cure; to free yourself of completely of your illness, theevil, root you of the evil, Young whotostill have grow, canthan eat adults, more than adults, age. you Youngage. people, whopeople, still have grow, canto eat more want to freewant yourself completely your illness, the root of the must maintain health by the method of resistance."

I followed an oldeat man must eat less. whilehis an oldwhile man must less. must maintain your health your by the method of resistance."

I followed his and the heand suggested, achieved satisfactory results.That vegetarian That food vegetarian food for is the for the prolongation is the best the best prolongation of life has of life has advice, and advice, the methods he methods suggested, achievedand satisfactory results.

A few after mywhen recovery, when I againmilk, ate eggs, milk, been by recognized by allhygienists, scientists, physiologists hygienists, physiologists been recognized all scientists, and doctors.and doctors.

A few months aftermonths my recovery, I again ate eggs, my returned old trouble returned to me.

At firstthat I thought But in should be recognized that the Chinese But was in addition it addition should beit recognized that the Chinese method of method of tea, etc., mytea, oldetc., trouble to me.

At first I thought this wasthat this to other causes, unconnected with diet, times it food preparing food from isvegetables is thejelly best.must Beanbe jelly must be regarded from vegetables the best. Bean regarded due to otherdue causes, unconnected with my diet, butmy three or but fourthree timesoritfourpreparing led to the same consequences, and I was obliged carry the out exactly the andasinmeat, andweinshould its usenot we exceed should the not quantity exceed the quantity by a as meat, its use required by required a led to the same consequences, and I was obliged to carry out to exactly of Mr. K., avoiding completely avoiding eggs, milk and every Whenthe estimating quantity this food a man man.

When man. estimating quantitythe of this food of which a manwhich can eat, it can eat, it instructions instructions of Mr. K., completely meat, eggs, meat, milk and every kindfood. of irritant food. Irice, eat boiled rice, and vegetables little fish.

My istonecessary to followhygiene subjective hygieneasaspossible. closely as possible. is necessary follow subjective as closely kind of irritant I eat boiled vegetables a little and fish.aMy illnessthese has gone these last My two diet years. dietmy hasbody madeasmy body asWhat changes What changes does foodduring undergo during itsindigestion in the does food undergo its digestion the illness has gone last two years. hasMy made as it wasAfter formerly. food I do not any experience any i.e. stomach, i.e. ithow does when it change when theand stomach and intestines stomach, how does change the stomach intestines strong as it strong was formerly. takingAfter food taking I do not experience feeling of over-loading, but, on the contrary, I feelThis veryI well.

I did it transform it into blood?

These secrets aredifficult even more difficult transform into blood?

These secrets are even more to clear up to clear up feeling of over-loading, but, on the contrary, I feel very well. did This not before: experience it hasonly happened these last twothan years. than theofproblems of diet. enters itthemust mouth, the problems diet. When food When enters food the mouth, firstitofmust first of not experience it hasbefore: happened during only theseduring last two years. school of and medicine, thought wellthe test all pass thetongue, test of in theorder tongue, order we can discover all pass of the thatinwe can that discover whether it iswhether it is I studied inI astudied schoolinofa medicine, thoughtand myself wellmyself in and physiology Butmy I despised my own in for suitable for theand stomach, whether it can beIf digested. suitable the stomach, whetherand it can be digested. it is not If it is not grounded ingrounded physiology hygiene.and Buthygiene.

I despised own hygiene in hygiene anda acquired stomachwhich ailment almost byaccepted by the stomach, nausea at and onceitarises and itout. is thrown the stomach, nausea at once arises is thrown If it out. If it small thingssmall and things acquired stomach aailment was which almostwas accepted was lucky enough learn K. how to my the is suitable, the tongue accepts mixes it with saliva, the teeth chew is suitable, tongue accepts it and mixesititand with saliva, the teeth chew incurable. I incurable. was lucky Ienough to learn fromtoMr. K.from how Mr. to maintain mymaintain health by the method of thanks resistance, thanksI was to which I was it up,helps the saliva helps to moisten soften and moisten it, in order to it and at breakititand up, break the saliva to soften and it, in order to health by the method of resistance, to which enabled, at enabled, length, getsickness rid of my sickness of long standing.

The theory Mr. K. the transform thesugar. starch into sugar. starch into length, to get rid oftomy of long standing.

The theory of Mr. K. oftransform is truly a greatindiscovery in medical science.

From When the has been in completed in the food mouth, has process been completed the mouth, is the food is is truly a great discovery medical science.

From this we alsothis canwe seealso can seeWhen the process is to know the right method of nourishment. conveyed with thetongue tip of through the tongue the gullet into conveyed with the help of the help tip ofofthe the through gullet into how difficulthow it isdifficult to knowitthe right method of nourishment.

Moreover, different have different this, of the stomach. passage it to its destination.

When stomach.

The passageThe expands andexpands carries itand to carries its destination.

When Moreover, different people havepeople different natures, andnatures, this, ofand the must taken into considera-tion before prescribing anyone the food enters the theoflower end of the stomach immediately food enters the stomach, thestomach, lower end the stomach immediately course, mustcourse, be taken intobeconsidera-tion before prescribing for anyone forthe a specific diet.

A thing which for is suitable onenot mansuit may closes, not suitand closes, and thedistributes stomach the distributes the food within If it is the stomach food within itself.

If it itself. is a specific diet.

A thing which is suitable one manformay another. thethe same way the methodvarious of curing various illnessessatisfied, cannot itssatisfied, its cells immediately informand the the brain, andinthe cells immediately inform the brain, latter turnlatter in turn another. In the same In way method of curing illnesses cannot uniform or generalized.

Butthe generally rulesfood for taking givestothe to stop is why wesatisfied often feel satisfied after givesand the order stoporder eating.

Thateating. is whyThat we often feel after be uniform be or generalized.

But generally rules forthe taking and food health cannot be to other than to eat in and good time one of theoffunctions of theasstomach, as it the establishes the food.and This isfood. one This of theis functions the stomach, it establishes maintainingmaintaining one's healthone's cannot be other than eat in good time to eat to excess. food we by day.

When we feelwesatisfied, we quantity of quantity food we ofrequire day require by day.day When we feel satisfied, not to eat to not excess.

These elementary principles must bebyobserved by every man. must stop eating,we otherwise hurt the of well-being must stop eating, otherwise only hurtwe theonly well-being our body.of our body.

These elementary principles must be observed every man.

Whenhas thebeen foodsupplied, has beenthe supplied, thethe juices of the stomach enters into our dietary, first is intended of all to create heatWhen the food juices of stomach Meat, whichMeat, enterswhich into our dietary, is intended of all tofirst create heat thetobody and to theofformation of Vital its tissues. energy beginthe softening proteinsthe in exactly the as same waysoftens as saliva softens softening proteinsthe in exactly same way saliva in the bodyinand facilitate thefacilitate formation its tissues. energyVitalbegin alsoondepends on meat.

Thisimportant, is very important, be The the starch. muscles of the stomach expand alternately, the starch. musclesThe of the stomach contract andcontract expand and alternately, also depends meat. This is very and cannotand be cannot But the which quantity whichmust a man must be eat must be and expanding and the squeezing the itfood until ita paste. becomes a paste. expanding squeezing food until becomes Then the Then the overlooked. overlooked.

But the quantity a man eat must proportionate thebody. size of body. In ac-cordance with the foregoing, stomach opens lower endthe and shifts food to thehere intestines; here it stomach opens its lower enditsand shifts food to the intestines; it proportionate to the size oftohis Inhis ac-cordance with the foregoing, too must muchnot food be taken,itotherwise it only to the with is mingled with the intestinal Whatand thestomach saliva and stomach juices is mingled the intestinal juices.

Whatjuices. the saliva juices too much food bemust taken,nototherwise only causes harmcauses to the harm 28

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German said very that, if woman a German woman have been unable is to dissolved dissolve isbydissolved by thejuices. intestinal The doctor German said doctor very wittily, that,wittily, if a German slept six slept six have been unable to dissolve the intestinal The juices. food then into What the liver.

What isforvaluable for isthe hours body longer is hours in her flat,have she would haveinmore fats in hershe body than she in herlonger flat, she would more fats her body than is valuable the body food then passes into passes the liver. to whence the heart, is carried by the and to buy. was able to buy. was able transferred transferred to the heart, it whence is carriedit by the arteries andarteries distributed over parts the various parts of the body to feed What the tissues.

What isHence it isHence it is notto difficult state in of affairs in not difficult imagine totheimagine state oftheaffairs distributed over the various of the body to feed the tissues. is for istheimmediately body is immediately the not liver and not atGermany at that The introduced methods introduced by the German Germany that time.

The time. methods by the German rejected by rejected the liverbyand useless for useless the body allowed enter Then the blood.

Then it passes the gall-bladder to Government were than none socialization other than socialization careful utilization.

Government were none other and careful and utilization. allowed to enter thetoblood. it passes through the through gall-bladder to the smallagain, intestines again, the to produce the juicesfor necessary for secretion. at the previous food of production Germany, If we look If at we the look previous food production Germany,ofwe shall seewe shall see the small intestines to produce juices necessary secretion. uselessand remnants and refuse intointestine, the larger intestine, it could support 80 percent, of the people, while,inimproved in the that it couldthat support 80 percent, of the people, while, improved the Finally, the Finally, useless the remnants refuse pass into thepass larger they accumulate to thequantity necessary and out are as thrown outindicated, as wayitindicated, it could bebyincreased by20 more than Therefore 20 percent. Therefore way could be increased more than percent. where they where accumulate to the necessary andquantity are thrown excrement.

This isprocess the whole process of nutrition.

Much can stillthe be said was to prohibit the first ofdecision of the Government German Government first decision the German was to prohibit excrement. This is the whole of nutrition.

Much can still be said of what to the transformed enters But the blood.

But extravagance foodstuffs to limit excess. It aintroduced extravagance in foodstuffsinand to limitand excess.

It introduced method a method of what happens to happens the transformed food which food enterswhich the blood. thisunderstood cannot be by understood by persons who have physiology, not studied physiology, of distribution foodstuffs by whichhad everyone hadquantity a definite quantity of distribution of foodstuffsofby which everyone a definite this cannot be persons who have not studied and even physiologists not fully with acquainted with the process.of food daily. of food Thus the total food was notbut increased, but it Thus daily. the total quantity of quantity food wasofnot increased, it and even physiologists are not fullyare acquainted the process. has beenrefers said above to the internal of the was distributed amongst people moresatisfactorily. or less satisfactorily. distributed amongst the people the more or less All that has All beenthat said above to therefers internal structure of structure the was digestive and theof process nutrition. natural production Moreover, was production wasAll increased.

Allun\cultivated parks and un\cultivated lands, increased. parks and lands, digestive system andsystem the process nutrition.of This is a This naturalis a Moreover, phenomenon, it can said that all itsfeatures important is with covered over to agricultural produce, and covered grass, with weregrass, givenwere over given to agricultural produce, and phenomenon, yet it can beyet said that be to grasp all to its grasp important is features very us now consider suchasquestions as the of production of were measures were for the of production artificial All that measures adopted for adopted the production artificial of manures.

Allmanures. that very difficult.

Letdifficult. us now Let consider such questions the production food, its and distribution, and the of prevention of famine, German hadand suffered, firstthey two years they thewhich Germanthe people had people suffered, that forand the that firstfor twotheyears food, its transport andtransport distribution, and the prevention famine, which areresult the direct result of man's intervention, and also cannot behad studied had looked upon as anevil, incurable evil, was quite satisfactorily by looked upon as an incurable was settled quitesettled satisfactorily by are the direct of man's intervention, and also cannot be studied Poverty simply and easily. rational distribution. this systemthis of system rational ofdistribution.

Poverty was leveledwas out,leveled and out, and simply and easily. necessary requirements for their achievements, Social policy countries in modernreached countries its highest state of requirements moderately moderately fulfilled. Asfulfilled. for their As achievements, Social policy in modern its reached highest state of necessary cannot be to theofdifficulty of on action, but on the contrary, Germany. the great war, Imperialist war, Germany they cannot they be ascribed to ascribed the difficulty action, but the contrary, organizationorganization in Germany.inDuring the During great Imperialist Germany to the knowledge to act is— acquired which iswith acquired wasby blockaded

by Great Britain at sea.

It been mightexpected have been expected thatknowledge to the of how to of acthow — which great with great was blockaded Great Britain at sea.

It might have that German people would be left without foodThe supplies. panic difficulty. difficulty. the Germanthe people would be left without food supplies. panic The Summing up the foregoing, i.e. theof process of digestion, thewas Germans wasThe general.

The population suffered manySumming up the foregoing, i.e. the process digestion, amongst theamongst Germans general. population suffered many consumption, and destruction of the elements hardships.

Butafter two the years the the warGerman began the German Government consumption, purification,purification, constructionconstruction and destruction of the elements hardships. But two years warafter began Government of food, which the constitute nutrition, the following appliedmethods scientificto methods to theof problem of food supply. Germany of food, which constitute processtheof process nutrition,of the following applied scientific the problem food supply.

Germany can be If a how man raw sees materials how raw are materials are emerged from the and foodthe crisis, and the panic This gave Germany conclusions conclusions can be drawn.

If adrawn. man sees emerged from the food crisis, panic ceased.

Thisceased. gave Germany to aandfactory thereupworked up by and machines and theholding means out of holding out in isolation two years: this, todelivered delivered a factory there and worked by machines the means of in isolation another twoanother years: without this,without into beautiful doesthat thishemean thatthat he can Germany had toimmediately surrender immediately into beautiful things, doesthings, this mean can say all say that all Germany would have would had to have surrender to the Allies.to the Allies.transformedtransformed thisby was done by Of machines?

Of course not. Why? Because Up tothe that time, the German people, when wishing thisfood, was done machines? course not.

Why? Because there also there also Up to that time, German people, when wishing to buy food,to buy exists human power, which theand machines, and which had had to standawaiting in queues awaiting their turn.

Many were policemen were exists human power, which controls thecontrols machines, which must be must be had had to stand in queues their turn. Many policemen taken into unusualoffunctions of various organs, required to maintain order. The shopkeepers supplied to the taken into account.

Theaccount. unusualThe functions various organs, which can which can required to maintain order.

The shopkeepers supplied their goods their to thegoods them, are not created by themselves, the organs themselves, but by purchasers order of their coming.

When supplies gave out, be those attributedbetoattributed them, aretonot created by the organs but by purchasers in the order in ofthe their coming.

When supplies gave out, those the cells working Hence can draw the that conclusion that of returned the queueempty-handed. returned empty-handed. the who cells working within them.within Hencethem. we can drawwethe conclusion at the backatofthetheback queue Thus those Thus who those the understanding of the process of is very difficult. Though desired food to receive give up their sleep for the preceding the understanding of the process of nutrition is nutrition very difficult.

Though desired to receive had tofood givehad up to their sleep for the preceding go toand the there shop,wait and for there for until the queue the management of foodis supplies practiced by many citizens, the One management of food supplies practicedis by many citizens, night, go tonight, the shop, thewait queue dawn. until One dawn.

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their rational distribution is not easily understood shown fact years that 5,000 years ago our countrya occupied a tiny shownbyby the fact by thatthe5,000 ago our country occupied tiny neverthelessnevertheless their rational distribution is not easily understood by everyone. that "knowledge action thethe valley of the Yellow River, whereas it has become in thespace valleyin of Yellow River, whereas now it has now become everyone. This again This showsagain that shows "knowledge is difficult, isbutdifficult, action butspace easy." immeasurably greatest country in Although the world.during Although immeasurably the greatestthe country in the world. the during the easy." centuries was often seized by foreignit invaders, it was never centuries China was China often seized by foreign invaders, was never swallowed up and by these nations, despite itsand weakness and swallowed up and enslaved byenslaved these nations, despite its weakness powerlessness, but on the the conquerors were assimilated by but on the contrary thecontrary conquerors were assimilated by (c) Third Proof.

The (c) Third Proof.

The Writing ofWriting Chineseof Chinese powerlessness, Chinese as the of acan table. can be ascribed only the Chinese the as easily as as theeasily moving of amoving table. This be This ascribed only to the exceptional of the Chinese language. to the In exceptional peculiaritiespeculiarities of the Chinese language. ourthe theory the art books. of writing Further we Further illustratewe ourillustrate theory by art ofbywriting In books.

SomeChinese modernwriters Chinese writers for the ofabolition of agitate for agitate the abolition theseveral coursethousand of severalyears thousand years the Chinese created a greatSome modern the course of the Chinese have createdhave a great Chinese letters and but characters, butholds the author holds the that the Chinese and characters, the author the opinion thatopinion the literature.inEveryone in China,with beginning withand emperors and kings and letters literature. Everyone China, beginning emperors kings and under no circumstances be abolished. latter shouldlatter undershould no circumstances be abolished. with the common pirates, all have been ending with ending the common people, evenpeople, robberseven and robbers pirates, and all have been The use ofand machines money, hasabove, been said money,and as has beenas said helpsabove, helps value and delight in as an art. this excessiveThe use of machines able to valueable andtodelight in literature asliterature an art. Through thisThrough excessive achieve better (comfortable and luxurious) achieve tobetter (comfortable and luxurious) material material passion forthe literature, look upon personsthis possessing this gift tomankind passion for literature, Chinese the lookChinese upon persons possessing gift mankind so far as intellectual progress is only concerned, but so far asbut intellectual progress is concerned, to the only to the as all-powerful.

Many and gifted persons up all conditions; as all-powerful.

Many talented andtalented gifted persons have given have up allgivenconditions; language it been given to continue it. Itthat is certain that language it been has given to continue and extend and it. Itextend is certain other occupations in orderthemselves to devote entirely themselves entirely of has other occupations in order to devote to the studytoofthe study material and intellectual mutuallyeach influence each material andprogress intellectual civilization civilization mutually influence literature.

Thisresult led tothat theevery resultother that every kind ofdied profession died progress literature. This led to the kind ofother profession othereach and on wait in theprogress. commonThe progress. other and wait theeach otheroninthe theother common slow The slow and our country out, and ourout, country grew weak. grew weak. of China's materialretards conditions retards the of aspirations of its improvement of China's material conditions the aspirations its far as our is we concerned, we admit cannotthat butitadmit that it improvement So far as ourSoliterature is literature concerned, cannot but does notfollow therefore that we intellectual civilization.civilization.

However, itHowever, does not it therefore that follow we is exceptionally and full of value.

Since the Chinese Fu- intellectual is exceptionally fine and fullfine of value.

Since the Chinese Emperor Fu-Emperor work in of the research theages sphere agesOn long past. On should give should up the give workup of the research sphereinof longofpast.

Shi wroteDiagrams" his "Eight in Diagrams" the most ancient times, the evolution Shi wrote his "Eight the most in ancient times, the evolution if wemodern compare moderncivilization Chinese civilization theof contrary, we compare Chinese with the with the of writing hasfor continued for years. over 5,000 years.not Although not all the theifcontrary, of writing has continued over 5,000 Although all of the European, wethat, shallwhile see that, while we fall the in Europeans in shall see we fall behind the behind Europeans of the Chinese canwrite, read nearly and write, nearlyEuropean, all are we 400 millions400 of millions the Chinese people can people read and all are material conditions, yet in of theintellectual sphere of intellectual the material yet in the sphere developmentdevelopment the underorthe direct influence or indirectofinfluence of ChineseBeyond literature. the conditions, under the direct indirect Chinese literature. the Beyond Chinese have many achievements equal to those of the Europeans, and Chinese many achievements equal to those of the Europeans, and boundaries of our this influence and have boundaries of our country, thiscountry, influence extends overextends Japan, over KoreaJapan, and Korea in some more progressive.

However, there are also those even cases more even progressive.

However, there are also those whichthemselves consider themselves to the in some their cases Indo-China,Indo-China, which consider akin to the akin Chinese in Chinese their in which cannot bewith compared withliterature.

European literature. which cannot be compared European language. language.

Those wrong are utterly who wave Chinese civilization aside whowrong wave Chinese civilization aside of of thetime length of time during which the ChineseThose are utterly If we speakIf ofwethespeak length during which the Chinese a stroke of the pen, ever on meditating on Further, the matter. Further, withdead a strokewith of the pen, without everwithout meditating the matter. language been use, that we know it hastheoutlived language has been inhasuse, we inknow it has that outlived dead the of the Chinese thethought mode of and of thethe ideals theofmode andthought the ideals Chinese today, weretoday, all were all languages of Egypt, Rome,and Babylon Greece. its of languages of Egypt, Rome, Babylon Greece.and If we speakIf ofweitsspeak shaped by their forefathers.

Consequently, whenattempt we now shaped by their forefathers.

Consequently, when we now to attempt to diffusion, compare it with — the so-called" geographicalgeographical diffusion, and compareand it with English — English the so-called" and alter various aspects life andwe manners, improve andimprove alter various aspects of our life of andour manners, must we must most widely-adopted" tongue, whichasishas spoken, has been ascertained, most widely-adopted" tongue, which is spoken, been as ascertained, striveourto ancient study our ancient modes of ideals,to in order to to study modes of thought andthought ideals, and in order by 200 million people — the Chineseislanguage twice asstrive widely by 200 million people — the Chinese language twice as iswidely and development of those ideals,their to grasp their source the and source development of those ideals, to grasp since itbyis400 spoken by 400 million people.

When anyascertain people theascertain distributed, distributed, since it is spoken million people.

When any people good andand badthus sides, and thus to them understand Only after such sides, to understand better.them Onlybetter. after such stage its of own havingnational its ownliterature, national this literature, this and is bad develops todevelops the stageto ofthehaving is good a careful study can we waythe to prejudices, correct the the prejudices, the a careful can we discover thediscover way to the correct great step forward.

But important even moremust important be a study considered aconsidered great stepa forward.

But even more be a must and the peculiarities which characterize Chinese. And inclinations inclinations and the peculiarities which characterize the Chinese.theAnd literature whichable hastobeen exert itsover influence over neighboring literature which has been exertable its to influence neighboring as written worksthearemeans only and the means and the intermediaries for the written are only the intermediaries for the countries, them, orthem refashion them its own likeness. is works countries, absorb them,absorb or refashion after its ownafter likeness.

This is asThis 32

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ideas, this qualitycan of writing can bewith compared the withbyChinese. side withA Chinese. thousand duringof the by side thousandAyears later, years duringlater, the time the time of the transmissiontransmission of ideas, thisofquality of writing be compared the with of the system, monetarywhich system, which of dynasties" an "fivethe dynasties" Lian dynasties, and Yunanand dynasties, andthousand again two thousand Lian andthe Yunan again two function offunction the monetary plays the plays part oftheanpart "five in Ifexchange. wethe insist on theofabolition Chinese i.e. in of thethe period the last Manchuwhen dynasty, later, years i.e. inlater, the period last of Manchu dynasty, the when the intermediaryintermediary in exchange. we insistIf on abolition Chinese of years characters, howapproach shall wethe approach ancient mode of and Tibetans Mongols, Tibetans andwere Manchus trying to seize China and were Mongols, and Manchus tryingwere to seize China and were characters, how shall we ancient the mode of thought andthought dialects of these dominating dominating the Chinese,thetheChinese, dialects the of these tribes more tribes or lessmore left or less left study it ? study it ? since the of beginning history, these their Chinese impress on the Chinese language. impresstheir on the Chinese language.

Furthermore,Furthermore, since the beginning history, of these Chinese characters have toldofthe of which all events Three thousand years ago, during the Han years ago, during the Han dynasty, thedynasty, Chinesethe Chinese characters have told the story all story events took which place took duringplace duringThree thousand or fiveyears, thousand years, and continuously. is anto write but the spoken soughttheto Chinese write thecharacters Chinese beautifully, characters beautifully, sought but the spoken these four orthese five four thousand exactly and exactly continuously.

This is an This peculiarity of the ChineseItlanguage.

It only should only be was language left toondevelop its own. werein changes in left towas develop its own.onThere wereThere changes exceptional exceptional peculiarity of the Chinese language. should not be not language at itsby true worth by but also utilized bybethem.conversational If it be conversational Chinese but noBut progress. in the written Chinese speech, butspeech, no progress. in the But written appraised atappraised its true worth scholars, butscholars, also utilized by them.

If it utilized the proper and ifuse weofmake use of scholars, the ancient scholars, language, thewere characters were inherited language, although thealthough characters inherited from formerfrom time,former the time, the utilized in the properinway, and if way, we make the ancient not leadif us we utilize instead of being enslaved of theirwas formation wasand improved, were and their finish and technique oftechnique their formation improved, so wereand theirsofinish they will notthey leadwill us astray; weastray; utilizeifthem insteadthem of being enslaved by them, ancient and chronicles and docu-ments help us the Hence elegance.

Hence Chinese is the strangest and most awkward elegance.

Chinese is the strangest and most awkward language in language in by them, ancient chronicles docu-ments will help uswill to study theto study ancientwho scholars, who as willhistorians serve as for historians And the the world: it impossible used to be to impossible to convey of a themore world: often it usedoften to be convey the meaningthe of meaning a ancient scholars, will serve us. Andfor theus.more numerous are,European the better.scholars European areeven not afraid even otherwise of wordthan otherwise than by writing. word by writing. numerous they are, thethey better. arescholars not afraid of the deadofcharacters Egypt and Babylonthose (although those two countriesThe Chinese The are Chinese are not bad but writers; very clumsy not bad writers; very but clumsy the dead characters Egypt andofBabylon (although two countries perished long ago, and their tongues have longinto ago disuse). fallen into conversationalists. disuse). conversationalists.

This be can explained. easily be The explained. art of writing This can easily art of The writing perished long ago, and their tongues have long ago fallen could down be handed fromremote the most remote ages.

The old classics areofnot afraid ofand collecting studying even theoffragments of the be handed from down the most ages.

The old classics They are notThey afraid collecting studyingand even the fragments the could easily be imitated.

But while may be distinguished by the history and of restoring since they that the easilycould be imitated.

But while speech mayspeech be distinguished by the history of the past, of andtheofpast, restoring them, since them, they consider thatconsider the could polish of well-turned phrases, both in ordinary ideastimes of ancient times be for veryour useful for our modern knowledge. compositioncomposition and polish and of well-turned phrases, both in ordinary ideas of ancient may be verymay useful modern knowledge. conversation andthese in oratory, these unfortunately cannot befor conveyed for In China written are languages at all and in oratory, unfortunately cannot be conveyed In China the spoken the andspoken writtenand languages not at are all notconversation theyHence are lost. lack of and recording, thus in are timelost. identical. course,writing Chinese on the lack spoken of recording, thus inand time they ariseHence the arise the identical. Of course, Of Chinese is writing founded isonfounded the spoken progressand of writing and of thespeech. regress of speech. language.

But language the spokenhas language has changes undergone changes at different progress of writing the regress language. But the spoken undergone at different in languages European the languages So far writing as Chinese writing is however, concerned,although however, in European writingthe of writing words isof words is periods. So periods. far as Chinese is concerned, thealthough theMoreover, Moreover, founded vocal and written books are written in the customary of it has changedtimes, at various times, nevertheless these founded changes upon vocal upon sounds, andsounds, books are in the customary manner of itmanner has changed at various nevertheless these changes tongue: whensounds the vocal sounds change, does theand language, and the cannot bewith compared withalterations the rapid in alterations in language. the spoken language. tongue: when the vocal change, so does the so language, the cannot be compared the rapid the spoken written language changes accordingly.

Things areinotherwise Thus, in very far-off before our dynasties," first "three when dynasties," ourlanguage written changes accordingly.

Things are otherwise Chinese. in Chinese.

Thus, in very far-off times, beforetimes, our first "three our when In the Chinesethe language mode words of writing words based on two characters were formed, only being and of theChinese spread of ChineseInculture the Chinese language mode ofthewriting is based onistwo characters were only being andformed, the spread culture principles.

The the firstcharacter is that the character bear a resemblance to the limited of the Yellow writing The first is that must bear a must resemblance to the was limited was to the valleytoofthe thevalley Yellow River, both River, speechboth and speech writing andprinciples. thing it the represents: second is that it must beincomposed in such a way werethis identical: cannot beBygainsaid. of the thing "Chow it represents: second isthe that it must be composed such a way were identical: cannot this be gainsaid. the timeByofthe thetime "Chow that its can from be guessed from of an its analysis of its parts. component parts. dynasty," already spread far boundsthat of its themeaning canmeaning be guessed an analysis component dynasty," culture had culture alreadyhad spread far beyond the beyond bounds the of the If the composition of the Chineseischaracters is so complicated, it is not Yellow tribesHunan, of Hupeh, Hunan, Anhwei, If theand composition of the Chinese characters so complicated, it is not Yellow River valley.River The valley. tribes ofThe Hupeh, Anhwei, Fukien and Fukien surprising Chinese not been by influenced by the changes Kiangsu under theofinfluence Chinese but each still that surprising Chinesethat writing has writing not beenhas influenced the changes Kiangsu were under were the influence Chinese of writing, butwriting, each still its localand language, andthethis was of thethe origin of the difference in speech. in speech. retained its retained local language, this was origin difference between written speech. and spoken speech.

The compositions of gifted writers inhistory Chinese history excel The compositions of gifted writers in Chinese excel between written and spoken those writers of foreign writers — this is universally Whendynasty the Chow dynasty beganvarious to decline, various tribes those of foreign — this is universally recognized. recognized.

As ChineseAs Chinese When the Chow began to decline, savage tribessavage writing is itself an art,writers and gifted writers are inartists, their way artists, thanks plainsForeign of China.

Foreignbegan languages be heard sideis itself writing an art, and gifted are in their way thanks occupied theoccupied plains ofthe China. languages to be began heard to side 34

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to their painstakingly polished works, of knowledge of Chinese literatureBut in China But up there to thisisday there thing is no as such thing as grammar. upintoChina this day no such grammar. to their painstakingly polished works, knowledge Chinese literature cannot be by mind. an average mind.we Ofmay course we may to the or repetition or learn unless to write, ThosethewhoThose learn who to write, theyunless keep they to thekeep repetition cannot be acquired by acquired an average Of course condemn thecondemn to an un-expected that all have of paraphrase model or classicalinexamples, order, by this paraphrase model orofclassical examples, order, byinthis means to means to evil, whichevil, has which spread has to spread an un-expected extent, thatextent, all have art —ofthe study of—literature have style, write ChineseTherefore correctly. those Therefore learn style, learn cannot writecannot Chinese correctly. who those are who are concentratedconcentrated on one formonofone art form — theofstudy literature and have— and already at their veryand earnestly, and havea acquired a already working at working their subject verysubject earnestly, have acquired neglected allneglected others. all others.

There first-class are many writers first-class writers in the history of grasp Chinese grasp of it,well. can Whereas write well.

Whereas thoseknow who how don'tto know how to begin of it, can write those who don't begin There are many in the history of Chinese literature; butour still I ask our Chinese didall they this never study will never any result they the rake over the thisrules study will achieve anyachieve result even if theyeven rakeif over literature; but still I ask Chinese writers, did writers, they know theknow rules all the Chinese writing literary reply bookshops a dozen yearsand together, and willtocontinue bookshops for a dozenforyears together, will continue write to write of Chinese of writing before they before began they their began literarytheir career?

Thecareer? reply The will "No." have noPersons grammar. who study ChineseChinese writing incorrectly Chinese just incorrectly just the same. the same. will be "No." Webehave noWe grammar. whoPersons study Chinese writing begin by devoting to themselves of the and characters, andIf we give our If we give our tentocharacters to learn a day, and explain children tenchildren characters learn a day, and explain often begin often by devoting themselves the studytoofthe thestudy characters, onlyachieve gradually the under-standing modestheir of writing: their to will them,know they three will know threecharacters thousand incharacters in a theirtheir meaning to meaning them, they thousand a only gradually the achieve under-standing of the modesofofthe writing: style unconsciously rules ofItgrammar. be if you year;ask butthem if you them write the simplest composi-tion year; but to ask write the to simplest composi-tion out of these out of these style unconsciously adapts itselfadapts to the itself rules toof the grammar. would beIt would difficult to find writers whose could be analyzed view to they characters, will not beit.able do don't it. Asknow they don't know grammar, will notthey be able to do As to they grammar, difficult to find writers whose works couldworks be analyzed with a viewwith to a characters, ought to have been" the distribution of words andcannot therefore find the way to write a thing correctly, and and therefore find cannot the shortest wayshortest to write a thing correctly, determiningdetermining "what ought"what to have been" the distribution of words and and "why" eachused. word When was used. theyabout are asked about have to way gropeintheir way for in the dark years. for several years. they have tothey grope their the dark several It is just theIt is just the phrases, andphrases, "why" each word was they When are asked their mode they of thought, justify by themselves by every sayingman that every same aasstream. crossing stream. there isorno bridge or boat handy, a traveler sameman as crossing If athere is noIfbridge boat handy, a traveler their mode of thought, justify they themselves saying that learn and develop independently, and no established or a long mustway go around long before way round before finds the way to cross must go he finds thehe way to cross to the other to the other must learn must and develop independently, and no established rules or rules be This givenreply you. shows This reply poorlyour informed side. Truly unhappy lot of the Chinese. side. our Truly unhappy is the lot of is thethe Chinese. methods canmethods be givencan you. how shows poorly how informed From theofmoment of the appearance of entitled the book entitled are. The Chinese respect as persons who study theFrom the moment the appearance of the book scholars are.scholars The Chinese respect scholars as scholars persons who study the Chinese China Grammar, China thebecame first time became ofpossessed of this of "what be"itand "whybe." it should only Grammar, Chinese for the firstfor time possessed this meaning of meaning "what ought to be"ought and to "why should If theybe." onlyIf they branch of knowledge. author this book spent tens know thatact onein must act inway, a certain way, but cannot explain branch it, theyof knowledge.

The author The of this bookofspent tens of years in of years in know that one must a certain but cannot explain it, they and study when it. composing But if we examine cannot be research andresearch study when composing But if weit.examine more closelymore closely cannot be respected asrespected scholars. as scholars. the significance this book, see thatonly it contains only the proof Whentowe desire to know to be"works, in literarythe works, significance of this book,ofwe shall seewe thatshall it contains the proof When we desire know "what ought"what to be"ought in literary that the writings of the classics unconsciously coincide with we must beginofthe rules ofWhen language.

Whentowe desire towritings that the of the classics unconsciously coincide with the rules of the rules of we must begin the study thestudy rules ofof the language. we desire grammar, and a confirmation of theofnecessity "why should we must study the science ofThe reflection.

The and grammar, a confirmation of the necessity grammarofforgrammar Chinesefor Chinese know "why know it should be"it we mustbe" study the science of reflection. writers order to improve work.itAlthough it may study rules ofinlanguage in thecountries Western iscountries calledin order to in improve their work. their Although may be used as be a used as a study of the rulesof ofthelanguage the Western called iswriters it cannot as afor text-book for reference book writers, by skilled writers,serve teaches us phrases, to analyze phrases,words to divide words amongst reference book by skilled it cannot as a serve text-book "grammar." "grammar."

It teaches usIt to analyze to divide amongst different partstoofmake speech, makeofthe syntax which of a phrase which has been beginners. beginners. different parts of speech, the to syntax a phrase has been Sincework the great work Mr. Ma, books on the same composed: order that you should thought correctly.Since the great of Mr. Ma,ofmany booksmany on the same composed: all in order all thatinyou should express yourexpress thoughtyour correctly.

Every country has itsbuilt grammar, built up appropriately to itshavesubject have been But although they are helpful considered subject been printed.

Butprinted. although they are considered for helpful for Every country in the West in hasthe itsWest grammar, up appropriately to its It is an elementary-study for Hence, beginners.

Hence, time itbeginners, that their authors it is nevertheless beginners, is nevertheless regrettable regrettable that their authors were not were not language. Itlanguage. is an elementary-study for beginners. by the timeby the areold, ten they yearsusually old, they usually theiralready, grammar acquainted already, with acquainted with of thethe secrets of the Chineseand language, and consequently the secrets Chinese language, consequently children arechildren ten years know their know grammar and with can deal with the words theyforrequire writing contain someand mistakes turns Moreover, of speech. to Moreover, to containthey some mistakes vulgar and turnsvulgar of speech. and can deal the words which theywhich require writingfor they composi-tions. this way, notwithstanding differing attainments in theillustrate thewhich principles they establish they quote exclusively the principles they which establish they quote exclusively the composi-tions.

In this way,In notwithstanding the differingthe attainments in illustrate knowledge of different older or younger, none them will writewritings, ancient writings, making no use speech, of modern andthese therefore these ancient making no use of modern andspeech, therefore knowledge of different pupils, olderpupils, or younger, none of them willofwrite when composing a literaryand exercise, it willworks rarelycannot works cannot be understood by persons little with acquainted with classical be understood by persons little acquainted classical incorrectly incorrectly when composing a literary exercise, it willand rarely already the mastered they wrongly. use a word wrongly. literature. the has man already who has literature. While the While man who mastered Chinesethe Chinese happen that happen they usethat a word 36

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language does not require them: he has already discovered so-called "Manillans" have country, their own country, began calling so-calledthe"Manillans" have their own they began they calling language does not require them: he has already discovered the ford the ford whereby cross theheriver, does not need to seek a bridge.Spain "Great "Little So Manilla."

Spain "Greatand Manilla" and the island Manilla" the island "Little Manilla." it has So it has whereby to cross the to river, and does and not he need to seek a bridge.

We value bridges so long have not in toremained this the day.point Fromofthe point of view ofaccuracy scientific remained this day. to From view of scientific weaccuracy we We value bridges so long as we have as notwecrossed the crossed river: inthe river: thechildren same way age,know who don't know how to can of only speak of "Spain,"inincluding in but it Manilla, but cannot canwrite, only speak "Spain," including it Manilla, cannot speak of speak of the same way tenchildren years often age,years whoofdon't how to write, need help orderI sincerely to learn. Ihope sincerely hope thatChinese the great "Manilla" Chinese and "Manilla" include thethe term.

But the Chinese abroad know include and Spain in theSpain term. in But Chinese abroad know need help in order to inlearn. that the great occupy with themselves with the grammatical systems no other Spain than and "Manilla," to use side that by name, side by other Spain than "Manilla," continueand to continue use that name, scholars willscholars occupy will themselves studying thestudying grammatical systems no of various on a large scale, andadapting then with adapting the Chinese real name.

Chinese logicians who translate "logic" by the siderules with theside realwith name. logicians who translate "logic" by the of various countries oncountries a large scale, and then with their rules their to the Chineseaslanguage, as its improve-ment If its part nameare ofsimilar its partto arethese similar to these Chinese abroad. name of Chinese abroad. to the Chinese language, its improve-ment undoubtedlyundoubtedly demands. Ifdemands. there isgrammar, a Chineseand grammar, and the Chinese people is made acquaintedBut what isBut this rendered? word best The rendered? The whatand is how logic,isand logic, thishow wordis best there is a Chinese the Chinese people is made acquainted it, anditwill know it sufficiently use proper expressions, willwould author would like this to consider this question.

Those who are author like to consider question.

Those who are familiar withfamiliar with with it, and with will know sufficiently to use propertoexpressions, they will they be able, thanks to thistogrammar, to the understand the ancient it is the science of all the sciences, logicand know logic that itknow is thethat science of all the sciences, opening theopening way to the way to be able, thanks to this grammar, understand ancient writings, andwritings, will to be write as easy to write Chinese wellaashand. to turn a hand.

Thenthinking correct acts.

There is a vast numberwho of people who correct andthinking correct and acts.correct There is a vast number of people then it will then be asit easy Chinese well as to turn Then between and conversational be re- unconsciously thinkalthough logically,they although never studied think logically, never they studied logic.

In logic. In uniformity uniformity between written andwritten conversational speech canspeech be re- can unconsciously China this hasInnothename.

In the opinion of its thename author, its name China this science has science no name. opinion of the author, established. established. is the writing reflections?

In the Western must beastranslated as This "li-chieh." branch of must be translated "li-chieh." branchThis of learning haslearning not yet has not yet What is theWhat science of science writing of reflections?

In the Western it is called logic. uses The author uses the expression: science been fully Those developed. devote them-selves fully developed. who Those devote who them-selves to it cannot to beitofcannot be of countries it countries is called logic.

The author the expression: "the science"thebeen of writing reflections" to translate the word "logic" not it issame the opinion the same opinion aboutareit.very There are very many opinions. conflicting opinions. the about it. There many conflicting of writing reflections" to translate the word "logic" not because it isbecause the most he thinks that logic applied isto writing Those do themselves not devote to themselves to are the indifferent science are to indifferent to it, Those is who do not who devote the science it, most suitable, butsuitable, becausebut he because thinks that logic applied to writing amongst man's inborn qualities. reflection.

Modern writers usually apply this science order as to draw as of thelogical power reflection of logicalisreflection the power amongst isman's inborn qualities. reflection. Modern writers usually apply this science in order to in draw When skilful in deep meditation and produce correct conclusions, andsome therefore somethetranslate word When as "theskilful writers are writers plungedarein plunged deep meditation and produce correct conclusions, and therefore translate word asthe"the immortal do this unconsciously.

If weby askwhat them, by what of reflection," othersit translate as "the of works, immortal theyworks, do thisthey unconsciously.

If we ask them, science of science reflection," while otherswhile translate as "the it science of science paths they reached these teh1 us. Furthermore, they argu-mentation." course, these are by the no means the most exact paths they reached these heights, theyheights, cannot they teh1 cannot us. Furthermore, they argu-mentation."

Of course, Of these are by no means most exact are quiteof ignorant thewhich paths they by which Not knowing sciencededuction of correctembraces deductiononly embraces only partquite of ignorant the pathsofby moved.they Notmoved. knowing translations.translations.

The scienceThe of correct one part of oneare grammar, they do not "that even which know "that which while argumentation only part of and deduction, and its scope they grammar, do not even know should haveshould been." have been." logic, whilelogic, argumentation is only one is part of one deduction, its scope Letanmeexample quote an makeclear. my point clear. Mr. Chenis very Of course, the expressions dothe notwhole cover of the whole ofLet me quote to example make mytopoint Mr. Chenis very limited.

Of limited. course, the expressions do not cover Kuo-Fan was, asthe wegreatest know, the greatest scholar at the fall timeofof the fall of logic, convey and cannot convey its exact translation.

Kuo-Fan was, as we know, scholar at the time of logic, and cannot its exact translation. the Ching dynasty.

When he was literary discussing literary productions with whothe translate the term as "theof science of dynasty. the Ching When he was discussing productions with Those whoThose translate term "logic" as "logic" "the science others,well-known he quoted well-known ancient expressions, as: "the spring reflection" or "the science of argumentation" seeof only part of the truth.he quoted others, ancient expressions, such as: "thesuch spring reflection" or "the science of argumentation" see only a part theatruth. breezes blow, the summer "untie to theclothe clothes to clothe me," is just as the liveparts in foreign calling Spain blow, breezes the summer rains rain," rains "untierain," the clothes me," It is just theItsame as the the same Chinese whoChinese live in who foreign callingparts Spain "giveto me me,"that to similar prove that similar words—"breezes — Manilla.

This is an historical error. island in Oceania, near "give me food feedfood me,"to tofeed prove words "breezes Manilla. This is an historical error.

Manilla is anManilla island is in an Oceania, near blow," "rains "clothes — rain," clothe," "foodare — used feed," are used China. of Thousands years ago Chinese often navigators these"rains blow," — rain," — "clothes clothe," — "food — feed," China. Thousands years agoofChinese navigators visitedoften thesevisited here in different senses. the were first words nouns proper, andthe therefore Chinese became accustomed to thehere name. in different senses.

He said thatHe thesaid firstthat words nouns were proper, places, and places, therefore Chinesethe became accustomed to the name. while were the second usedMr. virtually."

Mr. Chen this considered this Later on, was

by Spain.

Sincethe that time, the while Chinese the second "nounswere used"nouns virtually."

Chen considered Later on, Manilla wasManilla occupied byoccupied Spain. Since that time, Chinese discovery without and, precedent, having given this explanation, he visited Manilla called the Manillans.

Spaniards Later Manillans.

Later on, when awithout a discovery precedent, havingand, given this explanation, he who visitedwho Manilla called the Spaniards on, when considered that hethe hadkey found thesecrets key to locked the secrets up in ancient visited States the United States ofMexico, America, Mexico, Chileand and Peru, and that considered he had found to the up inlocked ancient they visited they the United of America, Chile and Peru, manuscripts. from the grammatical point view the are first words are saw thethere Spaniards there dominating various they territories, to manuscripts.

But from theBut grammatical point of view the of first words saw the Spaniards dominating various territories, began they to began nouns, are the verbs, secondand are this verbs, and very this seems But the most call thesealso Spaniards also Later Manillans.

Later they still, learned when they thatthe second nouns, seems simple.very But simple. the most call these Spaniards Manillans. still, when thatlearned 38

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writer of olden times didthis, not and know this, andverbs explained gifted writergifted of olden times did not know explained as verbs as CHAPTER II CHAPTER II used virtually." "nouns, used"nouns, virtually." who are not the know also the purpose Those who Those are ignorant of ignorant logic do of notlogic knowdoalso purpose "TO UNDERSTAND IS DIFFICULT, "TO UNDERSTAND IS DIFFICULT, for") of ChineseInwritings. a recent work ("what for")("what of Chinese writings. a recent In work entitled, A entitled, Short A Short BUT TO ACHIEVE IS EASY" BUT TO ACHIEVE IS EASY" Sketch of Chinese the Grammar, the third chapter the following Sketch of Chinese Grammar, third chapter contains thecontains following passage: "Proper only topersons designate passage: "Proper names servenames only serve to designate andpersons things. and things.

(Seven More Proofs) (Seven More Proofs) Mr. in F. his I. How, hisWang-Heng, sketch of Wang-Heng, during Thus, Mr. F.Thus, I. How, sketchin of Chancellor Chancellor during the Chin dynasty, said: ' Just as, about years ago, Chin-Kuo-Liang the Chin dynasty, said: ' Just as, about 2,000 years 2,000 ago, Chin-Kuo-Liang to me that of thethe theory of the of the action and the meseems that the theory easiness of easiness action and was loyal to and to the end the Han dynasty, so was Wang-It seems to It was loyal and honest thehonest end towards the towards Han dynasty, so was Wangof understanding might be sufficiently considered sufficiently difficulty understanding might be considered proved by proved by Heng the Chin dynasty.'

Mr. Kung-Chi-Kuei, in to his Appeal to ofdifficulty Heng towards the towards Chin dynasty.'

Mr. Kung-Chi-Kuei, in his Appeal the threealready examples already is said the three examples given.

But itgiven. is saidBut thatit this maythat be this true,may yet be true, yet Northern writes: Mountains, writes: 'There isbehind emptiness behind the splendid the Northernthe Mountains, 'There is emptiness the splendid gaptowhich has to filled, that other cases nevertheless this leaves athis gapleaves whicha has be filled, in be that otherincases the complains, nightingale man complains, man gone to ape is nevertheless curtains, thecurtains, nightingale has gone to has the hills, thethe apehills, is the might be different. might be different.

In the given, examples given,Chin-Kuo-Liang although Chin-Kuo-Liang and astonished.' astonished.'

In the examples although and I shall prove the correctness of by my theory by shall try to provetry thetocorrectness of my theory are human beings, while the and nightingale the ape belongTherefore I Therefore Wang-HengWang-Heng are human beings, while the nightingale the ape and belong morenamely, examples, buildingshipbuilding, of houses, shipbuilding, the more seven examples, the namely, buildingthe of houses, the to world, the animal world, all four nouns names, are proper names, not all to the animal all four nouns are proper because notbecause all seven of fortifications, digging electricity, of canals, chemistry electricity, chemistry building fortifications, the digging the of canals, human are called Chin-Kuo-Liang or Wang-Heng, every of building human beings are beings called Chin-Kuo-Liang or Wang-Heng, not every not evolution, shall see theory true in all these we shalland seewe whether thewhether theory isthetrue in allis these a bird ape. Such nounsproper are called proper In evolution, this andand animal is a animal bird or isape.

Suchornouns are called names."

In names." this and cases. cases. the book considers Chin-Kuo-Liang, example theexample writer ofthe thewriter book of referred to, referred considersto,Chin-Kuo-Liang, science of architecture only appeared years a thousand of architecture only appeared a thousand after years after the night-ingale, the ape, the This, same type. This,The scienceThe Wang-Heng,Wang-Heng, the night-ingale, the ape, as names ofas thenames same of type. dwellings many comforts. mankind beganthemselves building themselves building dwellings with many with comforts. course, is quite wrong, not eyes only of in one the eyes onethrough who runs mankind through began of course, isofquite wrong, not only in the who of runs up has to this has no architecture.

Chinese houses China up toChina this day no day architecture.

Chinese houses are not builtare not built text-book, even for an uneducated man whologically. can reflect logically. a text-book,abut even forbut an uneducated man who can reflect plans of architectural It is quitewith otherwise with the plans to of the architectural science. It isscience. quite otherwise But did make the writer make thisBecause mistake?

China toaccording But why did thewhy writer this mistake? in Because China inaccording on architectural science. foreign All buildings. them are of themAllareoffounded onfounded architectural science. no such sciencewhile as logic, of the buildings. there is no there such is science as logic, men while rarely men makerarely use ofmake the useforeign First a sketch is amade, a planout, is worked out, anddoonly First a sketch is made, then plan then is worked and only then theythen do they powerthinking of logical thinking born in them. power of logical born in them. begin construction.

Thiscarried is action the first beginareconstruction.

This is action out carried in the out first inplace by place by Chinese and their numerous, Chinese authors are authors talentedare andtalented numerous, workstheir are works Thebuildings plans ofinbuildings Shanghai out by knowledge.

The plans of Shanghaiinare workedare outworked by excellent elegant. theyinspire write can inspire and knowledge. excellent and elegant.and That which That they which write can heaven and heaven foreignwhile architects, while work of buildingout is by carried out by Chinese foreign the work ofthe building is carried Chinese as Mr. Yuan-Hsiung once Butthousands for severalofthousands of yearsarchitects, earth, as Mr.earth, Yuan-Hsiung once said. But forsaid. several years coolies. case thepossess men who possess knowledge are the foreign coolies. caseInthethis men who knowledge are the foreign Chinese haveonly beentoable only to they knowwrite. how they write. In this the Chinesethe have been able write, nottotowrite, knownot how architects, whilewho the assume men who labor of com-pleting the the men the assume labor ofthecom-pleting the Thehave Chinese have one grammar to inventorgrammar or logicarchitects, before while The Chinese had no onehad to no invent logic before buildings are the ChineseThe workers.

Theis structure completed by the the Chinese workers. structure completedis by the foreigners these introduced these sciences into our this an are foreigners introduced sciences into our country.

Is country. not this Is an not buildings efforts and co-operation of and knowledge efforts and co-operation of knowledge action. and action. example of the fact that actions easy, but difficult?" knowledge difficult?" example of the fact that " actions are"easy, butare knowledge looksuperficially, at things superficially, it will to us that the If we look If at we things it will appear to usappear that the architects have onwork, the lighter work, theywith work only with architects have taken on thetaken lighter because theybecause work only their But if we the matter more we shall realize their pen: But if pen: we consider theconsider matter more closely, we closely, shall realize the vastbetween difference of the and the the vast difference thebetween difficultytheofdifficulty the plan and theplan easiness of easiness of work — as heaven far apartand as heaven the work —the as far apart earth. and earth. that a man wishes to build a house costing ten thousand Imagine thatImagine a man wishes to build a house costing ten thousand Heofgoes first all to an architect andtoasks dollars. He dollars. goes first all to an of architect and asks him drawhim up to a draw up a 40 41 21 21

plan, and him questions about theofcapacity of and the house and the exaggeration, without exaggeration, that in the foreign East, in shipyards, the foreignthe shipyards, without that in the East, ships the ships plan, and questions about him the capacity the house the materialsThe required.

Thewho architect who undertakes the to workhave has all to been have all by been built bybecause Chinese, built Chinese, thebecause contractstheforcontracts buildingfor gobuilding go materials required. architect undertakes the work has the various materials which have to beand procured, their the through hands of Chinese. through hands ofthe Chinese. calculate thecalculate various materials which will have towill be procured, their and variouswithout qualities, without going bounds of ten thousandThe author The author several has visited severaltoshipyards to become acquainted has visited shipyards become acquainted various qualities, going beyond the beyond bounds the of ten thousand This isofa practical problem of practicalSecondly, economy.the Secondly, with the works.

When questioning Chinese about workmen with the works.

When questioning Chinese workmen the about the dollars. Thisdollars. is a problem economy. architectthe architect hasout to the reckon the land area on of the landtheonhouse whichisthe house to is to stand, to oftechnique of shipbuilding, I observed that the process of construction is technique shipbuilding, I observed that the process of construction is has to reckon area out of the which to stand, in cubic yards, the of thethebuilding, not at allbutdifficult, but thelies difficulty lies in the not attheall difficult, the difficulty in the drawing of drawing plans andof plans and calculate itscalculate capacity its in capacity cubic yards, the pressure of pressure the building, weight which the foundations pilesAll canthis bear. this the architect the latter have been completed, thework structural sketches. Ifsketches. the latterIfhave been completed, the structural will work will weight which the foundations or piles canorbear. the All architect reckon out and accurately, and all this involves a of knowledge applied according proceedtoaccording them and will be soon completed. them andto will be soon completed. must reckonmust out accurately, all this involves a knowledge applied ofproceed physics. how Further, be built: fashionably,Last year (1917), Stateswar declared war on Last year (1917), when the United when the United States declared on physics. Further, shouldhowthe should house the be house built: fashionably, or handsomely?

Thisfrom is drawn fromaesthetics. practical aesthetics.

Germany, the most powerful which armament, had to be at all Germany, the most powerful armament, had towhich be procured at procured all comfortablycomfortably or handsomely?

This is drawn practical Then of knowledge of how theshould sun's rays should behow absorbed, the air costs, was the construction of a fleet. to take unheard-of was the construction of a fleet. America hadAmerica to take had unheard-of Then knowledge how the sun's rays be absorbed, the air howcosts, is to move freely building, howisthe house is to be protected steps to its shipbuilding works. year as was steps to increase its increase shipbuilding works. A year was Agiven thegiven time as the time is to move freely through the through building,the how the house to be protected coldhow anddirt heat, dirt and is to be —building this for building a total of to 4,000,000 average oftons.

4,000,000 ships with aships total with to average When tons. this When this against coldagainst and heat, andhow rubbish is torubbish be disposed of disposed — this offor fromofthe sphere of domesticLastly, sanitation.

Lastly, the architect plan wasbypublished the whole grew anxious. If such planmust was published America,bytheAmerica, whole world grew world anxious.

If such comes fromcomes the sphere domestic sanitation. the architect must know how the drawing-room should be the fitted, howshould the study a plan had been in normal times,would the world a planbe had been proposed in proposed normal times, the world have would lookedhave looked know how the drawing-room should be fitted, how study be should equipped, howshould the rooms should be and made cosy and comfortable it as and a frantic and proposal. ridiculous But proposal.

Butworked America worked ridiculous America equipped, how the rooms be made cosy comfortable — this on— itthisas aonfrantic Thewere shipyards able toships complete ships of over 10,000 fromof thesocial sphere of social psychology.

The to draw intensively.

The shipyards able towere complete of over 10,000 comes fromcomes the sphere psychology.

The architect hasarchitect to drawhas intensively. tons in a few weeks. overshipyards a hundredinshipyards plans,on relying on information from the ofbranches tons inofa few weeks.

There were There over awere hundred America.in America. his plans, his relying information drawn fromdrawn the branches The undertook large yardstoundertook to build dozens ships: the small knowledge if mentioned, desiresfamous. to become famous.

The large yards build dozens of ships: theofsmall yards took yards took knowledge mentioned, he desiresiftohebecome a smaller quantity. work simultaneously, Lofty of buildings several private of quantity. a smaller They beganThey workbegan simultaneously, and carried and it oncarried it on Lofty buildings several ofstories andstories privateand houses of houses so that intensively that by thetime appointed time they hadthe completed Shanghai are builttoaccording plans of verysoskilful intensively by the appointed they had completed whole the whole foreigners inforeigners Shanghaiinare built according the planstoofthe very skilful architects.

Butbuilt they by were built by Chinese coolies. we are to judge program. program. architects. But they were Chinese coolies.

If we are toIfjudge Japanesebuilt shipyard built vessel tons of 10,000 tons in from thiswhich example, which is the easier, knowledge or action? ThusRecently a Recently Japanese ashipyard a vessel of a10,000 in from this example, is the easier, knowledge or action? Thus twenty-three days.a This wasrecord. a world's maytheserve as proof the fourth of the correctness of the twenty-three days. This was world's But record. such a But feat such is thea feat is the architecture architecture may serve as fourth of theproof correctness of the modernBasing science!

Basing itself on knowledge, theoryisthat action is easy but difficult. knowledge difficult. outcome ofoutcome modern of science! itself on knowledge, mankind mankind theory that action easy but knowledge discusses before about their fulfillment.

The of fulfillment of of theof 7th of our(1918) Republic (1918) a discusses Chinese plans beforeplans setting aboutsetting their fulfillment.

The fulfillment In October In of October the 7th year our year Republic a Chinese plans is extraordinary andIt amazing.

It is worth com-paring with Shanghai a ship of threetons. thousand it was plans these is extraordinary and amazing. is worth com-paring with shipyard at shipyard Shanghaiatbuilt a ship built of three thousand When tons. it wasWhenthese the of difficulties of shipbuilding before the of application of modern science. foreign loudly the welcomed thePress fact. said The Press said the difficulties shipbuilding before the application modern science. launched thelaunched foreign the Press loudlyPress welcomed fact. The By this comparison can most vividly convinceofourselves was ship the largest shipinever builtand in worthy China, and worthy ofBy notice. this comparison we can mostwe vividly convince ourselves the truth of the truth that this wasthat thethis largest ever built China, of notice. the "action theory that "action is easy, but difficult." knowledge difficult."

Yetwas the built ship after was built after the of of theWestern ships of Western of the theoryofthat is easy, but knowledge Yet the ship the pattern of pattern the ships At theofbeginning the Ming dynasty (1398) the Emperor Chenit involved the of application of of knowledge of modern sciencesAt the beginning the Mingof dynasty (1398) the Emperor Chencountries; itcountries; involved the application knowledge modern sciences Chu seven times sent his eunuch, on Chien-Ho, on a naval to expedition to andmachines. of foreignItmachines.

It is of workmen late all theinworkmen in the Chu seven times sent his eunuch, Chien-Ho, a naval expedition and of foreign is said that of said late that all the the andabdicated arrest theEmperor abdicatedChien-Wen. Emperor Chien-Wen. The first time foreignatshipyards Shanghai, Kong and of theOceania islands of Oceania discover anddiscover arrest the The first time foreign shipyards Shanghai,atHong KongHong and the islands eunuch the sixth have been Chinese.

Only a fewand engineers and the directors from a the month the third lunar year of eunuch sailed was sailed in the was sixthinmonth of the thirdoflunar year of have been Chinese.

Only a few engineers the directors come from acomethe there many are already with a displacement of He Tuien-Lo. the ninth month theyear fifthof lunar returnedHe in returned the ninth inmonth of the fifth of lunar the year of the foreign race.foreign Today race. thereToday are already ships many with aships displacement of Tuien-Lo. he the visited all the islands of the over tentons, thousand tons, built in such word, can say sameDuring Emperor.

During these months all Emperor. these months he visited islands of the over ten thousand built in such yards.

In a yards. word, In wea can saywe same 42

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ocean and even SanWhen Francisco.

When we of varied, yet very raw materials not yetand abundant, and of the science of yet very raw varied, materials were not yetwere abundant, the science ocean and even reached Sanreached Francisco. we calculate thecalculate length ofthe length the time during which he was we architecture still in its embryo stage, not so as diversified as at architecture was still in was its embryo stage, and not so and diversified at his journey his andjourney the timeand during which he was delayed on delayed the way,on wethe way, that his journey could notcompleted have beenincompleted less than present. twenty- How present.

How could the Chinese such a success? could the Chinese achieve suchachieve a success? see that his see journey could not have been less than in twentyeight us divide twenty-eight intothe two parts: the firstIt is said that It isthe said that the did this, driven by The necessity. The Chinese didChinese this, driven by necessity. eight months.

Letmonths. us divideLet twenty-eight months intomonths two parts: first period of preparation, the second that of the Let usWestern assume sayings Western sayings it thatis necessity is the mother of all inventions. have it that have necessity the mother of all inventions. the period ofthe preparation, the second that of the journey.

Letjourney. us assume the first at least fourteen months. of this Although of dynasty the Ching had with heroic courage Although emperorthis of emperor the Ching haddynasty with heroic courage that the firstthat period took period at leasttook fourteen months.

During this During space ofthis space time, the day he the dayChien-Ho he sailed, Chien-Ho conquered wholewhich of China, which that time into six conquered the whole oftheChina, was at that was time atdivided intodivided six time, from the dayfrom he received thereceived order to the the order day hetosailed, to lay storesmen, for 28,000 men, arms forallthem, else that they states, he was unable cross in theorder desert ordertheto crush the small states,small he was unable to cross thetodesert to in crush had to lay inhad stores forin 28,000 arms for them, and else and that all they required.

But most difficult all wassixty-four to procurelarge sixty-four ships, To Tartars. to repel unexpected organize regular troops Tartars. organizeToregular troops to repel unexpected attacks wasattacks was required. But most difficult of all was toofprocure ships, large capable taking sea.

This waspiece a gigantic piece of work. According onerous.for Therefore for those times and years succeeding years it difficult anddifficult onerous.and Therefore those times and succeeding it capable of taking theofsea.

Thisthe was a gigantic of work.

According to the of chroniclers the Ming all ocean-going ships were was more suitable to erect great wall, making it impregnable against was 440 more suitable to erect a great wall,a making it impregnable against to the chroniclers the Mingofdynasty, all dynasty, ocean-going ships were 440 feet long 180 Although feet broad.we Although we don't knowthey how deep they the Tartars.the Although Emperor Shih-Huang-Ti was cruel and pitiless the Tartars.

Although Emperorthe Shih-Huang-Ti was cruel and pitiless feet long and 180 feetand broad. don't know how deep thecan water, we can feet were below the to his subordinates, building the Wall renderedashumanity as great to water his subordinates, his buildinghis of the Wall of rendered humanity great were in the were water,inwe presume thatpresume 10 feet that were10below the water level.the Therefore, the total number ofbe tons might be 4,000 to 5,000.

If we as athat service that of thewho Great Yu, who rescued from the Deluge. Now a service of theasGreat Yu, rescued us from the us Deluge.

Now level. Therefore, total number of tons might 4,000 to 5,000.

If we theofconditions of those times, be able at to its appraise we can see and conceive that,not if been we had not beenbyprotected we at canitssee and conceive that, if we had protected the Greatby the Great imagine the imagine conditions those times, we shall be we ableshall to appraise value this remarkable pieceThere of work. was no scientific Wall,have we should have been crushed by the Our have race would have Wall, we should been crushed by the Tartars.

OurTartars. race would true value true this remarkable piece of work. was There no scientific that as time, such as there is now tosuch facilitate work: been completely at the of beginning the Han dynasty (206 been completely destroyed atdestroyed the beginning the Han of dynasty (206 knowledge knowledge at that time,atsuch there is now to facilitate work: such were notomachines to replace handi-craft.

Moreover, Chien-Ho A.D.) therenohad been wall, the Chinese people would B.C. to 220 B.C. A.D.)toIf220 there hadIfbeen wall, theno Chinese people would there were there no machines replace handi-craft.

Moreover, Chien-Ho was not a shipbuilder. wereany notships evenofany ships of suchnota have size flourished not have later flourished wouldbeen not so have beeninsothe strong in the on: it later wouldon:notit have strong was not a shipbuilder.

There were There not even such a size thatChien-Ho day. Butwas Chien-Ho able in fourteen months to build dynasties, Han-Tongand dynasties, andhave would notable havetobeen unite with itself Han-Tong would not been uniteable withto itself before that before day. But able inwas fourteen months to build sixty-four ocean-going ships, capable28,000 of holding men, on southern peoples of China. thewhich southernthe peoples of China. sixty-four ocean-going ships, capable of holding men,28,000 on which he sailed all of thethe islands ocean, in order to show Chinese people reached maturity, physically developingand physically and people reached maturity, developing he sailed round all theround islands ocean,ofinthe order to show abroad the abroad theThe ChineseThe awe-inspiring powerand of caused China, and caused thetribes barbarous there to at mentally the under same time, under theofprotection the Great mentally the same attime, the protection the GreatofWall, and Wall, and awe-inspiring power of China, the barbarous there tribes to remember the great deeds ofand Chien-Ho admire the Chinese to the China although on fell victim to the Mongolstill invasion, still the although later China on felllater a victim to athe Mongol invasion, the remember the great deeds of Chien-Ho admire and the Chinese to the It was indeed a very great achievement. the mingled Mongols mingled and were amalgamated, not the reverse, Mongols with us andwith wereusamalgamated, and not the and reverse, present day.present It wasday. indeed a very great achievement.

If today theIf today are able to build ships of with 3,000the tons with help of as modern asmay sometimes may be inof thenations. history of nations. sometimes be observed in observed the history Chinese areChinese able to build ships of 3,000 tons help of the modern foreign and machinery, andgreat this merits Although on the Chinese were by subjugated by the Manchus, on the later Chinese were subjugated the Manchus, science and science foreign and machinery, this merits praise,great whatpraise, is it inwhat is it inAlthough later with onebyship built by Thus Chien-Ho? Thus shipbuilding, as a could the latter couldthe notsame escape theassame fate as theBut Mongols.

But before this the latter not escape fate the Mongols. before this comparison comparison with one ship built Chien-Ho? shipbuilding, as a fifth example, also strength of the Chinese people hadand developed become consolidated, strength of the Chinese people had developed becomeand consolidated, fifth example, also confirms ourconfirms theory. our theory. defending The best-known the Great so- Chinese the Great Chinese played its part, our Wall playedWall its part, defending people our frompeople from The best-known architecturalarchitectural achievementachievement in China is intheChina so- isthe invasion and enslavement by the tribes barbarian tribes of the northern Wall. The Emperor Shih-Huang-Ti, the Ching invasion dynasty and enslavement by the barbarian of the northern called Greatcalled Wall.Great The Emperor Shih-Huang-Ti, of the Chingofdynasty (240 B.C.) ordered Mong-Tieng his general Mong-Tieng to build wall which could TheTartars. emperor thought by the wall to strengthen Tartars. emperorThe thought by the building of building this wall of to this strengthen (240 B.C.) ordered his general to build a wall whicha could withstand thethe attacks of the This began great work began at Mukden the his power of his descendants, make it unshakable the power of descendants, and make itand unshakable for ever, byfor ever, by withstand the attacks of Tartars.

ThisTartars. great work at Mukden in the Eastinand endedItincrossed Shansi.mountains It crossedand mountains for a China protecting frominvasion. the TartarHeinvasion. was and not aware, and did protecting from China the Tartar was not He aware, did in the East and ended Shansi. valleys and for avalleys distance 5,000 li. There were no such workstimes: in ancient not even that, in our defending as yet immature notit was even dream, that,dream, in defending young our and young as yet and immature distance of 5,000 li. of There were no such works in ancient it wastimes: wonder of After the world. all, in of dynasty, the Ching dynasty, Chinese civilization from destruction at of the the hands of the northern Chinese civilization from destruction at the hands northern the wonder the of the world. all, inAfter the days of the the days Ching his Wall would produce such vast results.forced Necessity was as yetmachines unknown,did machines not labor exist,was handnot labor Tartars, was not his Tartars, Wall would produce such vast results.

Necessity him forced him science was science as yet unknown, not exist,did hand 44

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build thecosts, Wall at all costs, risking he paid no at tocontinent the Black Sea, times was three than the western to build the to Wall at all risking all else, andall he else, paid and no attention at attention continent the Blackto Sea, was three longertimes thanlonger the western alllabor to thewhich vast labor which and it involved the vast efforts whichbattlefield. he had The battlefield.

Theforces opposing faced one another in of the all to the vast it involved the vastand efforts which he had opposing facedforces one another in trenches of trenches the to its expend on its construction.

Historians say that he achieved length, just asinhappened in Western The time to expend on construction.

Historians also say thatalso he achieved this samethis length,same just as happened Western Europe.

TheEurope. time required forrequired for without knowing how beforehand how he would out his intention. thisthe work wasSuch the same.

Suchenterprise a giganticmight enterprise without knowing beforehand he would carry out hiscarry intention. this work was same. a gigantic have might seemedhave seemed of the of supremacy of science and the of perfection of to us to impossible if these not been In our daysInofour the days supremacy science and the perfection to us impossible carry out,toifcarry theseout, trenches hadtrenches not beenhad a fact.

But a fact. But machinery, human and of themachinery powers ofhave machinery have surpassed the both battlefields both and in Western Eastern have now machinery, human powers and powers the powers surpassed the battlefields in Western Eastern and Europe haveEurope now become a become a the possibilities thethe past, and the science of architecture goneof history: matter of history: areleft. no traces left. Even military engineering the possibilities of the past,ofand science of architecture has gone has matter there are nothere traces Even military engineering we go civil to a skilled civil andwould experts would discover them withyet difficulty: they Thus are a fact. Thus forward veryforward rapidly.very Andrapidly. if todayAnd we if gotoday to a skilled engineer andengineer experts discover them with difficulty: they areyet a fact. for the construction of a Great to thefrom abovethat it isour clear that our Chinese and the great ask him to ask drawhim up to thedraw plan up forthe theplan construction of a Great Wall, to Wall, from all aboveallitthe is clear Chinese Great Wall Great and theWall great reckon up what quantity of materials it will howwill much time will battlefields European may battlefields serveproof as a of sixth the theory reckon up what quantity of materials it will require, howrequire, much time European serve asmay a sixth theproof theoryofabout the about the needed to the work, sum isfor necessary for this easiness purpose of action easiness action and the of knowledge. be needed tobecomplete thecomplete work, what sum iswhat necessary this purpose andofthe difficulty ofdifficulty knowledge. and labor how much labortowill have to be Iexpended, I think he will reply:There was There wasmore still gigantic one morepiece gigantic pieceinofChina, work in China, and how much will have be expended, think he will reply: still one of work "This is very difficult to But ascertain."

But if an be found whoonlysecond the Great Wall: was the Imperial Grand "This is very difficult to ascertain." if an engineer beengineer found who second to the only GreattoWall: this was thethis Imperial Grand Canal.

It Canal. It willbefore not quail beforeand thewho task,makes and who makes calculation a detailed calculation began at and Hangchow theofprovinces Kiangsu, Shantung will not quail the task, a detailed began at Hangchow crossedand the crossed provinces Kiangsu,ofShantung involving years of work,everything, calculates everything, draws upand a plan, Chihli.

It was crossed by the Yangtze-kiang, Yellow involving several yearsseveral of work, calculates draws up a plan, Chihli. and It was crossed by the Yangtze-kiang, the Yellow the River, the River, the it to theofjudgment of the latter people, thescarcely latter will sayRiver, White River, at and ended at Tengchow, thelength north.isIts length is 1,000 and submitsand it tosubmits the judgment the people, will sayscarcely White and ended Tengchow, in the north.inIts 1,000 that the(action) execution (action) while is difficult, while the is knowledge is easy. miles: it was first and longest in Ittheserved world.asItanserved as an that the execution is difficult, the knowledge easy. miles: it was the first andthe longest canal in thecanal world. me give another object-lesson. ask to myrecall readers important to recall means important meanscommunication of internal communication by water between Southern Let me giveLet another object-lesson.

I will ask myI will readers of internal by water between Southern the battle-fields of Europe duringWar. the Great When the of andChina, Northern China, bringing innumerable to our country the battle-fields of Europe during the Great When War. the attempt of attempt and Northern bringing innumerable advantages advantages to our country German troops to failed seize Paris theand firstthey time, and they and our people.

China trading relations the German the troops to seize Paris for thefailed first for time, were andwere our people.

After ChinaAfter entered intoentered tradinginto relations with foreignwith foreign forced pass from thetooffensive to thethe defensive, thea army a very steamship countries, communication steamship communication to be forced to pass fromtothe offensive the defensive, army dug very dugcountries, began to bebegan utilized on utilized a large on a large scale.intercourse Maritime intercourse developed, andbegan the Canal trench,from beginning fromofthetheshores theand North Sea and long trench,long beginning the shores NorthofSea ending at ending scale. at Maritime developed, and the Canal to fallbegan into to fall into disuse.toIt bebegan be and siltedin up, andplaces in many the Swiss foot ofmountains, the Swiss in mountains, in a few weeks.isIts length is estimated the foot of the a few weeks.

Its length estimated disuse. It began siltedto up, many it isplaces almostit is almost completely and to 1,500 have been miles. Itthree contained three lines of fortifications.

In blocked to have been miles.1,500 It contained lines of fortifications.

In completely andblocked threatens to threatens overflow.to overflow.

Ofhave late been there many have been many wholowering suggested lowering were underground trenches, earthworks, every line every there line were there underground trenches, earthworks, fortified fortifiedOf late there people whopeople suggested Canalpoints at various points Yangtze communication and storehouses. far as the complexity and of the communication trenches andtrenches storehouses.

So far as theSocomplexity and the level the level Canalofatthe various between thebetween Yangtzethe River and River and the River Hwai, in order to bring onceuse. again into use.who Engineers who impregnability work is one concerned, of line it in every line Hwai, impregnability of this workofisthis concerned, mile ofone it inmile every the River in order to bring it once againit into Engineers invited to the investigate the possibilities to the that conclusion that more than all the workonexpended the Great Chinese meant more meant than all the work expended the Greaton Chinese Wall.

The Wall. wereThe invitedwere to investigate possibilities came to thecame conclusion be noand light task, that the expenses so great as to length of lines thesewas three lessmiles. than 5,000 miles. The same be itnowould total length total of these three notlines lesswas thannot 5,000 The same it would light task, that theand expenses would be sowould great be as to renderconsideration necessary consideration floating a foreign loanit.toItfinance it. It length was of trenches dug of onthe theEntente, side of the Entente, in able order torender be ablenecessary length of trenches dug on was the side in order to be of floating aofforeign loan to finance stands to the reason that theofdeepening canal is an easier piece of work resist the Thus Germans.

Thus of the this length of on thisboth worksides on both sidesto reason to resist theto Germans. the length work stands that deepening a canal isofana easier piece of work to 10,000 miles, twiceofthe the Great Wall. it place: in the the firstimprovement place: the improvement partisof a river is amounted toamounted 10,000 miles, i.e. twice thei.e. length thelength Greatof Wall. than cuttingthan it incutting the first of part of aofriver Thesewere trenches were not out before-hand: werethan easier than the whole river. But people today, These trenches not thought outthought before-hand: they were they easier creating thecreating whole river.

But people today, before evenbefore even urgency.

But the magnitude of the the beginning the working-out of a plan, already the difficulties constructed constructed as a matteras ofa matter urgency.of But beginning working-out of a plan, already realize the realize difficulties the magnitude of the and the rapidity of its completion to some onethem,facing them, whereas people in could olden brilliantly days couldaccomplish brilliantly accomplish facing whereas people in olden days undertakingundertaking and the rapidity of its completion are to someare extent, one extent, Yet,all. this is not The lineoperations of militaryinoperations in the of a miles canal long 1000 as miles longitas though it were out of the digging of adigging canal 1000 though were nothing out nothing of might say, amight secret.say, Yet,a secret. this is not The lineall. of military Easternstretching Europe, from stretching from the ordinary. this so?theBecause the realofdifficulty ordinary.theWhy is thisWhy so? isBecause real difficulty the workof the work the Baltic Sea Baltic across Sea the across whole thethewhole Eastern Europe, 46

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not inoftheitsperiod of itsbut execution, at the in beginning, in added he even to possessions, the British possessions, plea that Great he even Egyptadded to theEgypt British on the plea on thatthe Great arises, not inarises, the period execution, rather atbut therather beginning, theitsperiod of its and discussion andThe planning. peopletimes of olden timesmustBritain protectinthe Canal, in order to have over the passage Britain protectmust the Canal, order to have control overcontrol the passage the period of discussion planning. people The of olden not as as the learned as of thetoday; peoplewhen of today; when they to do thebetween the Mediterranean andand Red Seas and maintain communication between Mediterranean and Red Seas maintain communication were not aswere learned people they intended to intended do something, off for theirlong work for long conversations andwith by sea with India. by sea India. something, they did notthey put did off not theirput work conversations and the very They beginning.

They firstthe settask about After his attempt successful construct the Suez to attempt constructtothe Suez Canal, de Canal, de discussions discussions at the very at beginning. first set about in the task in theAfter his successful waybydictated by vital Their necessity.

Their and skill advanced Lesseps became a world-famous and universally respected Lesseps became a world-famous and universally respected man.

He man. He way dictated vital necessity. success andsuccess skill advanced but unconsciously. is how matters when thethen Grand then beganmuch to devote much to digging the plan the of digging began to devote attention to attention the plan of Panama the Panama together, buttogether, unconsciously.

That is howThat matters stood when stood the Grand Canalbuilt, was being i.e. the Chinese carried out this work anyin order Canal, in orderthe to provide theof possibility of communication Canal, to provide possibility communication between thebetween the Canal was being i.e. thebuilt, Chinese carried out this work without anywithout plan. soon application forms for shares Pacific Oceans.

Atlantic andAtlantic Pacific and Oceans.

Very soon Very application forms for shares preliminary preliminary plan.

Therecanals are many in The the world.

The most remarkable to be filled andtaken they up were taken up immediately. beganare to be began filled up, and theyup, were immediately.

ConstructionConstruction There are many in thecanals world. most remarkable are the Panama Suez and Panama The Suez is at of the began in 1882: 1889 thewent Company went bankrupt, completelyand bankrupt, and de in 1882: in 1889 the in Company completely de the Suez and Canals.

TheCanals.

Suez Canal is at Canal the end of the the endbegan Mediterranean Sea andit connects withSea. the ItRed Sea. It shortened was alsoThere punished. were two reasons for the bankruptcy: Lesseps wasLesseps also punished. were There two reasons for the bankruptcy: Mediterranean Sea and connects with the itRed shortened communication and Indian Oceans.

From the most first, lack and of funds, and the secondly, the ofepidemic malaria which first, lack of funds, secondly, epidemic malaria of which communication between thebetween Atlantic the andAtlantic Indian Oceans.

From the most ancient times the to dighas thisexisted. canal has existed.

In 1798, when there. prevailed Thecarried epidemic off people too many on the prevailed The there. epidemic off carried too many on people the ancient times the intention to intention dig this canal In 1798, when Napoleon Egypt, conquered he determined construct canal undertaking, and of onthis account of this could not continue. undertaking, and on account it could not itcontinue.

Napoleon conquered he Egypt, determined to constructto this canal this the He two ordered seas. He to investigate theThe lack ofThe lackcould, of money could, be of remedied, course, bebut remedied, money of course, matters but matters between thebetween two seas. an ordered engineerantoengineer investigate the isthmus, a view to preliminary The engineer came much to were with theIfepidemic.

If it itcontinued, it would scarcely worsemuch with worse the epidemic. it continued, would scarcely isthmus, with a viewwith to preliminary operations. operations.

The engineer came to were the conclusion that the in difference in levelthebetween the Red and be possible toScience continue.

Science thatnot time not able be possible to continue. at that time atwas ablewas to cope withto cope with the conclusion that the difference level between Red and Mediterranean comes 29 Napoleon's feet, and Napoleon's was the of making Isthmus healthy. of Panama healthy.work Therefore work the problem of problem making the Isthmus the of Panama Therefore Mediterranean Seas comesSeas to 29 feet,toand plan was plan modernlater science was temporarily However,science was temporarily suspended. suspended.

However, modern on later on abandoned. abandoned. that all diseases fromand bacteria, and theatepidemic at in last the '50's of last did some Frenchmen take established established that all diseases come from come bacteria, the epidemic Only in the Only '50's of century did century some Frenchmen again take again was disseminated by insects (mosquitoes).

When it up, and that the previous calculations were and inaccurate, and i.e.Panama, Panama, malaria,i.e. wasmalaria, disseminated by insects (mosquitoes).

When it up, and discover thatdiscover the previous calculations were inaccurate, the Government of theStates United Statesto decided continue the that the indifference in not levels notInso1854 great.

In 1854 de Ferdinand de the Government of the United decided continueto the that the difference levels was so was great.

Ferdinand of the Panama Canal, first of allthe undertook Lesseps began agitate in favor oforganizing the idea ofaorganizing a company to construction construction of the Panama Canal, it first of allit undertook work ofthe work of Lesseps began to agitate in to favor of the idea of company to destroying tookofa other number of other steps ship canal across the He awas madefora subject for the destroying insects, the andinsects, took a and number steps to make theto make the construct a construct ship canala across the isthmus.

Heisthmus. was made subject district moreWhen healthy. this done, and jokes, particularly England, where people the wholedistrict people more had been done, construction was healthy. this When had been construction was ridicule andridicule jokes, particularly in England,inwhere the whole the plan as quite impracticable, thought it must inevitably resumed, and was successfully completed in from 1918.that Andtime from that time resumed, and was successfully completed in 1918. And rejected the rejected plan as quite impracticable, and thoughtand it must inevitably endBut in failure.

But de Lesseps applied all his the communication Pacific Oceans communication between thebetween Atlanticthe andAtlantic Pacific and Oceans became an became an end in failure. de Lesseps applied all his energies to energies winning to thewinning of his own people, in spite of the stubbornoffered resistanceactual offered fact. actual fact. approval of approval his own people, in spite of the stubborn resistance byworld the whole plan heFinally, proposed.

Finally, he insucceeded inHence we see Hence that the chief reason for de Lesseps' that we the see chief reason for de Lesseps' failure lay infailure lay in by the whole to theworld plan to he the proposed. he succeeded and, with the supportcapitalists of Frenchand capitalists and hisofignorance of the activities destructive of insects, whilefor the reason for his ignorance the destructive of activities insects, while the reason convincing convincing the people, the and,people, with the support of French Egyptian the Suez Canalwas Company founded in of the United States Government wasthat, entirely that, the1858. successtheof success the United States Government was entirely the EgyptiantheViceroy, theViceroy, Suez Canal Company foundedwas in 1858.

Thethe next yearofthe work of construction 1869 the Suez anticipating peril of to these insects, it took measures anticipating the peril of the sickness duesickness to thesedue insects, it took measures The next year work construction began, and began, in 1869and theinSuez Canal was officially opened. to destroy them.

Thus this of case one ofofthe of my theory. to destroy them.

Thus this case is one theisproofs myproofs theory.

Canal was officially opened.

Thereupon the British Prime Minister, Disraeli, For aChina long time China has been proud being the first country has been proud of being theoffirst country Thereupon the British Prime Minister, Disraeli, began to trybegan his to try hisFor a long time hardest for to acquire for the British Government thethe shares Suez ship's to invent ship's instruments. things

by China have to invent instruments.

Many other Many thingsother invented byinvented China have hardest to acquire the British Government the shares in Suezin the Canalwhich Company, were by theKhedives.

EgyptianLater Khedives. onassisted greatly the development of world civilization.

Amongst these greatly the assisted development of world civilization.

Amongst these Canal Company, were which held by the held Egyptian on Later 48

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must printing, be classedgun-powder, printing, gun-powder, porcelain, we can communicate with one anotherofby means of we electricity, weall canofcommunicate with one another by means electricity, work we work must be classed porcelain, silk and tea,silk alland of tea, which mankind therething is yetmore, one thing which with assisted with we electricity, we cure with sicknesses withofthe help of electricity, we electricity, cure sicknesses the help electricity, we which mankind requires.

Butrequires. there is But yet one whichmore, assisted in the growthrelations of world a closer connection thefoodprepare food onwe electricity, it for etc.many But I ask: many prepare on electricity, utilize itwe forutilize heating, etc.heating, But I ask: in the growth of world andrelations a closerand connection between thebetween peoples. was the Chinese compass.say Historians that the compass people usebut electricity, butof how many of what them itknow people use electricity, how many them know is? what it is? peoples. This was theThis Chinese compass.

Historians that the say compass was by the Emperor legendaryinmonarch, in 2698When a new When a newappears, invention invention forappears, examplefortheexample dynamo,thethedynamo, the was invented byinvented the Emperor Hwangti (a Hwangti legendary(amonarch, 2698 B.C.), assert but others that it was by discovered

by Choe-Kung, a dukegradually world becomes graduallyaccustomed becomes accustomed to utilize this For invention. For world to utilize this invention.

B.C.), but others that itassert was discovered Choe-Kung, a duke and prime at the ofbeginning of dynasty the Chow dynasty (1125-255 example, the greatofinvention of recent times, the wireless telegraph, example, the great invention recent times, the wireless telegraph, and prime minister at minister the beginning the Chow (1125-255 B.C.)leaving However, leaving aside the of the inventor space of ahas few yearsall hasover spread overYet the this world. Yet this which in thewhich spacein ofthe a few years spread the all world.

B.C.) However, aside the question of question the nameofofthe thename inventor of the itcompass, it was undoubtedly Chinese ago swallowed discovery up swallowed of effort,the exhausted the of knowledge of discovery centuriesup of centuries effort, exhausted knowledge of the compass, was undoubtedly the Chinesethewho long who ago long discovered of and the magnet compass. manyfor scientists, of his them gave his portion of knowledge, manythe scientists, everyoneforofeveryone them gave portion of knowledge, discovered the nature ofthe thenature magnet inventedand theinvented compass.the Later the Later Westernapplied countries it to ocean-traveling, which assistedbefore in thethe conception before the of conception of wirelesswas telegraphy was fully grasped. Relying wireless telegraphy fully grasped.

Relying Western countries it toapplied ocean-traveling, which assisted in the maritime communication. scientific truthknowledge, and exact knowledge, is not very difficult on scientificon truth and exact of course, itof is course, not veryitdifficult developmentdevelopment of maritime of communication. there were no to indicateit direction, is unlikely that machines. to inventToday machines.

Todaycan everyone carry on their correspondence to invent everyone carry oncan their correspondence If there wereIfno compass to compass indicate direction, is unlikelyit that anyone would venture sail on distant andsea. boundless If there wireless telegraphy.

Everyone can also wirelessbytelegraphy.

Everyone can also occupy the occupy post ofthean post of an anyone would venture to set sail ontoaset distant anda boundless If theresea.by were nomaritime compass, maritime exploration would not have and developed, and inoperator in a telegraph wireless station. telegraphThe station.

The mechanics who operator a wireless mechanics who were no compass, exploration would not have developed, would not have reachedlevel. its present Thus the manufacture benefits manufacture wirelessapparatus telegraphare apparatus areany notlonger faced with any longer with wireless telegraph not faced civilization civilization would not have reached its present Thus level. the benefits by the areBut enormous. what is theItcompass?

It is task. a difficult task. The heaviest burden lies onofthe backs ofand, scientists, and, a difficult The heaviest burden lies on the backs scientists, conferred byconferred the compass arecompass enormous. what is But the compass? is the well. rest goes a simple electrical machine.

Men began use ofwhen electricity when once this isdifficulty is overcome, once this difficulty overcome, all the restallgoes Fromwell. the From the a simple electrical machine.

Men began to make usetoofmake electricity application electricity learnmankind that when mankind did not know theFrom compass.

From thethe time that the compass into of application electricityofwe learn thatwewhen still did not still know they utilizedthey the utilized compass. the time that compass came into came it already had and the magnet utilized it for the use,began mankind begantheto principles study the according principles toaccording to which the ofitelectricity of electricity already had the magnet utilized and it for the compass to compass to use, mankind to study which the constitutes the eighth assist navigation.

Thus constitutes electricity the pointer of the compassdirected is always directed onesouth, end toatthe at the assist navigation.

Thus electricity eighth proof of theproof of the pointer of the compass is always at one end toat the thesouth, theoryisthat action is easy and difficult. knowledge difficult. to Why the north. does the magnet afterthat action theory easy and knowledge attract iron?attract Only iron? after Only other to theother north. does Why the magnet The development modern thousands years and of effort anddid research did discover mankind discoverThe development of modern of science is science secured is notsecured by the not by the thousands of years ofof effort research mankind of any special branch of knowledge, butthe rather by the united discovered thatiselectricity is not material, that its progress essence of progress any special branch of knowledge, but rather by united electricity. Itelectricity. discoveredIt that electricity not material, that its essence can be transformed intolight. heatItand light. It everywhere penetrates everywhere andof various efforts sciences of various and their mutual inassistance in this striving efforts andsciences their mutual assistance this striving can be transformed into heat and penetrates and permeates of the atmosphere.

When it passes along the earth, One forward. branch of science which approaches closest forward. branchOne of science which approaches closest of all to of all to permeates the whole ofthe thewhole atmosphere.

When it passes along the earth, it has direction, a definitefrom direction, southWhen to north.

When the is iselectricity electricity chemistry.is chemistry. it has a definite south from to north. the magnet is magnet under theofinfluence of itelectricity, it has the to and point north andIf chemistryIfmakes chemistry makes noelectricity progress, also electricity also can no progress, can hardly go hardly go under the influence electricity, has the tendency to tendency point north just as a weathercock under the the in wind in the alone. forward And, vice versa, the forward And,alone. vice versa, the progress of progress chemistryofischemistry possible is possible south, just assouth, a weathercock under the influence ofinfluence the wind of turns the turns which the wind is moving. only onofcondition of new in inventions in of theelectricity. sphere of The electricity. The only on condition new inventions the sphere direction in direction which theinwind is moving.

Formerly, human of knowledge electricity was still small, of forerunner TaoisticInalchemy.

In ancient times people forerunner chemistryof ischemistry Taoistic is alchemy. ancient times people Formerly, when humanwhen knowledge electricityofwas still small, for ofthelife elixir of life by allmeans, possible means, mankind looked onand lightning as worshipped gods, and worshipped sought for sought the elixir by all possible in the hopeinofthe hope of mankind looked on lightning thunderand as thunder gods, and them; usesitsthem for itsrequirements. domestic requirements.

Today achieving we call their achieving goal. the Although the not elixirdiscovered, was not discovered, these goal. their Although elixir was these them; now it usesnow themit for domestic Today we call ourage ageof"the age of electricity."

Todaycannot mankind cannot do experiments without experiments the development of chemistry. stimulated stimulated the development of chemistry.

The most The most our age "the electricity."

Today mankind do without If towns we look townswe andsee ports, that the consumption in the China, are the production of outstanding outstanding discoveries discoveries of chemistryof inchemistry China, are production of electricity. Ifelectricity. we look at andat ports, that we the see consumption electricityday increases day.electric We light electric lamps. We makegunpowder, vitriol, gunpowder, porcelain and Inbean oil. this In China this chemical vitriol, porcelain and bean oil.

China chemical of electricityofincreases by day.day Weby light lamps.

We make production existed thousands for severalofthousands years, but the Chinese use ofinelectricity traveling, canthetalk with help of electricity, production has existed has for several years, butofthe Chinese use of electricity traveling,inwe can talkwe with help of the electricity, 50

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onlyon continued on theinold in this inner food valuable which the mostscientists renownedofscientists today are trying, only continued the old track thistrack sphere, not sphere, knowingnot theknowing inner the valuable which food the most renowned today areoftrying, or such even athatmode suchofa production mode of production called failing, to discover. is called isand significance,significance, or even that failing, and to discover.

Letanother me quote anotherthe example: the manufacture chemistry. chemistry.

Let me quote example: manufacture of pottery. of It pottery. It presentChinese modernscientists Chinese have scientists have an uncommon has on been goingfrom on almost from times. prehistoric times. In At present At modern an uncommon has been going almost prehistoric In Babylon andBabylon Egypt and Egypt yearning after Western sciences, and the most wonder-working branchusedpeople used clay tablets to make and manufactured yearning after Western sciences, and the most wonder-working branch people clay tablets to make books, and books, manufactured bricks of bricks of of learning which interests them isThe chemistry.

The most partbefore of clay before the Western people this discovered buildingAllmaterial. All of learning which interests them is chemistry. most difficult partdifficult of clay the Western people discovered buildingthis material. study chemistry, is organic the chemistry, the most part important partancestors of the ofancestors of thepeoples civilized of today made earthenware chemistry tochemistry study is to organic most important of the the civilized of peoples today made earthenware that which treats of Western foodstuffs.

Western physiologists recent independently. that, clay, by baking clay, we can produce pottery, which is thatwhich whichistreats of foodstuffs. physiologists in recent in independently.

We see that,Webysee baking we can produce pottery, have ofbyexperiment means of experiment arrived at the that conclusion thatthis in canand by which any nation which has the age of fire. times have times by means arrived at the conclusion in and be this donecan by be anydone nation has reached the reached age of fire. animal there harmful are manysubstances. harmful substances.

But the manufacture is theoriginal particular originalofinvention of animal (meat) food(meat) there food are many But here But But here the manufacture of porcelainofisporcelain the particular invention anotherarises: problem chieflyforrequires for hisUp to China.

Up Chinese to this day Chineseis porcelain is the considered the most perfect another problem that arises: which that manwhich chieflyman requires his China. this day porcelain considered most perfect sustenance contained chiefly eat meat kind.

In 1540 a certain Frenchman, B., saw Chineseinporcelain in sustenance is containedischiefly in meat.

If in wemeat. ceaseIftowe eatcease meat toand of itsand kind. of In its 1540 a certain Frenchman, B., saw Chinese porcelain seeknutritive equivalent nutritive matter else-where, find of any means of an aristocratic family. itHetojudged to be the most seek equivalent matter else-where, shall we findshall anywe means an aristocratic family. He judged be the itmost precious of precious objects, of objects, achieving is why the of the hygiene an determined old and determined to method imitate the method of its manufacture, achieving this?

This isthis? why This the question of question the hygiene of diet is anof olddiet isand to imitate the of its manufacture, in order thatin order that problem, which hard to solve. common people mightthe alsouse enjoy thevaluable use of this valuable discovery. problem, which scientists tryscientists very hardtrytovery solve. the commonthe people might also enjoy of this discovery.

Of late,hasbiology has developed veryMany quickly.

He technique studied theoftechnique of its manufacture for sixteen years, and then Of late, biology developed very quickly. greatMany He great studied the its manufacture for sixteen years, and then have by been madechemists.

by FrenchThey chemists.

They created built organic kind of pottery workshop.

Thisbeginning was the of beginning of the discoveries discoveries have been made French created organic a kindbuilt of apottery workshop.

This was the the chemistry. use of the method oftosynthesis to procure imitation organic byimitation

by Europeans of themethod Chineseof method of manufacturing chemistry. Making useMaking of the method of synthesis procure organic Europeans of the Chinese manufacturing material, they set havebefore even themselves set before themselves aim of preparing material, they have even the aim of the preparing porcelain. porcelain.

Western has countries has recent times in chemistry in the countries foodstuffs means ofM. chemistry.

M. Pasteur founded bacteri-ology, byIn recent In foodstuffs by means ofby chemistry.

Pasteur founded bacteri-ology, by times chemistry the Western to an extraordinary and with is bringing with it industrial which hethe facilitated the of appearance of biochemistry.

Hishave followers have todeveloped which he facilitated appearance biochemistry.

His followers developed an extraordinary degree, and degree, is bringing it industrial development.

The manufacture of isporcelain is also applied bio-chemistry study of and foodstuffs, andcome havetothus development. come to applied bio-chemistry to the study to ofthe foodstuffs, have thus The manufacture of porcelain also based on abased on a knowledge of and chemistry, and its in production at the present the conclusion that meatpoisonous contains substances poisonous substances that of the conclusion that meat contains and that and knowledge chemistry, its production the Westinatthe theWest present almost standard attained by ChineseBut porcelain.

But if it vegetables the best food. vegetables are the best are food. time almost time reaches the reaches standardthe attained

by Chinese porcelain. if it bewith compared with porcelain the artisticproduced porcelaininproduced time of WoenMy friend Mr. Li-Shi-Chen, who wasineducated a My friend Mr. Li-Shi-Chen, who was educated France, ain France, be compared the artistic the time in of the WoenLo-Ching-Tai, the Ming and of and Chien-Lung of pupil of studied agri-culture and attention paid greatto attention to pupil of Pasteur, hasPasteur, studied has agri-culture and paid great Lo-Ching-Tai, of the Mingof dynasty, anddynasty, of Kiat-Hsi andKiat-Hsi Chien-Lung of the Ching its colours and quality will be to discovered beans. He the "International for the Preparation of dynasty, beans. He founded thefounded "International Society for Society the Preparation of the Ching its dynasty, colours and quality will be discovered be much to be much those ofproductions, Chinese productions, are positively andthat affirmed that can beanentirely milk can entirely replace cow'sthanlower Bean Milk,"Bean and Milk," affirmed bean milk replace cow's lower those than of Chinese which are which positively milk, and bean meat. based his conclusions on the of unequalled. milk, and bean foods, meat.foods, He based hisHe conclusions on the theories of theories unequalled. today has The development of today chemistry manyand chemists and on experiments in vegetarian the use of food. vegetarian many chemists on experiments in the use of He food. HeThe development of chemistry has reached thereached widest the widest also the "Bean MilkOfSociety."

Chinese have andbounds, and the marvelsofitcourse, works, have of course, have far outstripped the also founded thefounded "Bean Milk Society." course, Of the course, Chinesethe have bounds, the marvels it works, far outstripped the from very far-off and, to say, of wonders the past. there Previously existed a difference been eating been bean eating mash bean from mash very far-off times; and, times; needless to needless say, wonders alchemy of in alchemy the past. inPreviously existedthere a difference many of them know how it. to Even prepare Even in very remote between villages organic between andchemistry, inorganicbut chemistry, butcan now can be no more many of them know how to prepare in it. very remote villages and organic inorganic now there bethere no more a small there population there are of bean since thetechnique advancingoftechnique chemistry may trans-form with a smallwith population are factories of factories bean extract.

We extract. despisedWe despised distinctions,distinctions, since the advancing chemistryofmay trans-form food as the mostBut, common.

But, by a strange irony of fate, itinorganic turned chemistry inorganic into chemistry into organic. the Moreover, thetheory so-called this food as this the most common. by a strange irony of fate, it turned organic.

Moreover, so-called of theory of outoftothe bemost one of the mostproducts wonderful of organic the chemistry, the and elements andalso atoms hasdestroyed, also beenasdestroyed, as theofdiscovery out to be one wonderful of products organic chemistry, elements atoms has been the discovery radium of radium most economical and food. beneficial food. Furthermore, it is that samedownbreaks down theory the atomic and demonstrates the incorrectness of breaks the atomic and theory demonstrates the incorrectness of most economical and beneficial Furthermore, it is that same 52

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thenatural theory selection of naturaland selection and the for existence. assertion that elements atoms andareelements are indivisible; on the contrary, explain the explain theory of the struggle forstruggle existence. the assertionthethat atoms and indivisible; on the contrary, atoms consist of still smaller calledThus electrons. from With the publication of the thistheory book, of theevolution theory ofproduced evolutiona produced a With the publication of this book, these atomsthese consist of still smaller units, calledunits, electrons. from Thus now onwards new erainischemistry. opening in chemistry. complete change Thoughts in science.and Thoughts and ideals sharply changed, complete change in science. ideals were sharplywere changed, now onwards a new era is aopening Western peoples,theimitating Chinese in the manufacture and came under theofinfluence this new philosophy. then all and came under the influence this newofphilosophy.

Since then Since all The WesternThe peoples, imitating Chinesethe in the manufacture porcelain, founded their on the analysis of substances. far as have sciences based on themselves on this Theevolution theory of evolution sciences based have themselves this theory.

The theory. theory of of porcelain,offounded their work on thework analysis of substances.

So far as So porcelain are they concerned they have been is the natural explanation of the world-wide of all creatures. is the natural explanation of the world-wide progress of progress all creatures. the quality the and quality coloringandof coloring porcelainofare concerned have been mostbut carefully; but theoftechnique of The mutual fornatural existence, naturaland selection, and the The mutual struggle for struggle existence, selection, the survival of survival of chemically chemically studied moststudied carefully; the technique the firingofofthe firing porcelain belongs exclusively to of thehuman spheretalent. of human the the fittest are therules principal of theofevolution species. These the kind fittest are principal of therules evolution species. of These porcelain belongs exclusively to the sphere This talent. kind This technique hasextend, ceasedand to extend, and its development as have principles been applied from Age the Stone Agefor onwards, for the principles been have applied from the Stone onwards, the of techniqueofhas ceased to its development was arrested,was as arrested, resultit ofis which it is possible no longer to This imitate it. This improvement is why improvement of of the plants. seeds By of plants.

By this meanshas mankind has of the seeds this means mankind a result of awhich no longer to possible imitate it. is why of all admire ofporcelain of and the Ming Ching wild changed intoplants, cultivated and has transformed wild grasseswild intograsses cultivated and plants, has transformed wild Europeans Europeans most of allmost admire porcelain the Ming Ching andchanged dynasties, anddo very do thousands not grudgeofthousands dollars tobeasts acquireinto beasts intoanimals. domestic animals. theory in domestic Men appliedMen thisapplied theory this in practice forpractice for dynasties, and very often notoften grudge dollars toofacquire it. All they in cantheir collect in theiris museums is to considered one of ofthousand of years, without comprehending its significance. years, without comprehending its significance.

Only in the Only in the it. All that they canthat collect museums considered be one ofto bethousand the rarest of art.

But the Chinesewho craftsmen whokind made this age ofenlightenment scientific enlightenment at last toit,conceive it, age kind of scientific was Darwinwas ableDarwin at last able to conceive the rarest works of art.works But the Chinese craftsmen made this porcelain were ignorant ofand chemistry physics.

Thusischemistry is after working at the problem unremittingly for twenty years. after working at the problem unremittingly for twenty years. of porcelainofwere ignorant of chemistry physics.and Thus chemistry the ninth confirmation of my theory.

From weofcan of theofdifficulty of knowledge.

From this we can this judge thejudge difficulty knowledge.

Darwin's Darwin's the ninth confirmation of my theory. us now theevolution. theory ofIts evolution. discovery was was discovery waswith compared with Isaacdiscovery Newton'sofdiscovery discovery compared Isaac Newton's the law of the law of Let us now Let consider theconsider theory of discoveryItswas work of Darwin, wrote a great book: The Origin of gravity.

Species. Men gravity.

Men these considered these the two greatest discoveries: considered the two greatest discoveries: the first in the first in the work ofthe Darwin, who wrote awho great book: The Origin of Species. sphere The of space.

Sincethe thatworld time has the known world has that all to the spheretheof second time, the second in the the sphere of time, in the sphere of space. writer The writer Since that time that known all species are species obliged are to obliged considers there are three degreesoforevolution: periods ofthe evolution: for theirThe existence.

The most learned philosophers ancient that there arethat three degrees or periods first of the first of evolution forevolution their existence. most learned philosophers of ancient ofconsiders matter, of thespecies, secondand of species, the third of man.

Duringofthe period of modern origin could of species, could not provethe second matter, the thirdand of man.

During the period and modernand times, who times, studiedwho the studied origin ofthespecies, not prove vapor,brought the ether broughtinto electrons electrons produced this conclusion.

Two years thousand ago the Greek philosopher, vapor, the ether electrons motion,into the motion, electronstheproduced this conclusion.

Two thousand ago years the Greek philosopher, matterproduced and matter realized that all come creatures come path ofand matter theproduced earth. the earth.

Democritus,Democritus, had realizedhadthat all creatures by the pathby ofthe matter theoffirst stage of worldBut evolution.

Butother there are other evolution.

Butfollowers, he had noand followers, andoftheevolution theory ofdid evolution did notThis was theThis firstwas stage world evolution. there are evolution. But he had no the theory not heavenly bodies which are stage still inofthis stage ofThe evolution.

The evolution receive a foundation. theRenaissance, European Renaissance, of bodies heavenly which are still in this evolution. evolution receive a foundation.

During the During European freedom of freedom mattertowards is directed theofformation of earth. many million thinking again and the philosopher Spinoza of world matter is of directed the towards formation earth. How many How million thinking again reigned, andreigned, the philosopher Spinoza studied the studied world the wereforrequired for the of formation from its external aspect,asdeclaring as favor a result in favor of of the theory of our planet? According to years of were years required the formation our planet?

According to from its external aspect, declaring a result in of the theory evolution. was the spiritual father and of inspiration Darwin. calculations based on of the geological study of geological twenty based on the study phenomena,phenomena, twenty evolution. Spinoza wasSpinoza the spiritual father and inspiration Darwin. of calculations Later after the Renaissance, the development of science aheadyearsmillion years have since the formation time of theofformation million have passed sincepassed the time of the the earth.of the earth.

Later on, after theon, Renaissance, the development of science went ahead went rapidly.

Many were discoveries were thatmost time.remarkable The most remarkableThe period The from of thecells origin of cells to the appearance of man fromperiod the origin to the appearance of man rapidly. Many discoveries made at thatmade time.atThe were those in of the Laplace realm of astronomy, Lyell in constitutes second period of All evolution. species, the second the period of evolution. species,Allfrom the from the discoveries discoveries were those of Laplace realminofthe astronomy, Lyell in constitutes that of in that of All men, theseby great smallest men, by to smallest to the largest, from theto simplest the most complicated, the largest, from the simplest the mosttocomplicated, that of geology, andgeology, Lamarckand in Lamarck that of zoology.

Allzoology. these great means of the conclusions drawn by science, them from science, arrived at the toaccording of the for natural existence, natural selection, according the laws toofthe thelaws struggle forstruggle existence, selection, means of the conclusions drawn by them from arrived at the and the of were the fittest, were already inwhen existence theory of evolution may called its pioneers. and the survival of survival the fittest, already in existence man when man theory of evolution and may be and called itsbe pioneers. on Thousands the earth. Thousands of years passed before mankind Darwin of the observation animals.

After onappeared appeared the earth. of years passed before mankind Darwin studied it bystudied means itofby themeans observation of animals. of After acquired human in the of first of itsit existence years of published hisOrigin book The Origin of acquired Species, human nature, sincenature, in the since first period itsperiod existence was in it was in twenty yearstwenty of research he research publishedhehis book The of Species, to to 54

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no way distinguishable fromThen animals. began the ofevolution ofIf the readerIfstill the does reader does my not words, believe Imy ask him to notice notstill believe askwords, him toI notice no way distinguishable from animals. beganThen the evolution words of "If Confucius: "If are the capable people are capablelet of them action, let them the words oftheConfucius: the people of action, mankind. mankind.

The foundations of the of evolution mankind quite along proceed along path;then but make if not,them then first makeofthem first of all understand proceed its path; butits if not, all understand The foundations of the evolution mankindof were quite were different fromprinciples the basicofprinciples of theofevolution of other creatures.

From this that the this truth." this Fromtruth." this saying we saying can seewe thatcanthesee ancient sageancient also sage also different from the basic the evolution other creatures. latter the existence the law, whereas men foreshadowed foreshadowed my theory. my theory.

Amongst theAmongst latter thethe struggle for struggle existenceforwas the law,was whereas men guided by the of Society mutual aid. and the were guidedwere by the principle of principle mutual aid. and Society the sciences aresciences are concrete expres-sion of this aid.love, Morality, love, friendship the concretethe expres-sion of this mutual aid. mutual Morality, friendship justice theseofareexpressing forms of mutual expressing aid. Mankind and justice and — all these— areallforms aid. mutual Mankind develops and only progresses on the that condition thatthese it obeys these develops and progresses on theonly condition it obeys laws,it otherwise it perishes. fact that has still fundamentalfundamental laws, otherwise perishes. The fact thatThe mankind hasmankind still applied these laws in on a large scale,people and some people not applied not these laws in practice on practice a large scale, and some infringe man'sfrom evolution from the infringe them, arisesthem, from arises man's from evolution the animals, andanimals, from and from the into thirdwhich stage, man into is which manas is "man," enteringisasstill "man," is still the fact thatthe thefact thirdthat stage, entering animalorheritage, or has "instinct," not yet been very short. very The short. animalThe heritage, "instinct," not yethasbeen extinguished, has not completely But once mankind extinguished, and has notand completely disappeared.disappeared.

But once mankind period of civilization, his inner being spontaneously sought entered the entered period ofthecivilization, his inner being spontaneously sought theofprinciples of mutual andto was able the to achieve the fundamental the principles mutual aid, and wasaid, able achieve fundamental aimevolution. of humanWhat evolution. the endevolution? of human Itevolution?

It is the aim of human is the What end ofishuman is the aimbyindicated by when Confucius when he said: your goal has been aim indicated Confucius he said: "When your"When goal has been as in theThese heavens."

These are the reached, youreached, can liveyou on can the live earthonasthe in earth the heavens." are the hopes of mankind, which desires tothe transform the present painful period hopes of mankind, which desires to transform present painful period of itsinto existence a happy on earth.

Modern civilization is of its existence a happyinto paradise on paradise earth. Modern civilization is moving forward with gigantic of the last century moving forward with gigantic strides, the strides, progressthe of progress the last century may bewith compared with the of the lastofthousands of years, and may be compared the progress of progress the last thousands years, and as inthe thedevelopment future the development of years the last tenbeyears will be comparable as in the future of the last ten will comparable with the road traveled in the last hundred years, we canthecalculate the with the road traveled in the last hundred years, we can calculate rapidity of thatwethedream timesofwearedream of are not far rapidity of progress andprogress realize and that realize the times not far From time that Darwin the discovered theofprinciples away. Fromaway. the time thatthe Darwin discovered principles evolutionof evolution — the for life of animals, naturalthe selection, survival of the — the struggle for struggle life of animals, natural selection, survivalthe of the fittest —began scientists began to treatlove, morality, justice and friendship fittest — scientists to treat morality, justicelove, and friendship a mirage, andtheto law regard the struggle law of the as the as a mirage,asand to regard of the forstruggle existenceforasexistence the reality. even wantthese to apply of the animal reality. They even They want to apply laws these of thelaws animal world to world to mankind, do not understand that applied that only to a mankind, but they dobutnotthey understand that that only to applied a period in the history of—mankind that theofevolution of transitional transitional period in the history of mankind that the — evolution man hasthis outgrown thiswhich principle which world of animals. man has outgrown principle governs thegoverns world oftheanimals.

Thus of theevolution theory ofmay evolution may serveproof as a tenth of my theory Thus the theory serve as a tenth of myproof theory concerning easiness of and knowledge and the concerning the easiness the of knowledge the difficulty ofdifficulty action. of action.

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CHAPTER III CHAPTER III

without understanding purpose," people becomeand irresolute, and fall without understanding its purpose,"itspeople become irresolute, fall under the theory of Wang-Yuan-Ming. under the influence ofinfluence the theoryofofthe Wang-Yuan-Ming.

Thus it turnsThus out it turns out that the of Wang-Yuan-Ming is oftolittle to man, although of teaching Wang-Yuan-Ming is of little help man,help although THE CHINESE NEED KNOWLEDGE AND that the teaching THE CHINESE NEED KNOWLEDGE AND over the minds of Chinese scholars. it certainly exerted a great influence it certainly exerted a great influence over the minds of Chinese scholars.

REVOLUTIONARY REVOLUTIONARY ACTION ACTION Perhapswill someone will ask not me:Japan "Did derive not Japan derive benefit Perhaps someone ask me: "Did benefit from the ofteaching of Wang-Yuan-Ming the her time of her the teaching Wang-Yuan-Ming during the during time of As theoften theory of "the easiness actionfrom and the As the ten proofs theproofs theoryofofthe "the easiness of action andofthe reforms?"

To reply to this it istonecessary to become acquainted reforms?" reply to this question it isquestion necessary become acquainted of knowledge," forth in thechapters, previous are chapters, are To difficulty ofdifficulty knowledge," set forth insetthe previous withhistory.

Japanese history.

Before the ofbeginning of the reforms feudalism Japanese Before the beginning the reforms feudalism showofthethat truth of that the Chinese traditional with Chinese sufficient tosufficient show theto truth theory, the theory, traditional prevailed in Japan.

But, in proportion as foreigners invaded prevailed in Japan.

But, in proportion as foreigners invaded Japan, and Japan, and phrase: "knowledge is easyisbut action isand difficult," and the phrase: "knowledge is easy but action difficult," the teaching of teaching of thisthere invasion, the feudal unable to feudal nobles werenobles unablewere to prevent thisprevent invasion, arose there arose Wang-Yuan-Ming aboutin"the unity action of and knowledge deeds," Wang-Yuan-Ming about "the unity action of in knowledge deeds," andthe thepeople Japanese people amovement patriotic in movement Japanese a patriotic favor ofinthefavor of the musthold loseover theirthe hold overmind. the human mind.

Perhaps of myamongst readers theamongst must lose their human Perhaps many of mymany readers of the "aliens," whichsimilar was very similar to the watchwords of the "aliens," which was very to the watchwords of thinkproofs that these proofs canonly be applied only factors. to material factors. want to ofexpulsion think that these can be applied to material I want to Iexpulsion time and the Boxer movement. different of conditions the Boxer In different Inconditions time andofspace, this space, this takeofadvantage of this quotefrom an extract fromofthe "work of movement. take advantage this occasion to occasion quote an to extract the "work patriotic reactionary movement in two neighboring countries, patriotic reactionary movement in two neighboring countries, Japan and Japan and Meng-Sin" the Four Books, show thatisthis doubt is unnecessary.

Meng-Sin" in the Four inBooks, to show thattothis doubt unnecessary.

China, produced quite different results.

China,toproduced quite different results. it is act said: "To act without consideration, to act toaccording There it is There said: "To without consideration, to act according its first defeats in the attempt atJapan resistance, Japan followed defeats in the attempt at resistance, followed custom, without and reflection, and to on one's path, throughoutAfter its firstAfter custom, without reflection, to continue oncontinue one's path, throughout adopted their theof example of thecountries Westernand countries thelotexample the Western adoptedand their method of method of whole of life, without understanding its this purpose of the whole ofthe life, without understanding its purpose — is the—lotthis of is the government.

At the same time we see that the success of Japan in her government.

At the same time we see that the success of Japan in her Thus myhere theory, finds confirmation, and the mob." the Thusmob." my theory, also, here finds also, confirmation, and great on the enterprising own transformation depended a depended great dealaon the deal enterprising nature of nature of caninsay in all circumstances is own transformation consequentlyconsequently we can saywethat all that circumstances the theory the is theory theThey Japanese.

They were of a which great deal the Japanese. were ignorant of ignorant a great deal they which ought they to ought to correct. undoubtedlyundoubtedly correct. done, but they worked without noticing this, i.e. "acting without have done, have but they worked without noticing this, i.e. "acting without From a study works of Wang-Yuan-Ming, we may arrive From a study of the worksofofthe Wang-Yuan-Ming, we may arrive reflection, and on continuing on throughout their path, throughout thelife, whole of life, reflection, continuing their path, the whole of at the that conclusion that he well knewthe very of " the of and at the conclusion he knew very lawwell of "the thelaw easiness of easiness without understanding its purpose."its purpose." and theofdifficulty of knowledge;" but as his was to understanding action and action the difficulty knowledge;" but as his purpose waspurpose to without if it bethat supposed that theof teaching of Wang-Yuanit be supposed the teaching Wang-Yuangeneral attention more upon "action" concentrate concentrate the general the attention more upon "action" (facts) than (facts) upon than uponHowever, ifHowever, Ming favorably affected the trans-formation of Japan, the question Ming favorably affected the trans-formation of Japan, the question "knowledge," in order make the Chinese people pay more "knowledge," in order to make the to Chinese people pay more attention to attention to why itthen not save from and weakness, arises, then does not does save itChina fromChina poverty andpoverty weakness, than tohespeeches, hehis expressed of thewhy arises, action than action to speeches, expressed thought his by thought speakingbyofspeaking the notwithstanding theamongst fact thattheamongst Chinese there are many notwithstanding the fact that Chinesethethere are many unityand of action and knowledge," andupon enlarged this "functional "functional unity of action knowledge," and enlarged this upon of Wang-Yuan-Ming The reply would probably be: "Most probably Wang-Yuan-Ming ? The reply?would be: "Most his pupils thus:you "Doought whattoyou do:will for not if you disciples will not of disciples theme to histheme pupilstothus: "Do what do:ought for iftoyou Chineseare somehow fond of postponing because Chinesethe somehow too fondareoftoo postponing hard work hard work act value thus, is what value is there in your knowledge?

Your will knowledge will thebecause act thus, what there in your knowledge?

Your knowledge andavoid trying avoid it." Undoubtedly, Chinese people it."toUndoubtedly, the Chinesethe people suffer from suffer from lose its meaning, and that worse still,you thatthink whichyou youknow thinkwill youbeknowand willtrying be to lose its meaning, and worse still, which defect, canasthis the main why the this defect, this but can thisbut serve theserve mainasreason why reason the teaching of teaching of quitetounknown to you." all idea doubt,of his idea of encouraging quite unknown you." Beyond all Beyond doubt, his encouraging Wang-Yuan-Ming loses its potency in China?

Wang-Yuan-Ming loses its potency in China? dovery goodimportant, was very but important, still he madeina mistake in people to dopeople good to was still he but made a mistake The Japanese began to carry reforms without being began to carry through theirthrough reformstheir without being taking the for "difficult" for the and vice versa: and this broughtThe Japanese taking the "difficult" the "easy," and "easy," vice versa: and this brought acquainted with their meaning: while the Chinese are wont, before acquainted with their meaning: while the Chinese are wont, before him to aofdistortion truth.making It is like making man him to a distortion the truth.ofItthe is like a man worka at thatwork at that any to ask themselves, do itthey know it thoroughly, any affair, to askaffair, themselves, do they know thoroughly, against human nature.

Instead with of starting with habit of undertaking which goes which againstgoes human nature.

Instead of starting the habit ofthe undertaking they arrive atreply, a positive reply,be will again by be tortured if they and, arriveif at a positive will again tortured doubt as by doubt as "acting without consideration, acting to according custom, and, without "acting without consideration, acting according custom, towithout to whether be able it, and the work once will bethey able will to cope withtoit,cope and with complete thecomplete work once reflection, and on continuing on throughout their path, throughout thelife, wholetoofwhether life, they reflection, and continuing their path, the whole of 58

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it 'has This, is of correct course, from is correct fromoftheview point view of forces "difficult" forces theChinese irresolute Chinese afraidaofwrong making a wrong the irresolute to be afraid to ofbe making it 'has begun.

This,begun. of course, the point of of "difficult" andstill so sits China still sits lolling,onasher usual, on Why? her couch.decision.

Why? Therefore decision. the Therefore Chinese never Chinesethe never secure goodsecure resultsgood fromresults the from the science; andscience; so China lolling, as usual, couch. sons are confused by thephrase traditional They oneproblems side the involved problemsininvolved in work — they work begin.they Theybegin. put on oneput sideonthe Because herBecause sons areher confused and deceivedand bydeceived the traditional — phrase is easyisbut action isAnd difficult."

And therefore they dare not outcarrying outand their plan, and usually devote to themselves studying those carrying their plan, usually devote themselves studying to those "knowledge"knowledge is easy but action difficult." therefore they dare not begin work since at reform, since that they they thinkhave that insufficient they have insufficient problems.

Many of them reach As their goal. As a result, problems. Many of them never reachnever their goal. a result, when any when any begin to work at to reform, they think while "action is difficult."

Chinese, 20 or years of stubborn toil, does arrive at a certain Chinese, after 20 or after 30 years of 30 stubborn toil, does arrive at a certain knowledge, knowledge, while "action is difficult."

Theofmajority of the of reformers of Japan, had probably, had no of knowledge of his subject, he canapply no longer apply it in practice, because knowledge his subject, he can no longer it in practice, because The majority the reformers Japan, probably, no conception of thewhich problems them, but the reforming "action is difficult." "action is difficult." conception of the problems stoodwhich beforestood them,before but the reforming of Japan proved success, a brilliant success, thanks to the of enterprise of theThus no work Thus can no work can beoutcarried by the acquisition of thanks to the enterprise the of Japan proved a brilliant be carried by theoutacquisition of Japanese. arewith otherwise when the Chineseknowledge people knowledge and can no come work can come of theof absence of Japanese. Things are Things otherwise China:with whenChina: the Chinese people alone, and alone, no work out of the out absence feel theofnecessity of reform, theyofmust first of all comprehend its full "knowledge." is why Chinalower is falling lower and lower, drifting "knowledge."

That is whyThat China is falling and lower, drifting feel the necessity reform, they must first all comprehend its full if they notsoable to dothesocourse duringofthetheir coursedown-stream. of their down-stream. significance,significance, and, if they and, are not able are to do during whole will life, come death before will come at the application we at look at the history we of shall China,find we many shall find many theback history of China, whole life, death workbefore at thework application of reforms of reformsIf we look Ifback can begin.

While, if they do become thoroughly acquainted tracesgreatness. of formerThe greatness.

The most remote tracesthe of former most remote times, thosetimes, of thethose Tangof the Tang can begin. While, if they do become thoroughly acquainted with the with of reform, will into effect becauseand "action Yuan were dynasties, wereway in their way theof infancy Yuan and dynasties, in their the infancy Chineseof Chinese significancesignificance of reform, they will notthey carry it not intocarry effectitbecause "action difficult."

Thus the of Wang-Yuan-Ming didbut not help, but civilization. the Chow dynasty mightthebeperiod called the period civilization.

The times ofThe thetimes Chowofdynasty might be called is difficult."isThus the teaching of teaching Wang-Yuan-Ming did not help, couldthe notenterprising hinder the enterprising in the of application reforms It was thatthe time that the of theof maturity Chinese civilization. the maturity Chinese of civilization.

It was at that timeatthat could not hinder Japanese in Japanese the application reforms of of to their but it undoubtedly prevented theChinese irresolute political, Chinese economic political, and economic and educational systems,and literature educational systems, literature the artsand the arts to their country: butcountry: it undoubtedly prevented the irresolute attained China the same development, they in have today in fromand doing this, and thereby unquestionably brought theinsame development, roughly, as roughly, they haveastoday from doing this, thereby unquestionably brought them harm. them harm.attained in China modern WesternThis countries.

This was the Age of Chinese Moreover, of Wang-Yuan-Ming applicable the only modern the Western countries. was the Golden AgeGolden of Chinese Moreover, the teachingthe of teaching Wang-Yuan-Ming is applicableisonly civilization.

As the civilization of of thethe period the Chow a certain period andwork, to certain work, but certainly be civilization.

As the civilization of the period Chowofdynasty wasdynasty was to a certain to period of time and of to time certain but certainly cannot be cannot at aofhigh stage of development, saythethat from theages primitive ages applied in all circumstances. modern sciencemore develops and stage at a high development, we can say we thatcan from primitive applied in all circumstances.

As modern As science develops and more the Chow the first period ofwhile progress, while day, the contactknowledge between knowledge also tooftheChina of China Chowtodynasty wasdynasty the firstwas period of progress, more everymore day, every the contact between and action and also action from dynasty the Chow dynasty to the was the second becomes moreremote. and more modern division of labor it Chow from the to the present daypresent was theday second period of period of becomes more and more Theremote. modernThe division of labor makes it makes decay. a man at one and thetosame timeknowledge to possess knowledge decay. unnecessaryunnecessary for a man atfor one and the same time possess lawsevolution of humanusually evolution usually go anddefinite to execute definite tasks. The division of labor human go forward, butforward, there arebut there are and to execute tasks.

The division of labor dictates the dictates division the divisionThe laws ofThe of theoffunctions of and knowledge and In execution.

In such how conditions howas has times, as hasinhappened in the history when of China, they take the times, happened the history of China, they when take the of the functions knowledge execution. such conditions can the of Wang-Yuan-Ming, does not correspond to path. backward this so? me thatfrom it follows backward Why ispath. this Why so? Itisseems to It meseems that ittofollows the from the can the teaching of teaching Wang-Yuan-Ming, which does which not correspond to data of the experimental sciences, overofthe of the formula traditional of the"knowledge Chinese: "knowledge easy, is but action is traditional of formula the Chinese: is easy, butisaction the modern the datamodern of the experimental sciences, rule over therule minds theminds difficult." ancient difficult." The peopleTheof people ancient oftimes weretimes very were simpleveryandsimple and Chinese? Chinese? the other why written is so much written literature in Chinese literature unsophisticated: worked without and analyzing, thought little of unsophisticated: they workedthey without analyzing, thoughtand little of On the otherOn hand, why ishand, so much in Chinese about this theory?they Because they see theofsalvation Chinathein necessity the the ofnecessity knowing the on principles on which knowingofthe principles which their work their was work was about this theory?

Because see the salvation China inofthe of this theory.

Chinapoor has and beenweak poorfor andover weak for over four They founded. were concerned chiefly founded. wereThey concerned chiefly with the with resultstheandresults and discovery ofdiscovery this theory.

China has been four of their Thus not attention pay muchto attention to centuries. of the this"easiness lies in theof"easiness of and knowledge and the consequences of their work.

Thus work. they did notthey paydid much centuries. The cause ofThe thiscause lies in knowledge the consequences of action." theory overofthe of the methods Chinese or methods or laborbyprocesses by given which thing any given thing was produced: labor processes which any was produced: difficulty ofdifficulty action." This theory This reigned overreigned the minds theminds Chinese result of their labor.they Therefore they also never scholars, and they the influenced masses of the Chinese theyThe lookedthey onlylooked to the only resulttoofthe their labor.

Therefore also never scholars, and they influenced masses the of the Chinese people.

Thepeople. was this easy:was andthethis was the for difficult what was and easy: what and of the for "difficult" for the of for the the "easy"looked for thefor looked what was anddifficult what was mistaking ofmistaking the "difficult" the "easy," and "easy," of the and "easy" 60

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why the civilization the Chow dynasty far is knowledge easy," thenations European happily passed through knowledge easy," theisEuropean havenations happilyhave passed through reason why reason the civilization of the periodofofthetheperiod Chowofdynasty went far went ahead, almost to of theits bounds of its possible development.

This gives us periods, all three periods, have the highest stage of civilization, and are all three have reached the reached highest stage of civilization, and are ahead, almost to the bounds possible development.

This gives us call this period of performance action) nowwithout advancing without thinking of any obstacles. advancing thinking of any obstacles. the right tothe callright this toperiod "the period period "the of performance (by action) (bynow without understanding (without analysis)."

Polo, who an Italian whoanoccupied Marco Polo,Marco an Italian occupied official an postofficial under post under without understanding (without analysis)."

With of theintellectual growth of development, intellectual development, and the of Genghis-Khan, of dynasty, the Yunan dynasty, wrote a book Genghis-Khan, of the Yunan wrote a book about Chinaabout whenChina when With the growth and the progress of progress and experience, Chinese began and to question and doubt. he left post and his native land. he From left his post andhisreturned to returned his nativeto land.

As soon as As thissoon bookas this book thought andthought experience, the Chinese the began to question doubt. From time ofdynasty the Chow Chinese to ask the themselves the in appeared in Europe, thewere Europeans greatly and would not appeared Europe, the Europeans greatlywere amazed, andamazed, would not the time of the Chow the dynasty Chinesethe began to askbegan themselves questions "why?" and anybefore affair them, lay before them, thatbelieve that there the world such asa country believe there could exist could in theexist worldin such a country China. as China. questions "why?" "how?" and"how?" so forth.

If so anyforth. affairIf lay asked themselves whether they thoroughly or not. of the declared Europeans that aChina wasinvented a country of theSome Europeans thatdeclared China was country byinvented by they asked they themselves whether they thoroughly understood understood it or not. itSome I callone thisof period onewith of "action with It reflection." just atPolo,Marco as all the information China of that day Marco as all Polo, the information about Chinaabout of that day set down byset down by Therefore I Therefore call this period "action reflection." was just atIt was thisintime, and in application thisarose ideal,the thattheory arose of the"the theoryhim of "the him bore witness to the fact had that gone Chinamuch had gone much further ahead bore witness to the fact that China further ahead this time, and application to this ideal,tothat of and knowledge and theofdifficulty of action."

As of the people of European than thecountries, Europeanand countries, anda even dealthey of which they than the even had great had dealaofgreat which easiness of easiness knowledge the difficulty action." As the people that time doubted in they everything theyeasy did, to it was to with catch them the least conception.

It was as the impression had with not the had leastnot conception.

It was roughly the roughly same as the the same impression that time doubted in everything did, it was catcheasy them the phrase "action is difficult, easy;" knowledge forgot that their on created on the Chinese twenty years the book about Europe created the Chinese twenty years ago by the ago bookbyabout Europe the phrase "action is difficult, knowledge they easy;" forgot they that their ancestorstheir attained their knowledge to theirandcurious and Hsus-Shii-Chi, written by Chang-Tah. Hsus-Shii-Chi, written by Chang-Tah. ancestors attained knowledge thanks to thanks their curious mind.

From thewe foregoing see thatcivilization European civilization From the foregoing see that we European 600 years 600 years courageous courageous mind.

First thewere Chinese werestage in the stage ofwithout "action ago without agoyoung was very young in comparison with the civilization of China. We was very in comparison with the civilization of China. We First the Chinese in the of "action shall this vividly still more from theof example of the understanding," stage of with reflection," shallthen see this stillseemore fromvividly the example the reforms in reforms in understanding," then in thethen stagein ofthe"action with"action reflection," then Only have fifty years sinceof the of the after reflection," finally "understanding before Japan. action."OnlyJapan. fifty years passedhave sincepassed the time the time reforms in reforms in "action after"action reflection," and finally and "understanding before action." and already she hasbecome alreadya become country with excellently people times of ancient could achieve onlyofone Japan, field ofand Japan, she has country awith excellently Very often Very peopleoften of ancient couldtimes achieve only one field after and centuries and millenniums stubborn This trade, developed trade, anda arts, with a well-trained armya and fleet, a developed industry andindustry arts, with well-trained army and fleet, knowledge knowledge after centuries millenniums of stubbornoftoil.

This toil. knowledge handed on to their descendants, and they,it acquiring it well-organized and educational, economic and political well-organized GovernmentGovernment and educational, economic and political knowledge they handedthey on to their descendants, and they, acquiring hard work, began to come to the that conclusion that "knowledge is Briefly, systems. her civilization todaysurpasses not only her surpasses herBriefly, civilization today not only own her own without hardwithout work, began to come to the conclusion "knowledge is systems. easy." the idea of "understanding before hand civilization in hand civilization of ayears thousand ago,thebutculture also the culture of many of a thousand ago, years but also of many easy." As the idea As of "understanding before action "wentaction hand "went in hand with the formula "action isbutdifficult, but knowledge is easy,"European people countries.

EuropeanAll countries. thisplace has taken thanks From to science. this has All taken thanksplace to science. the From the with the formula "action is difficult, knowledge is easy," people ceased to want to carrythrough anything through in practice, and were more time of theofdiscovery of science men to use instruments, i.e. first time of the discovery science men began to usebegan instruments, i.e. first ceased to want to carry anything in practice, and were more concerned with full beforehand. knowledge beforehand.

This the key to the they accumulated and then applied it inThis practice. This they accumulated knowledge, knowledge, and then applied it in practice. concerned with full knowledge This gives us thegives key tousthe I call of the"understanding period of "understanding before the performance of comprehension ofthe why, afterdynasty, the Chow dynasty, aperiod retrograde periodinI callperiod the period before the performance of comprehension of why, after Chow a retrograde in period Thisperiod is the third period of evolution.

Chinese history began. action." Thisaction." is the third of evolution.

Chinese history began.

Asthe science is the knowledge systematic of knowledge rulesevery and facts, every From thepoint scientific point that theofevolution ofAs science is systematic rules andof facts, From the scientific of view we ofseeview that we thesee evolution piece of may knowledge may be aunless deception unless it is consecrated by the humanity may be in threetheperiods: the first periodpiece (from of knowledge be a deception it is consecrated by the humanity may be divided in divided three periods: first period (from scientific Chinese people in by years gone that by thought that the prehistoric to theoffirst stage of civilization) onewithout of "action scientific without method.

Themethod.

ChineseThe people in years gone thought the prehistoric times to the times first stage civilization) one of "action sky " and is round moves, while isthesquare understanding;" the second (from theoffirst stage of civilization earth and is square sky " tois round moves,and while the earth stands and stands understanding;" the second period (fromperiod the first stage civilization to motionless." what an irony!

With the helpwe of see science its age ofone maturity) one of "understanding after and the third motionless."

See what anSee irony!

With the help of science that we all see that all its age of maturity) of "understanding after action;" andaction;" the third is false.

In China is of thecalling customanofadopted calling son an adopted period the discovery and development this isof false.this In China there is the there custom "the son "the period (after the (after discovery and development of science)of ofscience) son of a caterpillar," as it is supposed a wasp has young, not its own young, "understanding before action."

Withoutofknowing of these and son of a caterpillar," as it is supposed that a wasp that has not its own "understanding before action."

Without knowing these stages, and stages, but, asstory a popular has has it, always has a in caterpillar of the tradition "action isbutdifficult, buta popular but, as has it,story always a caterpillar its nest. in In its nest. In particularly particularly in ignorancein ofignorance the tradition that "actionthat is difficult, 62

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is wasp not sofirst : thetakes waspa first takes ainto caterpillar its nest, formula "knowledge is easyisbut action isand difficult," and at the same the then, formula the "knowledge is easy but action difficult," at the same reality this isreality not sothis : the caterpillar its nest,into then, lettingpoisonous a certain fluid poisonous fluid intoofthe of the caterpillar, time energies bend their for the fundamental time bend their to energies agitation to foragitation the fundamental watch-wordswatch-words by letting abycertain into the head thehead caterpillar, makes it but motionless not kill it. Then it lays its body eggs in the of our Revolution the foundations of the of body our Revolution (nationalism,(nationalism, democracy, democracy, the foundations of the makes it motionless does notbut killdoes it. Then it lays its eggs in the of the Thus caterpillar.

Thus thecannot caterpillar for it has been Constitution), Chinese Constitution), China will rapidly become strong and mighty Chinese China will rapidly become a strong anda mighty of the caterpillar. the caterpillar crawlcannot away,crawl for it away, has been powerand of motion it cannot sinceitit is Republic. alive; it Republic. deprived of deprived the powerofofthe motion it cannotand decay, sincedecay, it is alive; can only become a food for young the wasp's young In proof of myand assertions, and oblige the Chinese to renounce assertions, to oblige thetoChinese to renounce can only become a food for the wasp's which hatchwhich out ofhatch the out of theIn proof of my eggs in the caterpillar's body.

It is as thegiven anesthetic by a ideas, harmful ideas, I shall with the of revolution of the harmful I shall acquaint myacquaint readers my withreaders the revolution the eggs in the caterpillar's body. It is the same as the the same anesthetic by a given butof it ais wasp a caseand of a wasp and a cater-pillar.

We seeStates United States of with the reforms of Japan. of America andAmerica with theand reforms of Japan. surgeon to asurgeon patient, to buta patient, it is a case cater-pillar.

We see United thatinvented the wasp invented thismany anesthetic manyofthousands of year beforeThe revolution Theof revolution of States the United States of America the United of America was carried was out carried out that the wasp this anesthetic thousands year before doctors. waspit required it to the from caterpillar over thirteen along provinces by three million people,over scattered by from three million people, scattered thirteen provinces the along the our doctors.ourThe wasp The required to prevent theprevent caterpillar crawling and at thetosame timethe to prevent body itof theshores of the Atlantic They were placed at a disadvantage for a Atlantic Ocean.

TheyOcean. were placed at a disadvantage for a crawling away, and ataway, the same time prevent decay ofthe thedecay body of it theshores needed for of theits welfare its young.

This circumstance may helpstruggle, us civil struggle, since to fight savage tribes since they had to they fighthad savage Indian tribesIndian on one sideon one side needed for the welfare young.ofThis circumstance may also help usalsocivil convincethat ourselves "action easy but is knowledge and enemy, a powerful whothem, blockaded the other. Nevertheless, and a powerful whoenemy, blockaded on thethem, other.onNevertheless, to convincetoourselves "action that is easy but is knowledge difficult,"is difficult," since wasp is quite so that we that thethe theory the fought Americans foughttothetheBritish death for eight years, and finally Americans the British death to forthe eight years, and finally since the wasp is the quite ignorant, butignorant, acts; so but thatacts; we see the see theory justified in application, not only to men, but also to insects. secured from secured Great the recognition of the independence of Great from Britain the Britain recognition of the independence of is justified inisapplication, not only to men, but also to insects.

As above, mentioned above, theofevolution mankind falls into three which America, which thus was transformed from intoIfa republic. If America, thus was transformed from a colony intoa colony a republic.

As mentioned the evolution mankind of falls into three periods: "action without understanding," "understanding after we action," the in conditions which the had Americans to begin their comparewe thecompare conditions which theinAmericans to beginhad their periods: "action without understanding," "understanding after action," revolution with the of conditions of theRevolution, Chinese Revolution, and "understanding before action." we divide people toaccording to with revolution the conditions the Chinese we shall we shall and "understanding before action."

If we divideIf people according thatwas their pathdifficult was more difficult than ours.

Science their individualities, we three shall groups: find three the first, whothat realize realize their path more than ours. Science at that time at that time their individualities, we shall find the groups: first, those who those was not soas developed as at the day, the of population create and (they pioneers are calledand pioneers andtheleaders), second, not so developed at the present day,present the population America of America create and invent (theyinvent are called leaders), second, the was only one-hundredth ours, andthenaturally the Americans those who transmit or disseminate newinventions ideas and (these inventions are represented represented only one-hundredth of ours, andofnaturally Americans those who transmit or disseminate new ideas and are (these had less possibilities forasetting up athan newwe State thanBut wethey have. But they called and disciples), andare thethose third who are those carry they out what had they less possibilities for setting up new State have. called disciples), the third carry who out what fought against Great and was won.a This was odd a hundred from of thethe people of the first two groups, withoutand doubting andagainst fought Great Britain and Britain won. This hundred years odd years receive fromreceive the people first two groups, without doubting ago.

NowStates the United one of the mightiest Powers without(these hesitating (theseunconscious are called unconscious performers people Now the United is oneStates of theismightiest Powers in the world.in the world. without hesitating are called performers and people andago. about the transformation of Japan into State. a modern State.

All these areinterdependent mutually interdependent andNow about Now the transformation of Japan into a modern of action). of Allaction). these three groupsthree are groups mutually and began her she was very weak country, with a closelywith connected with one another.

When JapanWhen beganJapan her reforms, shereforms, was a very weaka country, with a closely connected one another. population notone-tenth more thanthe one-tenth the size ours, and with a territory Sinceand theChien Han and Chien the dynasties, Chinese be not population more than size of ours, andofwith a territory Since the Han dynasties, Chinesethecannot be cannot equivalent to one of our Ifprovinces.

If we theher degree of her compared with their forefathers, the Great Wall equivalent and the to one of our provinces. we consider theconsider degree of compared with their forefathers, the men of the the men Greatof Wall and the time,admit we must was much Grand is very regrettable. civilization civilization at the time,atwethemust that itadmit was that muchit more recentmore recent Grand Canal.

This Canal. is very This regrettable. thattoday. of China And yet now is strongest one of the strongest our Revolution Chinese Revolution time of wholesale than that ofthan China And today. yet now Japan is oneJapan of the After our After Chinese the time the of wholesale Powers in Her the world. given their old prejudices, reconstruction arrived.

Now to is carry the time out that in real Powers life that in the world. people Her havepeople given have up their oldupprejudices, reconstruction has arrived. has Now is the time out to in carry real life which which we know, which we and can fulfill, and must whichfulfill. we must have thelearned of the West, their reformed their they A have they learned lessonstheof lessons the West, reformed which we know, we can fulfill, which we A fulfill. with a of population over 400 millions, withofa more territory administration, of more administration, created armyorganized and fleet,their organized their finances, and created an army andanfleet, finances, and country withcountry a population over 400 of millions, with a territory than 429,000 square with suchnatural extensive natural richeshave as few have this inofthe space of In fifty years.

In orderatoGreat become a Great done all thisdone in theallspace fifty years. order to become than 429,000 square miles, with miles, such extensive riches as few possess, undoubtedly great field for development.

If the Power, men ofJapan Power, Japanfifty tookyears only in fifty years in place of the hundred took only place of the hundred which werewhich were possess, undoubtedly has a great has fielda for development.

If the men of day willcombat sincerely combat harmful ideas, particularly which byrequired by the United States ofConsequently, America. Consequently, the United States of America. if we base if we base my day willmy sincerely harmful ideas, particularly those whichthoserequired thethe energy of the Chinese for years, a thousand i.e. onourselves on theseand standards and relationships China can become a very ourselves these standards relationships China can become a very have fetteredhave the fettered energy of Chinese people for apeople thousand i.e. years, 64

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powerful State if she concentrates of her transformation for will depend entirely of the disciples andinfollowers in their will depend entirely on the faithon of the the faith disciples and followers their powerful State if she concentrates on the workon of the her work transformation for thesay, space say,I ten years. think that isthis space is Itsufficient.

It is, forerunners pioneers, and on the of their contemporaries. the pioneers,the and on the approval of approval their contemporaries. the space of, ten of, years. think that Ithis space sufficient. is, forerunners the reader I shall illustrate it by I have already outgroups that three groupsinspire of people inspire pointed out pointed that three of people undoubtedly.undoubtedly.

If the readerIfdoubts this, doubts I shall this, illustrate it by the case of the case ofI have already reforms in Siam. develop civilization: and forerunners — the inventors and developand civilization: the pioneersthe andpioneers forerunners — the inventors the reforms the in Siam.

Siam wasone originally one of theruled countries ruledAtbythe China.and At thinkers, the and thinkers, who make great discoveries; disciples and followers who make great discoveries; the disciplestheand followers Siam was originally of the countries

by China. of the reforms thereeight weremillion only eight million people and —who the people who disseminate the men — the people disseminate and agitate; and and agitate; the menand of action —of theaction — the period of theperiod reforms there were only people in Siam, andin Siam, occupiednot a territory not our larger than our Szechuan.

Only performers, whoincarry out in practice whatdiscovered has been discovered and performers, who carry out practice what has been and she occupiedshe a territory larger than province of province Szechuan.ofOnly three-fifths of the were population were Chinese, while theofremainder of the The invented.

The be latter may be quite un-acquainted with knowledge.

It is invented. latter may quite un-acquainted with knowledge.

It is three-fifths of the population Chinese, while the remainder the the semi-savage most part semi-savage tribes. wholeto say: foolish to say: "There no men no, of action:" thereMany are many. Many "There are no men are of action:" there areno, many. people werepeople for thewere mostforpart tribes. Nearly the Nearly whole thefoolish industrial and commercial of concentrated Siam was concentrated our Partyincomrades in the Kuomintang have habit"Soof saying: "SoPartyof comrades the Kuomintang have the habit of the saying: industrial and commercial activity of activity Siam was in the ofinourthe hands ofBut Chinese.

Butbetween Siam lay between British Frenchis a and-so and isSo-and-so a man of action."

This is is a theoretician, theoretician, and So-and-so a man ofis action."

This is hands of Chinese.

Siam lay British Burma and Burma French andand-so her inposition. a difficult If, twenty ago,everyone wrong: everyone can be a theoretician, everyone can a man of action. wrong: can be a theoretician, everyone can be a man of be action.

Indo-China.Indo-China.

This placed This her inplaced a difficult If, position. twenty years ago, years Siam had not great undertaken great she could never have sayone thatoronly men areactive practical, active in the To sayasthatTo only two one menoraretwo practical, workers in workers the Siam had not undertaken reforms, shereforms, could never have existed as existed an independent State. revolutionary is the greatest look at many revolutionary movement, movement, is the greatest mistake.

If mistake. we look If at we many an independent State.

King Siam anddecided his Court decidedthetoexample follow the example finebelonging buildingstobelonging Shanghai, we see fine buildings foreignerstoinforeigners Shanghai,inwe see at once thatat once that The King ofThe Siam andofhis Court to follow of Japan.adopted Reforms, adopted in time, saved the country from partition they by were by ourwho workmen who knew nothing absolutely nothing about they were built ourbuilt workmen knew absolutely about of Japan. Reforms, in time, saved the country from partition anditspreserved its independence.

Only after years did of reforms plans the art ofthebuilding: the plans drawn up by foreigners. plansdid and the art and of building: plans were drawnwere up by foreigners. and preserved independence.

Only after twenty yearstwenty of reforms Siam become aand civilized and indepen-dent Its international Thethe latter didofthe work ofthey planning: maythe beinventors called the inventors The latter did work planning: may bethey called Siam become a civilized indepen-dent country. Itscountry. international prestige today is much than ours.

In are Asiaonly theretwo are only two and seekers.inSimilarly, in the up ofit aiscountry is easy to find and seekers.

Similarly, the building up building of a country easy to itfind prestige today is much better than better ours. In Asia there —Siam.

JapanChina and Siam.

China is acalled a semimenbut of very action, but very difficult to find whoout can work out plans of action, difficult to find people who people can work plans independentindependent .countries —.countries Japan and is called only semi-onlymen Why? Western still of reconstruction. of reconstruction. independentindependent State. Why?State.

Because theBecause subjectsthe of subjects Western of states still states modernorChinese, say theirtreat majority, enjoyspecial in China special treaty For privileges.

Forthey example, they have theThe modernThe Chinese, shall weorsayshall theirwemajority, the treat the enjoy in China treaty privileges. example, have the of with knowledge withand contempt and value action to live in special their own of the our so-called cities, the so-called foundations foundations of knowledge contempt value action highly.

Thishighly. This right to liveright in their own partsspecial of ourparts cities, of science we must how to not quite In justifiable. age we "concessions" "treaty and to bebygoverned laws not ofquiteisjustifiable. our age In of our science must know how know to "concessions" and "treaty and ports," and ports," to be governed the lawsbyofthe is value as knowledge as well as perform-ance.

Mendoofnot action their own country. above all, ourright sovereign to the maritime value knowledge well as perform-ance.

Men of action at alldo not at all their own country.

And above And all, our sovereign to the right maritime require to be men steeped in knowledge, it istosufficient to be able to customs still inofthe hands ofwhile foreigners, Japan Siamrequire are freeto be men steeped in knowledge, it is sufficient be able to customs is still in theishands foreigners, Japanwhile and Siam areand free carry out what is If the this modern idea of the modern Chinese from these unprofitable carry out what is required.

If required. this idea of Chinese lasts some lasts some from these unprofitable obligations. obligations. longer, it will corrupt manyyoung promising young people. itMoreover, it Siam becamecountry a strong a shorter time thantime Japan, longer,time it will corrupt many promising people.

Moreover, Siam became a strong in country a shorterintime than Japan, is just asassenseless as for toa revere chemista to revere maker of bean jelly, a shorter time than the United States ofWe America. mayas senseless is just for a chemist maker of abean jelly, Japan in a Japan shorterintime than the United States of America. may We instead of giving to theof discoverer of theunderlying principles underlying anticipate that become China will become a strong country in an eveninstead shorterof giving attention to attention the discoverer the principles anticipate that China will a strong country in an even shorter the preparation or for doctor the to despise space time and thanSiam, Japanas and Siam, as it inis more situated in more favorable the preparation of this food;oforthis forfood; a doctor to adespise inventorthe of inventor of space of time thanofJapan it is situated favorable revere the wasp. conditions anesthetics, anesthetics, but to reverebut thetowasp. conditions than they. than they.

I regret muchthe to fact record that youth the whole I return theory of "the easiness action and the difficultyI regret very much very to record thatthe thefact whole of youth of I return to my theorytoofmy "the easiness of action andofthe difficulty China from this defect of thought. Consequently, of knowledge."

Let us suppose, that you now accept thisChina theory,suffers fromsuffers this defect of thought.

Consequently, there is no there is no of knowledge."

Let us suppose, reader, that reader, you now accept this theory, public opinion leading civilization along path ofbut progress, but an it will stillfor beyou natural forme, youhow to ask how can it i.e. be applied, i.e. howopinion leading civilization along the path of the progress, an it will still be natural to ask canme, it be applied, how public exactly opposite phenomenon is to beBy observed.

By we such ways we can should we actThe and reply work?toThe to this be Itvery exactly short. Itopposite phenomenon is to be observed. such ways can should we act and work? thisreply question willquestion be verywill short. for the andregeneration economic regeneration scarcely findscarcely the truefind paththefortrue thepath political andpolitical economic 66

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of China. is the real why the Chinesedoes Republic of China. This is the This real reason why reason the Chinese Republic not does not CHAPTER IV CHAPTER IV and China does not emerge from notwithstanding stagnation, notwithstanding flourish andflourish China does not emerge from stagnation, that we established a republican form of government that we established a republican form of government after our after our PROBLEMS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PROBLEMS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY revolution.I Therefore I consider myself bound democratic democratic revolution. Therefore consider myself bound to win the to win the REORGANIZATION OF CHINA REORGANIZATION OF CHINA of my fellow-countrymen women minds of minds my fellow-countrymen and womenandaway fromaway the from the preconceived ideataken whichroot hasintaken them that "knowledge is easy preconceived idea which has themroot thatin"knowledge is easy At the present in of thethe epoch of the time, in thetime, epoch triumph of triumph science, of science, action is and difficult," the "action idea that ideatothat is "action easy butis easy butAt the present but action but is difficult," to the and must first comprehend work andcarrying then begin every creator mustcreator first comprehend his work andhisthen begin it carrying it knowledge means explanations of repeated explanations I every knowledge is difficult,"isbydifficult," means ofby repeated and proofs. and I proofs. out. Histofollowers, to avoid mistakes waste and to achieve out. His followers, avoid mistakes and waste ofand time, andoftotime, achieve hopewill thatallthey will all abandon their preconceived idea and dogmatic hope that they abandon their preconceived idea and dogmatic success the work grasp the conclusions of their leader success workinbegun, mustbegun, grasp must the conclusions of their leader phrase, which a certaincorrect measure, correct with to people with a in the phrase, which seems, in aseems, certaininmeasure, to people a basis of these conclusions, up theand principles on the and, basison of the these conclusions, draw up thedraw principles plans and plans superficial mind, in butreality whichisinunquestionably reality is unquestionably If my superficial mind, but which false. If myfalse.and, to which should proceed.

Only in such can conditions can which work shouldwork proceed.

Only in such conditions work is the successful, future of be China willand be our bright, and our according country toaccording work is successful, future ofthe China will bright, country our task be fulfilled successfully, despite all its complexity and our task be fulfilled successfully, despite all its complexity and willtime in atake shortitstime take its place the mighty world will in a short place amongst theamongst mighty world Powers of Powers of vastness. vastness. today. today.

Thus, foratexample, at the day being there built are being built Thus, for example, the present daypresent there are of a very and complicated pattern, wireless telegraph airplanes ofairplanes a very delicate anddelicate complicated pattern, wireless telegraph or, say ina America, a railwayofthousands of miles stations, or, stations, say in America, railway thousands miles long.

Again,long. Again, were also gigantic the construction the Panama Suez and Panama the construction of the Suezofand canals werecanals also gigantic undertakings.

Nevertheless, one is acquainted with scientific undertakings.

Nevertheless, when one when is acquainted with scientific methods, when one the has plans studied the plans up byand engineers and has methods, when one has studied drawn up bydrawn engineers has the become acquainted with accompanying all the accompanying become acquainted with all the conditions, conditions, the of these undertakings not a very difficult completion completion of these undertakings is not a veryisdifficult task.

All thistask. has All this has been established quiteby exactly by experience, and my fellowbeen established quite exactly experience, and my fellowadmit it.that I believe that revolutionary creation must countrymencountrymen must admit must it. I believe revolutionary creation must followof the path of modernutilizing progress,theutilizing the past experience of follow the path modern progress, past experience of other avoiding countries,their avoiding theirand mistakes use of their other countries, mistakes makingandusemaking of their achievements: only by maturely considering andfrom appraising from all achievements: for only by for maturely considering and appraising all sides the of experience of revolutions in other countries amongst other sides the experience revolutions in other countries and amongstand other we hope to build up revolutionary tactics. peoples can peoples we hopecan to build up revolutionary tactics. distinguish phases of development of the the revolution: the I distinguishI three phasesthree of development of the revolution: first, government; military government; second, preparatory; first, military the second,the preparatory; the third, the third, constitutional reconstruction. constitutional reconstruction.

Thecovers first phase coversofthedestruction. period of destruction.

In itthis period it The first phase the period In this period introduce law. The revolutionary is proposedistoproposed introducetomartial law.martial The revolutionary troops musttroops must finally theofautocracy of the dynasty, Tai-Tsing dynasty, drive out the finally destroy the destroy autocracy the Tai-Tsing drive out the corrupt bureaucracy, out evilget practices, get ridslavery, of unjust slavery, corrupt bureaucracy, root out evilroot practices, rid of unjust out of theopium, poisoneradicate of opium,theeradicate the superstition of magic and wipe out thewipe poison superstition of magic and fortune-telling, likin (internal customs duties). fortune-telling, and abolish and likinabolish (internal customs duties).

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unworthyemployees. public employees.

The qualifications for In the second that of preparation, thebetask be to eliminating eliminating unworthy public The qualifications for In the second phase, that phase, of preparation, the task will to will of theAssembly National and Assembly of the will Chambers will be establish local self-government andthefacilitate the consolidation of the membership establish local self-government and facilitate consolidation of the membership of the National of the and Chambers be power of the people, unitselfof local self- through established medium of the of Examinations. power of the people, making themaking countrythethecountry unit ofthe local established the through mediumthe of the Chamber ofChamber Examinations. subdivided and rural districts.

Every county,After the confirmation After the confirmation of the Constitution, of the government,government, subdivided into villagesinto andvillages rural districts.

Every county, of the Constitution, the electionthe of election the after the has been cleared from itsand territory military and President, and theofelection of the Chambers, the revolutionary after the enemy has enemy been cleared from its territory militaryand President, the election the Chambers, the revolutionary operations haveatoprovisional publish a provisional shallpower hand over to theand President, and the preparatory operations have ceased,have willceased, have towill publish constitution constitution governmentgovernment shall hand over to thepower President, the preparatory determine theduties rightsofand duties as of well citizens, as rights well asofthe of the phase may be at considered at an end from this moment. to determinetothe rights and citizens, as the therights phase may be considered an end from this moment. revolutionary years later the will elect theirThe third The of the completion of the phase is the revolutionary government.government.

Three years Three later the citizens willcitizens elect their phasethird is the period of period the completion of the countyIfauthority. the county in evil rooting out evil as described In this it is toproposed achieve constitutional county authority. the countyIfsucceeds in succeeds rooting out as described Revolution. Revolution.

In this period it isperiod proposed achieve to constitutional of the citizens and understand three government.

In this period the self-governing counties above, and above, one-halfand of one-half the citizens realize and realize understand the three the government.

In this period the self-governing counties must begin must to begin to of the democratic andto are to thethe Republic, the their exercise their direct rights: the citizens adult suffrage in the principles ofprinciples the democratic theory, and theory, are loyal the loyal Republic, exercise direct civic rights:civic the citizens enjoy adult enjoy suffrage in the county authorities willto beascertain able to the ascertain theofnumbers of the management of their right of deciding political questions, county authorities will be able numbers the management of their county, the county, right ofthe deciding political questions, population of the county,the determine theorganize house tax, police, andright alsoofthedismissing right of dismissing officials. population of the county, determine house tax, theorganize police, theand also the GovernmentGovernment officials. This is theThis is the public thecommunication means of communication — alltoaccording to the constitutional i.e. thein period which revolutionary public hygiene, thehygiene, means of — all according the constitutional phase, i.e.phase, the period which inrevolutionary by the Constitution. county reconstruction is completed.

This outline in general outline is the principles principles established established by the Constitution.

Electing itsElecting county its reconstruction is completed.

This in general is the scheme of scheme of authorities and thus abecoming a true self-governing unit, therevolutionary county revolutionary which I recommend. authorities and thus becoming true self-governing unit, the county tactics whichtactics I recommend. count on the revolutionary up a favorableFrom the moment From the moment of the establishment of theI Republic, I strove may count may on the revolutionary governmentgovernment taking up ataking favorable of the establishment of the Republic, strove attitude toward it, and granting it all its constitutional all for mythe forces for the application of these revolutionary attitude toward it, and granting it all its constitutional rights underrights the under with the all mywith forces application of these revolutionary tactics in tactics in ordertheto ultimate attain the ultimate of the Chinese Revolution and the after six years, peace has been provisional provisional constitution.constitution.

If, after the If, lapse ofthe six lapse years,ofpeace has been order to attain aims of theaims Chinese Revolution and the realization the threeofprinciples of democracy.

But however much I established the throughout all the self-governing will of established throughout country,the all country, the self-governing counties willcounties realization the threeofprinciples democracy.

But however much I explained and my defended, Party found comrades these tactics elect one each toa constitute a great National Assembly. have to electhave onetodeputy eachdeputy to constitute great National Assembly. explained and defended, Party my comrades thesefound tactics My ideas werefortoothelofty for the comprehension of my of this will Assembly will be tofive establish five in Chambers, in the impracticable.

The task ofThe this task Assembly be to establish Chambers, the impracticable.

My ideas were too lofty comprehension of my comrades, level of political intelligence was of the "Constitution of Five of whose spirit of thespirit "Constitution of Five Forms," to Forms," organize totheorganize work ofthe work comrades, levelwhose of political intelligence was too low fortoo thatlow for that and I involuntarily suffered this. through this. Revolutionary the first administrative, second legislative, thirdand time, government:government: the first administrative, the second the legislative, the third the time, I involuntarily suffered through Revolutionary and revolutionary must beco-closely cothe fourth examinatory, fifthand for control and inspection. judicial, the judicial, fourth examinatory, the fifth for the control inspection. constructionconstruction and revolutionary destruction destruction must be closely hand hand. If revolutionary is not After theofadoption of the Constitution, in the coordinated After the adoption the Constitution, the citizensthein citizens the coordinated and go handand in go hand.

If in revolutionary constructionconstruction is not begun immediately after revolutionary all will elect by ballot atoPresident the Administrative counties willcounties elect bywill ballot a President organize to theorganize Administrative begun immediately after revolutionary destruction, destruction, all will perish.

The perish. The task of revolu-tionary must be on the President.

Chamber, andelect will deputies also electto deputies constitute the Legislative Chamber, and will also constituteto the Legislative task of revolu-tionary constructionconstruction must be imposed onimposed the President. formation of the Nanking suggested after the of Chamber: the Chambers other threewill Chambers will bebyappointed by the President, Chamber: the other three be appointed the President, Therefore ITherefore suggestedI that after that the formation the Nanking armistice should beand proposed a Peace Conference with the of agreement of the Legislative Chamber.

All theare Chambers are Government with the agreement the Legislative Chamber. All the Chambers Government an armisticeanshould be proposed a Peaceand Conference convened. not to thebut President but to theAssembly.

National The Assembly.

The to the National responsible responsible not to the President convened.

At the present all that the events that occurred, resignation of thecan Chambers canonly takeupon placetheir only upon theirAt the present resignation of membersof ofmembers the Chambers take place time, when,time, after when, all theafter events occurred, circumstances havethere changed, therepeople are many who by the ofChamber of Inspec-tion Control the indictment indictment by the Chamber Inspec-tion and Controland before the before circumstances have changed, are many whopeople criticize mecriticize me to have into peace negotiations in National while Assembly, while theofdismissal of theofChamber of and and consider thatconsider I ought that not Itoought have not entered intoentered peace negotiations in National Assembly, the dismissal membersofofmembers the Chamber the offirst of theand Republic and voluntarily given Inspection Controlafter is possible after theirby accusation by the National the first year theyear Republic voluntarily given up my postupasmy post as Inspection and Controland is possible their accusation the National President.even However, even if I hadtocontinued to be—President Assembly. and of the Nationalconsist Assembly in However, President. if I had continued be President but the — but the Assembly. The powersThe and powers duties of theduties National Assembly in consist of comrades my Party after comrades after the period of revolutionary exercising supervision of the transformation of the Constitution and ofmajority my Party the period of revolutionary exercising supervision of the transformation of the Constitution and majority 70

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destruction wouldbynot abide by their revolutionary oath not and would not were colleagues were by overcome daring to raise destruction would not abide their revolutionary oath and would colleagues overcome despair, by notdespair, daring not to raise again the again the to the ofguidance of their unite banner all theof revolution. banner of But revolution.

But I,that knowing that Yuan-Shih-Kai's wholeader, could who unitecould all the submit to submit the guidance their leader, I, knowing Yuan-Shih-Kai's aspirations aspirations revolutionaries it would still have been impossible were toemperor, become brought emperor,thebrought the Kuomintang revolutionaries of China —of itChina would—still have been impossible to were to become Kuomintang to a state to of a state of realize aims of the Revolution.

The result havethat been only that preparedness, complete preparedness, and its dispatched members throughout all the realize the aims of the Revolution.

The result would have would been only complete and dispatched membersitsthroughout all the officials would the could old, which could scarcely China toprovinces to agitate against the of restoration of the autocracy. new officialsnew would replace the replace old, which scarcely bring Chinabring provinces agitate against the restoration the autocracy. any-thing reform of the Government or theThe spirit ofThe spirit ofsown revoltbywas me inso theeffectively people so effectively any-thing new in the new sensein ofthea sense reformofofa the Government or the revolt was mesown in thebypeople strengthening of herpower. economic And since matters it was for sufficient for the Restoration showforitsit face for it strengthening of her economic Andpower. since matters stood thus, stood thatthus, it wasthat sufficient the Restoration to show itsto face there was for me retain the post of President. to be byofthetheefforts the whole people. there was scarcely anyscarcely need forany meneed to retain theto post of President. immediatelyimmediately to be rebuffed by rebuffed the efforts wholeofpeople.

From all From all do not understand the of conditions of the this Chinese thisseen it can seen that I the renounced the Presidency, for fear of the the Chinese Some who Some do notwho understand the conditions it can be thatbeI renounced Presidency, not for fearnot of the that was my power thatthat timeofthanpower that ofof Yuan-Shih-Kai, power of Yuan-Shih-Kai, because I could Revolution Revolution consider thatconsider my power less at was that less timeatthan but becausebut I could not carry outnot thecarry tasksout of the tasks of Yuan-Shih-Kai, andI therefore I was forcedontotheenter path of revolutionary thismyway can my determination reconstruction.

Yuan-Shih-Kai, and therefore was forced to enter pathonofthe revolutionary reconstruction.

Only in thisOnly wayincan determination reconciliation; some even slanderers even that a1 received on, andfor,striving for, of therevolutionary work of revolutionary reconstruction be reconciliation; while some while slanderers asserted thatasserted 1 received on, anda striving the work reconstruction be bribe offrom a million from Yuan-Shih-Kai, andyielded therefore him up understood. bribe of a million Yuan-Shih-Kai, and therefore himyielded up understood. the Presidency.

At the time I do needmyself, to defend are the of problems of revolutionary reconstruction? the Presidency.

At the present timepresent I do not need to not defend as myself, asWhat are What the problems revolutionary reconstruction? slander without is obvious this.if After if mercenary, I had been mercenary, Revolutionary reconstruction is emer-gency and this in its the slander the is obvious this.without After all, I had all, been Revolutionary reconstruction is emer-gency construction,construction, and this in its un-doubtedly is not for a million I should have my post turn construction. is hurried construction. must seek permanence and un-doubtedly it is not for it a million that I shouldthat have given up mygiven post up turn is hurried Therefore itTherefore must seekit permanence and President: see ahow muchlays a Tuchun by in follow a singlethe natural follow the natural social tendencies, since construction that is guided as President:asdo you not do seeyou hownot much Tuchun by in alays single social tendencies, since construction that is guided or ahow much acommander divisional commander swallows up? Withpurely regardby the purely by the require-ments of the moment will not always coincide year, or howyear, much divisional swallows up?

With regard require-ments of the moment will not always coincide with of the Revolution.

The has Revolution its own emergency to the that suggestion that year in theoffirst of themyRepublic my power to the suggestion in the first the year Republic power was withwas the tasks of the tasks Revolution.

The Revolution its own has emergency work of destruction, as in of the of overthrow of the monarchy less that of Yuan-Shih-Kai, this also worth is scarcely worth less than that of than Yuan-Shih-Kai, this also is scarcely arguing, as arguing, work as of destruction, as in the case of the the case overthrow the monarchy and the destruction of the Imperial side with this theatRepublic that time already fifteen controlled fifteen the provinces, the destruction the Republic that timeat already controlled provinces, and the of the Imperial regime.

Butregime. side byBut sideside withbythis therebe must also be emergency as Shantung and Honan Kuomintang also in the revolt, and the accession Shantung and Honan Kuomintang were also inwere revolt, and accession emergency emergency destruction destruction there must also emergency construction,construction, as they accompany eacha other a pair of legs wingsFrom in motion. From of Chihli for three military considerations. by months military by considerations. of Chihli was delayedwas fordelayed three months they accompany each other like pair oflike legs or wings in or motion. of the of foundation of theweRepublic we had left the for us nothe doubt thatcountry the whole was determined as the There can beThere for uscan nobe doubt that whole wascountry determined as the moment of moment the foundation the Republic had already left already the had not a subsequent stage of emergency onerid man rid of the monarchy. one man to get of to theget monarchy. stage of emergency destruction, destruction, but had notbut a subsequent period of period of emergency andthethis was the source of the misfortunes even we do take this into andthe only emergency take the But even if But we do notiftake thisnot into account, andaccount, only take construction:construction: and this was source of the misfortunes wereupon showered theofcruel rule of the internecine of the past and appraise it will thatthe I adopted facts of the facts past and appraise them, it willthem, be clear thatbeI clear adopted whichthe were which showered us: theupon cruelus: rule officials, theofficials, internecine struggle of etc. politicians, etc. The hadofno means of eliminating all method of conciliation no of means outthe of power fear ofoftheYuanpower ofstruggle Yuan- of politicians, method of conciliation by no meansbyout fear of The Chinese hadChinese no means eliminating all this.ofInemergency, a time of emergency, emergency construction is also required, Shih-Kai. Before the victory of the Revolution I suffered defeats, Shih-Kai. Before the victory of the Revolution I suffered ten defeats, ten this.

In a time emergency construction is also required, and only canbe theaccustomed people be accustomed but my revolutionary spirit enfeebled has never asenfeebled result.and In only the then but my revolutionary spirit has never a result.asIna the can thethen people to new tasks.to new tasks.

This isimportant extremelyfor important for revolutionary tactics. year of theYuan-Shih-Kai Republic, Yuan-Shih-Kai unitedcountry, the whole country,This is extremely second yearsecond of the Republic, united the whole revolutionary tactics. In order to In order to it, I will yourtoattention I went onwithout working, without myself occupying with but understand to the revolutions which and I went and on working, occupying withmyself politics: butpolitics: understand it, I will direct your direct attention the revolutions which when he brutally Sun-Chiao-Jen, murdered Sun-Chiao-Jen, couldpassive?

I remain passive?

Chinese.

The most gigantic were theand American when he brutally murdered could I remain preceded thepreceded Chinese.the The most gigantic were the American French and French Without having a single soldier at my disposal,the I declared has not system of government she Revolutions.Revolutions.

America hasAmerica not altered the altered system the of government she Without having a single soldier at my disposal, I declared necessitythe necessity of fighting Yuan-Shih-Kai. Unfortun-ately, myincomrades south after established after the for Revolution for overyears, a hundred years,the and, with the established the Revolution over a hundred and, with of fighting Yuan-Shih-Kai. Unfortun-ately, my comrades the southin the did not seriously notinsend in and good time, and ofexception of the struggle of South against North, she had no great civil exception the struggle of South against North, she had no great civil did not support me support seriouslymeand did not and senddid help goodhelp time, I was After defeated.

After the defeat of my all my it may saidthe that, after the Revolution, the governmental wars.

Thus wars. it mayThus be said that,beafter Revolution, the governmental of my revolt, all revolt, my therefore I therefore was defeated. the defeat 72

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structure was established did not and that the was its basis wasdeveloped strongly developed local autonomy. its basis strongly local autonomy.

Other partsOther of parts of structure which was which established did not change, andchange, that during the during years'ofexistence of theperpetual Republicpeace perpetual peace has America, existed, Central America, andtried Southern, tried foryears a hundred yearsthe to follow the and Central Southern, for a hundred to follow has existed, many years'many existence the Republic culture has progressed, and an extraordinary economic development has of example of States, the United States, in of their motherthe United in throwing offthrowing the yokeoff of the theiryoke motherculture has progressed, and an extraordinary economic development has example were to subjected to the and establishing republics. country andcountry establishing republics. They wereThey subjected the taken place.taken place. after Revolution, the French Revolution, great troubles and inter-vention of foreign and often were threatened very often with threatened with a inter-vention of foreign States, and States, were very a But after theBut French great troubles took place, took and place, the State of France fiveFrance times.there In France there restoration.

Never-theless is not a single inmonarchy restoration.

Never-theless there is notthere a single monarchy the Newin the New the State structure of structure France was changedwas fivechanged times. In twice aand monarchy and athree times and a republic, and the Republic wasAmerica World. off dirt, all the andherself has freed herself World. hasAmerica washed has off washed all the old andold hasdirt, freed was twice a was monarchy three times republic, the Republic was firmly established years after the first Revolution.

Howmonarchism is from monarchism for ever. for ever. only firmly only established eighty yearseighty after the first Revolution.

How is from this to be Many explained?

Many say that Washington had and a virtuous andThis is not This is not case France in France. one of the foremost the case in the France. was France one of was the foremost this to be explained? say that Washington had a virtuous character, andwhen therefore whentheir founding theirtheRepublic the States, European withcourageous a very courageous and people. cultured people.

European withStates, a very and cultured conciliatoryconciliatory character, and therefore founding Republic succeeded perils. INapoleon the before Moreover, before the Revolution French people passed Moreover, the Revolution the French the people passed through a through a Americans Americans succeeded in avoidinginallavoiding perils. all Napoleon had the I had audacious idea of subjugating whole andhis therefore his years' hundred years' propaganda ofand the philosophical people and philosophical hundred propaganda of the rightsofofthe therights people audacious idea of subjugating the whole the world, and world, therefore autocracy suffered idea of triumphed. a republic triumphed.

But Although teachings.she Although the lessons taught by America, teachings. followedshe thefollowed lessons taught

by America, autocracy suffered defeat, and defeat, the ideaand of the a republic But areinnot in the of individuals: are the stillFrance provedto unable to aarrive at a democratic provedstillunable arrive at democratic republic republic revolutions revolutions are not made themade interests of interests individuals: they are thethey France result of the revolutionary action of theWashington masses. Washington and immediately after the Revolution.

Why?lieWherein lie the after the Revolution.

Why? Wherein the reasons for reasons for result of the revolutionary action of the masses. and immediately Napoleon by the no chief meansfactors the chief factors in the and American this?

Thethe factform is that form of government thelong West had long been this?and The fact is that of the government in the West in had been Napoleon were by nowere means in the American French Revolutions.

When the Americans found the English yoke monarchical, and State policy forone longofbeen one of centralization. monarchical, and State policy had for longhad been centralization.

French Revolutions.

When the Americans found the English yoke invited Washington be their rose inhad France notsoil the of virgin soil of the New with its basis of local not the had virgin the New World with World its basis of local unbearable, unbearable, they invitedthey Washington to be their toleader and leader rose inand France revolt. itInwas France it was after the Revolution that Bonaparte self-government. self-government. revolt. In France already afteralready the Revolution that Bonaparte emerged fromtothe to take power his own defects of our are ownsimilar China to arethose similar to thosebut of France, but of our own China of France, emerged from the army takearmy power into his owninto hands.

Bothhands. these Both theseThe defects The of our citizens is immeasurably men were up by wave of revolution. political intelligence in addition in theaddition politicalthe intelligence of our citizens is immeasurably men were raised up byraised the wave of the revolution. lower that of at thethe French at the French time of Revolution, the French Revolution, just in thea huge past was a huge prairieThe continent.

English than that of than the French time of just America in America the past was prairie continent.

EnglishThe lower as is their for self-government. arises the question, how colonized territory onlyago.

200They yearswere ago. always They were always endowed as is their capacity forcapacity self-government.

Hence arisesHence the question, how colonized this territorythis only 200 years endowed then in doChina I strive China to arrive directly the Revolution at a with spirit of fearlessness andofcontempt dangers, withdoa I strive to in arrive directly through the through Revolution at a with a spirit of afearlessness and contempt dangers,ofand with aand then republican constitution? is for this very thata I propose a for self-government. arrived in they America, they constitution? republican But it is forBut thisitvery purpose thatpurpose I propose capacity forcapacity self-government.

When they When arrivedthey in America, period — just in order get difficult out of this difficult situation. organized their of machinery of self-government, later pre-paratory pre-paratory period — just in order to get out oftothis situation. immediatelyimmediately organized their machinery self-government, which later which this preparatory period aI provisional propose a provisional constitutional thirteen States. ruled bybut, England, as the thisDuring preparatory period I propose constitutional became the became thirteen the States.

These were These ruled were

by England, as the but,During also the introduction of local self-government. "thenot whip willatnot strikedistance," at a longand distance," they government, government, and also theand introduction of local self-government. proverb hasproverb it, "the has whipit,will strike a long they and thatnot time did not understand Unfortunately, my atcomrades were only subordinated nominally subordinated to Britain. soon my comrades that timeat did understand were only nominally to Britain. They soon They felt that thefelt that theUnfortunately, these work outand myonly plans, andthe only used the taxes on them by thewere metropolis were burdensome. forced reasons, andreasons, did not and workdid to not carry out to mycarry plans, used taxes imposed on imposed them by the metropolis burdensome.

This forced Thisthese nameprovisional of my provisional the Provisional all theStates thirteen Statesforto the unitepurpose for theof purpose of resistance, constitutionconstitution to confirm totheconfirm Provisional all the thirteen to unite resistance, in name inof my of the consider-ing Republic, consider-ing thatmight the goal of American which the Revolution American Revolution After a Constitution of the Republic, that the goal be might be consequenceconsequence of which the took place. took Afterplace. a Constitution by other All undoubtedly, of them, undoubtedly, years' war, the secured Americans their inde-pendence and approached by other paths.

All paths. of them, were badlywere badly bloody eightbloody years' eight war, the Americans theirsecured inde-pendence and approached at the they time opposed when they as one which set up—a the republic —States the United States of America. mistaken at mistaken the time when myopposed tactical my plantactical as one plan which set up a republic United of America. difficult out preliminarily — without preliminarily they won independence, thirteen American was difficultwas to carry out to —carry without thinking thethinking questionthe question Even beforeEven theybefore won independence, the thirteenthe American a highly local developed local self-government, andintherefore, in out thoroughly. out thoroughly.

States had aStates highlyhad developed self-government, and therefore, achieving independence, they their completed their politicalsince structure, since achieving independence, they completed political structure, 74

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At theItime I wasthe preaching the and Revolution idea of andignorant andback-ward politically Chinese back-ward Chinese people, bitterly politically people, bitterly shook their shook their At the time when was when preaching Revolution the ideaand of theignorant a Chinesethe Republic, theand European andscholars American heads andimpossible. said it was impossible. headsfor and said it was setting up a setting ChineseupRepublic, European American for scholars theconsidered most part this considered this quite unrealizable for China, supportingAccording to According to the Goodenough could not of the Goodenough psychology,psychology, they could they not of the most part quite unrealizable for China, supporting their views bytoreferences to past history.

In the year of the course Chinesefail course fail to the of lowpolitical level ofintelligence political intelligence of the to observe theobserve low level of the their views by references past history.

In the first year of first the Chinese Republic, when traveling through London, I metEnglishman a famous Englishman Chinese, soaked,inmoreover, ofmonarchy, an age-old monarchy, Chinese, soaked, moreover, the poisoninoftheanpoison age-old Republic, when traveling through London, I met a famous who had traveled through highwas andwell low,acquainted was well acquainted and maintained in a lower stage of development than black the former black and maintained in a lower stage of development than the former who had traveled through China high China and low, with the of our and had writtenslaves a great slaves ofThe America.

Theoffollowers of Yuan-Shih-Kai shouted about of America. followers Yuan-Shih-Kai also shoutedalso about with the situation andsituation customsand of customs our country, andcountry, had written a great her. His book China, Changing China,good. is very This the impossibility of establishing republic in China. the impossibility of establishing a republic ina China. deal about deal her. about His book Changing is very This good. thattheI preach the transformation of China into aAn ox can be Antaught ox cantobeplough, taught atohorse plough, caninbetobroken can abehorse broken the in to the EnglishmanEnglishman heard that Iheard preach transformation of China into a republic and, great conceiving doubts on visited this score, visited at my but saddle, we tell a father who is but bewhat saidCan of man? what can saidcan of be man? we tellCan a father who is republic and, conceiving doubtsgreat on this score, me at my mesaddle, for the special of talking on this We his sending childthat to school thatdoes the not childknow doesthe notChinese know the Chinese sending child tohis school the child hotel for thehotel special purpose of purpose talking with me onwith this me subject.

Wesubject. argued for days without being able to an agreement. characters and therefore not go to learn? schoolIsand Is this logical? characters and therefore must not gomust to school and thislearn? logical? argued for several daysseveral without being able to come to to an come agreement. when to I outlined him my theory about periods the three of Just because doesthe notcharacters, know the he characters, he must im-mediately set Just because he does not he know must im-mediately set But when IBut outlined him my totheory about the three of periods revolutionary tactics, he immediately with me, saying: "Yes, about learning them. modern Moreover, modernhas humanity already reached about learning them.

Moreover, humanity already has reached revolutionary tactics, he immediately agreed withagreed me, saying: "Yes, plan you can escape the tyranny of militarism autocracy, militarism theyears youth-ful of itsand progress, andwithin therefore the youth-ful of its years progress, therefore it thewithin ideas itofthe ideas of with such awith plansuch you acan escape the tyranny of autocracy, and politicians, and their infringement of the are very World developed. could not help freedomI andfreedom equalityand areequality very developed. ideasWorld could ideas not help and politicians, and their infringement of the rightsof ofthetherights people.

I people. my and duty,for now for the future, you to support in my China, reaching China, and therefore needs the Republic and therefore China todayChina needstoday the Republic just as a just as a consider it consider my duty,itnow theand future, to support in my youreaching In actual fact,assothesoon as the Revolution out in needs goodand teachers child needschild school.

Butschool.

China But also China needs also goodneeds teachers well- and wellarticles." Inarticles." actual fact, so soon Revolution broke out broke in Wuchang, wholePress Western that for my the plan disposed for the friends disposed friends for her Chinese people, for her studies.

Thestudies.

ChineseThe people, which havewhich just have just Wuchang, the whole the Western wrotePress that wrote my plan have a far-seeing establishment of must a republic must be the near and a acquired form of government, acquired republicana republican form of government, must have must a far-seeing establishment of a republic be realized in realized the near infuture, and future, for its training. applies particularly to friend of China mustmoment await this moment with impatience.

All this, revolutionary governmentgovernment for its training.

This appliesThis particularly to every friendevery of China must await this with impatience.

All this, revolutionary period of preparation andwhich training, of course, wasof an of the carried campaign by thethe aboveperiod the of preparation and training, will which be a will kind be of a kind of of course, was an echo theecho campaign out carried by the out abovestage betweenand monarchy republic, such as China cannot mentioned Englishman in the London Press. transitional transitional stage between monarchy republic,and such as China cannot mentioned Englishman in the London Press.

It isthat often saidwith that its China with its ignorantwill population not be avoid. avoid.

It is often said China ignorant population not be will League," At the foundation of our "Revolutionary able to establish a administration. republican administration.

A well-known of our "Revolutionary League," one of its one of its able to establish a republican A well-known American AmericanAt the foundation scholar, Goodenough, using this tried argument, tried to incite Yuan-Shihmembers, being convinced of the of difficulty carrying members, being convinced of the difficulty carryingofout my out my scholar, Goodenough, using this argument, to incite Yuan-ShihKaithe to monarchy. restore the At monarchy. time the Chinesegreatly marveledrevolutionary greatly revolutionary "The Tai-Tsing dynasty gave a false plan, said: plan, "The said: Tai-Tsing dynasty gave a false Kai to restore one timeAt theone Chinese marveled at this, failing to how understand how aprofessor republicancould professor could advocate and a preparatory period of nine years, now the plans constitution constitution and a preparatory period of nine years, and now theand plans at this, failing to understand a republican advocate monarchy, but Ithe knew that the Americans, had the experience ourspeak Party of also speak of nine years.

But we consecrated of our Partyofalso nine years.

But we consecrated our lives to our lives to a monarchy,a but I knew that Americans, having had having the experience of ahad republic, learned from experience what un-intelligent the in revolution the the hopepower that the power of the will be revolution the hopein that of the people willpeople be of a republic, learnedhad from experience what un-intelligent and the and citizens Everyafter emigrant time in established immediately; we to shall to wait another immediately; if we shall ifhave waithave another three years three years uneducated uneducated citizens mean.

Everymean. emigrant living after someliving time some in established America enjoysofthe rights of citizenship.

After the eman-cipation of the after the victory of the be Itoo long."that I replied that the victory of the people, thispeople, will bethis too will long." replied America enjoys the rights citizenship.

After the eman-cipation of the after the also lattergiven wererights also given rights of in citizenship America.

But thiswithout thereofis establishing no hope of establishing a true republic. without there is this no hope a true republic.

Today eightToday eight negroes, thenegroes, latter were of citizenship America.inBut the politicians American politicians took advantage this and committed yearsby have gone since the establishment of the Chinesebut Republic, but years have gone since theby establishment of the Chinese Republic, the American took advantage of this andof committed number of ayears, untilpassed a law was that has nottheonly has of theconstitutional period of constitutional not only period governmentgovernment not begun, not but begun, but abominable abominable misdeeds formisdeeds a numberforofayears, until law was that passed unfortunately cannot that thedynasty Tai-Tsing illiterates wereof deprived of many is why American unfortunately it cannot yetit be said yet that be thesaid Tai-Tsing hasdynasty been has been illiterates were deprived many civic rights.civic This rights. is whyThis American torn up by the roots. hearing of thefoundation proposed foundation of by a republic by up theby the torn roots. professors, professors, hearing of the proposed of a republic the 76

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think years of preparatory training we distinguishable in culture from the mostEuropean advancedstates.

European distinguishable in culture from the most advanced All states. All Some think Some that the six that yearstheofsix preparatory training which we which propose bear resemb-lance a strong resemb-lance to the enlightened this is resultof ofpreparatory a policy of preparatory this is the result ofthe a policy training. training. to the enlightened despotism despotism propose bear a strong by some so-called men.

In reply thisthat I will say thatWhy did notWhy did not America give theindependence Filipinos independence at once, America give the Filipinos at once, preached bypreached some so-called learned men.learned In reply to this I willtosay the enlightened despotism hasanasabsolute its end an absolutewhereas monarchy, whereas and forced to agoperiod through a period of preparatory and forced them insteadthem to goinstead through of preparatory training? training? the enlightened despotism has as its end monarchy, ourpreparation period of preparation hasthe as creation its end the of a America Becausehad America had experience disorders after a Because alreadyhad hadalready experience of disordersof after a our period of and trainingand hastraining as its end of creation a republic.

This aconstitutes a colossal between difference between them.similar Duringemancipation similar emancipation of the and was her policy washer based on her of the negroes, andnegroes, her policy based on republic. This constitutes colossal difference them.

During the Great War, forallexample, all which the States which war — experience. the Great War, for example, the States entered the entered war — the experience. both monarchies and — republics as arrested one manthearrested theOur ChineseOur Chinese haveunder long been under the domination of a people havepeople long been the domination of a both monarchies and republics all as — one allman of the constitution and aintroduced a military regime, under The monarchy.

The slave psychology hassoul leftaindeep its soul a deep impression, monarchy. slave psychology has left in its impression, functioning functioning of the constitution and introduced military regime, under which all citizens were of their liberties.

The distribution which cannot bewithout destroyed passing throughofa period of whichofcannot be destroyed firstwithout passingfirst through a period which all citizens were deprived of deprived their liberties.

The distribution of foodstuffs the in State, in thosewhere countriespreparatory where preparatory training.

In order off this oldpast, dirt and of the training. In order to wash off to thiswash old dirt of the to past, and to foodstuffs was handedwas overhanded to the over State,toand, thoseand, countries there was insufficient food, the sacrificed inhabitantstheir sacrificed their lives partake for theirof the partake of the modern conceptions of equality, liberty and modern conceptions of liberty and theequality, Chinesethe Chinese there was insufficient food, the inhabitants lives for their fatherland and for victory.

These already apossessed a amust their own improvement. must work greatwork deal aatgreat theirdeal ownatimprovement. fatherland and for victory.

These peoples hadpeoples alreadyhad possessed constitutional yet their constitution State: itsis Emperor is a TheRepublic ChineseisRepublic is aState: people's a people's its Emperor a constitutional government,government, yet their constitution was limited.was Welimited. who We whoThe Chinese as no yet Constitution, have no Constitution, and areforstriving for constitutional people of 400 millions.

The State officials,with beginning with the President people of 400 millions.

The State officials, beginning the President as yet have and are striving constitutional guarantees of a revolutionary can only that with and ending with an ordinary sentry, areservants. all public servants. and ending an ordinary sentry, are all public The ChineseThe Chinese guarantees by means ofbya means revolutionary struggle, canstruggle, only marvel that marvel thepeoples European peoples agreed to such a limitation. people of 400 was from ancient a slave of the autocracy, people of 400 millions wasmillions from ancient times a slavetimes of the autocracy, the European agreed to such a limitation. have now since the establish-ment of did thenot know and did in the pastmaster. that it was master. last it did learn, and innot the know past that it was When at lastWhen it did at learn, Eight years Eight have years now passed sincepassed the establish-ment of the Chineseand Republic, and theofmembers our in Party the course of time for aitlong timedare it did notmaster. dare to Yet be master. sooner or later it must for a long did not to be sooner Yet or later it must Chinese Republic, the members our Partyofmust the must coursein of have a acquired a vast store of experience and so.itWhat was it gave the Chinese people the chance?

Whatdo was that gave thethat Chinese people the chance?

Was it not Was it not these eight these yearseight have years acquired vast store of experience and do so. they my can platform recall myonplatform on theofquestion of the Revolution, whichthe destroyed the Monarchy?

In consequence of the the Revolution, which destroyed Monarchy?

In consequence of the knowledge. knowledge.

Today theyToday can recall the question fact for thatages China ages had not form of government, the preparing andsignificance grasp its significance without fact that China hadfornot altered her altered form ofher government, the preparing and trainingand thetraining masses, the andmasses, grasp its without people out to be ababe new-born when it approached my ideasandUtopian and impracticable. has been forturned people out toturned be a new-born when itbabe approached the task of the task of labeling mylabeling ideas Utopian impracticable.

China has China been for theThe firstKuomintang time. The Kuomintang bore and this infant, and of years under the yoke retrograde yoke of a and monarchy, and her recon-struction for the first for time. bore this infant, thousands ofthousands years under the retrograde of a monarchy, her recon-struction obliged to nurse it like a mother only the by training the peopleup hasingrown up in and oppression of sovereignty. the toisnurse is At obliged it like a mother and train it, and and train only it, byand training people has grown oppression deprivedand of deprived sovereignty.

At the out its parental duty. this of the period of dawn of the Revolution, it determined to create owncan people people it carrycan outititscarry parental duty.

And for thisAnd thefor period very dawn very of the Revolution, it determined to create its own its preparatory is necessary, that can the be child can be given constitutional republican State.itTherefore it must agocourse through of preparatory training is training necessary, so that thesochild given constitutional republican State.

Therefore must go through of a course experience andtotrained updiscretion, to years ofup discretion, up to the moment when training,it otherwise it cannot achieve its object. experience and trained up years of to the moment when preparatory preparatory training, otherwise cannot achieve its object. it can take over America, the aid ofindependence, Philippine independence, also take over power itself.power itself.

America, when going when to thegoing aid oftoPhilippine also it can In ancient times a certain Chow-Guns, prepared and politically along oftheestablishing path of establishing period offortraining for theIn ancient times a certain Chow-Guns, prepared and politically went alongwent the path a period ofa training the trained his youthfuluntil Emperor until hethe ascended with the development and strengthening of local self-his youthful trained Emperor he ascended throne. the Ourthrone.

Party Our Party Philippines, Philippines, with the development and strengthening of local selfthat monarchy under the the monarchy official servant its basis.

Twenty yearsby, have and the Filipinos, must realizemust that realize under the official the servant trained his trained his governmentgovernment as its basis. as Twenty years have gone andgone the by, Filipinos, master for the of acceptance of it power, and it is natural once a semi-savage have becomepeople. a cultured people. self-for the master acceptance power, and is natural that we mustthat do we the must do the once a semi-savage people, havepeople, become a cultured Local self- Local samemaster, with our untilyears it reaches years of discretion. in the is Philippines is nowdeveloped, extremely the developed, same with our the master, people, the untilpeople, it reaches of discretion. governmentgovernment in the Philippines now extremely majoritythe majority Un-fortunately, that did not realize theofnecessity of the local government officials, with theofexception of the Governor, Un-fortunately, our Party atour thatParty timeatdid nottime realize the necessity of the local of government officials, with the exception the Governor, clearly enough; it responsibility renounced responsibility for the training of the and in the near future the (probably) Filipinos secure clearly this enough; it renounced for the training of the are natives, are andnatives, in the near future (probably) Filipinosthewill secure willthis did out not its carry out its revolutionary The Chinese complete independence.

In we the can future, we they can will hope,not they not beand people did notandcarry revolutionary duty. The duty.

Chinese complete independence.

In the future, hope, be willpeople 78

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in their revolutionary effort only work of destruction, and revolutionary methods, thought otherwise: and the therefore the revolutionary methods, and thoughtandotherwise: and therefore achieved in achieved their revolutionary effort only the work of the destruction, and were not able to carry work of construction. why, as at revolutionary attempts at revolutionary failed. constructionconstruction failed. were not able to carry through the through work of the construction.

That is why,That as is attempts a result of our we have today"Chinese the nameRepublic," "Chinese Republic,"When our "Revolutionary When our "Revolutionary was set up to organize League" wasLeague" being set upbeing to organize a result of our struggle, westruggle, have today the name nothing more.

Chinese Revolution, of all advocated its ideas by the ChinesetheRevolution, we first ofweallfirst advocated its ideas by and nothing and more. lie the that the part destructive part of propaganda, and then,together collecting who had deter-mined to propaganda, and then, collecting all together who hadalldeter-mined to Wherein lieWherein the reasons for reasons the fact for thatthe thefact destructive of the Revolution Chinese Revolution was with crowned withwhile success serve the Chinese people, swore to to give to democracy the idea of democracy serve its the Chinese people, swore to give effect theeffect idea of the Chinese was crowned success its while partdefeat? suffered of the in two based on principles" " the three (San-Min-Chu), principles" (San-Min-Chu), in orderour to achieve our on " the three in order to achieve constructiveconstructive part suffered Thedefeat? root ofThe the root matter is inmatter two is based things, namely, intelligence and The ignorance.

Chinese long failed to aim common aim — the establishment a ChinesePeople Republic. common — the establishment of a ChineseofRepublic. whoPeople who things, namely, intelligence and ignorance.

ChineseThe long failed to realize thatoppressed they wereby oppressed by the Manchu a public reject oath this public oath I do notasrecognize as revolutionaries. rejectinthis I do not recognize revolutionaries.

Some look Some look realize that they were the Manchu dynasty, anddynasty, were inand a were trance or intoxication, looking onas revolution sortrevolutionary on this revolutionary oathformality. as a mereHowever, formality.the However, the influence on this oath as a mere influence condition ofcondition trance orofintoxication, looking on revolution some sortas some of injustice. disgustingBut injustice.

But later, when of therevolution waves of rolled revolution rolled grown extraordinarily.

And its power of the Kuomintang and power and of the Kuomintang have grownhave extraordinarily.

And its of disgusting later, when the waves China became the people became more intelligent, politically and intelligent, and organization has grown stronger oath we have organization has grown stronger because by because our oath by weour have created a created a over China over the people much more much politically thefor necessity for overthrowing Manchu and If matters this is how matters stand withthe the Party, the single heart single of the heart Party.ofIfthe thisParty. is how stand with the Party, understood understood the necessity overthrowing the Manchuthedynasty anddynasty to power themselves. if the old Manchu dynasty were sametocan same can apply theapply State.to the State. returning toreturning power themselves.

And if the And old Manchu dynasty were now returnit to power, it would meet with theofresistance It is said verythat often that the Chinese peoplescattered resemble scattered thesaid Chinese people resemble now to return to to power, would meet with the resistance the wholeof the wholeIt is very often But many very, amongst very many us know of a conscious grains desirethese to collect these 400 grains of sand.

If of we sand. desireIftowecollect 400 millions of millions scatteredof scattered people. But people. very, very us amongst know nothing of anothing conscious and even amongstofmembers of the Kuomintang are grains, individual and of create of them a united individual and grains, create out themout a united State, strongState, in itsstrong in its revolution, revolution, and even amongst members the Kuomintang there are there who all understand all its implications.

Consequently, it is not unity,reject we cannot reject theoath. idea In of all an advanced oath. In alland advanced we cannot the idea of an culturedand cultured few personsfew whopersons understand its implications.

Consequently, it is not unity, surprising notasmeet with as many in difficulties revolt when countries, whenone changing one for nationality it istonecessary to countries, changing nationality another,for it isanother, necessary surprising that we did that not we meetdidwith many difficulties the revoltin the as we with at the moment when we theofproblems of by means expressofbyanmeans of an loyalty oath one's loyalty to and respect express oath one's to and respect for the Statefor the State itself as we itself met with at met the moment when we reached the reached problems reconstruction. intoiswhich one and is entering, andrecognition to express recognition of its constitution into which one entering, to express of its constitution reconstruction. andtoreadiness to bear all the obligations arising Only therefrom. hasachieved, now beenbut achieved, andother readiness bear all the obligations arising therefrom. after Only after The difficultThe hasdifficult now been the easy,but onthe theeasy, otheron the one be recognized a citizen.

Without this, hand, has suffered are the forvery this?fact The very this fact can onethis be can recognized as a citizen.asWithout this, you can liveyou all can live all hand, has suffered defeat.

Whatdefeat. are theWhat reasons for reasons this? The life in the and will beas regarded as awho foreigner who that itand wasthat easy, that the majority ofdid thenot people didthat notitknow thatlife it in your your the country, andcountry, you will beyou regarded a foreigner that it was easy, the and majority of the people know enjoy civic rights. must be immediately applied real islife. whyofmy cannot plan ofenjoycannot civic rights. must be immediately applied in real life.inThat whyThat my isplan I consider and of thecan Chambers revolutionary reconstruction suffered Whyitdoeasy?

I call it easy?I consider that officialsthat andofficials members ofmembers the Chambers enter can enter revolutionary reconstruction suffered defeat.

Whydefeat. do I call into office only after taking the oath.

When form of government is Because after had destruction had been com-pleted, forces of resistance into office only after taking the oath.

When the form of the government is Because after destruction been com-pleted, the forces ofthe resistance were and destroyed, and once were nothing destroyed, was the changed, the new Government will undoubtedly changed, new Government will undoubtedly require an require oath of an oath of were destroyed, once these forcesthese wereforces destroyed, wasnothing impossible for us: in we everything we had perfect liberty in comparison from all and will those who refuse as enemies loyalty fromloyalty all citizens, andcitizens, will regard thoseregard who refuse as enemies impossible for us: in everything had perfect liberty in comparison with before the epoch period of destruction.

But the Chinese, who must from be driven from theof confines I take examples who must be driven the confines the State.ofI the takeState. examples with the epoch the before period the of destruction.

But the Chinese, unfortu-nately, did of notthe think the next period.thatI knew from thecountries advancedofcountries Europe. at the European from the the advanced Europe. of If we look Ifat we the look European unfortu-nately, did not think nextofperiod.

I knew the that revolution against thedynasty Tai-Tsing wasinnecessary States constituted afterwethe say of that those of them have States ofconstituted after the war, canwar, saywe thatcan those them have revolution against the Tai-Tsing wasdynasty necessary the nameinofthe name of the andembraced thereforeit,embraced it, not reckoning to have live which havetobeen to State carry oaths their State proved ableproved to live able which been able carryable their of oaths of the salvationtheofsalvation the country, andcountry, therefore not reckoning with withoutits observing its difficulties.

Hence, the into allegiance intothe effect, of the recognition of the Government allegiance effect, on basison of the the basis recognition of the Government with dangers anddangers withoutand observing difficulties.

Hence, when the when period of destruction closed, revolutionary reconstruction by the of the people.which In States haveable nottobeen able to by theanmajority of majority the people.

In States havewhich not been period of destruction closed, revolutionary reconstruction seemed an seemed do In not cease. In easy to me.

But the of my had colleagues had not mastered apply oath of allegiance, disorders apply an oath of an allegiance, disorders and troublesand do troubles not cease. easy thing to me.thing But the majority of majority my colleagues not mastered China the is same thing goingIt on It was just because China the same thing going on is today. wastoday. just because of this that, of this that, 80

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when our organizing I put oathdiscipline and Partyindiscipline in the have been bound to take oath of to allegiance to theand Republic, and been bound to take an oath of an allegiance the Republic, when organizing Party, Iour putParty, the oath andtheParty the have forefront.

When the Kuomintang up the I,Republic, I, as swear its firstthat swear that support he would the defend Republic, thethe rights of the he would the support Republic, the defend rights of Republic, as its first forefront. When the Kuomintang set up the set President, firstoath took oath of and allegiance, andand people, and the strengthen thepower economic power of the country. people, strengthen economic of the country.

Only after Only after President, first took the of the allegiance, orderedand all ordered civil andall civil military officers immediately to take the expression oath as an of expression of theirsuch taking an oath would he able havetobeen able enjoy all civic rights, an oathsuch would he have been enjoy all tocivic rights, military officers immediately to take the oath as an their taking to theUnfortunately, Republic. Unfortunately, didthis notas regardwhile this as whileheotherwise he would have been servant otherwise would have been regarded as regarded a servantasofa the Tai- of the Taidevotion to devotion the Republic. our Party didour notParty regard matter of great and importance, andagainst protested Tsing dynasty.

Tsingthe dynasty. a matter of agreat urgency andurgency importance, and protested the against immediate application oath of allegiance.

Afterofthethetaking the oath, every offence against the Republic oath, of every offence against the Republic immediate application of the oathofofthe allegiance.

This was aThis greatwas a greatAfter the taking must be punishedtoaccording to law. the At present thecriminals only State criminals must be punished according law. At present only State mistake. mistake. later on, Yuan-Shih-Kai succeeded me ashe President, he are Yuan-Shih-Kai and a few of the Kuomintang who took the are Yuan-Shih-Kai and a few members ofmembers the Kuomintang who took the When, laterWhen, on, Yuan-Shih-Kai succeeded me as President, not payattention particular to thisand question, oathit:and but all themillion other 400 million bear oath my and broke butbroke all theit:other 400 citizens bearcitizens no moral or no moral or also did notalso paydid particular to attention this question, allowedand myallowed old oathwith to remain, with"Down its words: with thefor monarchy ever, legal responsibility before the ChineseThe Republic.

State is a vessel legal responsibility before the Chinese Republic.

State isThe a vessel old oath to remain, its words: with"Down the monarchy ever, for live the When Republic!"

When subsequently the Revolution whichintocollects men's hearts, policy is the which collects itself into men'sitself hearts, while Statewhile policyState is the long live thelong Republic!" subsequently he betrayed he thebetrayed Revolution and proclaimed himselfthese emperor, theturned oath werereflection turned ofreflection of psychological factors. order have the pos-sibility of psychological factors. In order to In have the to pos-sibility of and proclaimed himself emperor, wordsthese of thewords oath of were him.we, Not we, the Chinese revolutionaries, but thetransforming foreign transforming thesubjects emperor's citizens of theitRepublic, it is the emperor's intosubjects citizensinto of the Republic, is against him.against Not only theonly Chinese revolutionaries, but the foreign alsoa presented a Noteagainst of protest the of restoration of the first necessary first of all from to demand from them an oath of The allegiance. The of all to demand them an oath of allegiance.

Powers alsoPowers presented Note of protest the against restoration the necessary monarchy: wasprincipal one of the principal why the monarchy when the State, republican State, not able to carry Kuomintang,Kuomintang, when creating thecreating republican was not ablewas to carry monarchy: and this wasand onethis of the reasons whyreasons the monarchy of Yuan-Shih-Kai collapsed.

The of monarchy of Yuan-Shih-Kai could toit athrough to a conclusion. successful conclusion.

Thisthe was whyatthe it through successful This was why Party firstParty at first of Yuan-Shih-Kai collapsed. The monarchy Yuan-Shih-Kai could and and energies, and but the totter after of the who were obliged send it apossessed colossal spiritual colossal areserve of reserve spiritualofforces and forces energies, not but totternot after Note of the the Note Powers, whoPowers, were obliged to send it topossessed achievedin success in the work of destruction, after the Kuomintang came out with a very reasoned protest his success achieved the work of destruction, while afterwhile the after the after the Kuomintang came out with a very reasoned protest against his against establishment of theit Republic it lostqualities all these and could not And our chief argu-ments this, that Yuan-Shih-Kai establishment of the Republic lost all these andqualities could not action. And action. our chief argu-ments amounted toamounted this, that to Yuan-Shih-Kai tasks of revolutionary reconstruction.

This was the result hadoath. broken his oath. complete thecomplete tasks ofthe revolutionary reconstruction.

This was the result had broken his of error. failed to to create and tonot construct Yuan-Shih-Kai was ainservant the pastofathe servant of the and monarchy, and They of error. failed They to create and construct becausenot theybecause could they could Yuan-Shih-Kai was in the past monarchy, notbecause do so, but didhow nottoknow how to do so. not hold ideas. republican Howit then it that the Kuomintang not do so, but theybecause did notthey know do so. did not holddidrepublican How ideas. then was that was the Kuomintang I say: "If you understand, un-doubtedly himofthe post of and President, and itself the sacrificed theTherefore I Therefore say: "If you understand, un-doubtedly you will beyou will be yielded up yielded to him up the topost President, itself sacrificed carry into effect."

Many mylofty, idealsand toomy lofty, and my Republic, surrendering voluntarily surrendering at first andononly later on beginning able to carryable intotoeffect."

Many consider myconsider ideals too Republic, voluntarily it at first andit only later beginning for the establishment of thetoo Republic too but idealistic, for this, it ? undoubtedly, All this, undoubtedly, planvery for theplan establishment of the Republic idealistic, they, but they, would havewould been have very been to fight forto itfight ? All hadand no did plans did how not know irre-sponsible, were not for oath, of onwhich account which the themselves Powers, themselves had no plans notand know to act.how Thattoisact. whyThat is why irre-sponsible, were it not for theitoath, on the account theofPowers, now finds in a ofcondition and destruction. justice, intervened behalf of the and Republic andnow China China finds herself in aherself condition anarchy of andanarchy destruction. on behalf on of the Republic in defense inof defense justice, of intervened Precisely because of this the Chinese sup-ported it. Ithe ask: Is not the oath ofimportant? allegiance important?

Precisely because of this the Chinese people was people plungedwas intoplunged an eightinto an eight sup-ported it.

I ask: Is not oath of allegiance periodsuffering, of severewhich, suffering, which, far from bringing However, my Partyconsidered comrades the considered the oath to I proposed years' to periodyears' of severe far from bringing it closer to it closer to However, my Party comrades oath I proposed the completion of revolutionary matter ofimportance, secondary importance, anda called me aFrom visionary. has only itsdeepened its theFrom completion of revolutionary construction,construction, has only deepened be a matter be of asecondary and called me visionary. time of theofformation the Party I have oath. misery. misery. the time of the formation the Partyof I have always stoodalways for thestood oath.for the Theofcessation of theofceremony thefoundation oath, that of foundation The responsibility forofthe of the Chinese must Revolution must for the failure thefailure Chinese Revolution The cessation the ceremony the oath, of that law, was of law, wasThe responsibility of the chiefforreasons for the of our revolutionary on the Chinese revolutionaries, also on all intelligent fall not onlyfall onnot the only Chinese revolutionaries, but also on but all intelligent one of theonechief reasons the failure of failure our revolutionary my Partyhad comrades had not mythe words, in the citizens Chinese would notblood shed their the front Chinese whocitizens would who not shed their in theblood front inranks of ranks of construction.construction.

If my Party Ifcomrades not despised mydespised words, in subsequent development of the we should had the the Revolution.

They were theofrearguard of the Revolution, thesame Revolution.

They were the rearguard the Revolution, whose task whose task subsequent development of the Republic weRepublic should have had thehave same as in the organization of namely, our Party, that every officialit would it was the to support fighting revolutionaries.

People Rise of China! Rise was to support fightingthe revolutionaries.

People of China! as in the organization of our Party, thatnamely, every official would 82

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withwith one love heart,for with love for your land, out the old and with one heart, your native land,native to drive outtothedrive old and create the new, repeat sincerely andthe truthfully the oath oftoallegiance to create the new, repeat sincerely and truthfully oath of allegiance Chinese Republic the Chinese the Republic which I havewhich taken:I have taken:

CHAPTER V CHAPTER V WHO WAS? RIGHT ?

WHO WAS RIGHT

"I, Suntruthfully Yat-Sen,and truthfully andtake sincerely take this "I, Sun Yat-Sen, sincerely this public oath public oath (Letter from Chen-Yin-Shin to Huan-Kai-Tsiang) Chen-Yin-Shin to Huan-Kai-Tsiang) thatmoment from this moment I will oldthe andnew, buildand the new, and(Letter from that from this I will destroy the destroy old andthe build for the self-determination of the and all willmy apply all my fight for thefight self-determination of the people, andpeople, will apply HUAN-KAI-TSIANG !

BROTHER HUAN-KAI-TSIANG ! to the of theRepublic, Chinese the Republic, the of realization of BROTHER strength to strength the support of support the Chinese realization 'the three principles,' carry 'the into effect 'the democracy democracy through 'thethrough three principles,' and to carryand intoto effect With my modest talents taken partaffairs in public talents I have takenI have part in public for affairs for Fivefold Constitution,' for theofprogress of good government, theWith my modest Fivefold Constitution,' for the progress good government, the years past, and have with the attitude friend-liest attitude years past, and have always met always with themet friend-liest from you. from you. happiness andpeace perpetual of the for the strengthening happiness and perpetual of thepeace people, and people, for the and strengthening Last summer I was when in hospital when leftand, for despite Japan and, Last summer I was in hospital you left for you Japan my despite my of the foundations namethroughout of peace throughout the of the foundations of the State,ofinthe theState, nameinofthe peace the could youhands and shake hands.aswith you, .as some little eager desire,eager coulddesire, not see you not andsee shake with you, some little world." world." for myself.

Now wedeprived have been of the opportunity consolation consolation for myself. Now we have been of deprived the opportunity SUN YAT-SEN SUN YAT-SEN of talking and our expressing to one another personally.

How of talking and expressing ideas toour oneideas another personally.

How unfortunately it hasout! all turned out! unfortunately it has all turned Year of the Chinese Republic January 12, January .8th Year12, of.8th the Chinese Republic TheI other dayJapanese I saw myfriend Japanese friend Miasaki, The other day saw my Miasaki, who told mewho told me that youmore have plunged once more political and I once again that you once intoplunged politicalinto affairs, and affairs, I once again haveoath. taken myoath oath.should This oath should strictly be by introduced by have I have takenI my This strictly be introduced began to think of deal. you a great deal. beganhas to think of you a great the Government, but while at present, while the Republican the Government, but at present, the Republican GovernmentGovernment has and Tan-I-Kai, before 1911, Sun-Chiao-Jen comrades Sun-Chiao-Jen 1911, comrades and Tan-I-Kai, not yet it, introduced it, thiscannot ceremony cannot be performed. not yet introduced this ceremony be performed.

But I trust But I trustEven beforeEven stay indeclared Shanghai, that inthey our regarded Party they regarded during stay intheir Shanghai, thatdeclared in our Party that allcitizens intelligent citizens in theself-governing organized self-governing willtheirduring that all intelligent in the organized counties willcounties you one of the most outstanding practical revolution-aries, youtheir as one of theasmost outstanding practical revolution-aries, while Sun while Sun by jointtake endeavor takeimmediately the oath immediately by joint endeavor the oath after settingafter up setting their up and This ideologue. This Yat-Sen theyasregarded our best theoretician Yat-Sen they regarded our bestastheoretician and ideologue. governing and theoath text with of thetheir oathsignature, with their signature, governing bodies, and bodies, reinforce thereinforce text of the undoubtedly expressed opinion the whole But there also undoubtedly expressed the opinion the of the wholeofcountry.

Butcountry. there also the oath to with the people with hand their raised right hand in reading the reading oath publicly to publicly the people their right in raised exists the that Sun is a great and this prejudice the opinion thatopinion Sun Yat-Sen is aYat-Sen great idealist, andidealist, this prejudice After the citizens of have one county have taken theshould oath, theyexists should the air. Afterthe theair. citizens of one county taken the oath, they greatly the application hisisideas; used as a reproach thehindered application of his ideas;ofthis used this as aisreproach of the next with the same purpose.

Only after greatly the oathhindered help those ofhelp the those next county withcounty the same purpose.

Only after the oath Sun Yat-Sen, useenemies of by his enemies to attack him. against Sun against Yat-Sen, this is madethis useisofmade by his to attack him. is taken should a man be aconsidered citizen of the Chinese Republic, is taken should a man be considered citizen of athe Chinese Republic, But all of the past that defeats the biggest defeats of the facts past indicate thatindicate the biggest suffered by suffered by andhe otherwise he considered should be considered both legallyboth and legally morally,and andmorally, otherwise should be an But allanthe facts our Party arose thattowe failed toSun appreciate Sun Yat-Sen's our Party arose from the factfrom thatthe wefact failed appreciate Yat-Sen's adherent of the Monarchy. adherent of the Monarchy. ideas, them considered them unattainable, rosethem. up against them. Thereby considered unattainable, and rose up and against Thereby Will it be possible to establish aorRepublic, not? Theideas, answer Will it be possible to establish a Republic, not? Theoranswer brought about our own defeat. we brought about our own defeat. dependsonentirely our fellow-countrymen or we depends entirely whetheronourwhether fellow-countrymen willingly orwillingly Today mustthenot show the same intolerance to Sun Yat-Sen's notwe show same intolerance to Sun Yat-Sen's the of ceremony oath of to allegiance to theToday we must unwillingly unwillingly perform theperform ceremony an oath ofof an allegiance the ideas, repeatofthe the past. IPersonally ideas, in order notintoorder repeatnot thetoerrors theerrors past. of Personally want to I want to Chinese Republic.

Chinese Republic. out my old all of theour history of on our attacks on wipe out mywipe old mistakes andmistakes set forthand all set theforth history attacks Chinese patriots, follow my example!

Chinese patriots, follow my example!

Sun Yat-Sen; led toWill our defeat. you Sun Yat-Sen; which led towhich our defeat. you notWill agree tonot hearagree it? to hear it? time that Sun Yat-Sen office ofthePresident the At the time At thatthe Sun Yat-Sen assumed theassumed office ofthe President general position in our was veryand confused and disordered, and general position in our country wascountry very confused disordered, and the morethebecause the did out not his carry out hisplans, political plans, all because he did not he carry political all the more 84 85 43 43

economicofcondition of terrible.

China was loan met with abdication after aofdecision of the people's economic condition China was Theterrible.

RussianThe loanRussian met with abdication could take could place take only place after only a decision the people's strong from opposition from the Provisional Senate, while the population, representatives, not by between agreement former Tai-Tsing strong opposition the Provisional Senate, while the population, representatives, and not by and agreement thebetween former the Tai-Tsing disastrous for their interests, regarded it as the they would the anddynasty and Yuan-Shih-Kai. considering considering it disastrousitfor their interests, regarded it as they would dynasty Yuan-Shih-Kai. plague But or cholera.

Butthis in loan reality no means diverged fromThese threeThese three arguments advanced

by Sun were Yat-Sen were plague or cholera. in reality bythis no loan meansbydiverged from arguments advanced by Sun Yat-Sen as we percent, of the amount of 5the loan at 5 well-founded, extremely well-founded, and neither he spared neither nor health in our interests,our as interests, we received 97 received percent, 97 of the amount of the loan at extremely and he spared strength norstrength health in percent, interest, if we take theconcluded next loan by concluded Yuan- them. defending them. later on, Yuan-Shih-Kai renounced percent, interest, while if wewhile take the next loan Yuan- bydefending And if, laterAnd on, if, Yuan-Shih-Kai renounced his former his former Shih-Kai with the Banking Consortium, there we actually received onlyaboutwords about histo intention to assume the at Presidency Nanking and to Shih-Kai with the Banking Consortium, there we actually received only words his intention assume the Presidency Nanking at and to at 5interest, percent,and interest, and the moreover the loan made an give full self-government to the 82 percent,82at percent, 5 percent, moreover loan was givewas full self-government to the people, andpeople, made and an attempt to attempt to by the saltand monopoly in fourasprovinces, well as the overthrow thethis Republic, of Sun Yat-Sen, because guaran-teed guaran-teed by the salt monopoly lands inand fourlands provinces, well as asoverthrow Republic, was notthis the was faultnot of the Sunfault Yat-Sen, because rightover of control over ourI ask, finances. ask,these which of these was this after his renouncing his fundamental political plans. the right of the control our finances. whichI of loans was loans China cameChina to thiscame after to renouncing fundamental political plans. advan-tageous and which which disastrous, wasand profitable havethat to we admit that we rejected them for varied extremely varied advan-tageous and which disastrous, was which profitable which and whichWe have toWe admit rejected them for extremely unprofitable? but the I consider the most ofimportant of all to have unprofitable? reasons; butreasons; I consider most important all to have been the been the But public Chineseopinion public didopinion did not discriminate, and insufficient political intelligence of the ofmembers of our But Chinese not discriminate, and insufficient political intelligence of the members our Party.

In Party. In ruined thepolicy economic of the Government.

Yatconsequence did not Sunprogram Yat-Sen'sand program and consequentlyconsequently ruined the economic of thepolicy Government.

Sun Yat- Sun consequence of this we of didthis not we support Sunsupport Yat-Sen's Sen in was in the of hands a man tied, with unable hands tied, unable political to carry plans. political plans. was offence our second offence Sun Yat-Sen. Sen was placed theplaced position of aposition man with to carry This was ourThis second against Sun against Yat-Sen. outwhile his plans, while theinState was in a verycondition. dangerousAll condition.

All thisAfter he leftAfter he left the post ofhePresident, he was in favor out his plans, the State was a very dangerous this the post of President, was in favor of our Partyof our Party we stub-bornly a wrong point and of view and leaving entirely field of and itself occupying itself particularly because webecause stub-bornly maintained maintained a wrong point of view entirely the leaving field of the politics, andpolitics, occupying particularly with theofeducation of the people, the improvement of our distrusted the fundamental principles of SunThis Yat-Sen. This with is first. distrusted the fundamental principles of Sun Yat-Sen. is first. the education the people, improvement of our industry, theindustry, the of apermanent firm and foundation permanent foundation for the Republic, Then, after the Nanking Peace Conference, when Yuan-Shih-Kai was to consolidation Then, after the Nanking Peace Conference, when Yuan-Shih-Kai was to consolidation of a firm and for the Republic, fullness power of political power to Yuan-Shih-Kai. be electedSun President, Yat-Sen time put forward chief theyielding be elected President, Yat-SenSun at that time atputthat forward three chief three yielding fullness the of political to Yuan-Shih-Kai. At that time,At that time, thinking to be emptywechatter, we this opposed this plan and, points.

First, that Yuan-Shih-Kai should the Presidency in this points. First, that Yuan-Shih-Kai should assume the assume Presidency in thinking to be this empty chatter, opposed plan and, in the administrative and other affairs of the he foresaw feared and foresaw many misunderstandings Nanking, asNanking, he fearedasand many misunderstandings between between furthermore,furthermore, interfered ininterfered the administrative and other affairs of the Thereby violent opposition to the the finally as yet reconciled not finally North reconciled North and South.

In the of Government. the as yet not and South.

In the interests of interests Government.

Thereby we came we into came violentintoopposition to the whichthearoused fury of Yuan-Shih-Kai of the he considered essential that Government, maintainingmaintaining the unity ofthetheunity country, he country, considered it essential itthat Government, which aroused fury oftheYuan-Shih-Kai and the and the of our were not able carrythe intoideas effect the ideas Yuan-Shih-Kai take officeat precisely to unite North ofsuspicion Yuan-Shih-Kai should take should office precisely Nanking,attoNanking, unite North suspicion our country.

Wecountry. were notWe able to carry intotoeffect which Sun the loyal servant of the and South, toconfidence strengthen in confidence in Yuan-Shih-Kai amidst our Party and South, to strengthen Yuan-Shih-Kai amidst our Party with which with Sun Yat-Sen, theYat-Sen, loyal servant of the people, waspeople, imbued,was imbued, andour in this our third offence (the Kuomintang), and also to evoke loyalty (the Kuomintang), and also to evoke loyalty on his part. on his part. and in this lies thirdlies offence against him.against him.

About say that to the insufficient Secondly, Republic ought its to capital transfertoitsNanking capital to NankingAbout all this Secondly, the Republictheought to transfer oneall canthis sayone thatcan it was due itto was the due insufficient enlightenment of the ourwas Party, far from because is a city in monarchical lethargy, the because Pekin is a Pekin city plunged in plunged monarchical lethargy, which the which enlightenment of the members ofmembers our Party,ofand far and fromwas being the being the mistake of you andWhen me alone.

When the into of theSunmurder of Sunsound of revolutionary cannota dissipate, a city and of corrupt and of you sound of revolutionary bells cannotbells dissipate, city of corrupt mistake and me alone. the enquiry intoenquiry the murder Chiao-Jen had just Shanghai. Learning criminal bureaucracy, which cannot away be washed by of the waters of began, criminal bureaucracy, which cannot be washed by theaway waters Chiao-Jen Sun began, Yat-SenSun hadYat-Sen just returned to returned Shanghai.toLearning was theand monarchy breaking This lose city its must lose its Only privileges. when the is that Yuan-Shih-Kai rivers. Thisrivers. city must privileges. when Only the capital is capital that Yuan-Shih-Kai was restoring therestoring monarchy breakingand faith with faith with sworehim. to remove him. was thefirst following: first changed will it be all theroots criminal the theheRepublic, changed will it be possible to possible tear out to all tear the out criminal of therootstheofRepublic, swore to he remove His plan wasHis theplan following: of all, with an alliance wasthe to weaken of all, an alliance Japan. with This Japan. allianceThis wasalliance to weaken forces ofthe forces of monarchy. monarchy. and the strengthen theour forces of as ourJapan Party,is as the organization of agovern-ment republican govern-ment be Yuan-Shih-Kai Yuan-Shih-Kai and strengthen forces of Party, an Japan is an Thirdly, the Thirdly, organization of a republican cannot be cannot Eastern and aand neighbor, friendly relations withbe her would be to Yuan-Shih-Kai, the act ofof abdication of the Power Eastern and aPower neighbor, friendlyand relations with her would entrusted to entrusted Yuan-Shih-Kai, relying onlyrelying on the only act ofonabdication the a blessing for our "If Japan helps me, will be on my Tai-Tsing as, toaccording to the Provisional the for our country.

"Ifcountry.

Japan helps me, victory willvictory be on my Tai-Tsing dynasty, as,dynasty, according the Provisional Constitution,Constitution, the a blessing 86

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she helps Yuan-Shih-Kai, he will—conquer" — these thewhole thatpeople the whole people did notthe recognize the loan.

When the Consortium that the did not recognize loan. When the Consortium side: if she side: helpsifYuan-Shih-Kai, he will conquer" these were the were words of Sun Yat-Sen. Considering an alliance with to be a this received this declaration from Sunit Yat-Sen, it ceased inpayments in received declaration from Sun Yat-Sen, ceased payments very words very of Sun Yat-Sen. Considering an alliance with Japan to be Japan a particular importance, Yat-Sen decided to go to Japan of the respect the loan.

Further, SunbyYat-Sen telegraph respect loan.ofFurther, Sun Yat-Sen telegraphbyordered theordered the question of question particularofimportance, Sun Yat-SenSun decided to go to Japan in person.

But more I and comrades a few morewere comrades were very hostile plan, of province oftoKwantung declare its independence.

But the province Kwantung declare itstoindependence.

But the province didprovince did in person. But I and a few very hostile to this plan, to this andevery tried means by every means tohisprevent his while departure, obey. He methe to independence declare the independence Shanghai, but I obey. Henot ordered me ordered to declare of Shanghai,ofbut I and tried by to prevent departure, somewhilenotsome Sunwith Yat-Sen of his prestige. objected, con-sidering thatwas thetoo place was too insignificant objected, con-sidering that the place insignificant in respect ofin respect of reproached reproached Sun Yat-Sen being with too being carelesstooof careless his prestige.

Yuan-Shih-Kai his sent supporters, sentSunto Tokyo, Sun- andits area, and inconvenient offering resistance. its area, inconvenient for offering for resistance.

Meanwhile Meanwhile Yuan-Shih-Kai through his through supporters, to Tokyo, and Li-Shen-To, alreadywhat achieved what Sun Yat-SenAt this moment At this the fleet its independence. themoment fleet arrived and arrived declaredand its declared independence.

Bao-Tsi andBao-Tsi Li-Shen-To, had alreadyhad achieved Sun Yat-Sen feared, ouralliance plan ofwith an alliance withdefeated.

Japan was defeated. the first tothis. welcome this.when Lateriton, when it became Sun Yat-SenSun wasYat-Sen the firstwas to welcome Later on, became feared, and our planand of an Japan was Sun Yat-Sen that the Kuomintang for anthatknown I put that thetroops Northern were approaching the Northern weretroops approaching Shanghai, IShanghai, put Sun Yat-Sen thought thatthought the Kuomintang must strive must for anstriveknown the of latter of all States the Asiatic States had been the forward plan of a sudden attack bywas sea,supported which wasbysupported

by Sun forward plan of athe sudden attack by sea, which Sun alliance withalliance Japan, with as theJapan, latter as alone all alone the Asiatic had been able toherself transform a great and powerful in order butYat-Sen: but you this plan unwise.

Laterthe still, when you thought thisthought plan unwise.

Later still, when fleet, bythe fleet, by able to transform into herself a great into and powerful country, andcountry, in orderand Yat-Sen: to come to her andher. learn from her. orders of Yuan-Shih-Kai, out forinYangtai, in theofprovince of orders of Yuan-Shih-Kai, set out forset Yangtai, the province to come closer to hercloser and learn from Again, he had theimmediate idea of an war. immediate In view the fact Sun Shantung, Sun Yat-Sen wanted this, to prevent Yat-Sen wanted to prevent saying:this, "If saying: the fleet"If the fleet Again, he had the idea of an In viewwar. of the fact of Shantung, that Yuan-Shih-Kai acquired dealheofwas power, he was helps moving I shall be : victorious if it helps Yuan-Shih-Kai, me, I helps shall me, be victorious if it helps: Yuan-Shih-Kai, he will. I he will. I that Yuan-Shih-Kai had acquiredhad a great deal aofgreat power, moving from place to freely. place quite Yat-Senthat proposed that we to use and its support, will try byinall power to use want its support, will try and by all means mymeans powerintomy keep it to keep it armies fromarmies place to place quite Sun freely.

Yat-SenSun proposed we want strike blow withrapidity light-ning and him by surprise, here, sincetoifYangtai it goes ittowill Yangtai it will undoubtedly go over here, since if it goes undoubtedly go over to the side to the side should strikeshould a blow withalight-ning andrapidity take him bytake surprise, as in even delay the right be lost. the of Yuan-Shih-Kai." You and that, I imagined fleet had declared of Yuan-Shih-Kai." You and I imagined as the that, fleet as hadthedeclared as in the even of the delay theofright moment willmoment be lost.will These were These the were words of Sun Yat-Sen. But we procrastinated and, faith not having faith in toitsusloyalty to us itinwould the past, it would the fleet future. The fleet loyalty in the past, remain loyalremain in the loyal future.inThe words of Sun Yat-Sen. But we procrastinated and, not having in its a trap, being bombarded by land him, on thisbeing question being in a constitu-tional left forthere Yangtai: for Yangtai: it fellthere into ita fell trap,into being bombarded by land him, insisted on insisted this question settled in a settled constitu-tional way, leftway, batteries: and ittowent overoftoYuan-Shih-Kai. the side of Yuan-Shih-Kai. opposing a of declaration war.our This waswrong our fourth wrong Yat- and batteries: it went over the side opposing a declaration war. Thisofwas fourth to Sun Yat-to Sun Beingofina favor of a declaration of the inde-pendence of the Sen. Being in favor declaration of the inde-pendence of the Sen. Kwantung province Sun Yat-Sen, decided immediately case of of theSun-Chiao-Jen murder of Sun-Chiao-Jen since province Kwantung Sun Yat-Sen, decided immediately to leave for to theleave for the The case of The the murder was draggedwas out,dragged since out, south to take charge of all operations, appointing us, a few comrades Yuan-Shih-Kai wishwith to reckon with law.Power The Fivesouth Power to take charge of all operations, appointing us, a few comrades Yuan-Shih-Kai did not wishdidto not reckon the law.

ThetheFive who were with acquainted with military to disposal. be at yourBut disposal. But loan was ratified of Parliament, who the were acquainted military affairs, to beaffairs, at your loan was ratified without the without sanctionthe of sanction Parliament, Throughout Throughout the necessaryhad moment had All goneSun by.Yat-Sen's All Sun plans Yat-Sen's country were furiousAnd protests.

And that, we hoped the the moment the necessary gone by. for plans for country there were there furious protests. we hoped under that, the under loan and to naught and overthrowing Yuan-Shih-Kai were of these protests, Yuan-Shih-Kai have to the thebringing loan tothe naught overthrowing Yuan-Shih-Kai were pressure of pressure these protests, Yuan-Shih-Kai would havewould to yield to to theyieldbringing unsuccessful, the delay whichplace. had taken Public opinion the renounce people and unsuccessful, owing to theowing delaytowhich had taken Publicplace. opinion wishes of thewishes peopleofand therenounce loan. the loan. was suppressed, hopeswere of victory were byofthe power of money, Sun Yat-Sen considered that Parliament a mere was talkingsuppressed, hopes of victory defeated by defeated the power money, Sun Yat-Sen considered that Parliament was a merewas talkingthe Powers' confidence in us was undermined, did not move shop, law was that powerless, that theauthorities, provincial for authorities, forPowers' the the confidence in us was undermined, the law didthe notlaw move shop, that the law that wasthe powerless, the provincial the against Yuan-Shih-Kai, the loan of two cover the State most part subservient to Yuan-Shih-Kai, not long maintain against Yuan-Shih-Kai, and the loanand of two milliards to milliards cover thetoState would not would long maintain most part subservient to Yuan-Shih-Kai, deficit used by Yuan-Shih-Kai buy arms,and equipment themselves in their previousand positions, and that solve the deficit itwas used bywas Yuan-Shih-Kai to buy arms,toequipment food, toand food, to themselves in their previous positions, that to solve thetoproblem it problem was resort to force arms, only such would argumentscorrupt would members corrupt ofmembers of Parliament, and totraitors rewardfortraitors for the Parliament, and to reward the was essential to essential resort to to force of arms, as of only suchasarguments suppression thethe South and theofexecution be by understood by a had traitor who had himself surrounded The suppression of the Southofand execution membersof ofmembers our Party.ofIf,our Party. If, be understood a traitor who surrounded withhimself troops.with The troops. at the he hadthe abolished the post ofwe President, we had measuresbyprepared

by Sunconsisted Yat-Senfirstly consisted firstly in immediately at the time he hadtime abolished post of President, had adopted theadopted the measures prepared Sun Yat-Sen in immediately of Sun and had the independence of Prosecutor the Public to Prosecutor the cases plan had of Sun plan Yat-Sen andYat-Sen had declared thedeclared independence of a numberofofa number of drawing thedrawing attentionthe of attention the Public the casestowhich had which on whose have been the was stillonuncertain hushed up, and to the Banking Consortium provinces, itprovinces, was still ituncertain whose side would side havewould been the been hushedbeen up, and secondly in secondly declaringintodeclaring the Banking Consortium 88

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as atthe thatarmy timeofthethearmy of provinces the allied numbered provinces numbered achieved success.Sun I consider Sunideas Yat-Sen's ideas to be in practicable in the victory, as victory, at that time allied achieved success.

I consider Yat-Sen's to be practicable the 100,000, (the commander) Northern commander) hadreached not yet measure reached of the measure of we the take attitude we take them. up towards them.

100,000, Li-Tun (theLi-Tun Northern had not yet attitude up towards yet been heard of Tuan-Dsi-Jui Sun Yat-Sen say thatinto "looking intowethecan past, we can Kiangsi, andKiangsi, nothingand hadnothing yet beenhad heard of Tuan-Dsi-Jui in the south.in the south.Sun Yat-Sen used to sayused that to "looking the past, ought to have withvigorous fresh and vigorousunderstand forces the understand future," whilealways we " were always looking in the Western We ought toWe have attacked theattacked traitors the withtraitors fresh and forces future," the while we " were looking in the Western and wiped the earth. face ofUnfortunately, the earth. Unfortunately, earth hadEastern lost in "the Eastern " (i.e. too late). and wiped them off thethem face off of the the provincethe of province cornerofof thecorner earth of forthe what wefor hadwhat lost we in the (i.e. too late).

Kwantung did not declare its independence the the timeloan when the loanYou, of course, You, greatly of course, greatly me in intelligence, Kwantung did not declare its independence at the time at when surpass me surpass in intelligence, so that my so that my was being was not matter of greattodifficulty may seem childish prattle you, andI must therefore make a was being floated, andfloated, when itand waswhen not aitmatter of agreat difficulty words tomay words seem childish prattle to you, andtotherefore makeI must a abolish the (the Tuchunate (the office ofgovernor provincial governorafter instituted after great effort in ordermyself to express abolish the Tuchunate office of provincial instituted great effort in order to express fully.myself fully. the first Revolution).

Oncehad thebeen loangranted, had been granted,the however, theSun Yat-Sen Sunsaid Yat-Sen saidwork that ofthethework of the Revolution may be the first Revolution).

Once the loan however, that the Revolution may be Powers beganYuan-Shih-Kai, to assist Yuan-Shih-Kai, and the after this the Northern accomplished withinofthethespace theyears. next five years.

In fact, in the Powers began to assist and after this Northern accomplished within the space next of five In fact, in the steady advance the South.

Thus idea ofcondition presentofcondition of our country, when theofsufferings ofhave the people have troops begantroops their began steadytheir advance against the against South. Thus the idea of thepresent our country, when the sufferings the people "the of proved the North" proved This was our fifth reached offence their reached whendodisorders doand not the cease and rage, the troops rage, "the conquest of conquest the North" belated.

Thisbelated. was our fifth offence limit, their when limit, disorders not cease troops Sun Yat-Sen. when the and corruption and dissoluteness of those intruly authority against Sun against Yat-Sen. when the corruption dissoluteness of those in authority bring truly bring Sunmind Yat-Sen's wentpiercing far ahead, future.

I the a stateit of it can thatwill the wheel will Sun Yat-Sen's alwaysmind wentalways far ahead, thepiercing future. I the the country to acountry state oftochaos, canchaos, still be saidstill thatbe thesaid wheel always him, although while you, although you comeand fullthat circle, andbe that it will be urgentlytonecessary to take advantage always blindly wentblindly againstwent him,against while you, you accepted hisaccepted comehis full circle, it will urgently necessary take advantage ideas, always doubt expressed their practicability. the right moment to by revolt, and by stroke a lightning stroke the evil ideas, always expressed aboutdoubt their about practicability.

With my With of themy right of moment to revolt, and a lightning destroy the destroy evil meager intelligence, I always with thethat prejudice and restore justice. IThere-fore I say all thatthe nearly meager intelligence, I always was imbuedwas withimbued the prejudice Sun that and Sun restore justice.

There-fore say that nearly ideasall of the Sunideas Yat-of Sun Yatwas an andwhatever therefore,hewhatever proposed,Sen always must be given effect, without waiting another twenty Yat-Sen wasYat-Sen an idealist, andidealist, therefore, proposed,healways must beSen given effect, without waiting another twenty years, whileyears, while seemed to me farfrom removed and consequently always circumstances their application, as was case at the time seemed to me far removed reality,from and reality, consequently I always Icircumstances dictate theirdictate application, just as was just the case at the time withyour youopposition. and your opposition.

But who know of thatthethe of the of overthrow of the Manchu dynasty.

The organization joined with joined you and But who could knowcould that the overthrow the Manchu dynasty.

The organization of Chinese of Chinese Chinese"Once proverbs: "Once inch, you lose an revolutionaries ell later revolutionaries a single the urgent of the present Chinese proverbs: having lost having an inch,lost youanwill lose anwill ell later into a singleinto Party is the Party urgentis problem of problem the present on,"forget or : "Don't forgetofthe of thewill past, theyaswill serve as atime. teacher time. on," or : "Don't the affairs theaffairs past, they serve a teacher in thecould future" could beto applied didthat notthe know thatsociety the secret society we set up after for you infortheyoufuture" be applied affairs to of affairs State? of State?Our enemiesOur didenemies not know secret we set up after Unfortunately, I do notopinion know your opinion on this matter.

1900 the Kuomintang, and that,externally althoughthe externally Unfortunately, I do not know your on this matter.

1900 became the became Kuomintang, and that, although Party the Party as I am Iconcerned, I can say that to work thewidened theitssphere of itsand influence greatly strengthened So far as I So am far concerned, can say that I should likeI should to worklike widened sphere of influence greatly and strengthened its forces, its forces, you and therefore would like toa few exchange a few thoughts you. it in reality it still had characteristics no definite characteristics and was extraordinarily with you andwith therefore would like to exchange thoughts with you. with in reality still had no definite and was extraordinarily In my opinion, human intelligence in of thetime, course varied of time,in itsvaried in its composition.

Thisvital, was very vital, even the Chinese In my opinion, human intelligence is perfectedisinperfected the course composition.

This was very as even theasChinese and if old are recognized, may for be avoided for theproverb future, hasproverb has put it: "If put theplant aromatic 'siun' and the stinking and if old mistakes aremistakes recognized, they may bethey avoided the future, it: "If you theyou aromatic 'siun' plant and the stinking if youanything can learn anything valuable from another, is no weed younowill smell no sweet aroma." and also if and you also can learn valuable from another, there is no there weed 'yu' into one'yu' pot,into youone willpot, smell sweet aroma." shame him. in obeying Further I believe the mother idea is of the mother ofSome of ourSome of ourunderstood comrades Sun understood Sunaims Yat-Sen's aims and plans shame in obeying Furtherhim.

I believe that the ideathat is the comrades Yat-Sen's and plans reality, as, for example, when Sun Yat-Sen years ago propagated of organization very well.

Heinwas in hisofindication of the way to reality, as, for example, when Sun Yat-Sen twenty yearstwenty ago propagated of organization very well. He was right his right indication the way to idea of and revolution that time nearly all the of ourthe machinery change the of machinery ourinParty, andforward in putting the idea of the revolution at that and timeatnearly all the citizens of citizens our change our Party,ofand putting the forward questionthe question country him,twenty but after twenty yearsreceived his ideas received oathdiscipline. and Party He discipline.

Heinwas right in considering that the country were againstwere him,against but after years his ideas of the oath of andtheParty was right considering that the infringement the discipline oath and led discipline to the defeat of the If we had recognized his ideas twenty years ago, there recognition.recognition.

If we had recognized his ideas twenty years ago, there infringement of the oathof and to the led defeat of the would notthat havemuch beendelay that much delay in them translating them into real life, Revolution, as someofmembers the Party unconsciously would not have been in translating into real life, Revolution, as some members the Partyofunconsciously distorted thedistorted the we in hadfull acted in full cooperation, probably we could of true and the not people didthe notblessings enjoy the blessings and if we and had ifacted cooperation, ideahave of true idea liberty, and liberty, therefore thetherefore people did enjoy probably we could have equality after the Revolution.

These by their disorderly of equality ofafter the Revolution.

These persons by persons their disorderly 90

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forforgot privileges to the Revolution conduct andconduct struggleand for struggle privileges their forgot duty totheir the duty Revolution CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VI and didto not submit to regulations. established regulations.

And no one submits and did not submit established And when no onewhen submits to anyone else, it is difficult extremely to attain of aim in the to anyone else, it is extremely to difficult attain unity of aimunity in the THE CAUSES OF CHINA'S POVERTY THE CAUSES OF CHINA'S POVERTY Party.Sun Therefore was profoundly right in that supposing that Party. Therefore Yat-SenSun wasYat-Sen profoundly right in supposing we must a single leadership, order unity to achieve we must submit to asubmit single to leadership, in order to inachieve of unity of Someone to me: "If youatsay, Someone said to me:said "If matters are matters as you are say,asthen the then at the action anddistribution the proper distribution functions.

This was not in action and the proper of functions.ofThis was needed, not needed, in time, since modern culture on is founded we must first present time,present since modern culture is founded science, on we science, must first order anyone, to oppress to put an self-willed end to the self-willed order to oppress butanyone, in orderbut to in putorder an end to the all study a subject before thoroughly before wetocan begin carry of all study of a subject thoroughly we can begin carry out to any of out any of of many comrades. acts of manyacts comrades. plans. It is to impossible transform intoState a modern our plans. Itour is impossible transformtoChina into aChina modern until State until I consider thatwho everyone desires the to achieve I consider that everyone desireswho to achieve objects the of objects of the whole Chinese received This education. follows from the whole Chinese people has people receivedhas education. followsThis from the Revolution must viewsYat-Sen of SunasYat-Sen as "the the Revolution must respect the respect views the of Sun "the your own when say or that action or isrealization is not difficult your own words, whenwords, you say thatyou action realization not difficult constellations respectStar." the North Star."

Just we likemust a ship, weour must have our constellations respect the North Just like a ship, have but it is knowledge that isor,difficult, or, in of thethe words of the in itself, butinititself, is knowledge that is difficult, in the words pilot to our determine course. ifOtherwise there arewho comrades who pilot to determine course. our Otherwise there areifcomrades ancient 'tens and maybeofhundreds years are for the ancient sages, 'tens sages, and maybe hundreds years areofrequired forrequired the Yat-Sen theassame wayopposed as he was oppose Sun oppose Yat-SenSun in the futureininthe thefuture same in way he was in opposed in universal education.'

Yet youthat imagine diffusion ofdiffusion universalof education.'

Yet you imagine China that can China can the all future of Sun will suffer the the past, in the past, futureinalso the also plansallofthe Sunplans Yat-Sen willYat-Sen suffer the a single reach the of aand powerful and immediately,immediately, by a single by jump, reachjump, the position of position a powerful defeat. my Therefore opinion is that keeptoour same defeat.same Therefore opinionmy is that to keep ourtooath the oath to the wealthy the world Powers.

Where wealthy nation, one nation, amongstone theamongst world Powers.

Where is the logic isinthe logic in obey the instructions of Sun Yat-Sen revolu-tion revolu-tion and to obeyand thetoinstructions of Sun Yat-Sen is our directis our direct your assertions?" your assertions?" obligation. obligation.

To this I reply: thelearns, pupil first learns, and then To this I reply: the pupil first and then knows how knows to act: how to act: In conclusion, I will sayofthat of our are differences In conclusion, I will say that many ourmany differences due to are due to without having learned, he can alsoall, act. all, before in the days before yet, withoutyet, having learned, he can also act.

After in After the days the great distance which has us, distortion and to theofdistortion of our the great distance which has divided us, divided and to the our science nearly flourished nearly was everything was and first then done,learned and then learned science flourished everything first done, ideas by other persons in transmission. aims are ideas by other persons in transmission.

But as our But aimsasareourunited, I united, I it wasinbecause, in those theyunderstand did not understand later; and itlater; was and because, those days, they days, did not to hand graspand yourjoin hand andyou join fight our common should like should to grasplike your with to with fightyou our to common everything completely, theythat imagined that things were with concerned with everything completely, they imagined things were concerned enemy — the terrible who the has throat seized oftheour throat enemy — the terrible python whopython has seized long-of our long"heavenly and numbers" and their achievements "heavenly numbers" "fate," and and "fate," their achievements were not were not suffering country his deadly coils. suffering country in his deadlyincoils. to human But whengradually mankindgrew gradually ascribed to ascribed human agency.

Butagency. when mankind up to grew up to feelwords that my words cannot all my But enough.ButI enough. feel that I my cannot express all express my began to aunderstand deal, itbegan gradually intelligence intelligence and began toand understand great deal,a itgreat gradually to began to thoughts, aside my pen. thoughts, and I throw and asideI throw my pen. free superstition. itself from superstition.

And now that has knowledge hasitexpanded, it free itself from And now that knowledge expanded, become clear thatofthe workhands of human handsallsurpasses has becomehas clear that the work human surpasses the so- all the soCHEN-YIN-SHIN CHEN-YIN-SHIN called supernatural and predetermined things, called supernatural forces and forces predetermined things, while the while the Spring, Spring, "heavenlyare numbers" only the of human psychology.

But "heavenly numbers" only thearecreation of creation human psychology.

But Year of the Chinese Republic (1915).

4th Year of 4th the Chinese Republic (1915). although hasthis proved this to us, nevertheless, all things that although science has science proved all to us,allnevertheless, in all thingsin that people do, first action and then comes understanding.

Human people do, first action prevails andprevails then comes understanding.

Human proceeds lines of unconscious activity — this developmentdevelopment proceeds more on themore lines on of the unconscious activity — this is a law of nature. is a law of nature.

No development of science has so far tobeen able No development of science has so far been able make anyto make any in the development this islaw.

That changes in changes this law.inThat why, in isthewhy, development of mankind,of mankind, activity arepresents a very factor: important factor: practice, unconsciousunconscious activity represents very important practice, are itsmotive principal motive experiment,experiment, investigationinvestigation and risk areand its risk principal forces.

A forces. A pupil makes and exercises and he practices, acts toin attain order to attain pupil makes exercises practices, acts in heorder 92

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A scientist also makes experiments conducts researches States. of In wealth respecthidden of wealth hidden in the bowels the earth, China knowledge. knowledge.

A scientist also makes experiments and conductsand researches States. In respect in the bowels of the earth,ofChina order clear up the andtruth. learnThe the researcher truth. The or researcher takes infirst the whole world. In China population China in order to inclear up toand learn explorer or explorer undoubtedlyundoubtedly takes first place theplace wholeinworld.

In population makes his in researches a spheretounknown him, and his the also first holds the first The and capacities talents of the Chinese makes his researches a sphereinunknown him, andto makes his makes also holds place.

The place. capacities talents and of the Chinese there.

A who braverisks manhis who his plunging life is also plunging intohavepeople have been since unequalled since ancient times;the moreover, discoveries discoveries there. A brave man liferisks is also into people been unequalled ancient times; moreover, 5,000- the 5,000thetounknown attain his objects. thisseen it can in the culture year-old culture created by the Chineseand is unique, and forofthousands of the unknown attain histoobjects.

From this itFrom can be thatbeinseen the that year-old created by the Chinese is unique, for thousands out of thelies unknown lies the to the development yearsa has been a to monument to the ofcapacities of the Chinese people. carrying outcarrying of the unknown the stimulus to stimulus the development of years of has been monument the capacities the Chinese people. culture and progress. of thecauses four chief of the andofweakness culture and progress.

Thus, of theThus, four chief of thecauses poverty andpoverty weakness states, weof states, we In to application to nation-building, it must said are that if have you are have not singlethen one.are Why are and we so poor and weak?

In application nation-building, it must be said that be if you not a single one.a Why we then so poor weak? striving for the reorganization themoreover State, andbymoreover that worthless only the worthless this can the reply can that be given striving for the reorganization of the State,ofand the path by of the path ofTo this theTo reply be given only the to your act before are fully understood is a government a selfish Government officials is And the reason.

And if revolution, revolution, then to act then before actionsyour are actions fully understood is a government of a selfish of Government and officialsand is the reason. if only of possibility, also ofThe necessity.

The of this virulent ulcer befrom removed fromofthe of the Chinese people, matter, not matter, only of not possibility, but also of but necessity. majority of majority this virulent ulcer be removed the body thebody Chinese people, countries whose power has as flourished, as for the Great undoubtedly Powers, undoubtedly China takeplace its rightful byother the side of other world countries whose power has flourished, for example theexample Great Powers, China will take its will rightful by theplace side of world firsttheir acquired theirand strength, and only began organizing the Powers. first acquired strength, only then beganthen organizing the Powers. of their people.ofSpeaking of China, In olden of the an autocracy, an official was the education ofeducation their people.

Speaking China, we can saywe thatcanoursay that ourIn olden times, in thetimes, days in of the the days autocracy, official was the is quitetosufficient us toplace, take at ourone place,servant at oneand servant and running-dog of thebut monarch, but in was placed inofa position of intelligence intelligence is quite sufficient enable ustotoenable take our running-dog of the monarch, was placed a position bound, the Great obstacle to this not in to superiority to the the people, rest of the whonothing could do nothing bound, in the ranks in ofthe theranks Greatof Powers.

ThePowers. obstacleThe to this lies, not in lies, superiority the rest of whopeople, could do against all against all fact that without act,worthlessness but in the worthlessness But the now, after the Revolution, the people have the fact thatthe without learning youlearning cannot you act, cannot but in the his crimes. his But crimes. now, after Revolution, the people have become its become its .of our Government and ourThey officials.

They commit many andthe lord, and the officials should be the of the .of our Government and our officials. commit many crimes, the crimes, own the masterown and master lord, and officials should be the servants of servants the and be by controlled by good them. elements The goodamongst elements amongst them worst isof that which that to theyadvance seek toonly advance their personal worst of which theyis seek their only personal people and people be controlled them. The them should but theshould worthless should be For dismissed.

For the people avaricious and do in notthe reckon thethe least with the avaricious interests andinterests do not reckon least in with interests of interests shouldofremain, but remain, the worthless be dismissed. the people the most thing important is toalleliminate or The the nation. tuchuns accumulate in a very the State or the the State nation. tuchunsThe accumulate millions in amillions very short the short most important is to thing eliminate obstaclesallonobstacles its path on to its path to so soon getelements rid of the elements which timeofbyrobbery, means of none of any themheed takesthat anyheheed he is development. time by means androbbery, none ofand them takes is that development.

I repeat that,I repeat so soonthat, as we get ridasofwethe which forthis thewill State, this lead to an increase in its well-being, the vital of his In the modern European underminingundermining the vital forces of hisforces country.

In country. the modern European are harmful are for harmful the State, lead to will an increase in its well-being, andbecome China will become and a powerful and State. nourishing State. countries, leads usually to the and well-being and ofprotection of China the will countries, policy leadspolicy usually to the well-being protection the and a powerful nourishing China is oldest one ofstates the oldest in Her the world. of the citizens of thestates European interests of interests the people.

Thepeople. citizensThe of the European applystates their apply theirChina is one of the in thestates world. culture Her has culture has thousand behind it, and, before relations foreign Powers to the organization of agriculture and the industry, the five energies toenergies the organization of agriculture and industry, five thousand years behindyears it, and, before relations with foreignwith Powers began, itthe occupied the first placetheamongst trade, and to strengthening power of their it occupied Oriental developmentdevelopment of trade, andofgenerally togenerally strengthening the power ofthe their began, first place amongst Orientalthestates.

The states. The country.

With us in China things the very opposite. of foreign couldout notChinese wipe out Chineseandcustoms and country. With us in China things are the very are opposite. invasion of invasion foreign tribes couldtribes not wipe customs If our Government not seek powerends, for selfish ends, ritual. The neighboring eithertheir expressed theirtoallegiance If our Government officials didofficials not seekdid power for selfish ritual.

The neighboring States eitherStates expressed allegiance China, to China, did not commit crimes hurt people, the whole people, too her orfriendship sought herand friendship andChinese borrowed Chinese and did notand commit crimes which hurt which the whole China too China or sought borrowed culture.

But culture. owing toBut theowing to the soon attain greatness.

State,theand that the fact that China leading would soon would attain greatness. fact that China became thebecame leading the State, and that Chinese hadChinese had Some that the andofweakness of a their State have theirtheir before eyes no examplestate of another state to her, Some say that thesay poverty andpoverty weakness a State have before eyes notheir example of another equal to her,equal conceit, self-conceit, selfdefinite causes, which are four namely in number, namely the small territory and arose. arrogance arose.

All this intoand our flesh and definite causes, which are four in number, (1) the small(1) territory satisfaction satisfaction and arrogance All this entered intoentered our flesh of the (2) the poverty of the the small population, blood, we were transformed a nation apart. were our own of the country, (2)country, the poverty of the soil, (3) the soil, small(3)population, (4) blood,(4)and we wereand transformed into a nationinto apart.

We were ourWeown the poor talents andofcapacities of the people. as in all reconstruction we only made ofuseouronly the poor talents and capacities the people. teachers, asteachers, in all reconstruction we made use ownof our own China area of the country to over 4resources million and resources and strength, without to foreign help.

But in ChinaBut theinarea of the country amounts to amounts over 4 million strength, without resorting to resorting foreign help. square kilometers, i.e. four timesoccupied the areabyoccupied by the United square kilometers, i.e. four times the area the United 94

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My fellow-countrymen that ouris country moving towards Whenindividual a solitaryisindividual is wrecked on a desert island,My he has fellow-countrymen know that know our country moving istowards When a solitary wrecked on a desert island, he has all heHe requires. ploughsand himself, and destruction. if even the animals a sense of duty to their family destruction.

And if evenAnd the animals have a sensehave of duty to their family to procure toforprocure himselfforall himself he requires. ploughsHehimself, as food of the soil.

He spins and wears the man and home, man must, without doubt, inwardly his duty and home, must, without doubt, inwardly feel his dutyfeel to help his to help his consumes asconsumes food the fruits of the thefruits soil. He spins himself, andhimself, wears the yarn spins, etc.he Altogether hethe carries the most variedofprocesses of Thecountry. citizenswho of China, who not only country. citizensThe of China, not only inhabit our inhabit country,our butcountry, but yarn he spins, etc.heAltogether carries out mostout varied processes and being with overloaded work unable towith commune with thatgreat it may great and flourish, have many ways of strive that itstrive may be andbe flourish, have many ways of bringing thisbringing this production, production, and being overloaded work iswith unable to is commune his ownHe thoughts. losesofallthesense of theofmeaning of social want one to set of these possible ways. about.coI wantabout. to setI forth of forth theseone possible ways. his own thoughts. loses allHesense meaning social cooperation.

When, in of thetime course and for various think that we must use of the circum-stance must make use ofmake the circum-stance that during that during operation. When, in the course andoffortime various reasons, thisreasons, thisI think that Iwe to be shipping on a world shipping and it isthe visited the many Great foreign War many foreignbuilt countries a large number of factories Great War countries a largebuilt number of factories desert islanddesert turns island out to turns be onout a world route, and itroute, is visited by foreign they merchants, theythewill note the toil ofand this man and anddeveloped generallyworld developed world industry to work their raw materials. and generally industry to work up their rawup materials. by foreign merchants, will note irksome toilirksome of this man say:sir, "My dear sir,unnecessary it is quite unnecessary for everything you to do at everything at This industry worked almost exclusively for warand purposes, This industry worked almost exclusively for war purposes, now, and now, say: "My dear it is quite for you to do once, beit sufficient would be ifsufficient if you concentrated on of one with kind the of endwith thewar, end work of theatwar, work at many factories cease. of the many factories must cease. must Millions of Millions of once, it would you concentrated on one kind would your economize yourmake timeyou andmaster make you of willworkers will out be thrown into and the streets, andinvested vast sums workers be thrown into theout streets, vast sums in invested in production. production.

This would This economize time and of master your own The man, undoubtedly, will them not believe them war at once, earnThe no problem profit. The industrywar willindustry earn nowill profit. of problem utilizing of warutilizing industrywar industry your own labor."

The labor." man, undoubtedly, will not believe at once, state of development will him not permit him do so. isHeone willof theis most one of the most seriousfacing problems facing the best minds serious problems Europe, andEurope, the bestand minds because his because state of his development will not permit to do so.

Hetowill consider it impossible.

Chinese at time the present time in the same way and of Europe laboring at its solution. of Europe Americaand areAmerica laboringare at its solution. consider it impossible.

The ChineseThe at the present in the same way will that not believe thatatChina can atraise one herself jump raise to a high levelIf we are able If we are able to takeofadvantage of thisand occasion, and to utilize to take advantage this occasion, to utilize will not believe China can one jump to a herself high level power and well-being. work of these to institutions to natural release riches the natural richesthis, of China, this, the work of the these institutions release the of China, of power andofwell-being.

Therefore the self-centeredness China and herselfconceited self-willIarouse think, no willopposition arouse nofrom opposition from otherWhile countries.

While for China I think, other countries. for China Therefore the self-centeredness of China andofher conceited have been noted old. The Chineseit cannot it will what the Chinese proverb calls "the heaven-sent will be what thebe Chinese proverb calls "the heaven-sent opportunity opportunity satisfaction satisfaction have been noted of old.

Theofmajority of majority Chinese of cannot understand benefits of international andwill therefore will whichtoitmiss, is sinful to to miss, to miss it spells If we miss this which it is sinful since misssince it spells disaster."

If disaster." we miss this understand the benefits the of international cooperation,cooperation, and therefore of any superiority over themselves, or of opportunity and doitnot utilize it in the interestsinof China, in two or three and do not utilize in the interests of China, two or three not toleratenot thetolerate thoughtthe of thought any superiority over themselves, or of opportunity allowing otherstheir to correct theirThis mistakes.

ThisChina has made China years narrowyears theand European andfactories American factories will return to their pre-war the European American will return to their pre-war allowing others to correct mistakes. has made narrowand undoubtedly condition, and their development ten times more rapidly. condition, and their development will proceedwill tenproceed times more rapidly. minded, andminded, undoubtedly has hinderedhas herhindered progress.her progress. again trade the world tradebegin war will a warour in which our Over sixty years or seventy since foreign Once Powers againOnce the world war will — a begin war in—which Over sixty or seventy have years passedhave sincepassed foreign Powers andindustries, domestic of industries, downWall the Great Wallinto andChina, came into China, yet Chinese handicrafts thought handicrafts and domestic course, of willcourse, not bewill ablenot to be able to broke downbroke the Great and came yet Chinese thought compete their machinery, perfected machinery, theirscale colossal that ofman a solitary on a desert island. Therefore compete with their with perfected their colossal of scale of still remainsstill thatremains of a solitary thrownman on athrown desert island.

Therefore operations: andour naturally industry and suffer trade will suffer heavy China is still unable foreign to utilize foreign knowledge and toresources to operations: and naturally industryourand trade will heavy China is still unable to utilize knowledge and resources if inofthe of the next years carryfor out a plan for strengthen her as own power as a nation. defeats. Butdefeats. if in theBut course thecourse next ten years weten carry outwe a plan strengthen her own power a nation. with the the development our ownwith industry, a State colossal possessesterritories, colossal incalculable territories, incalculable the development of our ownofindustry, the growth of agrowth heavy of a heavy China as aChina State as possesses vastofquantities of human in resembles spite of allaresembles a industry machine industry China be able avoiddefeat this heavy machine in China weinshall be we ableshall to avoid thistoheavy of defeat of wealth, vastwealth, quantities human energy, and energy, in spite and of all rich oldpossesses man, whoextensive possessesparks, extensive lands andwith treasures, with a our industry.

Here a path for the industry.

Here is a path foristhe salvation of salvation China! of China! rich old man, who landsparks, and treasures, a our butofincapable keeping Thedeserted lands are desertedMy fellow-countrymen My fellow-countrymen know thatmost one of the most powerful and know that one of the powerful and large family,large but family, incapable keeping of house.

The house. lands are and with overgrown weeds, thearetreasures are lock kept and underkey lock mighty and keystates mighty the world today istheAmerica: primary reason for her in thestates worldintoday is America: primary the reason for her and overgrown weeds,with the treasures kept under and left use,children while the and grandchildren andis thewealth is the state developed of her We industries.

We must recall that, at wealth developed of her state industries. must recall that, at and left without use,without while the andchildren grandchildren are idle, andare idle, hunger andincold the house house.ofThe house of such an old man America sought the of beginning of the development of herAmerica industry,sought thegives beginning the development of her industry, hunger and cold reign the reign house.inThe such an old man gives usof theChina picture of China today. capital All in Europe.

All herat activities thatthe time bore theofcharacter of a capital in Europe. her activities that time atbore character a us the picture today. risky experiment rather than ofofthe result of elaborated a carefullyplan. elaborated plan. risky experiment rather than of the result a carefully 96

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in theoffirst of her development, not meet withher export surplussupply-ing abroad, supply-ing whole export surplusher abroad, the whole the world withworld her with her In addition, In in addition, the first days her days development, she did not she meetdid with favorable circumstance ofof a stoppage factoriessuch in Europe, such as manufactures.

These areofthethecauses richesof orapoverty These are the causes richesoforthe poverty people,of a people, the favorablethecircumstance of a stoppage factories of in Europe, as manufactures. we have today. Her natural riches less Yet, than despite ours. Yet, all also andare these areofthe causesorofdefeat victory the world and these the also causes victory in or thedefeat worldintrade war. trade war. we have today.

Her natural riches are less thanareours. all despite this, sheher developed industry to an unprecedented extent. she we Although seek the quickest way to the quickest possible development of the Although seek thewe way to the possible development of the this, she developed industryher to an unprecedented extent. Today she Today theinfirst place in world economy. natural wealthinoforder China, in order raise from state of poverty natural wealth of China, to raise her to from herher state of her poverty has occupiedhas theoccupied first place world economy. take, forher example, her yearly output in the shortesttime possible by the ofextension of herwe industry, we theInshortest possible by thetime extension her industry, Let us take,Let for us example, yearly output of iron and of oil.iron In andinoil.

1916 of heriron output was tons, 40 million tons, steel over 43Chinese million do Chinese do not understand it is toA be done. man on a desert not understand how it is tohow be done. man on aA desert 1916 her output wasof40iron million of steel overof43 million while China's output steel and iron together is about island 200,000 island will to notopen be able to the openmineral up all the mineral his island, he will not be able up all wealth of hiswealth island,ofhe tons, while tons, China's output of steel andofiron together is about 200,000 a year, i.e. Âź percent, of theoutput.

American output.

America produced erect organize buildings,public organize public roads,ports, establish cannot buildcannot roads,build establish erectports, buildings, tons a year, tons i.e. Âź percent, of the American America produced tons of petroleum, tons ofother various otherand parks, and create in general create alife, civilized if he parks, in general a civilized even iflife, he even live for tenlive for ten 58 million 58 tonsmillion of petroleum, 29 million 29 tonsmillion of various oils, and combustible in capable a volumeof capable of years. thousand years.

Hebe will never be able carry out But suchiftasks. thousand He will never able to carry out to such tasks. this But if this combustiblecombustible oils, and combustible gases in a gases volume 3 million horse-power. all her naturalrecluse forcesgetsrecluse gets with into merchants touch with and merchants foreign into touch foreign and visitors, thevisitors, wealth the wealth developing developing 3 million horse-power.

Taking all Taking her natural forces we can estimate them at approximately millionofhorsethe be island willaccessible, be made and accessible, and allwill its affairs will flourish, the islandofwill made all its affairs flourish, together, wetogether, can estimate them at approximately 166 million166 horsewe horse-power reckon one horse-power power since of eightthe since the merchants will themselves care that is industry is merchants will themselves take care take that industry power. If wepower. reckonIfone to be equal to be theequal powertoofthe eight men, we can that industry Americanhasindustry has ofa reserve of one developed, will make plans, attract and concentrate will make plans, attract capital, andcapital, concentrate all their all their men, we can reckon thatreckon American a reserve one developed, milliard units of man-power.

The population is 110 knowledge for themselves much asof possible of the knowledge on securingonforsecuring themselves as much asaspossible the milliard units of man-power.

The population of AmericaofisAmerica 110 millions. man, in his own labor-power, island's theyinwill assist in its development. island'sinwealth.

Andwealth. therebyAnd theythereby will assist its development. millions. Every man,Every in addition to addition his own to labor-power, receives in receives units of horse-power helpthese him,13and these 13 units, withIf a solitary If a solitarycast individual cast island on a desert island can by the strength individual on a desert can by the strength addition 13 addition units of 13 horse-power to help him,toand units, with theirof24unbroken hours ofwork, unbroken work, are to equivalent units of manof his willthe complete taskhetosets which setsChina his hand, his will complete task to the which his he hand, in herChina in her their 24 hours are equivalent 39 units to of 39 manshifts men must beinemployed in of thea course of a to develop striving her to develop hermust industries followpath. the same path. And the striving industries followmust the same And the power (sincepower three (since shifts three of men mustofbe employed the course This is cause ofwealth.

America's wealth. is not you everything will know or everything or not, or whether question is question not whether youwhether will know not, or whether day). This isday). the cause ofthe America's China the ispopulation to 400 whom be ablealltoyour realize all or your hopes or not, but whether will be you ablewill to realize hopes not, but whether or not you or not you In China theInpopulation equivalentis toequivalent 400 millions, of millions, whom ofyou capable of working women (excluding and children); foryou thehave object haveyou. set before you. really strivereally for thestrive object setyou before 200 millions200 aremillions capable are of working (excluding andwomen children); to the fact that industry is notindeveloped in our of theofcondition of her China and her natural the condition China and natural riches, one riches, one but owing tobut theowing fact that industry is not developed our country, andcountry, andSpeaking ofSpeaking can for findthemselves, work for themselves, numbers working if at the time are our able, people may not say thatmay if atsay thethat present timepresent our people as are oneable, man,astoone man, to not all can not findallwork the numberstheworking will not will to millions, over 100 ofmillions, half are on employed on thewelcome theforeign influx capital of foreign foreign knowledge for the welcome influx of and capital foreignand knowledge for the amount to amount over 100 whom of halfwhom are employed of our then industry, then will our undoubtedly aim will undoubtedly be Thus there are 50 onlymillion about people 50 million to be development development of our industry, our aim be unproductiveunproductive labor. Thus labor. there are only about to bepeople thethe course of the nextAnd ten then years.the And then the development found in China engaged in labor. productive labor.

Andout so that it turns that in in achieved the courseinof next ten years. development found in China engaged in productive And so it turns in outachieved of our will undoubtedly the development China, of eight we one haveengaged only one in productive of our industry willindustry undoubtedly surpass the surpass development of Americanof American China, out of eightout people, we people, have only in engaged productive industry.

If therewho are people will me not in believe in this, labor.

It is not to beatwondered at that our country poor. The industry.

Chinese If there are people will notwho believe this, Ime draw their I draw their labor. It is not to be wondered that our country is poor.

TheisChinese to certain facts of the development American industry. it: "One rice," or "theattention worker to attention certain facts of the development of Americanofindustry. proverb hasproverb it: "Onehas peasant tillspeasant the soil,tills sixthe eat soil, rice,"sixoreat "the worker Ten when years America ago, whenwas America wasto planning construct alone, butconsume six people Ten years ago, planning constructtothe Panamathe Panama works alone,works but six people theconsume fruits of the his fruits labor."of his labor." it was that the work would beincompleted in twenty years' Compare position that ofwhere, America, of ait wasCanal, Canal, thought thatthought the work would be completed twenty years' Compare our positionour with that ofwith America, out where, of a out time.itBut it was out, eight years to be sufficient. population of 100 engaged in labor, productive labor, time.

But when waswhen carried out, carried eight years proved to beproved sufficient. population of 100 millions, 50millions, millions 50 are millions engagedare in productive The reason was thatprogressed technique with progressed with extreme rapidity. Moreand each in addition theunits help of of man-power.

39 units of man-power. is why reason was that technique extreme rapidity.

Moreand in addition has theeach helphas of 39 That is whyThatThe that time war was Germany,war American the State there is more becoming morethewealthy; growth of productive over, at thatover, time at war was declared on declared Germany,onAmerican industrywar industry the State there is becoming wealthy; growth the of productive very and that which, the war, was force exceeds requirements, andAmerica this gives the opportunity to also progressed very rapidly, andrapidly, that which, before the before war, was force exceeds requirements, and this gives theAmerica opportunity to also progressed 98

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years wasincompleted year. always begin withdisease," the worst disease," "When saving man, alwaysman, begin with the worst "When saving a man froma man from calculated tocalculated take tens to of take yearstens wasofcompleted war-time in in war-time one year.in one For example, a year or two had been required for previously poverty help immediate help is man who povertya immediate is needed," andneeded," "Only aand man"Only who ahas been fedhas been fed For example, a year or two had been required previously buildingfor a building ship, it could be builtdays. in twenty days.

If today, all clothed the and all the ceremonies."

If developed, industry is developed, and can clothed observecan all observe the ceremonies."

If industry is ship, whereas nowwhereas it couldnow be built in twenty If today, with all the with technical of equipment at our were the development the full development of theresources economicofresources China is possible, the full of the economic China is ofpossible, technical equipment war-timeofat war-time our disposal, wedisposal, were to we begin theto begin cutting of the Panama only a month would be to carry andwill only thenpossible will it be possible out theeducation universalofeducation of and only then it be to carry outtothecarry universal cutting of the Panama Canal, only Canal, a month would be required to required carry this with out. Faced such a development industrialintechnique the the people. this out. Faced such awith development of industrialoftechnique the theinpeople.

European and countries, American my countries, my fellow-countrymen shouldWe must seize We the must seize the of of thethe ending of thewar, European war, moment of moment the ending European European and American fellow-countrymen should realize all the andofnecessity of international co-operation, in great anddevelopment the great development European wartoindustry, of Europeanofwar industry, develop to ourdevelop our realize all the benefits andbenefits necessity international co-operation, in and the order,toaccording to the Chinese to "utilize the of superiority of ownThis done, andI therefore I repeat that industry.

This can easilyand be therefore own industry. can easily be done, repeat that order, according the Chinese proverb, to proverb, "utilize the superiority anotheryour to remedy your own shortcomings." about it in this way, knowing, "without knowing, can still achieve." "without one can stillone achieve." another to remedy own shortcomings."

Going aboutGoing it in this way, we could in of theacourse of a for fewthe years for the development of we could hope in thehope course few years development of Chinese industry after the manner of the which American, which Chinese industry after the manner of the American, would be would be verynot profitable onlyalone, for China alone, undoubtedly but would undoubtedly meet very profitable only fornot China but would meet of world. the whole That is why is no foreign the intereststheof interests the whole Thatworld. is why there is nothere foreign scientific who does not sympathize with the idea of developing scientific expert who expert does not sympathize with the idea of developing theforces productive forces of China. the productive of China. so ago veryI long ago Itopresented to all the Governments my Not so veryNot long presented all the Governments my on "a for the development Chinese industry work on "a work plan for theplan development of Chinese of industry through the through the medium of international metsympathy with greatfrom sympathy from medium of international cooperation.cooperation.

"I met with "I great theGovernment, American Government, and the I trust that the other Governments also the American and I trust that other Governments also willexample follow its example in their opinion my work.

Chinese aspirations will follow its in their opinion of my work.ofChinese aspirations can be realized onlyunderstand when we that, understand that, to the regenerate can be realized only when we to regenerate State the State save the country from destruction at this criticalwemoment, we and to saveand the to country from destruction at this critical moment, mustthewelcome thelarge-scale influx of foreign large-scale foreign capital on the largest must welcome influx of capital on the largest possible scale, andconsider also must attracting foreign possible scale, and also must theconsider questionthe of question attractingofforeign scientific forces and highly-trained experts to work in our scientific forces and highly-trained experts to work in our country andcountry and trainin us. in of thethe course nextwe tenshall years we shall train us. Then theThen course next of tenthe years create our create our ownlarge-scale powerful industry large-scale and shall accumulate technical and own powerful andindustry shall accumulate technical and scientific knowledge. scientific knowledge. these it will be possibletogradually to pay off the After these After ten years it ten willyears be possible gradually pay off the foreign acquire independence complete independence in our work, foreign loans and loans acquireandcomplete in our work, a completeof equipment of theknowledge. necessary knowledge. possessing apossessing complete equipment the necessary Then our Then our national be made common national culture can culture be madecan literally, theliterally, commonthe property of property all the of all the Chinese.

This will render the awakening of the slumbering Chinese. This will render possible thepossible awakening of the slumbering and possibilities of China. Remember Chinese proverbs: forces and forces possibilities of China. Remember the Chinesetheproverbs: "Thethe dayriver when the blue riverwill turnsnever blue come," will never come," "The day when turns "If you lose"If theyou lose the rightyou moment, you will always it," remember right moment, will always remember "When it," you "When heal a you sick heal a sick 100

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CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VII

Image: a new commerce, war and amounting to 60 Image: a new commerce, created by created the warby andtheamounting to 60 million dollars day or 21 milliard, million dollars million dollars a day or 21a milliard, 900 million900 dollars a year, musta year, must as soonis as peaceWhere is signed.

Where the Europe world can as peace signed. in the worldincan andEurope and PLAN THE DEVELOPMENT OF stop as soonstop A PLAN AFOR THEFOR DEVELOPMENT OF America find marketoftothese dispose of thesesupplies enormous supplies remaining America find a market to adispose enormous remaining INDUSTRY CHINESECHINESE INDUSTRY after the war?

If these of dollars invested in warfind industries find after the war?

If these milliards of milliards dollars invested in war industries outlet in peace the conditions, thebe world be an faced with an economic no outlet in no peace conditions, world will facedwill with economic It isthat calculated that year in the the the world war the dailyThis crisis.

It is calculated in the last of last the year worldofwar daily This willdisturb not only disturbconditions economic in conditions in Europe and crisis. will not only economic Europe and of the various warring peoplesroughly amounted roughlyAmerica, to 240 butAmerica, expenditure expenditure of the various warring peoples amounted to 240 butgrave will inflict grave damage on world economy. will inflict damage on world economy. of dollars (gold).

Let that, us assume that, with the of theThe commercial millions of millions dollars (gold).

Let us assume with the exercise of exercise the The commercial the whole lookason China as countries ofcountries the wholeofworld look world on China greatest care, only sumonwas spent fortifications on military fortifications and a ground" greatest care, only half this sumhalf wasthis spent military and a "dumping "dumpingforground" for theirproduction. surplus production.

Pre-war trade their surplus Pre-war trade other military requirements.

Thisanwill mean an expenditure 120 were other military requirements.

This will mean expenditure of about 120of about conditions were unfavorable excess of imports over conditions unfavorable for China. for The China. excess The of imports over million goldmillion dollars.gold dollars. exports to amounted to about million dollars (gold) exports amounted about 100 million100 dollars (gold) yearly.

Theyearly. The lookmilitary at these militaryfrom expenses from the commercial If we look Ifatwe these expenses the commercial Chinese market could very not extend very much in these conditions, since Chinese market could not extend much in these conditions, since see the picture. following The battlefields the have standpoint, standpoint, we see the we following Thepicture. battlefields were the were this would led to theofpumping outand of China, this would led to have the pumping gold out of of gold China, would and would for war and the soldiers were the consumers. markets for markets war industry, andindustry, the soldiers were the consumers.

The war The have beenonly profitable for the foreigntrading countries havewar been profitable for theonly foreign countries withtrading China.with China. up everything. the world wholeindustry of worldwas industry was Fortunately, swallowed swallowed up everything.

Nearly the Nearly whole of natural wealthis ofvery China is very great, its Fortunately, the natural the wealth of China great, its opening up opening up In order the to increase the of production of the munitions, peoplecreate militarized. militarized.

In order to increase production munitions, people thewould the whole would create anmarket unlimited for world, an unlimited for market the whole and world, it couldand it could of the even countries of neutralwere countries forced to usefully content absorb of the warring andwarring even ofand neutral forcedwere to content usefully absorb a great of theofmilliards a great part, if notpart, all, if of not the all, milliards dollars of dollars themselves with the most limited necessaries of give life, and to giveremaining up, not inremaining themselves with the most limited necessaries of life, and to up, not war-time industry. war-time in industry. articlesbut of also luxury, also their everyday comforts. only articlesonly of luxury, theirbut everyday comforts.

China isinawhich country in which handprevails, labor still China is a country hand labor still andprevails, which and which the war and for thewar market for war closed Now the warNow is over, and istheover, market industry hasindustry closed hashas not yet theoffirst stage ofevolution, industrialwhile evolution, while Europe not yet has entered the entered first stage industrial Europe — let hope, for ever.

Todayisthe world is the faced with the of and — let us hope, forusever.

Today the world faced with problem of problem America already second.China Therefore and America have alreadyhave reached the reached second. the Therefore has toChina has to how the to organize post-war of Europe.

Above we noted how to organize post-warthe economy ofeconomy Europe. Above we noted that periods ofevolution industrialatevolution the same time, applying beginthat both begin periodsboth of industrial the sameattime, applying million daily on were spent supplies. on military Let usmachinery assume simultaneously 120 million 120 dollars dailydollars were spent military Letsupplies. us assume machinery simultaneously with theofprinciple of the nationalization of with the principle the nationalization of that the of restoration European economy half i.e. In industry. that the restoration Europeanofeconomy will require will half require this sum, i.e.this sum, this event China will require for machinery for her widespread industry. this eventInChina will require machinery her widespread 60 million this us stillthe leaves us the balance of dollars 60 millionagriculture; dollars agriculture; 60 million dollars: thisdollars: still leaves balance of 60 million technical for equipment her rich mines, for machinery for her technical equipment her richfor mines, machinery her mightfor be other utilized for other requirements. daily, whichdaily, mightwhich be utilized requirements. for her transport extensive transport of for all kinds, innumerableinnumerable undertakingsundertakings of all kinds, her extensive millions who of soldiers, during war were only and Furthermore,Furthermore, millions of soldiers, during who the war weretheonly systems, for all needs. her social How candemand this new systems, for all and her social Howneeds. can this new fordemand for willagain now become once again become a force. productive has machinery consumers, consumers, will now once a productive Thereforce. has There modern affect machinery affect the reorganization war-timein industry in modern the reorganization of war-timeofindustry also taken place a concentration and nationalization of industry which Iand Europe also taken place a concentration and nationalization of industry which I America ? The factories which turned outeasily guns can easily Europe Americaand ? The factories which turned out guns can would callindustrial the secondrevolution, industrial and revolution, and theof magnitude would call the second the magnitude which of be transformed into factories manufacturing bewhich transformed into factories manufacturing steam-rollerssteam-rollers for buildingfor building is much the firstrevolution, industrial revolution, which is much greater thangreater that ofthan the that first of industrial in which inroads roads Shops in China.

Shops whichtanks produced tanksmake can now make rolling in China. which produced can now rolling were byreplaced machine production.

This platforms second for handicrafts handicrafts were replaced machineby production.

This second platforms for transporting rawfrom materials every partAll of China. All transporting raw materials every from part of China. industrialwill revolution the productivity of many the worker many industrial revolution increasewill theincrease productivity of the worker forms of war can machinery caninto be turned into implements peace-time implements for forms of war machinery be turned peace-time for than Consequently, the first. Consequently, the concentration and the times moretimes than more the first. the concentration and the general general development of the natural wealthThe of China. development of the natural wealth of China.

ChineseThe Chinese nationalization of war the world in thewillpeople nationalization of industry of onindustry account on of account the world will inwar the willpeople willthe welcome the opening-up of of the our riches of our country, welcome opening-up of the riches country, future the complicate theof restoration post-war industry. future complicate restoration post-war of industry. providing China isagainst protected the influence corruptingofinfluence of the providing China is protected the against corrupting the 102

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mandarins and will have aofguarantee of normal with intercourse (c) Construction of commercial along allrivers navigable rivers of commercial docks alongdocks all navigable mandarins and will have a guarantee normal intercourse foreignwith foreign(c) Construction states. states.

Some and may America may the fear that thebuilding 3. The buildingcities, of modern cities, conveniences with social conveniences 3. The of modern with social of all kinds,of all kinds, Some nations of nations Europe of andEurope America fear that military technique, military organization, andall railway nearcenters, all railway centers, principal stations, near principal stations, and harbors and harbors developmentdevelopment of militaryof technique, military organization, and industrialization gener-ally create undesirable for industrialization gener-ally will create will undesirable competitioncompetition for foreignI therefore industry. propose I therefore propose a plan for the organization of a 4.of Utilization of China's waterways 4. Utilization China's waterways foreign industry. a plan for the organization of a marketsufficiently in China, sufficiently extensive both to develop China's new marketnew in China, extensive both to develop China's own productive and the to absorb the capacity industrialof capacity the of 5. iron Erection of iron and steel onscale, the largest scale, 5.of Erection and steel works on theworks largest and also of and also of own productive forces and forces to absorb industrial the foreign The plan is as follows: cement works to meet building requirements cement works to meet building requirements foreign Powers.

ThePowers. plan I propose is Iaspropose follows: 1. The development ofcommunication: systems of communication: 6. Development of China's mineral wealth 6. Development of China's mineral wealth 1. The development of systems of 100,000 miles of railways (a) 100,000 (a) miles of railways (b)miles 1,000,000 miles of roads 7. Development of agriculture 7. Development of agriculture (b) 1,000,000 of roads (c) Improvement of existing canals: (c) Improvement of existing canals: (i) Hangchow-Tientsin Irrigation work inand Mongolia Chinese Turkestan 8. Irrigation8.work in Mongolia Chineseand Turkestan (i) Hangchow-Tientsin (ii) Sinkiang-Yangtse (ii) Sinkiang-Yangtse (d) Construction of new canals: 9. Forestry work in northern central and northern China 9. Forestry work in central and China (d) Construction of new canals: (i) Liaoyang-Shanghai-kwan (i) Liaoyang-Shanghai-kwan to be planned 10. The colonization of Manchuria, Mongolia,Koko-nor Sinkiang, Koko-nor 10. The colonization of Manchuria, Mongolia, Sinkiang, (ii) Canals to(ii) beCanals planned (e) Organization of China's and Tibet. and Tibet. (e) Organization of China's river system:river system: andthe deepening theriver bed Yangtse, of the river Yangtse, (i) Clearing (i) andClearing deepening bed of the from Hankow the sea, in order permit of ocean- If the above If the aboveis program gradually program graduallyis carried out,carried China out, will China will from Hankow to the sea, intoorder to permit of to oceana mere "dumping-ground" foreign going vessels reaching Hankow become, notbecome, a mere not "dumping-ground" for foreign for goods, but goods, a real but a real going vessels reaching Hankow "economic ocean," capable ofall absorbing all the surplus capital of the andthe deepening theriver bed of the river "economic ocean," capable of absorbing the surplus capital of the (ii) Clearing(ii) andClearing deepening bed of the worldasasthe rapidly as thecountries industrialcan countries in the coming to prevent flooding world as rapidly industrial produce,can in produce, the coming Hwangho, toHwangho, prevent flooding era of the secondrevolution industrial based revolution based on nationalized era of the second industrial on nationalized machine machine (iii) Clearing(iii) theClearing Hsikiangthe Hsikiang of commercial industry.

This willthe eliminate industry. This will eliminate strugglethe of struggle commercial competition,competition, (iv) Clearing(iv) theClearing Hwaiho the Hwaiho not only China, but the throughout Clearing not only in China, butinthroughout world. the world. (v) Clearing(v) other rivers other rivers Theshowed world war showed mankind that war is both destructive (f) Construction of long-distance telegraph andlines, telephone lines, The world war mankind that war is destructive for both for (f) Construction of long-distance telegraph and telephone the for victor for the vanquished, butharmful it is most harmful of all for the and also organization of wireless telegraph stations the victor and the and vanquished, but it is most of all for the and also organization of wireless telegraph stations attacker. applies towarfare economic warfare as well as war attacker. This appliesThis to economic as well as war by force of by force of arms. ThePresident, AmericanWilson, President, has theofformation of a 2. The organization and development of com-mercial hasWilson, proposed theproposed formation a 2. The organization and development of com-mercial harbors: harbors: arms. The American prevent wars; want tothepropose the (a) The organization of three ocean large-scale ports, of of League League Nations of to Nations prevent to future wars;future I want to Ipropose (a) The organization of three large-scale ports,ocean capable of capable of commercial war by cooperation equaling the north, and ofcessation commercial war by cooperation and mutualand aid mutual in the aid in the equaling New York inNew the York future,ininthe thefuture, north,incenter and center cessation of China.

This willthe eliminate the chief south of China. developmentdevelopment of China. This will eliminate chief cause of allcause futureof all future south of China. wars. (b) Construction of commercial and fishing harbors the (b) Construction of commercial and fishing harbors along the alongwars. entire coast.entire coast.

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If my proposal is to acceptable to the Powers capital, possessing If my proposal is acceptable the Powers possessing I capital, I CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER VIII present further details. shall presentshall further details.

The development as anand industrial and commercial The development of America of as America an industrial commercial THE REVOLUTION IS THETOPATH THE REVOLUTION IS THE PATH THE TO THE has many conferred manyonbenefits on the whole nation has nation conferred benefits the whole world.

Theworld. The REGENERATION OF CHINA REGENERATION OF CHINA of China its 400 million will create another developmentdevelopment of China with its 400with million people will people create another World in thesense. economic sense. The whointake New WorldNew in the economic The nations whonations take part the part in the (How the Kuomintang theRevolution) Chinese Revolution) (How the Kuomintang organized organized the Chinese of reap Chinavast willbenefits. reap vast benefits. international Moreover, international developmentdevelopment of China will Moreover, economic cooperation can the onlystrengthening assist the strengthening of the ties of economic cooperation can only assist of the ties of Myaappeal for ainrevolution China has been and successful, and the revolution China hasinbeen successful, the friendship peoples.

Finally, am certain that in the longMy appeal for friendship between thebetween peoples.the Finally, I am certainI that in the long destructive part of the Revolution, of theof overthrow of the of the Revolution, in the shapeinofthe theshape overthrow the run,be China will be a foundation-stone of of theNations.

League of Nations. destructive part run, China will a foundation-stone of the League Manchu has monarchy, has beenbut achieved; but the constructive Manchu been achieved; the constructive part has far part has far For the fulfillment successful fulfillment of Ithispropose plan, Ithepropose the monarchy, For the successful of this plan, not in losethehope in the successful begun.

Nevertheless, I dohope begun.from Nevertheless, I do not lose successful following threesteps. essential thatofa the Board of the from Powers following three essential First,steps. that aFirst, Board Powers of the Chinese Revolution: is why I have completion completion of the Chinese Revolution: that is why that I have devoted to itdevoted to it supplying capital beby organized by agreement, to act together supplying capital be organized agreement, in order to in actorder together all my energies. all my energies. create an international with organizers, its military organizers, and to createand an to international organization,organization, with its military theoffirst of thewhen Republic, whenwriters European year the year Republic, European and writers and its administrators and in itsvarious expertsspheres, in various spheres, work out plansIn the first In its administrators and its experts to work outtoplans scholars werethousands writing thousands articles the Chinese scholars writing of articles ofabout the about Chinese and standardize materials, thustrouble avoiding and facilitating the were and standardize materials, thus avoiding andtrouble facilitating the and ap-proaching its from facts the more fromofthe point and ap-proaching its facts more point view of of view of works Secondly, proposed. itSecondly, it isthat essential that the confidence of the Revolution, works proposed. is essential the confidence of the Revolution, morality of their meaning, issued the first chapter morality than of theirthan meaning, I issued the Ifirst chapter of my Notesofonmy Notes on Chinese people be secured, in order servefor as cooperation a basis for cooperation Chinese people be secured, in order to serve as atobasis Chinese Revolution, in which I setbriefly forth very and concisely the Chinese Revolution, in which I set forth very and briefly concisely and for popular support in every way. theseare two stepsthe are taken, the the and for popular support in every way.

If these twoIfsteps taken, of a revolution successful in revolution in twenty ago, the of possibility how, twentyhow, years ago, years the possibility a successful third will be the openingnegotiations of official negotiations for the conclusion third step will be step the opening of official for the conclusion was subject of great discussion.

China was aChina subject of agreat discussion. of a final with agreement with the Chinese Government relative plan of a final agreement the Chinese Government relative to the plan to the Although at London, the time Iincould London, I couldmyself not name myself Although I lived at theI lived time in not name put forward.put forward. for the Regeneration of as one of theoffounders of the "Association as one founders the "Association for the Regeneration of lastimportant but mostcondition importantiscondition to prevent theof the Finally, the Finally, last but the most to preventis the China." the timetheinvolved risk of persecution.

China." at theThis timeatinvolved risk of the persecution.

Today I Today I of formerInmistakes.

1913 the foreign bankers the This repetition ofrepetition former mistakes.

1913 theInforeign bankers treated the treated from of that chapter of my reminiscences, restore memory thememory contentsthe of contents that chapter of my reminiscences, wishes of the Chinese with they contempt: theyfromrestore wishes of the Chinese people withpeople contempt: thoughtthey thatthought they that them with facts30ofyears, the last 30 years, which them with the facts of the last which formerly I formerly I settle everything with the Chinese Government But it supplementing could settlecould everything with the Chinese Government alone. But alone. it supplementing to omit for conspirative reasons which will be understood. had to omit had for conspirative reasons which will be understood. turned that which the treaties which theywith concluded with the Government, turned out that the out treaties they concluded the Government, From the the idea of revolutionary struggle awoke thatmoment the ideathat of revolutionary struggle awoke withof the help of great were later refused recognition by theFrom the moment with the help great bribes, werebribes, later refused recognition by the of the "Revolutionary me time up toofthe of the foundation up to the thetime foundation of the "Revolutionary Chinese people.

If the foreign banks had chosen saferhad road, within and hadme within Chinese people.

If the foreign banks had chosen a safer road,a and League" (outthe of Kuomintang which the Kuomintang League" of which developed) developed) I was a manI was who a man who first of the all secured the of confidence of the Chinese and then had (out first of all secured confidence the Chinese people, and people, then had practiced and revolution, andalltherefore all my revolutionary activities were practiced revolution, therefore my revolutionary activities were begun to negotiate they would havesuccessful. been more successful. begun to negotiate treaties, theytreaties, would have been more not very complicated.

I could count on my thethe names of the not very complicated.

I could count on my fingers the fingers names of that time recognized my ideas.

Fromof the persons whopersons at thatwho timeatrecognized my ideas. From the time the time of the of the "Revolutionary League," the work became much foundation foundation of the "Revolutionary League," the work became much more complicated, and cannot,recount of course, more complicated, and I cannot, of Icourse, the recount names oftheallnames the of all the emigrant lessrevolutionary of all the revolutionary heroesI at home. I emigrant patriots, stillpatriots, less of still all the heroes at home. my as memories as for materials for historian a future ofhistorian of the write my write memories materials a future the Kuomintang.Kuomintang.

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1885,the i.e.time fromofthe of in ourthe defeat the war with Tsing dynasty might be, and thence left fortoWuchang Tsing dynasty might be, and thence we left for we Wuchang study theto study the From 1885,From i.e. from ourtime defeat war in with set before myselfofthe of theofoverthrow of the Tai-Tsing situation there. situation there.

France, I setFrance, before Imyself the object theobject overthrow the Tai-Tsing and the establishment a Chinese 1894 we that moment a suitable thatdecided a suitable hadmoment arrived,had andarrived, and dynasty anddynasty the establishment of a ChineseofRepublic onRepublic its ruins. on At its theruins. At theIn 1894 weIndecided veryI beginning for my propaganda thewhich college at which I was to the Philippines found the "Association for the Regeneration went to the went Philippines to found theto"Association for the Regeneration very beginning selected forI selected my propaganda the college at I was study-ing,medical regarding medical science as aunt the kindly aunt whoofwould with China," the ofintention of establishing China," ofhaving the having intention establishing connectionsconnections with study-ing, regarding science as the kindly who would onroad to theofhigh road of politics.

Chinese colonists there and receiving help However, from them.we However, we had Chinese colonists there and receiving help from them. had bring me outbring on tome theout high politics.

Ten years like day. In Medical the Canton Medical I not that the ripe for the revolution; not realized thatrealized the moment wasmoment not yet was ripe not for yet revolution; result the result Ten years passed like passed one day.

In one the Canton School I School made with Chen-Shi-Liang; of our propaganda in the Philippines wassympathizers, only ten sympathizers, of of ourofpropaganda in the Philippines was only ten of who had a who very had largea very circle large of circle made friends withfriends Chen-Shi-Liang; acquaint-ances amongst widely-traveled who knew well.only whom only two brothers, Ten-Yin-Nan and Ten-Teh-Chang, whom two brothers, Ten-Yin-Nan and Ten-Teh-Chang, agreed to agreed to acquaint-ances amongst widely-traveled people who people knew China well. China When I began talking of revolution, ideas, hemake gladly make considerable for our common cause. considerable sacrifices forsacrifices our common cause.

When I began talking of revolution, advocating advocating its ideas, heitsgladly withdeclared me, andthat declared that immediately he would immediately enter aThis was just This atwas the time when thearmies Imperial the just timeat when the Imperial werearmies were agreed withagreed me, and he would enter a revolutionary Party agree if I would agree to lead it. After staying year in one suffering afterAfter another.

After oftheKorea, loss of defeat one afterdefeat another. the loss the Korea, the revolutionary Party if I would to lead it. After staying a year in asuffering school Iatlearned Canton,that I learned that Medical an English Medical with a lost Monarchy lost the glamour power,allasthe before all the Chinese there Monarchy the glamour of its power,ofasitsbefore Chinese there the school attheCanton, an English School withSchool a wider program that of School the Canton School had been opened were at Hong clearly therotten-ness decay and of rotten-ness of the Manchu dynasty. clearlywere revealed therevealed decay and the Manchu dynasty. wider program than that of than the Canton had been opened at Hong Kong. Thereupon, attracted also by the that there I should Ourcomrade Shanghai comrade Sun-Yueh-Lo wrote insisting that I,we return. I, Ourhave Shanghai Sun-Yueh-Lo wrote insisting that we return.

Kong. Thereupon, attracted also by the thought thatthought there I should have wider for my revolutionary I went to Hong to Ten-Yin-Nan and comrades three otherreturned comrades returned homework, for further work, Ten-Yin-Nan and three other home for further a wider fielda for myfield revolutionary propaganda,propaganda, I went to Hong Kong to Kong myFor education.

ForIfour up all time free with the of aorganizing a revoltand at Canton withfrom the intention of intention organizing revolt at Canton seizing and it. seizing it. continue mycontinue education. four years gaveyears up allI gave my time freemyfrom studies cause of revolutionary traveling backwardsOur committee Our was committee wasKong in Hong Kong and our branch at Yangin Hong and our branch at Yangstudies to the causetoofthe revolutionary propaganda,propaganda, traveling backwards andbetween forwardsHong between Kong and At I that I had There worked time in the Ten-Yin-Nan, committee Ten-Yin-Nan, YangThereChen. worked at that time at in that the committee Yangand forwards KongHong and Amoy.

At Amoy. that time had timeChen. any supporters, with theofexception of three persons in Haun-Yun-Shan, Tsui-Yun, Haun-Yun-Shan, Chen-Shao-Bo others, while in the Tsui-Yun, Chen-Shao-Bo and others, and while in the scarcely anyscarcely supporters, with the exception three persons living in living branch at Yang-Chen were Lu-Ko-Tung, Chen-Shi-Liang, and Kong: Chen-Shao-Bo, Yu-Shao-Chi, and Yang-Ho-Lin, and oneat Yang-Chen branch there were there Lu-Ko-Tung, Chen-Shi-Liang, and Hong Kong:Hong Chen-Shao-Bo, Yu-Shao-Chi, and Yang-Ho-Lin, and one some from instructors fromand America, and someI generals.

I often traveled man atLu-Ko-Tung.

Shanghai, Lu-Ko-Tung.

The others me, as as a rebel, some as instructors America, some generals. often traveled man at Shanghai, The others avoided me,avoided as a rebel, between and Hong Ourthat tasks that quite time were quite theystricken would one between Canton andCanton Hong Kong.

Our Kong. tasks by timebywere they would one withstricken plague.with plague. in We full had blast.accumulated We had accumulated Living together withfriends my three friends Chen, Yu in and Yang, in well-defined. well-defined.

PreparationsPreparations were in fullwere blast.

Living together with my three Chen, Yu and Yang, strength, andbywea could a single blow have Kong, we werediscussing constantlythe discussing the Our revolution. considerableconsiderable strength, and we could single by blow have effected a effected a Hong Kong,Hong we were constantly revolution. thoughtsOur thoughts greatjust deal.

But time just at time the discovered authorities the discovered on theofproblems of the Chinese Revolution. studied deal. But at this thethis authorities arms wethe arms we were fixed were on thefixed problems the Chinese Revolution.

We studiedWe great hadinsmuggled in (500 and revolvers), of ourcomrades, worthiest comrades, history of revolutions.

When it that happened that we hadcame smuggled (500 revolvers), one of and our one worthiest chiefly the chiefly history the of revolutions.

When it happened we came Lu-Ko-Tung, wasThis executed. the first sacrifice not talk of we revolution, not feel Thus a Lu-Ko-Tung, was executed. was theThis firstwas sacrifice made by usmade on by us on together andtogether did not and talkdid of revolution, did not we feeldid happy.

Thushappy. a the Chinese altar of the Chinese At revolution. thethere samewere timearrested there were arrested few by, years went and we received from our friends theofnickname of of the the altar revolution. the sameAt time few years went and we by, received from our friends the nickname and Tse-Hsi executedand Tse-Hsi and About Chu-Gui. "theand four great and inseparable this was of Aboutpeople seventy people were and executed Chu-Gui. seventy were "the four great inseparable scoundrels."scoundrels."

For me this For wasme a period of a period revolutionary and preparation. arrested, them Admiral the Canton Admiral Tsin-Kui-Guan. arrested, among themamong the Canton Tsin-Kui-Guan. revolutionary disputes anddisputes preparation.

After finishing school I fixed my on two places, AmoyThe day of The day of 9, September 9, 1895, toI consider to of be my the day of my September 1895, I consider be the day After finishing school I fixed my attention onattention two places, Amoy Chen, for nominally practice, but to in begin reality tofirst begin first revolutionary defeat. daysdefeat after Ithewas defeat revolutionary defeat. Three days Three after the still Iinwas still in and Yang and Chen,Yang nominally practice,forbut in reality revolutionary At that time Chen-Shi-Liang began but Canton, tenI days later I to wasescape forcedtotoHong escape to Hong ten daysbut later was forced Kong by by-Kong by byrevolutionary propaganda.propaganda.

At that time Chen-Shi-Liang began Canton, recruitingformembers for Lu-Ko-Tung the Party. Lu-Ko-Tung andforI set for theand roads, left with for Japan withChen-Shi-Liang comrades Chen-Shi-Liang and thence and left thence for Japan comrades and recruiting members the Party. and I set out the outroads, North,and for Tientsin, Pekin andin Tientsin, order to stable study how stable the TaiChen-Shao-Bo, to land at Yokohama. cut offand my pigtail and Chen-Shao-Bo, in-tending toin-tending land at Yokohama.

I cut off myIpigtail North, for Pekin order to in study how the Taiof my return was to China was put on clothes, European put on European as clothes, the dateasofthe mydate return to China 108

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indeterminate.

I left for the islands, Philippine islands, Chen-Shi-LiangAlthough I Although sparedinnothis effort in this propaganda, the people to spared noI effort propaganda, the people to indeterminate.

Then I left Then for the Philippine Chen-Shi-Liang China matters to restore matters the point reached ourit was whom it was directedapathetic remainedand apathetic and little to responsive to the whom directed remained little responsive the returned to returned China totorestore to the pointtoreached before our before defeat, while Chen-Shao-Bo Japan study the political of the Chinese Revolution.

At however, that time,there however, ideas of theideas Chinese Revolution.

At that time, were there were defeat, while Chen-Shao-Bo remained inremained Japan to instudy thetopolitical situation.

I was at introduced to the Japanese and Sugawora, fairly widespread Chinesethe emigrants so-called "Hungfairlyand widespread amongst theamongst Chinesethe emigrants so-calledthe"Hungsituation. I was introduced that time attothat the time Japanese Sugawora, latertheweacquaintance made the acquaintance Sonei and Miasaki, Men "although societies,byalthough myhad timebeen theyreduced had been reduced to little Men we " societies, my timeby they to little later we made of Sonei andofMiasaki, with whom with we whom This was the ofbeginning friendly relations more than mutualTheir aid clubs.

Their is The as follows.

The supporters more than mutual aid clubs. history is ashistory follows. supporters established established connections.connections.

This was the beginning friendly of relations Chinese revolutionaries and the Japanese. the Ming dynasty [Overthrown by the Manchudynasty Tai-Tsing of the Mingofdynasty [Overthrown by the Manchu Tai-Tsing in dynasty in between thebetween Chinese the revolutionaries and the Japanese.

Having arrived in the Philippines, I began to gathertocomrades the dynasty, Tai-Tsingbut dynasty, but 1644] raised several against rebellions 1644] toraised several rebellions the against Tai-Tsing Having arrived in the Philippines, I began to gather comrades strengthen our "Association for the Regeneration of China," evensuffered always suffered of the Imperial always defeat at thedefeat handsatofthethehands Imperial troops, and troops, when, and when, strengthen our "Association for the Regeneration of China," but even but oldowing comrades, to did our not defeat, did not their despair, whilethe rule during the rulethe of Kan-Si, Manchu dynasty during of Kan-Si, Manchuthe dynasty reached the reached height ofthe itsheight of its old comrades, to ourowing defeat, conceal theirconceal despair, while simply our ideas.

Owing to the absence of the necessary allof thethe efforts of theof supporters the Ming dynasty strength, allstrength, the efforts supporters the Mingofdynasty proved to proved to some simplysome forswore ourforswore ideas. Owing to the absence of the necessary for the development of a revolutionary doomedSome to failure.

Some of for them paid for their audacity be latter doomed be to failure. of them paid their audacity with their with their factors for factors the development of a revolutionary movement, movement, the latter the slowed down There somewhat.

There waswhy no reason long inothers lives, others to managed escape.theSeeing the impossibility of managed escape. toSeeing impossibility of slowed down somewhat. was no reason I shouldwhy stayI should long in staylives, the Philippines, and decided leave for in order to establish overthrowing the Tai-Tsings, thenidea on of the idea of overthrowing the Tai-Tsings, they seizedthey thenseized on the the Philippines, and I decided to Ileave for to America, in America, order to establish with the organiz-ation of Chinesethere. emigrants there. nationalism nationalism and beganit,preaching handing it generation down from to generation to and began preaching handing itit,down from connectionsconnections with the organiz-ation of Chinese emigrants day of mywas departure wasIfixed, and I was walkinggeneration. outside generation. object in the organizing the "Hung-Men" Their main Their objectmain in organizing "Hung-Men" societies societies The day of The my departure fixed, and was walking outside the town I met ain carriage, which I recognized teacher was the of overthrow of thedynasty Tai-Tsing and the of restoration of the the overthrow the Tai-Tsing anddynasty the restoration the the town when I metwhen a carriage, which I in recognized my teacher my was andI his wife.on I jumped on to the foot-board, to their great Ming idea of nationalism was them anThey auxiliary. They Ming dynasty.

Thedynasty. idea of The nationalism was for them an for auxiliary.

Kandeli andKandeli his wife. jumped to the foot-board, to their great secret,Government avoiding Government and even fear, as they apparently took for ancarried evilly-on all carried all their affairs insecret, profound theironaffairs in profound avoiding surprise andsurprise even fear, as they apparently took me for an me evillyalsoChinese from the Chinese intellectuals, disposed person.

They did not me, recognize me,considerably as I had considerably officials andofficials hiding and also hiding from the intellectuals, whom theywhom they disposed person.

They did not recognize as I had as the eyes and Chinese ears of the Chinese Government. altered my appearance. said,Yat-Sen," "I am Sunthey Yat-Sen," they burst outuponlooked looked as the upon eyes and ears of the Government.

Knowing Knowing altered my appearance.

When I said,When "I amI Sun burst out the psychology of the the "Hung-Men" societies laughing and began me byI the hand.

I asked them how the they psychology of the masses, the masses, "Hung-Men" societies spread theirspread their laughing and began shaking me shaking by the hand. asked them how they nationalist ideasofbyvarious means plays, of various a great effect Theythat explained thatonthey were their and waywere home, and were ideas nationalist by means whichplays, had awhich great had effect came there. came They there. explained they were their wayonhome, people. the spread ideas they spread abroad, was everything was day here taking ofadvantage the boats stopping there. I theamongst amongst people. the In the ideasInthey abroad, everything spending thespending day herethetaking advantage the boatsofstopping there.

I one'sandposition and with existing based ondiscontent arousing with discontent them my services as guide, theyAtaccepted.

At thebased end ofon arousing one's with position with existing offered themoffered my services as guide, which they which accepted. the end of inequality, and the preaching thefor necessity revenge.

Their passwords thethem day, that I toldI should them that I should shortly be undertaking trip round the and inequality, preaching necessity revenge.forTheir passwords the day, I told shortly be undertaking a trip round athe and watchwords vulgar and phrases, and Chinese world, to bealso, in London onAmerica. my way to America. and this watchwords were dirty were and dirty vulgarandphrases, Chinese world, and hope to and be inhope London on my also, way to With this With we parted, friendly greetings. avoided them in disgust. intellectualsintellectuals avoided them in disgust. we parted, after friendlyafter greetings.

Amongst Chinese inemigrants America found an evenParty solidarity, Partywhich solidarity, which afforded them in help when and in trouble, and afforded them help when trouble, Amongst the Chinesethe emigrants America inI found an Ieven sleepy atmosphere then in the Philippines. a certain coordination in their proved activities, very a certain coordination in their activities, veryproved helpful for helpful for more sleepymore atmosphere then in the Philippines.

I crossed theI crossed continentthe continent from San-Francisco to New York. my way atI various stopped at wanderers various and wanderers and Chinese for various Chinese prodigal sons. Theirideas nationalist ideas for various prodigal sons.

Their nationalist from San-Francisco to New York.

On my wayOnI stopped for a — fewfordays most — everywhere them in their struggle the hateddynasty, Tai-Tsing helped themhelped in their struggle against the against hated Tai-Tsing anddynasty, and places for aplaces few days ten — daysforatten thedays mostat—theeverywhere preaching to save our mother-country from threatening consequently fed of their hopes of a of restoration the Ming dynasty. consequently fed their hopes a restoration the Mingof dynasty. preaching that to save that our mother-country from threatening destruc-tiondestruc-tion we must the overthrow thedynasty, Tai-Tsing that duty of everyThe ChineseThe Chinese were in constant with the Imperial people werepeople in constant conflict withconflict the Imperial we must overthrow Tai-Tsing anddynasty, that theand duty of the every Chinese to help to reconstruct on a new democratic officials, and never their abandoned their to opposition the Tsing dynasty. officials, and never abandoned opposition the Tsingtodynasty.

Chinese citizen was citizen to helpwas to reconstruct China on a China new democratic basis.

The watchwords: and Ming!"

"Long live The watchwords: "Down with"Down Tsing!"with andTsing!"

"Long live wereMing!" near were near basis. dear to many But the same cannot be overseas said of our overseas and dear to and many Chinese.

ButChinese. the same cannot be said of our 110

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time thePopular Japanese Popular came and to power, emigrants, as they, being in a free had notonecessity to Japanese time the Party cameParty to power, Okumaand wasOkuma was emigrants, as they, being abroad in a abroad free country, hadcountry, no necessity organizeofsocieties of character. a fighting Therefore character. inTherefore the Minister appointed Foreign Affairs.

I was to introduced appointed forMinister Foreign for Affairs.

I was introduced him and to him and to America intheAmerica organize societies a fighting societieslost naturally lost their political color, and other becameJapanese other politicians.

Japanese politicians. first with contact with This was This our was first our contact "Hung-Men""Hung-Men" societies naturally their political color, and became benefit Manyofmembers of the "Hung-Men" did not representatives Japanese ruling circles.

I metand Soezima and representatives of Japaneseofruling circles.

Then I metThen Soezima benefit clubs.

Manyclubs. members the "Hung-Men" societies didsocieties not rightly understand meaning and exact society other representatives of the Japanese Opposition. representatives of the Japanese Opposition. rightly understand the meaningtheand exact aims whichaims theirwhich societytheir other pursued.

When I approached them, stay inand America, andLater they Later they allhelped greatly causeChinese of the Chinese all greatly the helped cause the of the pursued. When I approached them, during my during stay in my America, whywant did to they want to the overthrow the Tsing and Revolution.

Revolution. asked them,asked why them, did they overthrow Tsing dynasty anddynasty the Ming dynasty, wereto not give me anyThere were There were fully tenChinese thousand Chineseinemigrants in Japan, but fully ten thousand emigrants Japan, but restore the restore Ming dynasty, very many very were many not able giveable me toany positive when ourhad comrades on a protracted an atmosphere of inertiaamongst prevailed amongst were terribly an atmosphere of inertia prevailed them.

Theythem. were They terribly positive reply.

Later,reply. whenLater, our comrades carried had on acarried protracted revolutionary for several years, of the of revolution, the idea of just revolution, like the Chineseinemigrants in other of theafraid idea of like thejust Chinese emigrants other revolutionary propaganda propaganda in America in forAmerica several years, members ofmembers the afraid at lastthey realized were old nationalist countries.

Ourhad comrades worked amongst them for some countries. Our comrades workedhad amongst them for some years; yet years; yet "Hung-Men""Hung-Men" societies atsocieties last realized were they old nationalist revolutionaries. a hundred odd had joined the revolu-tionary it turned outa that only odd it turned out that only hundred had joined the revolu-tionary revolutionaries.

Although stay in America of little importance for the movement, which did notone represent of our inemigrants in movement, which did not represent percent,one of percent, our emigrants Although my stay in my America was of littlewas importance for the furtherofdestinies of the Chinese Revolution, it nevertheless arousedWhile Japan. the propaganda of revolutionary ideasthe amongst the the While propaganda of revolutionary ideas amongst further destinies the Chinese Revolution, it nevertheless aroused Japan. fears and on misgivings onthe theImperial part of the Imperial Government. emigrants was so anditthankless, was difficult even more emigrants was so difficult anddifficult thankless, was even itmore in difficult in fears and misgivings the part of Government.

Therefore Therefore on in myLondon arrival Iinalmost London almost into the of the Imperial Chinese were not idea of overthrowing the China. The China.

ChineseThe were not repelled by repelled the idea by of the overthrowing the on my arrival fellI into thefell clutches of clutches the Imperial Embassy, but I from was saved from by my teacherIt Kandeli.

It was dynasty, Manchu and willingly ourtheir Party; but their intelligence anddynasty, willingly entered our entered Party; but intelligence Embassy, but I was saved peril by myperil teacher Kandeli. was Manchu owing himsaved that I from was saved from the great danger which threatened was very theresolidarity was littleamongst solidarity amongst them, and they had was very weak, there weak, was little them, and they had owing to him that to I was the great danger which threatened me. no convictions. could used asforce, a passive force, no but under no no convictions.

They could They be used as be a passive but under me.

Afterfrom escaping fromI went London, I went to to study Europetheto study the circumstances could they be an active force. circumstances could they be an active force.

After escaping London, to Europe of its administration, political administration, and make also the to make theFrom 1895, From 1895, from the moment of our first i.e. from thei.e. moment of our first defeat, untildefeat, 1900, until 1900, methods ofmethods its political and also to of representa-tives of the Opposition parties.IIn Europe I went five by, years wentwere by, which were a period of greatand difficulty and suffering five years which a period of great difficulty suffering acquaintanceacquaintance of representa-tives of the Opposition parties. In Europe that, the although the European foremost countries European had countries hadChinese for the Chinese revolutionary movement.

The revolu-tionary for the revolutionary movement. The revolu-tionary foundation foundation understood understood that, although foremost achieved popular government, accord built up inofthetencourse ten in years, both in had builtwe uphad in the course years,ofboth the sense ofthe thesense work of the work achieved power and power popularandgovernment, they could they not could accord not we of our and comrades of thewe positions we had completetohappiness to their peoples. the Therefore leading European of each of of oureach comrades in the and sensein ofthethesense positions had complete happiness their peoples.

Therefore leading the European was Propaganda destroyed. Propaganda alsosuccess. had little revolutionaries strive revolution, for a social and revolution, and Ithe conceived idea of wassecured, destroyed. abroad also abroad had little At success. At revolutionaries strive for a social I conceived idea of thesecured, this monarchist time, too, monarchist organizations grew up and became very the simultaneous means of the revolution, of time, the too, organizations grew up and became very the simultaneous settlement, settlement, by means by of the revolution, of the this on the political arena. were Our hopes almostbut destroyed, but our national national economy,independence, national independence, popular on theactive political arena.

Our hopes almostwere destroyed, our questions ofquestions national ofeconomy, and popularand active comrades did not fall into and courageously looked ahead. freedom. arose my"san-min-chu," so-called "san-min-chu," idea of did not fall into despair and despair courageously looked ahead. freedom. Hence aroseHence my so-called or the ideaorofthe comrades I sent Chen-Shao-Bo to Hong Kongatopaper publish a paper democracy based on three principles.

I sent Chen-Shao-Bo to Hong Kong to publish there for there for democracy based on three principles. ordered Li-Kiang-Jo to the of spreading of revolutionary The was revolution was myaim principal life, andI therefore I the spreading revolutionary ideas, and ideas, orderedandLi-Kiang-Jo to The revolution my principal in life,aim and intherefore to theofprovince the forces there. I in order Europe, not to lose time to proceed proceed the province Chekiangof toChekiang organize totheorganize forces there.

I hastened to hastened conclude tomyconclude businessmy in business Europe, in notintoorder lose time instructed Chen-Shi-Liang to Hong Kong toanestablish an dear to the Irevolution.

I leftconsidering for Japan, considering that there, to Chen-Shi-Liang instructed to proceed to to proceed Hong Kong to establish dear to the revolution. left for Japan, that there, nearer to nearer organizing there, new and recruit new for our Party.

China,more we could more successfully carry out our revolutionary plans. bureau organizing there,bureau and recruit members formembers our Party.

China, we could successfully carry out our revolutionary plans.

On in myJapan arrival in Japan met at by Yokohama by two leaders of theVery soonVery the amalgamation of the theresoon took there placetook the place amalgamation of the On my arrival I was met atI was Yokohama two leaders of the for the Regeneration of China" with organizations which Japanese Popular onTokyo we metlike in old Tokyo like old and "Association "Association for the Regeneration of China" with organizations which Japanese Popular Party.

LaterParty. on weLater met in friends, andfriends, questions affecting Chinafrankness. with greatJust frankness. discussed alldiscussed questionsallaffecting China with great at that Just at that 112

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in the Kwantung province other provincial with his advance He thensuccessively occupied successively the contact withcontact his advance guards.

He guards. then occupied the had sprunghad up sprung in the up Kwantung province and other and provincial organizations of the Yangtse valley. wholearea maritime area from Huchow, and there whole maritime from Sinyang to Sinyang Huchow,toand there awaited myawaited my organizations of the Yangtse valley. thisthere timetook alsoplace therethe took place the inspired movement by thewitharrival with our supporters, also of thearms arrival arms and military our supporters, and also theand arrival andofmilitary At this timeAt also movement by inspired the arrival Manchu dynasty known as the "Boxer Rebellion."

Eight equipment. ten our days after our However, quite unexpectedly However, quite unexpectedly for us, ten for daysus,after Manchu dynasty which was which known was as the "Boxer Rebellion."

Eight equipment. foreign Powers their dispatched troopsand to opened China and opened revolutionary military revolutionary armies werein changes in the armies opened the opened attack, the thereattack, were there changes the foreign Powers dispatched troopstheir to China military activities.

I decided that this moment notand to be lost, and instructed Japanese Government, the new took up towards an attitude towards Japanese Government, and the newand Premier tookPremier up an attitude activities. I decided that this moment ought not toought be lost, instructed Chen-Shi-Liang leave forinHuchow, order toa organize a risingwhichChina wasopposite quite the of his pre-decessor's. was which quite the of opposite his pre-decessor's.

He forbade He forbade Chen-Shi-Liang to leave fortoHuchow, order to inorganize rising China there, and Li-Kiang-Jo dispatched Li-Kiang-Jo Yangchen the same purpose. any negotiations the Governor-General Formosa and the any negotiations between thebetween Governor-General of Formosaofand the there, and dispatched to Yangchento for the sameforpurpose.

While all these preparations going on very Ifeverishly, went to revolutionaries, Chinese revolutionaries, and alsoboth prohibited bothofthe export and also prohibited the export arms andof arms and While all these preparations were going were on very feverishly, went to I Chinese Kong foreign with some foreign officers,tointending acrosstheto entry my ofthe entry ofofficers Japanese into the Chinese Revolutionary Army.

Japanese intoofficers the Chinese Revolutionary Army.

Hong KongHong with some officers, intending get acrossto togetmy native countrythere by water, therepersonal to assume personal the best This disarranged I sentand Yamada disarranged my whole my plan.whole I sentplan.

Yamada a few and morea few more native country by water, to assume control overcontrol the bestover This ofand the to nation, and atodisciplined organize a revolutionary disciplined revolutionary army to tocomrades camp of Chen-Shi-Liang, to inform comrades the camptoofthe Chen-Shi-Liang, to inform him of whathim hadof what had forces of theforces nation, organize army to from destruction.

But quite unexpectedly myself I was andhim to instruct him to acttoaccording to the circumstances of taken place taken and toplace instruct to act according the circumstances of save China save from China destruction.

But quite unexpectedly for myself Ifor was by some and scoundrel, andKong the Hong Kong subjected authorities subjected moment. arrived his camp, days had passed the moment.theWhen they When arrivedthey at his camp,at thirty days thirty had passed betrayed bybetrayed some scoundrel, the Hong authorities me to search not andallow wouldme nottoallow to land. this not way I since was not since the ofbeginning of operations. army men of 10,000 men had been the beginning operations.

An army ofAn 10,000 had been me to a search anda would land. me In this way In I was out my original plan.ITherefore, placed full responsibility collected with was impatiently arrival arms and superior collected with was impatiently awaiting theawaiting arrival ofthearms andof superior able to carryable out to mycarry original plan.

Therefore, placed fullIresponsibility on Chen-Shi-Liang, and sent Yang-Tsu-Ya, officers. officers. at Huchow atonHuchow Chen-Shi-Liang, and sent Yang-Tsu-Ya, Yun-Li-Tsi,Yun-Li-Tsi, it was decided Chen-Shao-Bo others to Hong Kong help him.myself I returned myselfWhen theyWhen theyYamada's received information, Yamada's information, received it was decided Chen-Shao-Bo and others toand Hong Kong to help him.toI returned and Chen-Shi-Liang to Japan, whence,toI Formosa, traveled tointending Formosa,again intending again out immediately immediately to dissolve tothedissolve troops, the and troops, Chen-Shi-Liang returned to returned to to Japan, whence, I traveled to think outto think Konghundreds with some of ourYamada comrades. meansinto of getting The Governor-General Hong Kong Hong with some ofhundreds our comrades. lostYamada his way,lost his way, some meanssome of getting China. into The China.

Governor-General of Formosa of Formosa wasthe seized by the Imperial and wasThis executed. that time,a Kodama, man who sympathized great deal waswith seized by Imperial troops, and troops, was executed. was theThis firstwas the first was, at thatwas, time,atKodama, man who asympathized a great dealawith foreigner whohis sacrificed hisaltar life on the Chinese altar of the Chinese Revolution.

Chinese Revolution, as he that considered thatwas theentirely North was in who foreigner sacrificed life on the of the Revolution. the Chinese the Revolution, as he considered the North in entirely time that Chen-Shi-Liang was in grip of Heone instructed one of histoassistants thatthe Chen-Shi-Liang was in the thick of the thick fight,of Li-the fight, Lithe grip of the anarchy.

Heanarchy. instructed of his assistants enter intoto enter intoAt the time At at Cantontoattempted help him, but unsuccessfully. with me,that promising were a serious he at Kiang-Jo Kiang-Jo Canton attempted help him,tobut unsuccessfully.

Then he Then he negotiationsnegotiations with me, promising if there that wereifathere serious outbreak he outbreak decideda to throw bomb into ofthetheoffice of theofGovernor would decided to throw bomb intoa the office Governor the two of the two would support us. support us.

Kwan(Kwantung provinces (Kwantung andbut Kwangsi), butdid thenot bomb did not burst, I extended original plan,the increasing number of specialist Kwan provinces and Kwangsi), the bomb burst, I extended our original our plan, increasing number the of specialist he was andThis executed.

This was hero the second hero to perish as atour thatparty time had our too party too few conscious politically conscious and he was and arrested andarrested executed. was the second to perish officers, as officers, at that time fewhad politically for theHe Republic.

He with was a man with strongand will wise and military at its the other hand,Chen-ShiI ordered Chen-Shifor the Republic. was a man strong willa wise sincere: he sincere: he military experts at itsexperts disposal.

Ondisposal. the otherOn hand, I ordered might bewith compared with Lu-Ko-Tung, as their and their talents Liang alter the plan ofthe attacking principal of the be compared Lu-Ko-Tung, as their courage andcourage their talents Liang to alter the tooriginal planoriginal of attacking principalthecity of the citymight resembled another.

They both and wrote province, instead seize thearea maritime area and concentrate our one another.one They both painted andpainted wrote verses well.verses Lu- well. Luprovince, and instead and to seize thetomaritime and concentrate our resembled Ko-Tung was courageous and Li-Kiang-Jo and it was truly there, and then begin the attack.

Ko-Tung was courageous and Li-Kiang-Jo was fearless,was andfearless, it was truly forces there,forces and then to begin the to attack. sad to that ourlost defeat lostmost theseworthy two most Chen-Shi-Liang for the place appointed on owing sad that ourowing defeattowe thesewetwo menworthy of theirmen of their Chen-Shi-Liang immediatelyimmediately left for theleft appointed on place age. these was two heroes was undoubtedly for the receipt of my instructions. thepeasant most part peasant detachments age. The loss of The theseloss twoofheroes undoubtedly unfortu-nateunfortu-nate for the receipt of my instructions.

With for theWith mostfor part detachments of the Chinese Revolution, but the spiritual under his he command, Imperial soldiers at and future of thefuture Chinese Revolution, but the spiritual strength andstrength courageand courage under his command, attacked he theattacked Imperialthe soldiers at Sinyang andSinyang these twowho comrades who perished worthy of the of all andthem, disarmed them,attacked and thenLungan, attackedTanshuiLungan, Tanshuiof these twoofcomrades perished were worthywere of the imitation ofimitation all Shenchuan Shenchuan and disarmed and then those whoalive. remained alive.

I alwaysthem: remember them: although and other points. Everywhere he was with successful, with the result those who remained I always remember although they are they are Yunhu, and Yunhu, other points.

Everywhere he was successful, the result dead, yet "their souls still continue to dwell around my breast." that the Imperial troops began to soon as into they came dead,into yet "their souls still continue to dwell around my breast." that the Imperial troops began to disperse as disperse soon as as they came 114

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was thedefeat second of the concession.

Chinese concession.

Onehowever, of them,managed however,tomanaged to escape abroad. Then The 1900 The affair1900 was affair the second of defeat the Chinese One of them, escape abroad.

Then However, after this of the there Chinese there trial in of which its kind, which the dynasty Revolution. Revolution.

However, after this defeat the defeat attitudethe of attitude the Chinese followed thefollowed only trialthe ofonly its kind, theindynasty brought an brought an people towards us changed greatly.

After our first defeat,on all looked action against aninindividual in Court, the foreign Court, its case. Chopeople towards us changed greatly.

After our first defeat, all looked actionon against an individual the foreign and won its and case.won Chous robbers, as rioters, robbers, who were doing unjust. something werewas sentenced Chang wasonly sentenced two years' imprisonment. us as rioters, who were doing something We unjust. were We Chang to two only years'toimprisonment. overwhelmed curseswe andwere abuse, we were upon as poisonousDuring thisDuring popular grew movement grewandstronger and overwhelmed with curses with and abuse, looked uponlooked as poisonous period this the period popularthe movement stronger and people our acquaintance.

Afterofthe defeat of 1900, The stronger.

Thehailed emigrants joy the appearance of Cho-Chang's snakes, and snakes, people avoided ouravoided acquaintance.

After the defeat 1900, stronger. emigrants with hailed joy thewith appearance of Cho-Chang's the former voices which cursed us were heardasas loudly book, The Revolutionary Army,hein attacked which hetheattacked the Tai-Tsing although thealthough former voices which cursed us were heard as loudly book, as The Revolutionary Army, in which Tai-Tsing were already many Chinese intelligent Chinese whoour regretted our very dynasty very Itstrongly. played in the revolutionary ever, there ever, were there already many intelligent who regretted dynasty strongly. played aIt big part a inbigthepart revolutionary defeat andtoexpressed to us theirIfsympathy.

If this bewith compared the amongst movement Chinese This emigrants. periodtoI consider to be defeat and expressed us their sympathy. this be compared the with movement theamongst Chinesethe emigrants. period This I consider be past,we of shall course wea shall find a vast and difference, and ourwho comrades of the Chinese the of beginning of of thethe epoch the wide development past, of course find vast difference, our comrades the who beginning the epoch wideofdevelopment of the Chinese this were greatlyindelighted in their hearts at these of revolutionary realized thisrealized were greatly delighted their hearts at these signs of signs revolutionary movement. movement.

China's gradual from awakening fromglamour sleep. The glamour In the 1900-1903 theofGovernor of Annam several times requested China's gradual awakening sleep. The of the powerofofthe thepower of theIn 1900-1903 Governor Annam several times requested Tai-Tsing finallywhen dispersed when of thethe troops the French Consultoatinvite Tokyo meet him personally, but Tai-Tsing dynasty wasdynasty finally was dispersed the troops eightof the the eight French Consul at Tokyo metotoinvite meet me himtopersonally, but Powers entered as conquerors while the representatives of I somehow could find time for this.

When the was Exhibition was Powers entered as conquerors into Pekin, into whilePekin, the representatives of somehow could not Ifind thenot time forthe this.

When the Exhibition Imperial fled, after anagreed armistice to an indemnity openedI went at Hanoi I went there,I but whenin IAnnam arrived Iinlearned Annam I learned the Imperialthe House fled, House and after anand armistice to anagreed indemnity opened at Hanoi there, but when arrived of 100The millions. material of conditions of the that Chinese that thehad Governor leftin-structing for home, in-structing for damagesforof damages 100 millions. materialThe conditions the Chinese the Governor resignedhad andresigned left for and home, his Chief his Chief worse and andperil a terrible periltocontinued to hang toSecretary to receive me well. stayI at Hanoi people grewpeople worsegrew and worse, and worse, a terrible continued hang Secretary receive me well. During my During stay at my Hanoi made the I made the of Hua-Lun-Chen, Wang-Tsei-Ting, and over our Motherland.

AllChinese intelligent Chinese began to that understand that acquaintance over our Motherland.

All intelligent began to understand acquaintance of Hua-Lun-Chen, Wang-Tsei-Ting, Wa-Bi-YangWa-Bi-Yang and otherall comrades: ofbecame them later our sympathizers, on of thedestruction. brink of destruction.

From thisa moment a new China was China on thewas brink From this moment new other comrades: of them all later our became sympathizers, and took a and took a Liang. of the Hanoi great in attheKiang affair Liang. at Kiang revolutionary began revolutionary wave began wave to grow up. to grow up. great part in the part affair At the endAtof the the end Hanoi I again left forround a journey roundthrough the world through this time nearly all thebegan provinces began to send to IExhibition, At this timeAtnearly all the provinces to send students to students Exhibition, again left for a journey the world Japan and Japan and America.

Japantheir to receive theirthere. education there. students came Japan to receive education Amongst theAmongst studentsthe who came who America.

When traveling through I was met by Lo-Chung-Kai, Futo Tokyo turned out topeople be many to Tokyo there turnedthere out to be many withpeople young with and young clear and clearWhen traveling through Japan I wasJapan met by Lo-Chung-Kai, Fuwho ex-pressed their full with sympathy seized on revolu-tionary ideas once,entered and soon Fu-Ma entered andFu-Ma heads. Theyheads. seizedThey on revolu-tionary ideas at once, andatsoon others,and whoothers, ex-pressed their full sympathy the with the requested set up an organization the revolutionary All the of arguments of the of that Revolution. the revolutionary movement. movement.

All the arguments the students of students that Revolution.

I requested Ithem to setthem up anto organization amongst theamongst the most comrades. intelligent Later comrades.

Laterour on, "United when our "United League" was all theirturned thoughts, turned around revolutionary questions. a day, and all day, theirand thoughts, around revolutionary questions. At a mostAtintelligent on, when League" was up, they very many with them.

After the defeat students' Year's Day meeting Lu-Chen-Yui made aon biga speech onset a up,being students' New Year's New Day meeting Lu-Chen-Yui made a big speech being they set brought verybrought many people with people them. After the defeat the period before up theofsetting up of the "United League" overthrow Manchu He was expelled the atinHuchow, revolution torevolution overthrowtothe Manchuthe dynasty.

Hedynasty. was expelled from the from at Huchow, the periodin before the setting the "United League" we were joined by Li-Tsi-Tang and Hun-Tsuan-Fu at Canton University at the of theMinister Imperialin Minister in Tokyo.weOther University at the demand of demand the Imperial Tokyo. Other were joined

by Li-Tsi-Tang and Hun-Tsuan-Fu at Canton and Huan- and HuanKi-Tsiang andinMa-Fu-Yi in the of Hunan.

The revolutionary students, such as Tsi-Yuan-Chen, Chen-Cha-Chai, Chai-Bo-Tsuan, students, such as Tsi-Yuan-Chen, Chen-Cha-Chai, Chai-Bo-Tsuan, Ki-Tsiang and Ma-Fu-Yi the province of province Hunan. The revolutionary movement in China was growing muchThe stronger.

Thewho emigrants who published popular newspapers to spread revolutionary ideas. movement in published popular newspapers to spread revolutionary ideas.

China was growing much stronger. emigrants werebeing gradually being inclined tothe theRevolution side of the Revolution This revolutionary Chinese students This revolutionary movement movement amongst theamongst Chinesethestudents lived abroadlived wereabroad gradually inclined to the side of found way into China. Atthe Shanghai students Chang-Tai-Yang, by the revolutionary of theand students and the popular found its way intoitsChina.

At Shanghai studentsthe Chang-Tai-Yang, by the revolutionary propaganda propaganda of the students the popular movement in China, during my journey Japan everywhere Wu-Wei-Hoi, and others thepapers Christian for in Wu-Wei-Hoi, Cho-Chang Cho-Chang and others utilized the utilized Christian for papers movement China, and during and my journey across Japanacross everywhere expressed theirtosympathy to me. revolutionary Theirwere actions were complained of by their revolutionary propaganda.propaganda.

Their actions sympathy me. complained of by expressed In of the1905 Spring of 1905inIEurope arrived once in Europe again, and the representatives of theauthorities, Imperial authorities, in consequence I arrived again, once and the representatives of the Imperial in consequence of which of whichIn the Spring of the students there were of supporters of the Revolution.

They wereandarrested and imprisoned on theof territory of the majority foreign of majority the students there were supporters the Revolution.

They on the territory the foreign they were they arrested imprisoned 116

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informed that his Government only just arrivedfrom in Europe JapanThe or revolutionary China. The revolutionary had only justhad arrived in Europe Japan from or China. informed me that hisme Government intended tointended support to thesupport Chinesethe Chinese seizedand on they them,soon andbegan they soon to go on from arguments and then askedwas me the what was the as regards the wave seizedwave on them, to gobegan on from arguments Revolution, Revolution, and then asked me what position as position regards the about the Revolution to direct revolutionary I then set forth revolutionary forces.

I told theoftrue stateThen of affairs.

Then he again about the Revolution to direct revolutionary activities. I activities. then set forth revolutionary forces. I told him the truehim state affairs. he again my long-guarded about embodied democracyinembodied in three principles asked me how matters stood with the organization of our military forces my long-guarded ideas about ideas democracy three principles asked me how matters stood with the organization of our military forces and the Constitution," "Fivefold Constitution," order a torevolutionary create a revolutionary in theand provinces, and our connections with the districts, adding and the "Fivefold in order toincreate in the provinces, our connections with the districts, adding that if all that if all on Our theirfirst basis.

Our first place at Brussels, were in this respect his Government would immediately give organizationorganization on their basis. meeting tookmeeting place attook Brussels, and wereand not well in not this well respect his Government would immediately give people second wasinorganized in To us To this I replied that in this respect all had yet been done, thirty peoplethirty entered our entered League.our TheLeague. second The meeting wasmeeting organized us help. thishelp.

I replied that in this respect all had not yet beennot done, and there persons The third wasasked in him and to asked to sendtoushelp agents to help also to the investigate the Berlin, and Berlin, there twenty odd twenty personsodd joined.

The joined. third meeting wasmeeting in and sendhim us agents us, and alsous, to and investigate whereentered ten people entered the but atmeeting the fourth in andposition and establish connections.

Theysome then officers sent some officers from Paris, whereParis, ten people the League; butLeague; at the fourth in meeting position establish connections.

They then sent from Tokyo several new members joined. in ourtheir League their Tientsin to be at my disposal.

Tokyo several hundred newhundred members joined.

There were There in our were League Tientsin staff to be atstaff my disposal. representatives of all the ofprovinces of China, with the ofexception ofI instructedI Lo-Chung-Kai instructed Lo-Chung-Kai office at Tientsin, representatives of all the provinces China, with the exception to organizetoanorganize office atanTientsin, Kansu, as not Kansu had not sent any students Japan. our Li-Chung-Sha instructed Li-Chung-Sha with some officers leave forand Kwantung and Kansu, as Kansu had yet sent anyyet students to Japan.

Attothe time At ourthe time instructed with some officers to leave for to Kwantung was set up the word "revolution" was stilland terrifying, and to Kwangsi to the investigate position, ordered Hu-Yi-Chen to travel with League wasLeague being set upbeing the word "revolution" was still terrifying, Kwangsi investigate position,the ordered Hu-Yi-Chen to travel with therefore simply called the "Unitedwhich League,"some which some officers to theofprovinces Szechuan therefore our League our wasLeague simply was called the "United League," officers to the provinces Szechuanofand Yunnanand andYunnan also toand also to namefor it retained for fairly long. investigate the local and finally ordered Kiao-Yi-Chai name it retained fairly long. investigate the local position, andposition, finally ordered Kiao-Yi-Chai to travel to travel After the of the "UnitedI League," began to with believe with some officersand to Nankin Wuhan the same At that After the creation of creation the "United League," began to Ibelieve some officers to Nankin Wuhan and for the samefor purpose.

Atpurpose. that of theRevolution Chinese Revolution wasbefore opening time freshly there were freshlytroops mobilized troops at Nanking that a new that era aofnew the era Chinese was opening us. before time us. there were mobilized at Nanking and Wuhan,and andWuhan, and I hadonce moremet than once metdifficulties, with great difficulties, they our welcomed ouroncomrades on their arrival. At Nanking preliminary Previously, Previously, I had more than with great I had been I had theybeen welcomed comrades their arrival.

At Nanking preliminary spatridiculed upon and by than all. Ionce moresuffered than once suffered but I negotia-tions with carried them were carried on by a certain comrade Chao-Po. spat upon and byridiculed all. I more defeats, but defeats, I negotia-tions with them were on by a certain comrade Chao-Po. movedalthough forward,I although I must that I He did had not conferences He had conferences and secretwith meetings with their audaciouslyaudaciously moved forward, must confess thatconfess I did not and secret meetings their officers up officers to the up to the Wuhan, Lu-Tsia-Yun of the accomplishment of theofoverthrow of the Manchu rank dynasty rank ofcommander. battalion commander. dream of thedream accomplishment of the overthrow the Manchu dynasty of battalion At Wuhan,AtLu-Tsia-Yun carried on carried on Together somemilitary of thecomrades, military comrades, he still in my life-time.from However, from the Autumn of 1905 onwards, after negotiations. still in my life-time.

However, the Autumn of 1905 onwards, after negotiations.

Together with some with of the he a general church,very to which very many people creation of the revolutionary "United League,"convinced I became convinced the creation the of the revolutionary "United League," I became summoned asummoned general meeting in ameeting church,intoa which many people the Commander of the it isthere said was that even there present was even that the great of the Chinese would Revolution would be accomplished that the great cause of thecause Chinese Revolution be accomplished came: it is came: said that the present Commander of the troops, At Chang-Hu. At this all present made speeches was I then that to I decided to put theChang-Hu. during my during lifetime.myIt lifetime. was thenIt that decided put forward theforward troops, this meeting all meeting present made speeches entirely in entirely in of the and revolution, andofficers the French alsothis. supported this. of Republic, a Chineseand Republic, and toit advocate beforefavor all the watchword watchword of a Chinese to advocate before allit the of the favor revolution, the French alsoofficers supported All this became widely and soon after-wards ChangParty, orderthey that returned when they returned each toAll this became members ofmembers our Party,ofinour order thatinwhen home each home to widely known, andknown, soon after-wards Changthe Governor-General of the of provinces his own province should widely support the his own province they should they widely support the necessity ofnecessity revolutionof revolution Chi-Tung, Chi-Tung, the Governor-General of the provinces Hupeh of andHupeh and Kwantung, sent awho foreigner, worked in thetoCustoms, to spy on the to set up aScarcely Republic.

Scarcely a year had passed before 10,000Kwantung, people sent to set up a Republic. a year had passed before 10,000 people a foreigner, workedwho in the Customs, spy on the French By his expressing histhe loyalty to the Chinese Revolution, joined our "UnitedBranches League."were Branches wereinorganized all ofofficers. joined our "United League." organized almost allinofalmost French Byofficers. expressing loyalty to Chinese Revolution, with the FrenchThey officers. They this spy into closewith relations theand provinces, andtime from this time the revolutionary the provinces, from this forward the forward revolutionary movement movement this spy entered intoentered close relations the French officers. accepted him as aand European, told him everything.

Chang-Chi-Tung aheadstrides. with great strides.development Its further development all my him went ahead went with great Its further exceeded allexceeded my accepted as a European, told himand everything.

Chang-Chi-Tung then sent reports to the Imperial Government at Pekin,them informing them anticipations. anticipations. then sent reports to the Imperial Government at Pekin, informing of allofthe of the Chinese revolutionaries, both real and invented. foreign governments thatbegan time to alsolook began to look upon The foreignThe governments at that timeatalso upon of all the plans theplans Chinese revolutionaries, both real and invented.

The Imperial Government when these it received these reports, immediately Chinese revolutionaries favorably.

On onewhen occasion I was the Chinesethe revolutionaries favorably. On one occasion I waswhenThe Imperial Government when it received reports, immediately passing throughon Woosung wayI towas Japan, I was by a negotiations opened negotiations with the FrenchonEmbassy on thisThe question. The passing through Woosung my wayonto my Japan, visited by avisited opened with the French Embassy this question.

French on the instructions of hisofficers, superiorwho officers, whoEmbassy, Frenchnot Embassy, not being with acquainted all the circumstances, asked French officer, on officer, the instructions French being acquainted all the with circumstances, asked of his superior 118

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its Government should be the doneofficer with the officer to, to thefollowed revolt of this also suffered defeat. its Government what shouldwhat be done with referred to, referred to followed revolt ofthe Min-Tan at Min-Tan Huchow, at butHuchow, this alsobut suffered defeat. which aitreply received a reply itinstructing to hush upaffair. the whole This was defeat. my fourth defeat.

In the Lian aand Tsian a rising which it received instructing to hush upit the whole The affair.

ThisThe was my fourth In the districts of districts Lian andofTsian rising Pekin could authorities could doSome nothing. later,the however, place on of unwillingness to pay The Imperial Pekin authorities do nothing. time Some later, time however, took the place took on account of account unwillingness to pay taxes.

The taxes.

Imperial French Government wasand changed, the new Cabinet quite a Govern-ment sent its troops, under theof leadership French Government was changed, the newand Cabinet took quite atook Govern-ment sent 4,000 of its 4,000 troops,ofunder the leadership Kuo-Jen-of Kuo-Jendifferent of theIt question.

It recalled andand Chao-Po-Siang Chang and Chao-Po-Siang to restore order.

I ordered Huang-Kai-Tsiang different view of theview question. recalled this officer this and officer others, and and others, Chang to restore order.

I ordered Huang-Kai-Tsiang and executed. and Hu-Yi-Chen visit theircamps respective camps and persuade subsequentlysubsequently Lu-Tsia-YunLu-Tsia-Yun was arrestedwas andarrested executed. and Hu-Yi-Chen to visit theirtorespective and persuade them to go them to go From the very of foundation of the "United we published to the revolution. side of the Both revolution.

Both generals From the very foundation the "United League" weLeague" published over to the over side of generals declared thatdeclared if a realthat if a real which far the and ideas wide of thethe ideas of the revolutionary Chinese revolutionary army actually revolted, they it. would join it. newspapers newspapers which spread far spread and wide Chinese army actually revolted, they would join embodied in principles the three and principles After we sent to organizers Liandistricts and Tsien Revolution, Revolution, democracy democracy embodied in the three the and theAfter this we sentthis organizers the Lian to andtheTsien to districts to "Fivefold Constitution." wave of revolu-tionary thought all allmobilize and coordinate their all the groups of intelli-gent "Fivefold Constitution."

A wave of Arevolu-tionary thought rolled all rolled mobilize the groups of intelli-gent citizens andcitizens coordinate their butits it highest reached point its highest whentowe began to activity. publish Weactivity. also sent Suan-E — and to Chuan-Chi arms in Japan. over China,over but itChina, reached when point we began publish also sentWe Suan-E — and Chuan-Chi buy armstoinbuy Japan. time we were joinedheroes by famous heroes like Hsu-Si-Lin, Moreover, collectedincomrades in Annam, invited many French journals. At journals. that timeAt wethat were joined by famous like Hsu-Si-Lin, Moreover, we collectedwecomrades Annam, and invited and many French Sun-Yaen-Tsi, Tsu-Tsin officers from amongst those demobilised as instructors.

We considered Sun-Yaen-Tsi, Tsu-Tsin and others. and others. officers from amongst those demobilised as instructors.

We considered revoltbegan at Pinli began and in 1907, and was that, wewe hadwould arms,be weable would be able seizemaritime the whole maritime The revolt The at Pinli in 1907, was carried outcarried that, out once we hadonce arms, to seize the to whole independently by ourLeague" "Unitedwith League" withforces, its own area from Tungsin. extremely for the independently by our "United its own the forces, area the from Fanchen to Fanchen Tungsin.toTungsin is Tungsin extremelyis suitable for suitable the revolutionary beingout organized out of itsAtmembers. that organization of a revolutionary as on it borders on the French revolutionary army being army organized of its members. the time At thatthe time organization of a revolutionary army, as itarmy, borders the French our revolutionary army was conducting a life-and-death struggle with concession, various kinds equipment of military can equipment can be transported our revolutionary army was conducting a life-and-death struggle with concession, and various and kinds of military be transported Imperial troops all members our Tokyowere members were to con-venience with great con-venience over the river which separates them. the Imperialthe troops at Pinli, all at ourPinli, Tokyo yearning to yearning with great over the river which separates them. go, and our with Committee with requests With of thearms arrival arms weonreckoned onand equipping go, and besieged ourbesieged Committee requests to send themtotosend the them front to the frontWith the arrival we of reckoned equipping arming and arming 2,000 then odd to men, then an to army collectofan6,000 armymen of 6,000 part in the fighting.

I know of cases somewho comrades who to take part to in take the fighting.

I know of cases when some when comrades 2,000 odd men, collect in the men Tsienin the Tsien andtoonly then to convince Kuo-Jen-Chang to to come were not able thelike front cried like children. were not able to leave for to theleave frontfor cried children. district, anddistrict, only then convince Kuo-Jen-Chang to come over our over to our way toweorganize hoped toa strong organize a strong after a Unfortunately, weinformed were notininformed in about good time Unfortunately, we were not good time the about side. the In thisside. wayInwethis hoped army, whicharmy, after which a period could of training easily occupy theofprovinces of Kwantung revolt at Pinli, which by wasmembers begun byofmembers of our and we revolt at Pinli, which was begun our League, andLeague, we short periodshort of training easilycould occupy the provinces Kwantung andand Kwangsi, and then advance join the lately so late we were unable to make adequate pre-paration. learned of itlearned so late of thatit we werethat unable to make adequate pre-paration. and Kwangsi, then advance towards the towards Yangtsethe andYangtse join theand lately mobilised troops of Nanking Wuhan, which give us at last lostatthe battle Pinli and Lu-Tao-Yi, Yuan-Hun-Yin We lost the We battle Pinli and at Lu-Tao-Yi, Nin-Tiao-Yi,Nin-Tiao-Yi, Yuan-Hun-Yin mobilised troops of Nanking and Wuhan,and which would give would us at last of the revolution. sufficient for the successful and otherwere comrades werebycaptured by the Imperial were forces and other comrades captured the Imperial troops.

Parttroops. were Part sufficient for forces the successful completion completion of the revolution.

However, quite unexpectedly us, some troubles took executed, and parttosentenced to imprisonment. the firstHowever, battle- quite executed, and part sentenced imprisonment.

This was theThis firstwas battleunexpectedly for us, somefortroubles took place in ourplace in our Tokyo committee, for theofpurchase arms fell through. christening of theofmembers of our "United League." it couldcommittee, christening of the members our "United League."

After this itAfter couldthis Tokyo and the planand forthe theplan purchase arms fellofthrough.

Fanchen this time was but as did Inot that the revolutionary movement seized the whole in at this be said that be thesaid revolutionary movement seized on the wholeoncountry in country Fanchen time at was attacked, butattacked, as the arms didthe notarms arrive, lostarrive, I lost in thewho comrades set out them, to procure unprecedented Theofmembers of our League ofin Tokyo, of confidence unprecedented dimensions.dimensions.

The members our League in Tokyo, confidence in the comrades had setwho outhad to procure whilethem, while thatstill the did armsnotstill did not who hadFanchen, attackedseeing Fanchen, course, also not remain passive Then spectators.

Then the Imperial course, could also could not remain passive spectators. the Imperial those who those had attacked that seeing the arms to theGovernment Japanese Government that be we should arrive,towithdrew to Kiangchow, that of the Kuo-Jentroops of Kuo-JenGovernmentGovernment proposed toproposed the Japanese that we should arrive,bewithdrew Kiangchow, hoping thathoping the troops expelled from of theJapan. borders of Japan.

Chang join latter, them. The latter,seeing however, that our forces expelled from the borders Chang would join would them. The however, that seeing our forces I set out from Japan withand Han-Min and Ching-Wei Annam, werecould too weak, couldupnot to help that us, fearing that he I set out from Japan with Han-Min Ching-Wei for Annam, for were too weak, not make hismake mindup to his helpmind us, fearing he order toour organize office with at Hanoi, with a new would Imperial troops himself would be by thetroops in order toinorganize office our at Hanoi, be crushed by crushed the Imperial which had which been had been a view to aa view new tohimself raised a revolt at Chaochow: however, the troops of as dispatched as reinforce-ments. thentoretreated dispatched reinforce-ments.

Our troops Our then troops retreated Linshan,to Linshan, insurrection.insurrection.

We raised aWe revolt at Chaochow: however, the troops of be helped by of theChao-Po-Siang: troops of Chao-Po-Siang: but the werethere. defeated This third was defeat. our third defeat.

Then toexpecting expecting be helpedtothere by thethere troops but the Huan-Kan Huan-Kan were defeated This there. was our Then 120

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seeing that Kuo-Jen-Chang «was not darethus to left were thus left without a result which we lost the moment without a leader, as a leader, result ofaswhich weoflost the moment latter, seeinglatter, that Kuo-Jen-Chang «was not moving, alsomoving, did not also daredid to notwere move. our Thereupon army, in weak-ness, view of its decided weak-ness, decided tosuitable retreat for suitable for anHuang-Min-Tang offensive. Huang-Min-Tang for over a month, an offensive. held out forheld overout a month, move. Thereupon army, inour view of its to retreat to Shi-Wan-Dashan, whichThis waswas done. our fifth defeat. fighting continuously fighting continuously thethe time, but the was his ten times his all the time,allbut enemy was enemy ten times to Shi-Wan-Dashan, which was done. ourThis fifthwas defeat.

Afterof our plan of insurrection was in the of and numbers did notin succeed retainingFinally Hokow. numbers we didand notwe succeed retaininginHokow. the Finally the After our plan insurrection was defeated in defeated the districts of districts Tsian I and Lian, I took personally took lead of Huang-KaiComrades Huang-Kaiof Huang-Min-Tang, 600 men, towithdrew to detachmentsdetachments of Huang-Min-Tang, numbering numbering 600 men, withdrew Tsian and Lian, personally the lead of the Comrades Tsiang, Hu-Han-Min, some French and comrades, 100 other comrades, Annam, which wasdefeat. our eighth defeat.

Annam, which was our eighth Tsiang, Hu-Han-Min, some French officers andofficers 100 other and by a sudden forts at Chen-Nan-Kwang, In consequence of theofinsistence the Pekin Government, our of the insistence the PekinofGovernment, our and by a sudden attack seizedattack threeseized forts atthree Chen-Nan-Kwang, and took and tookIn consequence into ranks the who surrendered.

I hoped to collect also were comrades werefrom expelled from the French possessions and went to comrades expelled the French possessions and went to into our ranks theour soldiers whosoldiers surrendered.

Here I hopedHere to collect also thewho comrades who had to Shi-Wan-Dashan, joint but Singapore, but were stopped by officials, the Britishwho officials, Singapore, were stopped there by thethere British would who would the comrades had retreated to retreated Shi-Wan-Dashan, and by our and jointby our efforts to attack Huchow.

I did not then thatallow the them not allow them to land.

Then Consul the French Consul in entered Singapore entered to land.

Then the French in Singapore efforts to attack Huchow.

But I did notBut then reckon withreckon the factwith that the the factnot at Shi-Wan-Dashan tooWe, far aaway. a group of about into negotia-tions with the .Governor-General, that these were into negotia-tions with the .Governor-General, stating that stating these were comrades atcomrades Shi-Wan-Dashan were too farwere away. groupWe, of about 100 the men, withguns the we three we hadfought captured, foughtdays for seven Chinese revolutionaries, who had retreated after their 600days Chinese600 revolutionaries, who had retreated after their defeat on todefeat on to 100 men, with three hadguns captured, for seven the ofthousands led by Lu-Tsi-Kwang and Lu-Yin-Tin, French territory, and in consequence their own had been sent French territory, and in consequence of their ownofwishes had wishes been sent against the against thousands men led of bymen Lu-Tsi-Kwang and Lu-Yin-Tin, and then to Annam.

I was passing throughI Lianshan, I to The Singapore.

The Governor-General of replied Singapore to Singapore.

Governor-General of Singapore that replied he did that he did and then retreated to retreated Annam. While I wasWhile passing through Lianshan, was by recognized spy of the Imperial authorities, who approached their own Government as notChinese recognize Chinese fought not recognize who foughtwho against theiragainst own Government as was recognized a spy ofby thea Imperial authorities, who approached the French Government, with theI result that I was expelled Hanoi. belligerents, that he them considered to be not political criminals and that he and considered to be them not political criminals the French Government, with the result that was expelled from Hanoi.frombelligerents, was our sixth defeat. not be but pure andthey therefore but pure rebels, and rebels, therefore wouldthey not would be allowed to allowed land. to land.

This was ourThis sixth defeat.

However, after delay two days' port, the French in succeeded in After my from departure Hanoi, I gave instructions for all after However, two days' in thedelay port,inthetheFrench succeeded After my departure Hanoi,from I gave instructions for all carrying point, and ourwere comrades weretopermitted to land. During for a newof invasion theTsian Lian and Tsian their carrying point, their and our comrades permitted land. During preparationspreparations to be madetoforbea made new invasion the Lianofand the revolutionary French Government had theIsame timeHuang-Min-Tang I ordered Huang-Min-Tang to seize the Hokow, revolutionary fighting at fighting Hokow at theHokow French the Government had districts. At districts. the sameAt time ordered to seize Hokow, observed but neutrality, butitinhad effect had even then recognized the for the purpose of further advancing into theofProvince of Yunnan and neutrality, observed in effect evenit then recognized the for the purpose of advancing into further the Province Yunnan and revolution-aries as a side, belligerent side, and therefore could our base there.afterwards Shortly afterwards Huang-Kai-Tsiang revolution-aries as a belligerent and therefore it could not ittreat thenot treat the establishingestablishing our base there.

Shortly Huang-Kai-Tsiang comrades sent toasSingapore mutineers pure and simple. out with of Annam with his andinto marched into the comrades districts sent to Singapore mutineersaspure and simple. moved out moved of Annam his friends and friends marched the districts After this last defeat, comrade Ching-Wei was very depressed, wherefor he several fought months, for several months, bringing defeat, comrade Ching-Wei was very depressed, mentioned, mentioned, where he fought bringing panic on thepanic on theAfter this last to Pekin leave to for carry Pekin out to terrorist carry outacts: terrorist Imperial and thereby acquiring thereby great repute. after However, andafter decidedandto decided leave for after acts: after Imperial troops and troops acquiring great repute.

However, consulting left with for Pekin a few but comrades; but the some he alsoowing retreated, owing to lack equipment of military and equipment and with consulting me, hewith left me, for he Pekin a few with comrades; the some time he alsotime retreated, to lack of military attemptfailed, he made he was prison together with lack This of support.

Thisour I consider seventh defeat. attempt he made and failed, he wasand thrown intothrown prison into together with lack of support.

I consider seventh our defeat.

Huang-Fu-Chen.

They freethe only after rising. the Wuhan rising.

After in mySinchow arrival in—Sinchow in about—a Huangmonth — Huang-Fu-Chen.

HuangThey were set freewere onlyset after Wuhan After my arrival in about—a month Up to the creation of our "United League," therefew were very few Min-Tang with his 100 seized comrades seized Hokow, shot the principalUp to the creation of our "United League," there were very Min-Tang with his 100 comrades Hokow, shot the principal helped the revolutionary army and in money, and those only officers, won soldiers over 1000 who surrendered, and began to awaitwhopeople people helpedwho the revolutionary army in money, those only officers, won over 1000 whosoldiers surrendered, and began to await from personal onetoelse dared to help us. After from our committee.

I was inand Nanyang, fromand amongst myamongst personalmy friends.

No friends. one elseNo dared help us. After instructions instructions from our committee.

At that timeAtI that was time in Nanyang, theof creation of our "UnitedweLeague" we bebegan to from be helped from couldFrench not cross French to take personally command at personally the theat creation our "United League" began to helped could not cross territory to territory take command the Of those helpedat us at Ithat I can mention and instructed therefore Huang-Kai-Tsiang instructed Huang-Kai-Tsiang the Of outside. outside. those who helpedwho us most thatmost time, cantime, mention front, and front, therefore to assume totheassume sold in hisParis factory Paris gave command himself. Huang-Kai-Tsiang already half-way when Chang-Tsin-Tsiang, Chang-Tsin-Tsiang, who sold hiswho factory andingave usand a sum ofus a sum of command himself.

Huang-Kai-Tsiang was alreadywas half-way there, when there, 60 or 70dollars. thousand dollars.

Further, number he unexpectedly fellsuspicion under theofsuspicion of authorities, the French authorities, 60 orand 70 thousand Further, amongst theamongst number the of the mostof the most he unexpectedly fell under the the French and generous subscribers, I will mention Huang-Tsin-Nan Annam, who wasHanoi, taken where, to Hanoi, after communication with the generous Chinese subscribers, I will mention Huang-Tsin-Nan of Annam, of who was taken to afterwhere, communication with the Chinese us all his savings, to amounting to severaldollars. thousand dollars. I can he wastoforbidden to enter China. Theatinsurgents Hokow us all gave his savings, amounting several thousand I can Government,Government, he was forbidden enter China.

The insurgents Hokow atgave 122

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mention richofmerchants ofLi-Cho-Fong, Annam — Li-Cho-Fong, Tseng- broadening day, andof' the of the was rising. "And also mentionalso several rich several merchants Annam — Tseng- broadening day by day,day andby ' the spirit thespirit Chinese wasChinese rising. "And Hsi-Chow and Ma-Pei-Chen — who some subscribed tens of thousands if weour now turn ourtoatten-tion the plan Iand proposed Hsi-Chow and Ma-Pei-Chen — who subscribed tens ofsome thousands if we now turn atten-tion the plan to I proposed do not and lose do not lose heart,toI find promise to find theforresources for future They of dollars. of dollars. heart, I promise the resources future work."

Theywork." replied: "If replied: "If After my repeated defeats, I could noteither live freely either inweJapan, we the have not the necessary resources tonecessary to satisfy our own After my repeated defeats, I could not live freely in Japan, have not resources satisfy our own needs as needs as Kong, or or generally Annam, or in the districtsonbordering China. how emigrants, we findforresources for the Revolution?"

Hong Kong,Hong or Annam, ingenerally the districts bordering China. onemigrants, can wehow find can resources the Revolution?" within the boundaries of country my native I replied would find theThen resources.

Then Thus work Thus withinwork the boundaries of my native wascountry almost was almostI replied again that I again wouldthat findI the resources. comrade Bocomrade Bo for me. entrusting Therefore, the entrusting the to leadership declared we were really action to begin action again we must impossible impossible for me. Therefore, leadership comradesto comrades declared that if we that wereif really to begin again we must Huang-Kai-Tsiang and Hu-Han-Min, I myself onceoutmore on a immediately send awith comrade several dollars thousand dollars to the Huang-Kai-Tsiang and Hu-Han-Min, I myself once more set on aset out immediately send a comrade severalwith thousand to the journey with the specialof purpose of collecting of to Szechuan, help thethere comrades there and prevent their purpose collecting journey round the round world, the withworld, the special Province ofProvince Szechuan, help the tocomrades and prevent their for the Chinese Revolution. dispersal.

Onlyit then will it be think up of asetting resources forresources the Chinese Revolution. dispersal. Only then will be possible to possible think of to setting new up a new Subsequently, Huang-Tsiang and Hu-Han-Min committee and againthe reopening struggle. said comrade Subsequently, comrades comrades Huang-Tsiang and Hu-Han-Min committee and again reopening struggle.the "We must,""We said must," comrade at Hong KongCommittee a "Chief Committee Southern Affairs," return to Hong for a full discussion, and also immediately organized atorganized Hong Kong a "Chief for SouthernforAffairs," Bo," return Bo," to Hong Kong for a Kong full discussion, and also immediately together withChao-Po-Tsiang, comrades Chao-Po-Tsiang, Ni-Yang-Chen, send five thousand dollars toBut Szechuan.

But iffurther we intend further action, and, togetherand, with comrades Ni-Yang-Chen, Chu-Chi- Chu-Chisend five thousand dollars to Szechuan. if we intend action, Sin and Chen-Chiung-Min, raised aofrebel-lion of the newly-mobilized we require tens ofofthousands Sin and Chen-Chiung-Min, raised a rebel-lion the newly-mobilized we require several tens several of thousands dollars." of dollars." in the of This Kwantung.

This was movement was well thoughtI then summoned I then the summoned Chinesewho emigrants who sympathized with troops in thetroops province of province Kwantung. movement well thought Chinesethe emigrants sympathized with andoftheinsurrection banner of insurrection raised in 1910. us for a conference, resultwas of which wascollected that theyeight collected eight out, and the out, banner was raised inwas 1910. us for a conference, the result ofthe which that they Comrade Ni-Yan-Tiang of theand insurgents and dollars thousand dollars foraddition us, and decided in addition decided comrades to delegatetocomrades to Comrade Ni-Yan-Tiang went to the went camptoofthe thecamp insurgents thousand for us, and in to delegate assumedofleadership the revolt. moved chiefthe sum collect sum we required in regions the various andIn provinces.

In the assumed leadership the revolt.ofFrom ShahoFrom they Shaho movedthey on the chiefon the collect we the required in the various and regions provinces. the city of theand province, and had already reached Han-Chi-Gan, there space ofwe a few days we collected sixtythousand or seventy thousand dollars. city of the province, had already reached Han-Chi-Gan, but there but space of a few days collected sixty or seventy dollars. met the Government and by anexplosion accidentalNi-Yangexplosion Ni-Yang-We worked We a planI went of action. the Dutch possession, met the Government troops, and troops, by an accidental out worked a plan ofout action. to theI went Dutchtopossession, was notand admitted, andrefused was also refused through a passage Tiang Left was killed. without leader,dispersed the rebelsindispersed various Tiang was killed. withoutLeft a leader, thea rebels various inbut was notbutadmitted, was also a passage thethrough the British possessions; so nothing that I had leftagain but once directions. was our ninth defeat. directions. This was ourThis ninth defeat.

British possessions; so that I had elsenothing left butelse once to again to leave or forAmerica.

Europe orI went America.

I went towhere America, wherefrom I traveled from this leaving time I was leaving the East.

When Ileave arrived At this timeAt I was America forAmerica the East.for When I arrived for Europe to America, I traveled corneragitating to corner,amongst agitating Chineseand emigrants in SanI Francisco learned of Ithe revolt. I immediately set sailcorner for theto corner, in San Francisco learned ofI the revolt. immediately set sail for the theamongst Chinesethe emigrants urging and urging to help us and tomoney subscribe money of the Revolution.

Philippine and the Japan withofthe object oftoreturning to China.

Philippine Islands and Islands Japan with object returning China. But themBut to helpthem us and to subscribe for the causeforofthe thecause Revolution. many sympathizers On thisthere occasion in IYokohama I was by recognized spiesnot andremain could there, not remain and occasion in Yokohama was recognized spies andby could and there, On this were there very were many very sympathizers amongst theamongst the left forwhere the South, wheretoI meet decided to meet Huang-Kai-Tsiang Hu- inemigrants left for the South, I decided Huang-Kai-Tsiang and Hu- and emigrants America. in America. thisplace timethe took place therising.

Kwantung rising. the most heroic confer of our furtherAmongst activities.the Amongst theAt this timeAt Han-Min toHan-Min confer ontothe plan on of the our plan further activities. took Kwantung All the mostAll heroic tookalthough part, and we once again suffered defeat, thiswas timegreat theredepression. was great depression.

After and our defeat and revolutionaries comrades atcomrades this time at there After our defeat revolutionaries took part, and wealthough once again suffered defeat, glorious of the seventy-two heroesthrough-out resounded through-out the the destruction of ourcommittee, strongest committee, had lost advantageous the destruction of our strongest we had lostwe advantageous the gloriousthe deeds of thedeeds seventy-two heroes resounded the was our tenth defeat. positions. of our forced to flee and emigrate.

We hadThis world. positions. Most of our Most fighters werefighters forcedwere to flee and emigrate.

We had world. was ourThis tenth defeat. beforecomrades the rising,Chen-Yin-Shin, comrades Chen-Yin-Shin, Sun-Tun-Chu, notstrength sufficient all anew. the Therefore the comradesEven beforeEven not sufficient to strength organize toallorganize anew. Therefore comrades the rising, Sun-Tun-Chu, Tan-Shi-Bin, Tsui-Tsiao-Shen and others, seeing that in the were in anpessimistic extremely frame pessimistic frame mind,we and whentowe began to were in an extremely of mind, andofwhen began Tan-Shi-Bin, Tsui-Tsiao-Shen and others, seeing that in the province of province of we were one suffering after anotherto decided to of plans, our future theyheavily all sighed not look one Kwantung talk of our talk future they plans, all sighed andheavily did notand lookdid one Kwantung we were suffering defeat one afterdefeat another decided another I tookand the began floor, to andtellbegan tellour them transfer that our the transfer center of their Hankow,and Wuchang and Hanyang, another in the eyes.inI the tookeyes. the floor, themtothat center ofthe their attention to attention Hankow, to Wuchang Hanyang, there, as consisting defeats in themuch past were much Our detachments at thei.e. present to worktheamongst thethere, garrisons defeats in the past were heavier.

Ourheavier. detachments at the present to worki.e.amongst garrisons consisting they didasofthey did of soldiers. somehad agitation gone on amongst mightbutbethe few, but the revolutionary wasand growing and newly-mobilized newly-mobilized soldiers. After some After agitation gone onhad amongst time might time be few, revolutionary wave was wave growing 124

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French The otherjoined Consuls them, and theirmind statewas of so mind was so revolutionary that the GovernorFrench Consul.

TheConsul. other Consuls withjoined them, with and passed a passed a them, their them, state of revolutionary that the Governorof the and provinces Kwantung ordered provinces most ofresolution of non-intervention and maintenance resolution non-intervention and maintenance of neutrality.of neutrality.

General of General the Hupeh and Hupeh Kwantung theordered most the revolutionary to be transferred to theofprovince of Szechuan. that was the Consul wasaccording not actingtoaccording to the Agreement, and Seeing that Seeing the Consul not acting the Agreement, and revolutionary units to beunits transferred to the province Szechuan.

However, the last rising, Kwantung rising, the number of of supporters be relied upon, Jui-Chen fled toBut Shanghai. that heofcouldthat nothebecould reliednot upon, Jui-Chen fled to Shanghai. as soon But as soon However, after the lastafter Kwantung the number of supporters the began Revolution began daily. to increase daily. The Imperial of authorities as the Governor-General fled, followed Chang-Hu followed thethe Governor-General fled, Chang-Hu him.

In this him. way In thethis way the the Revolution to increase The Imperial authorities the as of Tsing dynasty were a state of panic terror, a blow authorities Imperialeliminated authoritiesthemselves. eliminated themselves.

Tsing dynasty were in a state ofin panic terror, fearing mostfearing of all amost blowof allImperial from and Wuchang, andthe therefore the Governor-General of the above-Amongst the Amongst the revolutionaries, this time,was Sun-Wu was revolutionaries, during this during time, Sun-Wu from Wuchang, therefore Governor-General of the abovementionedJui-Chen, provinces,made Jui-Chen, made anwith agreement with of the Consul of while wounded, while thecom-rades Shanghai had com-rades had not arrived. Tsa-Tsi-Min, wounded, the Shanghai not arrived.

Tsa-Tsi-Min, mentioned provinces, an agreement the Consul a "certain" state the that,revolutionaries when the revolutionaries riseheinmust revolt, he must Chang-Chen and otherofmembers of the "United League" Chang-Chen and other members the "United League" then forcedthen forced a "certain" state that, when rise in revolt, landand hisbombard troops and the city. of the Colonel Li-Yuan-Hung the Governor-Generalship Colonel Li-Yuan-Hung to assume to the assume Governor-Generalship of the land his troops thebombard city.

The atmosphere Wuchang wasComrades electrical.Sun-Wu, Comrades Sun-Wu, Hupeh province, andwas only thengradually was orderrestored. gradually restored.

Hupeh province, and only then order The atmosphere in Wuchanginwas electrical.

Liu, and others act aand raise aofrebellion of the troops.The first revolutionary The first revolutionary outbreak thusintook in the provinces outbreak thus took place the place provinces Liu, and others decided to decided act and to raise rebellion the troops.

However, quite unexpectedly, ourwas committee was discovered, of Hunan unitywas of not action was not established of thirty Hunan and Hupeh, and but Hupeh, unity ofbut action established between between However, quite unexpectedly, our committee discovered, and thirty and were imprisoned; but Hi-Yin-Shan, while in the at success them. Our success atwas Wuchang was due in great measure them. Our at Wuchang due in great measure to the flightto ofthe flight of while in the prison at prison people werepeople imprisoned; but Hi-Yin-Shan, Wuchang, in succeeded notifying Chen-Yin-Shin him since, Jui-Chen, since, he had not fled,would Chang-Hu would notalso, have fled also, Jui-Chen, if he had notif fled, Chang-Hu not have fled Wuchang, succeeded notifyingin Chen-Yin-Shin and giving and himgiving so thatnot he too should this time, then subordinated the troops subordinated to him undoubtedly would not have andthere then theand troops to him undoubtedly would not have warning, so warning, that he should fall not intotoo thefall trap.into At the thistrap. time,Atthere intoofthe of the Imperial aauthorities list of our artillerymen mutinied.

The of thesoldiers mobilized soldiers atwere Wuchang mutinied. The majority of majority the mobilized at Wuchang on were on fell into thefell hands thehands Imperial authorities list of ouraartillerymen and other who were taking part in of the Revolution. the Revolution: side of the Revolution: most of transferred them were earlier transferred the side of the but most of but them were to earlier to part in the work ofthe thework Revolution. and other soldiers whosoldiers were taking whoinremained Withofthesaving objectthese of saving thesefrom comrades fromdestruction, inevitable destruction, of Of Szechuan.

Of who the troops the provincetheofprovince Szechuan. the troops remained Wuchangin Wuchang With the object comrades inevitable there the were only the artillerymen and the engineering it wastonecessary to act immediately with great urgency.SunTherefore, Sunthere were only artillerymen and the engineering troops, but troops, they but they it was necessary act immediately with great urgency.

Therefore, havelives solddearly their lives dearly if their notso, fled. And so, Bi-Chen firstaction, went into action,byfollowed

by Tsao-Tsi-Min others.have would sold their if their officers hadofficers not fled.had And Bi-Chen first went into followed Tsao-Tsi-Min and others. andwould "Heaven helped China." of their detachments they the Governor-General's "Heaven itself helpeditself China."

At the headAt of the theirhead detachments they attacked theattacked Governor-General's Theour object of our Revolution, of course, was not limited to the officebombarding and began bombarding it.

The object of Revolution, of course, was not limited to the office and began it.

Wuchang The began comrades began activity to display activity Governor hearing Jui-Chen,thehearing noisecannonade, of the cannonade, capture of capture Wuchangof alone.

The alone. comrades to display Governor Jui-Chen, noise the of the country.

Very seized fifteen provinces. fled to Hankow, and to of thea Consul of a "certain" throughout throughout the country.theVery rapidly we rapidly seized we fifteen provinces. immediatelyimmediately fled to Hankow, and appealed to appealed the Consul "certain" country to city. But toaccording to ofthe Treaty no of all Earliest of allwent Shanghai to us, immediately Earliest Shanghai over towent us, over immediately after the fallafter of the fall of country to bombard thebombard city. Buttheaccording the Treaty 1900, noof 1900, right of independent action in and therefore and immediately after Hankow. Chen-Yin-Shin acting Hankow. Chen-Yin-Shin was acting was there, and there, immediately after country hadcountry the righthadofthe independent action in China, andChina, therefore meeting of the Consular body was to summoned to question discuss the question he seizedThus Nanking.

Thus the seizure of Hankow Wuchang, Hankow Shanghai heShanghai seized Nanking. the seizure of Wuchang, a meeting ofa the Consular body was summoned discuss the of whether the be citybombarded should be to bombarded to restore order.outIt turned out andgave Hanyang to of theCentral whole China, of Central China, while and Hanyang us thegave keysusto the the keys whole while of whether the city should restore order.

It turned that the had opinion. no definiteThey opinion.

Theyaddressed were thenbyaddressed by Chen-Yin-Shin Shanghai was also growing in strength.

Chen-Yin-Shin at Shanghai at was also growing in strength. that the Consuls hadConsuls no definite were then my old acquaintance, the French who While was the rising place at IWuchang, taking was placetaking at Wuchang, arrived inI arrived in my old acquaintance, the French Consul, whoConsul, informed theinformed meeting the meetingWhile the rising thathad thistaken risingplace had taken on my instructions, that the Ten Columbia.

Ten days beforethere, my arrival there,aItelegram received from a telegram from days before my arrival I received that this rising on myplace instructions, and declaredand thatdeclared the Columbia. revolutionaries of the Sun Yat-Sen bymaking no means a as the Huan-Kai-Tsiang Hong Huan-Kai-Tsiang from Hongfrom Kong, but Kong, as the but cipher was cipher in mywas in my revolutionaries of the Sun Yat-Sen Party were Party by no were means a making baggage, could read theand telegram, and only deciphered sense-less but were for the reconstruction baggage, I could not Iread thenot telegram, only deciphered it when I it when I sense-less mutiny, but mutiny, were fighting for fighting the reconstruction of political of political authority. they Therefore, cannotwith be classed with the theyin one arrived in one of of thethe towns State of The Columbia.

The telegram arrived of the towns Stateofofthe Columbia. telegram authority. Therefore, cannot they be classed the Boxers, andBoxers, they and that had Tsui-Chen arrivedKong at Hong Kong andthat reported that should not bewith. interfered with. member The senior member of the Consular bodythat stated stated Tsui-Chen arrivedhad at Hong and reported should not be interfered The senior of the Consular body was tonecessary assist of thethe rising of the recently mobilized thatthetime was the the same as thewasmoney necessary assist theto rising recently mobilized at that time atwas Russian, andRussian, he tookand up he the took sameupposition as position the money 126

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soldiers.

Being inIColumbia, I had not any money,and of course, could took side of the Revolution, Germany were took the side of the Revolution, Germany and Russia and wereRussia opposed to opposed to soldiers. Being in Columbia, had not any money, of course, could and procure it, and to send postponing a telegram postponing policy, the Revolution. not yet Revolution.

England hadEngland not yethad defined herdefined policy, her though her though her not procure not it, and intended to intended send a telegram the rising. thetherising.

But and, nightbeing fell, tired and, being by my journey, I itpostponed till thealso people alsoitsexpressed sympathy with the Revolution, and, while the expressed sympathyitswith the Revolution, and, while the But night fell, by mytired journey, I postponed till the itpeople in order to the think over the question head. I Government Japanese Government against the Revolution, Japanese people was againstwas the Revolution, the Japanesethe people morning, in morning, order to think over question again with aagain clearwith head.a IclearJapanese the next morning 11 o'clock and, being hungry, out to sympathized with it. sympathized with it. woke up thewoke next up morning at 11 o'clockatand, being hungry, went out to went restaurant. my waya Inewspaper bought a and, newspaper and, at theThus, the international Thus, the international situation was of a question of life or death situation was a question life or death a restaurant.a On my wayOnI bought arriving at arriving the restaurant,it;unfolded it; immediately my met eyesbywere met by a telegram for the Chinese Revolution.

The mostofimportant of at allthe for us, at the for the Chinese Revolution.

The most important all for us, restaurant, unfolded immediately my eyes were a telegram about the capture ofbyWuchang by the revolutionary troops. I thereupon moment, was the attitude of for we that considered that if England moment, was the attitude of England, forEngland, we considered if England about the capture of Wuchang the revolutionary troops. I thereupon senttelegram a detailed to Huan-Kai-Tsiang, in which Ithe explained following her example. took Japan our side Japan not following delay in her took the our side would not would delay in example. sent a detailed to telegram Huan-Kai-Tsiang, in which I explained reason for my silence. decided leave for England.

Therefore, ITherefore, decided to Ileave for to England. reason for my silence.

In twenty I could come toand Shanghai and take a personalWhen goingWhen going I read a statement newspapertostatement to through St. through Louis, I St. readLouis, a newspaper In twenty days I coulddays come to Shanghai take a personal part in the revolutionary but diplomatic for us our front diplomatic was that theaeffect that ahad revolution broken out atonWuchang onofthe orders of the effect revolution broken had out at Wuchang the orders part in the revolutionary struggle, butstruggle, for us our was front moreeven important even than the military for the moment. Therefore, Sun Yat-Sen, andproposed that in theRepublic proposed Republic Yat-Sen Sun Yat-Sen, and that in the Sun Yat-SenSun would be would be more important than the military front for thefront moment.

Therefore, decided to concentrate mydiplomatic efforts on affairs, diplomatic and only theAfter President.

1 had hide from the Press correspondents, as the after President. this 1 After had tothis hide fromtothe Press correspondents, as I decided toIconcentrate my efforts on and affairs, only after business to return home. turned outwas thatin rumor was of in fact. advance of fact. it turned outitthat rumor advance settling this settling businessthis to return home. stateatofthat affairs thatastime was as follows.had America hadAccompanied Accompanied comrade Chu-Cho-Wen, continued by comradeby Chu-Cho-Wen, I continued Imy long my long The state ofThe affairs timeatwas follows.

America respecttheofprinciple China theofprinciple the and openthedoor journey and the to England. journey to arrival in INew York,information I received information that OnEngland. arrival inOn New York, received that proclaimed proclaimed in respect ofinChina the open of door of its sovereignty, but into relation to the Revolution thewere comrades making attack and on Canton, I sentto a telegram to the comrades makingwere an attack onan Canton, I sent a and telegram maintenancemaintenance of its sovereignty, but in relation the Revolution America had no definite opinion.American However,public American public Governor opinion Chang-Ni-Isi Governor Chang-Ni-Isi pro-posing thatsurrender he shouldthe surrender pro-posing that he should city, in the city, in America had no definite opinion.

However, opinion took far asGovernment the French Government and French were order to avoid bloodshed, thetocomrades grant him his order to avoid bloodshed, and orderedand the ordered comrades grant himto his took our side.

Soour far side. as theSo French and French people werepeople our Revolution met with In sympathy.

Englandlife, public life,later which laterout. on carried out. which was onwas carried concerned, concerned, our Revolution met with sympathy.

EnglandInpublic opinion expressed its with sympathy with the Revolution, On in myEngland, arrival inI entered England,through I entered English friend mythrough English my friend opinion expressed its sympathy the Revolution, but the but theOn my arrival the Four Powers, opposed to it.and Germany Russia, that time, into negotiations with theConsortium Banking Consortium intowere negotiations with the Banking of the FourofPowers, GovernmentGovernment was opposedwas to it.

Germany Russia, and at that time,atwere obviously in support favor offorsupport for the dynasty, Tai-Tsing and dynasty, a view to for the Imperial Manchu with and a viewwith to stopping allstopping loans foralltheloans Imperial Manchu House.

TheHouse. The obviously in favor of the Tai-Tsing relations our revolutionaries and their position peoples wasposition that the Consortium already that thewas Consortium had alreadyhad granted onegranted loan ofone a loan of a furthermore,furthermore, the relationsthe between ourbetween revolutionaries and their peoples were insignificant, and consequently had no possibility of millions hundred on the security of the Chuan-Hang Railway, on millions the security of the Chuan-Hang Railway, and then and then we had nowe possibility of hundred were insignificant, and consequently policy. there Therefore, thereonly remained Japan,a further which loan a further loan ofmillions. a hundred On one of these loans the money of a hundred Onmillions. one of these loans the money influencing influencing their policy.their Therefore, remained Japan, only which was to very to us, and bestonly sonsexpressed not only their expressed but onalthough the other,thealthough the signature hadtheir alreadyhad beenalready partly been paid, partly but onpaid, the other, signature was very close us,close and whose best whose sons not sympathy but hadtheir sacrificed their of appended, the wasthe appended, the not bonds yet been My intention was to bonds had yet had beennot issued.

My issued. intention was to sympathy with us, butwith hadus, sacrificed lives in thelives causein ofthethecausewas The of the Japanese Government was,not however, notthe stop-page secure theofstop-page the loan whichcarried had been carried secure payment ofonpayment the loanon which had been Revolution. Revolution.

The policy of thepolicy Japanese Government was, however, quite in thisand question, judging from previous one experience one andthrough, andthe to issue prevent issue bonds the Iother through, to prevent of the bonds forofthe otherfor loan. knewloan. that I knew that quite clear in thisclear question, judgingand from previous experience could it put upattitude a negative attitude to our Revolution. theofsettlement of thison de-pended on the Foreignand Secretary, and therefore settlement this de-pended the Foreign Secretary, therefore could suppose thatsuppose it put upthat a negative to our Revolution.

Thus, theThus, on one occasionme it expelled from the anddid on another not I the to enter into instructed of the Wei-Hai-Wei instructed Directortheof Director the Wei-Hai-Wei Arsenal to Arsenal enter into on one occasion it expelled from theme country, andcountry, on another not I did with the British Govern-ment on three on questions, on the to land in Japan. negotiationsnegotiations with the British Govern-ment on three questions, the allow me to allow land inme Japan. of whichThe I insisted.

The was the of annulment Beginning 1900, the not totheactrightsettlement to act ofsettlement which I insisted. first was thefirst annulment all loans of all loans Beginning with 1900, with the Powers hadPowers not thehad right to thedynasty.

Tai-Tsing wasJapan to prevent Japan from helping independently in China. were who six Powers thata timetotook a the Tai-Tsing Thedynasty. second The was second to prevent from helping independently in China. There were There six Powers at that who time at took andwas thetothird was toallwithdraw all orders prohibiting me very part inofthe affairsOfofthese, China.

Of these, France and America the dynasty,the anddynasty, the third withdraw orders prohibiting me very intimate partintimate in the affairs China.

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from entering Britishsoterritory, so that I could returnmore to China more from entering British territory, that I could return to China APPENDIX I APPENDIX I conveniently. conveniently.

Having received asettlement favorableof settlement of thesefrom questions from Having received a favorable these questions "SAN-MIN-CHU" (THEPRINCIPLES) THREE PRINCIPLES) "SAN-MIN-CHU" (THE THREE British Government, I then turned to the Banking Consortium to the British the Government, I then turned to the Banking Consortium to secure loanrevolutionary for the revolutionary received the secure a loan for a the Government.Government.

I received Ithe speech

by Sun Yat-Sen, on 1921, Marchat6th, 1921, atofa meeting of A speech Yat-Sen, delivered ondelivered March 6th, a meeting following from theofmanager of the Consortium: the byASun following reply from reply the manager the Consortium: "Since the "Since theCommittee Executive of Committee of the Kuomintang the Kuomintang at Canton at Canton for the our Consortium will the Executive GovernmentGovernment has stopped has the stopped loans forthe theloans dynasty, ourdynasty, Consortium will grant these loans only established to a firmly and established andrecognized officially recognized grant these loans only to a firmly officially COMRADES, The Con-sortium proposes for the send a the present to present send a to COMRADES, Government.Government.

The Con-sortium proposes for representative you return, on your representative with you with on your andreturn, when and the when officialthe official Today, at the of our session, Executive opening of opening our Executive thesession, questionthe question of your Government it will be possible to openToday, at the recognition recognition of your Government takes place, takes it willplace, be possible to open me: our whatorganization does our organization involuntarily arises beforearises me: before what does represent? represent? negotiations." wasdo allduring I couldmy dostay during my stay in England.

I then involuntarily negotiations."

This was allThis I could in England.

I then brief isand its history, and thewhich principles This in briefThis is itsinhistory, the principles guidewhich it. guide it. returned home through during my passage through Paris returned home through France, andFrance, during and my passage through Paris formed after the overthrow of the Tsing was Party formedwasafter the overthrow of the Tsing met representatives of the French Opposition parties. I receivedOur Party Our met representatives of the French Opposition parties. I received (Manchu) dynasty and the establishment of a republican (Manchu) dynasty and the establishment of a republican form of form of of sympathy all, particularly from Premier expressions expressions of sympathy from all, from particularly from Premier It has to play a tremendous in of theour future of our Government.

It has to play a tremendous part in the part future daysdeparture after myfrom departure Franceat I arrived at Government.

Clemenceau.Clemenceau.

Thirty days Thirty after my Francefrom I arrived country.

Fromthis the Party time was this Party was China dissolved, country. the time dissolved, has China been has been Shanghai.

The Peace Conference ofNorth Southwas and taking North place was taking place From Shanghai. The Peace Conference of South and a state of It is,natural of course, that the reason a state ofindisorder.

It disorder. is, of course, that natural the reason thisthe time, but the Constitution of Republic the futurewas Republic not yet inconstantly at this time,atbut Constitution of the future not yetwas constantly for the disturbances and of sufferings of thepeople Chinese for the disturbances and sufferings the Chinese waspeople the was the determined. determined. dissolution of our Party.

For many years we have fought, and are still dissolution of our Party.

For many years we have fought, and are still beforeatmy arrival atallShanghai, all and the foreign Even beforeEven my arrival Shanghai, the foreign Chineseand Chinese fighting, traitors to who the people fighting, the against traitors the to the people live towho this live day to in this the day in the werewidely spreading widely theI story that I washome returning home against newspapers newspapers were spreading the story that was returning northernofprovinces of China, where theofinfluence Party is very northern China, where the influence our Partyofisour very sumtoofhelp money help the Revolution.

Whenat I arrived at provinces with a largewith sumaoflarge money the to Revolution.

When I arrived small: nevertheless, sooner later the northerners join us. In the small: sooner or later the or northerners will join us.will In the Shanghai, both my and comrades and theofreporters of the andnevertheless, Shanghai, both my comrades the reporters the Foreign andForeign southinoftheChina, sphere ofofinfluence the Party, of China, sphereinoftheinfluence the Party,ofthere is onlythere the is only the Chinese newspapers expected this, but I replied thatbrought I had not south brought Chinese newspapers expected this, but I replied that I had not single of Kwantung. single province of province Kwantung. with mebut a farthing: but had with me a revolutionary and with me a farthing: had brought withbrought me a revolutionary spirit, and spirit, In the Party is revolutionary. is revolutionary.

In the second yearsecond after year the after the that, the Revolution aim of the had Revolution had beenthere achieved, that, until the aimuntil of the been achieved, could there be could beOur Party Our establishment of the republican order, many of its members went establishment of the republican order, many of its members went question of peace conferences. no question no of peace conferences. abroad, worked energetically for the development of the they where workedthey energetically for the development of the after this the deputies all theofprovinces China, where Soon after Soon this the deputies from all thefrom provinces China, ofabroad, movement in China.

Henceofthe the Party. While revolutionary movement in China. Hence the name thename Party.ofWhile assembled in Nanking, the city ofelected Nanking, elected me Provisional of revolutionary assembled in the city of me Provisional President ofPresident it wasin working the Party known as the "National it of was Tokyo, in the Tokyo, Party was knownwas as the "National China.

In 1912 office, I assumed office, and the proclamation theworking China. In 1912 I assumed and ordered the ordered proclamation of the theofdifference names,does of course, does alter the character League": difference names, ofofcourse, not alter thenot character Chinese the Republic, the of alteration of calendar, the lunar and calendar, the theLeague": Chinese Republic, alteration the lunar the and essence aims Our it pursues.

Ouris Republic is already and essenceand of the aims of it the pursues.

Republic already ten years ten years year Year as theofFirst Year of the Chinese Republic. declara-tiondeclara-tion of that year of as that the First the Chinese Republic. we still it perfected as a fullytype, perfected old,their but weold, stillbut cannot lookcannot upon look it as upon a fully or type, or years passed one only day, after and only day,as and their after Thus thirtyThus yearsthirty passed as one consider that our aim has been achieved.

Our work is not yet consider that our aim has been achieved.

Our work is not yet didmy I achieve principal the life aim — of the my life — the completion completion did I achieve principalmyaim, the aimaim, of my completed: we must completed: we must continue thecontinue struggle.the struggle. creation of the Chinese Republic. creation of the Chinese Republic.

Ourradically Party isdifferent radicallyfrom different allparties the other Our Party is all thefrom other of parties of China. a party which strove for the of overthrow of the China. Thus, there Thus, was athere partywas which strove for the overthrow the Tsing and the establishment anotherMing. dynasty, Tsing dynasty anddynasty the establishment of another of dynasty, Of Ming. Of 130 131 66 66

course, theofprinciples this opposed party were to ours. course, the principles this partyofwere to opposed ours. When in theWhen in the the Tsing we were forced to establishinourselves in (1) Nationalism last years oflast the years Tsingofdynasty, wedynasty, were forced to establish ourselves (1) Nationalism we determined theasfollowing as the fundamental Tokyo, we Tokyo, determined the following the fundamental principles ofprinciples of our Party: nationalism, democracy and Socialism.

What do to wethe impart the word "nationalism"?

With What meaning domeaning we impart wordto"nationalism"?

With our Party: nationalism, democracy and Socialism.

At power that time, powerwas in China in of thethe handsthe ofestablishment the the establishment of the Manchu dynastytheinpeople China,remained the people remained of the Manchu dynasty in China, At that time, in China still inwas the still hands Manchus, and the Revolution had only its firstunder stage, under anyoke incredible yoke over two hundred Now that dynasty an incredible for over twofor hundred years.

Now years. that dynasty Manchus, and the Revolution had only arrived at arrived its first atstage, passing over two the other two principles.

"The Fivefold has been overthrown, and the people,seem, it would ought to enjoy has been overthrown, and the people, it would oughtseem, to enjoy nationalism,nationalism, passing over the other principles.

"The Fivefold Constitution" has great importance for our of freedom. complete freedom.

But do the Chinese all theofblessings of complete But do the Chinese people enjoypeople all theenjoy blessings Constitution" has great importance for our country in country the sensein ofthe sense firmform and of justgovernment; form of government; the No.liberty?

No. isThen what is the reason?

Why, thathas ourasParty has as yet far liberty?

Then what the reason?

Why, that our Party yet far establishingestablishing a firm anda just but, before but, the before overthrow the Tsing dynasty, many that the of overthrow of from appointed tasks, and out has only carried only the negative from fulfilled its fulfilled appointeditstasks, and has carried theout negative overthrow of the Tsingofdynasty, many thought thatthought the overthrow was the aim ofand ourthat Party, and thatChina thereafter China part of its work, without doing of work. its positive work. part of its work, without doing anything of anything its positive that dynastythat wasdynasty the ultimate aimultimate of our Party, thereafter would proceed along road ofdevelopment universal development Since thegreat end of the greatWar, European War,position the world of the European the world hasposition has would proceed along the road of the universal and success.and success.Since the end has that to be case?

It isthat now thatfor theall reason for allchanged: sharply eyes ofworld the whole world are now sharply thechanged: eyes of the whole are now turned to theturned Far to the Far But has thatBut proved to beproved the case?

It the is now clear theclear reason that hasishappened that ourdespised comrades—despised — inofthe name of East, particularly to China.

Strictlyamongst speaking, all of the nations of East, particularly to China. Strictly speaking, all amongst the nations that has happened that our is comrades in the name theprinciples other twoofprinciples of democracy and Socialism.

FarSiam East and onlyJapan Siam are andcompletely Japan are completely China, the Far Eastthe only independent.independent.

China, nationalism nationalism — the other—two democracy and Socialism.

This proves once again thatdid ournot work did notwith conclude with the times in population the vast territorially and dozens exceeding vastoverterritorially and exceeding of dozens times inofpopulation the This once again that proves our work conclude the overof thedynasty.

Tsing We dynasty. mustknow firmlyand know and independent is yet in effect only semi-independent.

What is independent countries, iscountries, yet in effect only semi-independent.

What is throw of throw the Tsing must We firmly so long all threehave principles havecarried not beenthe carried reason? the reason? "remember "remember that, so longthat, as all three as principles not been realiflife if one themcompletely had been completely realized), thereAfter the overthrow After the of overthrow of theand monarchy and the establishment of the monarchy the establishment of into real lifeinto (even one(even of them hadofbeen realized), there can be no stableofconditions the system republican system in the territorybypopulated by the five nationalities the republican in the territory populated the five nationalities can be no stable conditions existence.of existence. in nationalism fact, our nationalism has been not yet been Manchus, (Chinese,Mongols, Manchus,Tartars Mongols, andaTibetans), a vast (Chinese, and Tartars Tibetans), vast number of number of Furthermore,Furthermore, in fact, our has not yet realized.

The ofprinciples President Lincoln completely and religiousappeared. elementsAnd appeared.

And reactionary reactionary and religious elements here lies thehere rootlies of the root of completely completely realized. The principles PresidentofLincoln completely stand asthere follows: coincide withsaid: mine. said: "A government of the people,

by Numerically, the evil. Numerically, these nationalities the evil. these nationalities stand as follows: are there are coincide with mine. He "AHe government of the people, elected by elected several millionless Tibetans, less than a millionabout Mongols, about ten million for the people."

These have principles servedseveral as themillion Tibetans, than a million Mongols, ten million the people the and people for the and people."

These principles servedhave as the the most insignificant number ofPolitically Manchus.their Politically their of achievement for as Europeans as well as Americans.

Words andTartars, the mostand insignificant number of Manchus. maximum ofmaximum achievement for Europeans well as Americans.

Words Tartars, is in the sphere of Japanese is asManchuria follows: Manchuria havesense the same sense caninbeChina: foundI in China: I have translated distribution distribution is as follows: is in the sphere of Japanese which have which the same can be found have translated influence,according Mongolia,toaccording to recent reports, under the influence them: "nationalism, democracy and Socialism."

Of course, can be Mongolia, recent reports, is under theisinfluence them: "nationalism, democracy and Socialism."

Of course, there can bethereinfluence, of Russia, booty of Great Britain. races have not other interpretations. andthepower of States the United are a and of Russia, Tibet isand the Tibet bootyisofthe Great Britain.

These racesThese have not other interpretations.

The wealth The and wealth power of United are aStates sufficientforstrength for self-defense, but they striking example results of great men'sinteachings in that I strength sufficient self-defense, but they might unitemight with unite the with the striking example of the resultsofofthe great men's teachings that country.

I country.

Chinese to form a single State. glad that to observe that my too, principles, too, by arethe shared by the Chinese greatest to form a single State. am glad to am observe my principles, are shared greatest There are 400 million if they cannot organize a single political minds are not in contradiction to all the world'sThere are 400 million Chinese: if Chinese: they cannot organize a single political minds abroad and abroad are notand in contradiction to all the world's nation, a united is theirand disgrace, anda moreover democratic schools of thought. nation, a united State, this isState, their this disgrace, moreover proof thata proof that democratic schools of thought. havecomplete not giveneffect complete to the firstand principle, I now wish to speak of nationalism. we have notwe given even effect to the even first principle, that and that I now wish to speak of nationalism. wefor must fightwhile for a yet longtowhile carry to the full. We we must fight a long carry yet out to our tasksout to our the tasks full. We shall an united ChineseinRepublic order that all the peoples shall establish anestablish united Chinese Republic order thatinall the peoples and—Chinese — Mongols, Manchus, Tibetans, Mongols, Tartars Tibetans, — Manchus, andTartars Chinese should — should a singlenation. powerful As anof example of what I have constitute aconstitute single powerful As nation. an example what I have 132

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Chinese. is the ofmeaning of nationalism — but to of thethe people of States the United States of America, considered considered Chinese. This is theThis meaning nationalism — but described, Idescribed, can refer Itocan the refer people United of America, oneterrible great and terrible butconsisting in reality of consisting of nationalism, "positive" nationalism, andmust to this wespecial must give special attention. "positive" and to this we give attention. constituting constituting one great and whole, but whole, in reality many separate nationalities: Germans, Dutch, English, many separate nationalities: Germans, Dutch, English, French, etc.French, The etc. The United are an of a united Such a nationalism is United States are anStates example of example a united nation.

Suchnation. a nationalism is we must (2) Democracy possible, andpossible, we mustand pursue it. pursue it.

(2) Democracy The nameof"Republic of Five Nationalities" only because The name "Republic Five Nationalities" exists only exists because exists a certain racial which distinction which of aI have already I have that in Switzerland saidalready that in said Switzerland democracy democracy has reachedhas reached there exists there a certain racial distinction distorts the distorts meaningthe of meaning a single We Republic.

We mustthefacilitate the of dying out of of all names of point the the same time the its highest point of development: but attime its highest of development: but at the same system of system of single Republic. must facilitate dying out all names individual peoplesChina, inhabiting China, i.e.Tibetans, Manchus,etc.

Tibetans, In this representation prevailing there does notreal constitute real democracy, and prevailing there does not constitute democracy, and individual peoples inhabiting i.e. Manchus, In this etc.representation respect we must follow the of States the United States of America, onlyright the direct of fully the citizen fully answers to the requirements of only the direct of the right citizen answers to the requirements of respect we must follow the example of example the United of America, i.e.demands satisfy the and require-ments of allunite races and in unite democracy. them in democracy.

Although revolutions placetimes at various times in France, Although revolutions took place attook various in France, i.e. satisfy the anddemands require-ments of all races and them a single political whole, toa constitute a single with andAmerica and England, resulted in the establishment of the existing America England, and resultedand in the establishment of the existing a single cultural andcultural politicaland whole, to constitute single nation with nation suchfora example, name, forasexample, as "Chunhua" — in therepresentative widest representative system, nevertheless does direct not mean direct system, nevertheless that systemthat doessystem not mean such a name, "Chunhua" (China — (China in the widest application ofOrganize the name). theState. nation, the State. and equal for all citizens, as we are for today. The and equal rights for allrights citizens, such as we such are fighting for fighting today. The application of the name). theOrganize nation, the Or takecase another of of a nation mingled — most of are: suchthe rights are: theforfranchise for all most essential of essential such rights franchise all citizens: thecitizens: right the right Or take another of a case nation mingledofraces — races situated heart on of Europe: one side it of borders recall (the officials elected bycan the be people can bebydismissed recall (theofofficials elected by the people dismissed them at by them at Switzerland.Switzerland.

It is situatedItinisthe heart in of the Europe: one side on it borders onanother France, on on Germany, another ononGermany, on a Not third,allItaly.

Not all parts of will):ofthe right of referendum (if the body legislative passes a law the right referendum (if the legislative passesbody a law on France, on a third, Italy. the parts of the will): contrary to of thethe wishes of the thereject latter the maylaw): reject this aState have tongue, a common yet theyone constitute And to the contrary wishes citizens, thecitizens, latter may thethe law): the this State have common yet tongue, they constitute nation. one Andnation. right of initiative propose draft laws, toand be carried and only the wise life of Switzerland makes itsright people of initiative (the citizens(the maycitizens proposemay draft laws, to be carried only the wise cultural andcultural politicaland lifepolitical of Switzerland makes its people adopted by thebody). legislative body). of many All consequence this is the consequence of the by the adopted legislative of many races unitedraces and united strong. and All strong. this is the of the four fundamental clausesthe constitute basis of thisenjoying Republicequal enjoying equal electoral and directrights. electoral rights.These four These fundamental clauses constitute basis ofthe what I of what I citizens of citizens this Republic and direct call "direct electoral rights."

Regarding country fromoftheinternational aspect of international policy,call we "direct see electoral rights."

Regarding this countrythis from the aspect policy, we see thatfirst it was the first to establish equalelectoral and direct electoral that it was the to establish equal and direct rights for allrights for all the This population.

This is an example of "nationalism." the population. is an example of "nationalism."

But let us thatofthe work all of the uniting the tribes who (3) Socialism But let us imagine thatimagine the work uniting tribesallwho (3) Socialism inhabit China has been and completed, and "Chunhua," one nation, "Chunhua," inhabit China has been completed, one nation, has been has been of Socialism has known becomein known Still has the not object hasachieved. not beenThere achieved.

There are still manyThe theoryThe of theory Socialism has become China in China formed. Stillformed. the object been are still many recently. chief advocates usually peoplesfrom suffering unjust the treatment: Chinese must comparatively comparatively recently. Its chief Its advocates usually limit their limit their peoples suffering unjustfrom treatment: Chinesethepeople mustpeople knowledge of thisto tendency to a words, few empty words, without missionfree of setting free these from in their in the of knowledge this tendency a few empty without having any having any assume the assume mission the of setting these people frompeople their yoke, theyoke, definiteByprogram.

By Ilong I have formed view a concrete sense themthem or uniting underof thea banner a single program. long study havestudy formed a concrete of thisview of this sense of direct aidoffordirect themaid or for uniting under them the banner single of definite question. essence ofamounts Socialism to solving Chinese giveopportunity them the opportunity the The question. essenceThe of Socialism to amounts solving the problemthe of problem of Chinese nation.

Thisnation. wouldThis give would them the to enjoy theto enjoy land and capital. feeling of of man equality man and of a just inter-national attitude, and capital. feeling of equality and of man, and ofman, a justand inter-national attitude, land Above havethe setgeneral forth the general main of the "three i.e. that was in expressed in the declaration of the AmericanAbove I have set Iforth main idea of theidea "three i.e. that which was which expressed the declaration of the American principles." efforts of the whole world, the including President Wilson by "self-determination the words "self-determination Up to principles."

The efforts The of the whole world, including Chinesethe Chinese President Wilson by the words of nations."ofUpnations." to this Iaim, sayParty that must our Party must reaching thisstage, political our work be arepeople, people, directedareto directed this aim,to and say and that Iour our stage, work cannot be cannot the momenttheof moment reachingofthis political immediately set about carrying theseinto principles considered finished.who Everyone wishes to join be immediately set about carrying these principles effect. into effect. considered as finished. asEveryone wisheswho to join China mustChina be must 134

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up Ithe above, also to make a few additionalThose who discuss Those who discuss the of the brotherhood the question of question the brotherhood of peoples inof peoples in Summing upSumming the above, want also Itowant make a few additional observations.

America have in two viewproblems only two—problems — labor and America and Europeand haveEurope in view only labor and observations.

(1) Nationalism.—Since theofoverthrow the Tsing webut capital; butconditions European are conditions are very different fromThe our own. The capital; European very different from our own.

(1) Nationalism.—Since the overthrow the Tsingofdynasty, wedynasty, carried only one obligations: part of our obligations: we have fulfilled only is thatand in Europe all their misfortunes arise from an thing is thatthing in Europe Americaand allAmerica their misfortunes arise from an have carriedhave out only oneout part of our we have fulfilled only passive duty, butnothing have done nothing realm work. of positive work. unfair extremely unfair distribution products, in China there is extremely distribution of products,ofwhereas in whereas China there is our passive our duty, but have done in the realminofthe positive Wethe must raise the prestige of the Chinese racespoverty, general poverty, since no large But capitalists. this, of course, general since there are nothere largeare capitalists. this, of But course, We must raise prestige of the Chinese people, and people, unite alland theunite racesall the inhabiting China form one Chinese peopleAsia, in eastern Asia, a should Chinesenot serve should serve for as anot reason for not Socialism: advocatingthis Socialism: this would be asnot a reason advocating would be inhabiting China to form one to Chinese people in eastern a Chinese National State. a great If we seeinmistakes in Europe andwe America, we are a great mistake.

If mistake. we see mistakes Europe and America, are National State.

(2) Democracy.—To aboutwethis ideal weofmust of allto correct bound them: to correct them: disproportion in the distribution bound disproportion in the distribution of products,of products, (2) Democracy.—To bring about bring this ideal must first all first all the of four points of direct electoral rights: universal both in and are in Europe, are a bad for us.I Therefore I both the in America andAmerica in Europe, a bad example forexample us. Therefore adopt all theadopt four points direct electoral rights: universal suffrage, thesuffrage, the right of recall. agitate for—Socialism — the socialization land and capital. agitate for Socialism the socialization of land and of capital. referendum,referendum, the initiativethe andinitiative the rightand of recall.

(3) Socialism—Here I have myfirst plan.

The task is of my plan isFirst we shall Firstspeak we shall speak of the socialization of land land. The land of the socialization of land. The (3) Socialism—Here I have my plan.

The task of first my plan to bring about the proportional land.my During my of Europe systemsand of Europe are very In England systems Americaand areAmerica very different.

Indifferent.

England up to this up to this to bring about the proportional distribution distribution of the land.of the During stay at(asNanking (as Provisional I triedoutto this carry day out this day system the feudal system of land-holding haswhereas survived, in the the feudal of land-holding has survived, in whereas the stay at Nanking Provisional President), President), I tried to carry proposal, but was my desire was notasfulfilled, as understood.

I was not understood.

United States land property. is privateBut property.

But theory my social theory United States all the landallis the private my social proposal, but my desire not fulfilled, I was not Socialarise questions arise from thebetween inequality richWhat and poor.

What the advocates the proportionalization land, as means of providing advocates proportionalization of the land,ofasthe a means of aproviding Social questions from the inequality richbetween and poor. do we under-stand

by In inequality?

In ancient times, although was afuture against evils. the lattereven beginning even at the present against evils.future We can see We the can lattersee beginning at the present do we under-stand by inequality? ancient times, although there was a there distinction richitand it sharp was not sharpToday as today.day.

Today day.isTake what is going under oursince verythe eyes since the reorganization Take what going on under ouronvery eyes reorganization distinction between richbetween and poor, waspoor, not so as so today. of the Canton municipality: communications have and improved, and in the the land,poor while thenot poor have not even little plot.

TheCanton of the municipality: communications have improved, in the rich ownthe allrich the own land,all while have even a little plot. aThe reason for this isinequality is the in difference in power. productive For consequence ofthe land along the embank-ment in other most consequence the price of the landprice along embank-ment and in otherand most reason for this inequality the difference productive For power. increase some estates in ancient times timber-cutters axes, forpopulated thickly districts populated hasincrease begun to thickly hasdistricts begun to daily, somedaily, estates example, inexample, ancient times timber-cutters used axes, used knives, etc.,knives, for etc., selling for tens ofofthousands of mu. dollars all this their work, whereas today industrydeveloped, is greatly machines developed,have machines havefor tens selling of thousands dollars per Andper allmu. thisAnd belongs to belongs to their work, whereas today industry is greatly private persons, labor of others. replaced human labor, andisthe is that a much greater privateofpersons, living by theliving laborby of the others. replaced human labor, and the result thatresult a much greater quantity of quantity The old system partiallytoconforms to the principle productsatisthe secured at the expense much energy. less human energy.

The old Chinese landChinese systemland partially conforms the principle products is secured expense of much lessofhuman of proportionalization In of thethis event of thisbeing principle being another example, fromofthe sphere of agriculture. proportionalization of land. In oftheland. event principle Take anotherTake example, from the sphere agriculture.

In ancient Inofancient the two conditions following conditions must be taxation observed: taxation labor was inemployed in this the theapplied, applied, two following must be observed: times only times humanonly laborhuman was employed this sphere; but sphere; with thebut with the compensation land, and compensation plowing andprocess oxen, the process ofaccording tilling toaccording the valueto ofthethevalue land,ofand according toaccording to introductionintroduction of plowing of with horseswith and horses oxen, the of tilling declared value. up the to this day the so-called three-grade system became greatly reduced human effort.and In Europe and value. declared In China upIn toChina this day so-called three-grade system became more speedymore and speedy greatly and reduced human effort.

In Europe of has landbeen taxes has been but, preserved, but,theowing America electrical energy usedsoil, to till the affords soil, which the ofofcollection of collection land taxes preserved, owing to weakto the weak America electrical energy is now usedistonow till the which the affords transport and industry, plowing in the best possible way amore than a thousand developmentdevelopment of transport of and industry, land values land werevalues not sowere high not in so high in opportunity opportunity of plowing of in the best possible way more than thousand they Well-developed are today. Well-developed means of communication day, thus eliminating use and of horses and oxen. has as the the past theypast are as today. means of communication acres a day,acres thusa eliminating the use of the horses oxen. This has This and developing industry have to led, to the maintenance created a truly amazing expressed difference,byexpressed ratio of a thousand and developing industry have led, owing theowing maintenance of the old of the old created a truly amazing difference, the ratio by of athe thousand system, to anunequal extremely rise in the land. to take one. the If we take of thecommunication, means of communication, see that to an extremely riseunequal in the value ofthe thevalue land. of There are, There are, to one. If we means however, wehowever, see that we system, per there mu, while there are also example, 2,000 the introduction of and steamships has made communications for example,forlands worthlands 2,000worth dollars per dollars mu, while are also the introduction of steamships railwaysand hasrailways made communications than atimes thousand rapid in comparison human worth 20,000 dollars per between mu, while between these two extremes worthlands 20,000 dollars per mu, while these two extremes more than amore thousand more times rapid more in comparison with humanwithlands energy. of values a large number the most varying But if of values there are a there large are number of the mostofvarying values.

But values. if energy. taxes to be on the old the tax collectors taxes continue to continue be collected oncollected the old system, bothsystem, the taxboth collectors 136

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— more evenland thantax. theBut landif tax. the total andwill taxpayers will be aput in suchthat a position thatcollectors dishonestand collectors and —millions and taxpayers be put in such position dishonest millions more even than the the But total iflength is length is canprofits make easy profits thereby.

50 or 60miles, thousand miles, the will also increase landowners landowners can make easy thereby. increased toincreased 50 or 60tothousand the profits will profits also increase want this to abolish thisintroduce evil and the introduce the considerably. opinion about the of application of foreign capital to our Therefore ifTherefore we wantiftoweabolish evil and considerably.

My opinion My about the application foreign capital to our graduation taxes, we the must adopt themethod: following method: to collect one is industry is the all following: of ourforindustry, graduation of taxes, weof must adopt following to collect one industry the following: branchesallofbranches our industry, examplefor example percent, land. For if a given land is which mining, whichwith represent, with any management worth its salt, profitable percent, of the value of of the the value land. of Forthe example, if aexample, given piece of landpiece is ofmining, represent, any management worth its salt, profitable 2,000 dollars,pays its owner paysThe 20 dollars.

Theofcollection further undertakings, awaiting foreign capital. worth 2,000worth dollars, its owner 20 dollars. collection further ofundertakings, are awaitingare foreign capital. taxes will depend on aft increase land. The When speak a loan in this connection, I mean the procuring taxes will depend on aft increase in the value in of the the value land. of Thetheprocess of process ofWhen I speak of aIloan in of this connection, I mean the procuring Stateofpurchase the begin land must with the establishment its machines of variousand machines and otherappliances necessary for appliances for our industry.

State purchase the land ofmust with begin the establishment of its of of various other necessary our industry. definite value. In one time, special offices forofcollection of Forafter example, after the construction of the Pekin-Hankow definite value.

In England, at England, one time,atspecial offices for collection For example, the construction of the Pekin-Hankow railway, therailway, the landpurchase tax andofpurchase of land were set up, fixed profits definiteof which profits of which werethe enormous, thewould foreigners have land tax and land were set up, which fixedwhich definite were enormous, foreigners have would given us thegiven us the these are not for introduction China.to acquire chance it, to with acquire it, withprofit-making its future profit-making These assessments:assessments: these methods aremethods not suitable for suitable introduction in China. inchance its future possibilities.possibilities.

These In my it is much moreand profitable certain leave were it to the completed the Pekin-Kalgan line, werethat so we great that have we could have the In my opinion, it isopinion, much more profitable certain and to leave it totothe so great could completed Pekin-Kalgan line, landowner himself toand determine fixand thethe value and tonow which reachesInSunyang. brief, we can debt to landowner himself to determine fix the and value tax,and andthe to tax,which reachesnow Sunyang. brief, weIn can easily incureasily debt incur to inform accordingly the Government in these charge of these capital, foreignbutcapital, but theisquestion — how shall we inform accordingly the Government department department in charge of foreign the question — howisshall we utilize it, utilize it, matters. or otherwise? matters. productivelyproductively or otherwise?

Thearises: question not the communicate landowner communicate aThere are also Thereother are questions also other ofquestions which I must landowner a The question will arises: not thewill which I ofmust speak.

The speak. The smaller land, thus paytax? a smaller tax?adopt But if we adoptand British anddiplomats Americanare diplomats are undoubtedly a skilful race, but still smaller value for hisvalue land,for andhisthus payand a smaller But if we British American undoubtedly a skilful race, but still is menacing extremely in menacing thecompensation system of compensation for landstoaccording to their value, all of social revolution the system of for lands according their value, all illegal theillegal specterthe of specter social revolution is extremely these in these countries.

Why?theBecause the of principles of have Socialism have not been activities mustofdisappear of themselves.

For example, thereofis a countries. piece of Why? activities must disappear themselves.

For example, there is a piece Because principles Socialism not been realized there. of one 1,000 mu, worth 1,000 dollars,the forowner whichmust the owner pay realized 10 fully land of one land mu, worth dollars, for which pay 10mustfully there.

We must that the degree ofrequired sacrificeforrequired for the dollars to theHe taxmay office.

He may thatofthe dollars yearly in to yearly the taxinoffice. declare that declare the value hisvalue of hisWe must admit that admit the degree of sacrifice the socialwill revolution willthan be higher for the political.

The of Revolution of land100is dollars, only 100 and only thus one pay dollar; only one but the land is only anddollars, thus pay but dollar; the social revolution be higher for the than political.

The Revolution 1911 and the of overthrow of theonly Manchus onlyrealized partially application of the principle the Government can compulsorily application of the principle whereby thewhereby Government can compulsorily 1911 and the overthrow the Manchus partially therealized the of nationalism, while neitherofthedemocracy theory of nor democracy nor the hisdeclared land at its declared value ownerits to declare its of principle purchase hispurchase land at its value obliges the obliges owner tothedeclare principle nationalism, while neither the theory the theory ofleft Socialism left any' impression. we must strive our utmost value, asheotherwise he runs the risk being left without land. Ifof Socialism real value, asreal otherwise runs the risk of being leftofwithout his land.

If histheory any' impression.

But we mustBut strive our utmost our first Party but, principle, but, in only the to secure these twoaremethods the proportionalization these two methods applied,are theapplied, proportionalization of land willof land not will only tonot secure triumphthe of triumph our firstofParty principle, in achieve itself; weother can leave otheronprocesses time accordance withworld modern world ideas, toif develop achieve itself; we can leave processes one sideon forone theside timefor the accordance with modern ideas, to develop possible ifthepossible the being. of democracy, which also old ofprinciples of our Party. being. principles ofprinciples democracy, which are also oldareprinciples our Party.

I havethe discussed the land question.

There still the both Although both aredeveloped, politically political developed, political Thus I haveThus discussed land question.

There still remains the remains Although England andEngland Americaand areAmerica politically of how settle the problem of capital. authority there still remains the of hands, not of as thea people issue of howissue to settle the to problem of capital. authority there still remains in the hands,innot the people whole, as a whole, year I apublished a bookThe entitled: The International but ofparty. a political party.

Last year Last I published book entitled: International but of a political Development China. this book the I discussed question of utilizingI remember Ithat, remember return to aKwantung, a well-known Hong Development of China. Inof this bookIn I discussed questionthe of utilizing on my that, returnontomy Kwantung, well-known Hong foreign for the of developing Chineseandindustry stated the to be that was Kwantung was foreign capital for capital the purpose of purpose developing Chinese industry Kongand paperKong statedpaper the meaning of meaning our returnoftoour bereturn that Kwantung commerce. at the Pekin-Hankow and Pekin-Mukden railways, and not governed, not by of thethe people of thebut province, but by There a "Party." There governed, by the people province, by a "Party." commerce. Look at the Look Pekin-Hankow and Pekin-Mukden railways, and at the Tientsin-Pukow line, built capital by foreign waspoint a certain in this declaration.

At Iallwas events, I was was a certain in thispoint declaration.

At all events, pleased to pleased to also at the also Tientsin-Pukow line, built by foreign and capital yieldingand yielding enormous profits.

At the time the total length of the hear Chinese hear a confirmation that it wasbygoverned "Party," the same was a confirmation that it was governed a "Party,"byasa the sameas was enormous profits.

At the present timepresent the total length of the Chinese achieving is 5,000-6,000 and their profits 70-80 true of andIfAmerica.

If we of England andEngland America. we succeed in succeed achievingin our Party our Party their profits amount to amount 70-80 totrue railways is railways 5,000-6,000 miles, and miles, 138

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ends, this will undoubtedly be a great achievement for of the people of ends, this will undoubtedly be a great achievement for the people APPENDIX II APPENDIX II Kwantung.

We must energetically set about organizing, explaining our Kwantung. We must energetically set about organizing, explaining our principles,them spreading farIfand want others, to awaken others, principles, spreading far andthem wide. we wide. want If to we awaken "THE FIVEFOLD CONSTITUTION" "THE FIVEFOLD CONSTITUTION" first up of all wake up ourselves. we must firstweofmust all wake ourselves. there is a of committee of the Kuomintang at Canton, where Now there isNow a committee the Kuomintang at Canton, where

by Sun Yat-Sen) (A Speech (A

by Speech Sun Yat-Sen) will be concentrated.

In this respect there propaganda propaganda will be concentrated.

In this respect there will be no will be no Comrades, Comrades, Wefind shallthat soon that the of will Kwantung will not limitations. limitations.

We shall soon thefind province of province Kwantung not subject of this will be theConstitution," "Fivefold Constitution," subject The of this speech will speech be the "Fivefold which is which is be which the soilour onprinciples which ourwill principles willreality, grow into reality, The but will only be the only soil on grow into but will the fruit exclusively myhitherto work and has beenYou unknown. You the fruit exclusively of my workofand hashitherto been unknown. be theofbirthplace the idea of and democracy and its practical realization. be the birthplace the idea of democracy its practical realization. for the establishment of a that the whole world the whole world strives for strives the establishment of a here these and principles and their will realization spread know all overthat know From here From these principles their realization spread will all over system; system; this term this mustterm be must known be to known many to many China. The people of the Yellow River follow constitu-tional China. The people of the Yangtse andYangtse Yellow and River valleys will valleys follow willconstitu-tional of the Chinese people, which last ten or twenty of the Chinese people, which for the last for ten the or twenty ourThe example. of isour action isbyexplained that the representatives our example. haste ofThe ourhaste action explained the fact by thatthe thefact representatives years has been living an intense political life.

But years has been living an intense political life.

But what is a what is a people whichactually has been actually in thesetRepublic set up by itself people which has been living in theliving Republic up by itself constitution?

A constitutional order isina which systemallinpolitical which all political constitution?

A constitutional order is a system over ago ten isyears is quiteof ignorant what means: the word the over ten years quiteago ignorant what theofword the means: is divided several component parts, independent of one divided into severalinto component parts, independent of one of the significance of the Republic explanation explanation of the significance of the Republic must be our must task. be our task.authority is authority another in their work. The constitutions of otherare countries work.

The constitutions of other countries divided are divided the greatWar, European War,Wilson President forward in their During the During great European President put Wilson forwardput another onlycomponent into three component parts, notThe intoconstitution five. The constitution of only into three parts, but not intobut five. of the watchword: "self-determination peoples."

This corresponds to our the watchword: "self-determination of peoples."of This corresponds to our component is my the fruit my labors From the moment is the parts fruit of laborsofalone.

Fromalone. the moment Party ofprinciple of "nationalism."

After the Peace Conference at five parts After the Peace Conference at five component Party principle "nationalism." of its appearance, veryunderstood few have understood purpose. its appearance, very few have its purpose.its I shall try toI shall try to number small but independent republics were of formed, Versailles, aVersailles, number ofa small butofindependent republics were formed, explain it. explain it. living anytie. common tie. This clearly clearlymust show you show the you the living without anywithout common This must and apparently my agoonI this spoke on this ago Iyears spoke subject, andsubject, apparently my principalintendency in the life of nations.

Nowis the time isTen years Ten principal tendency the modern lifemodern of nations.

Now the time audience were very inattentive.

In all other countries there exists the soaudience were very inattentive.

In all other countries there exists the soto effect carry into effectprinciples our great ofprinciples of nationalism, approachingapproaching to carry into our great nationalism, called threefold constitution, and was very strange for them called threefold constitution, and therefore it therefore was very it strange for them and Only Socialism.

Only by the transformation three democracy democracy and Socialism. by the transformation of all threeof all hear of aand newthey form, and they that it the wasresult purelyofthe result of to hear new form, decided thatdecided it was purely principles reality can live our people live and develop But theof a to principles into reality into can our people and develop freely.

But freely. the I based the work idea of worksolid on afoundation. very solid foundation. my fantasy.

Butfantasy.

I based But the idea of my onmy a very and of application of thesedepends principles depends on my explanation explanation and application these principles very largelyvery on largely for over I studied history of revolutions history the of revolutions for over thirty years.thirty Afteryears. an After an display of your and the degree shown of energy shown Iinstudied your the the display the of your forces and forces the degree of energy in your unsuccessful revolt in Kwantung, I went abroad, and seriously began unsuccessful revolt in Kwantung, I went abroad, and seriously began propaganda.propaganda. of the of political why great political movements the thestudy problem of problem why great movements in various in various Weanow have aoccasion favorableforoccasion for the propaganda of study our ofthe We now have favorable the propaganda of our countries were unsuccessful.

My to object was create the for foundation for countries were unsuccessful.

My object was create thetofoundation ideas:Kwantung the wholeProvince, Kwantungwith Province, with its of population of 30 millions, ideas: the whole its population 30 millions, the future system of government the future of government of China. of China. is in We our must hands.

We must immediately tackle work of in explaining in system is in our hands. immediately tackle the work ofthe explaining and in succeeded all these seriously questionsand seriously I succeededI in studyinginallstudying these questions in detail tothe all essential citizens the essentialofprinciples our Party program. detail to all citizens principles our Partyof program.

After theconclusion successful of conclusion of States the United States detail. Afterdetail. the successful the revoltofofthe therevolt United America, colonists who had securedindependence complete independence of of America,ofthe coloniststhewho had secured complete of Great laid at the foundation of their system of government a Great Britain laid Britain at the foundation of their system of government a threefold constitution, clauses andof articles threefold constitution, the clausestheand articles which ofare which are dis-tinguished by their and exactness and This clearness.

This constitution is dis-tinguished by their exactness clearness. constitution is in the political world Constitution." a "written Constitution."

Many countries called in thecalled political world a "written Many countries of the and laid this constitution at the followed thefollowed examplethe of example the U.S.A., andU.S.A., laid this constitution at the 140 141 71 71

lawscountry. of theirI country.

I studied the American in such system we dowho not should know who should Undoubtedly, be elected. Undoubtedly, in such a system wea do not know be elected. foundation foundation of the lawsof ofthetheir studied the American from the moment of its appearance was recognized those who are elected should possess certainbut qualities, those who are elected should possess certain qualities, the rightbut to the right to constitution,constitution, which from which the moment of its appearance was recognized a model, by thepeople American people itself, by should the vote should be to of allthe citizens of theSuch Republic.

Such be extended to extended all citizens Republic. a system is a system is as a model,asnot only bynot theonly American itself, but also bybut the alsovote British who statesmen, saw in it superior something superior all other forms called Suffrage."

"UniversalInSuffrage."

In all observe today a struggle called "Universal all countries wecountries observe we today a struggle British statesmen, saw inwho it something to all other to forms of constitution in otherI countries. was very and painstaking on for this object.

This is amethod, very good but who should going on forgoing this object.

This is a very good butmethod, who should of constitution in other countries. was very Icareful and careful painstaking aboutofthe of this constitution, ordera to secure a replybetoelected? the be elected? about the study thisstudy constitution, in order to in secure reply to the question: was or it perfect or result not? The result of was my work It isa not suchthing a simple as toonce say you that, have once you have simple as to thing say that, question: was it perfect not? The of my work the was theIt is not such conviction thatfrom it suffers many defects. the Moreover, of you property, you and Ibethink elected. thinkworker that every worker in the property, can vote andcan bevote elected. that Ievery in the conviction that it suffers many from defects.

Moreover, opinion the of opinion someand European andscholars American scholars about theConstitution American Constitution public and every worker of theinstitutions, legislative institutions, public service, andservice, every worker of the legislative ought to ought to some European American about the American coincides minerespects. in manyToday respects. certain and knowledge forBut hisifwork.

But if he has neither have the certainhave knowledge aptness and for aptness his work. he has neither coincides with mine with in many veryToday many very feel many the feel imperfectness of theConstitution.

American Constitution.

Thisall is that because was nor knowledge but only property, this is in contradiction to the knowledge aptitude,nor butaptitude, only property, this is in contradiction to the imperfectness of the American This is because was all that good and correctora hundred or two hundred is by norequirements means requirements Let usthat sup-pose that wemen havewho fifty men who of the age. of Letthe us age. sup-pose we have fifty good and correct a hundred two hundred years ago isyears by noago means suitable Fromand thisalso angle, and to also to my intensive study of the possess We must select the knowledge necessary knowledge and qualifications. possess necessary and qualifications.

We must select suitable today.

Fromtoday. this angle, thanks mythanks intensive study of question, I decided that these imperfections must be The eliminated. whom wewho need. canthey tell us the most suitable thoseThe whomthose we need.

But canBut tellwho us that arethat the they mostare suitable the question,the I decided that these imperfections must be eliminated.

Americanofstudents politicalarescience of opinion. the same opinion. in China for the work? Previously, there for the work?

Previously, there existed in existed China the methodtheof method of American students politicalofscience of the are same Undoubtedly, theofperfection of a constitution is matter. not an easy How examination forService. the Civil the old Chinese examination for the Civil ButService. the oldBut Chinese method wasmethod was Undoubtedly, the perfection a constitution is not an easy Howmatter. it toWe be have done?atWe at our disposal neithernor materials nor theduring useless during of the dynasty, the time of the the time dynasty, because thebecause Emperorthein Emperor those in those is it to be is done? ourhave disposal neither materials the useless necessary books. days was onlywith concerned findinghe therequired people he required days was only concerned findingwith the people to rule the to rule the necessary books. remember thatAmerican a certain professor Americanwrote professor wrote country. a book, However, country.this However, method is useful extremely useful andfor necessary for methodthis is extremely and necessary I rememberI that a certain a book, entitled,in Liberty, in develops which hethe develops the the ideathreefold that the threefold theasRepublic, the whole peopletoisassemble unable totoassemble to manage the the Republic, the wholeaspeople is unable manage the entitled, Liberty, which he idea that does not to correspond thetherefore times, and therefore affairs of the country.

The examination section,istherefore, affairs of the country.

The examination section, therefore, the fifth is the fifth constitution constitution does not correspond the spirit to of the the spirit times,ofand he advises the introduction a fourth component part, the of component partI have of which I have wasofthe component part of which spoken.

Allspoken. this wasAll thethis result myresult of my he advises the introduction of a fourth of component part, the "power of "power of Parliament, must be absolutely protracted and concentrated am certain protracted and concentrated labors; I amlabors; certainI that practicethat willpractice show will show which mustwhich be absolutely punishment"punishment" of membersofofmembers Parliament, in its He if thinks that if possesses Parliamentthis possesses this the completeofsuitability of this system. the complete suitability this system. independentindependent in its actions.

He actions. thinks that Parliament power, cunningofmembers of will Parliament it and will alwaysThe "UnitedThe "Unitedwhile League," it was stillaccepted in Tokyo, League," it waswhile still in Tokyo, theaccepted the power, cunning members Parliament abuse itwill andabuse will always place the Government in a very difficult But his alsoof the scheme of Principles" the "Three and Principles" and theConstitution" "Fivefold Constitution" as its scheme "Three the "Fivefold as its place the Government in a very difficult position.

Butposition. his opinion alsoopinion not quite correct. In America therenumber are a fair numberwho of people who We program. decided thatafter timethe that, after the completion successful completion program. decidedWe at that time atthat, successful is not quite is correct.

In America there are a fair of people must be feel the imperfection of their Constitution, seek of a method of the revolutionary the constitution of theofrevolutionary insurrection,insurrection, the constitution must be applied in applied in feel the imperfection of their Constitution, and seek aand method it. But indicated the method is alsoWhy? imperfect.

Why? Because did not imagine that, after the of overthrow of the Manchu practice. Wepractice. did not We imagine that, after the overthrow the Manchu improving it.improving But the method is indicated also imperfect.

Because dynasty, anyone take of advantage of the difficult circumstances. the United Statesservants all public arethe elected by but, the people, but, in anyone would take would advantage the difficult circumstances. in the UnitedinStates all public areservants elected by people, in dynasty, of theofexistence of many difficulties popularand elections, and thought Everyone that theofvery of the of overthrow of the Manchu Everyone thatthought the very fact the fact overthrow the Manchu in popular in elections, view of theview existence many difficulties grave limitingofelections is would dynasty proof that be allorganized would be asorganized as the people dynasty be awould proof be thata all would the people other graveother defects, thedefects, method the of method limiting of elections officials ofis officials the vote onlypossessing to people certain possessing certain privileges. desired. result is the ofexistence of the "Republican so-called "Republican desired. The result The is the existence the so-called applied: theapplied: vote belongs onlybelongs to people privileges. in China, which hasnotnotapplied only not the for principles for Such ais privilege is the of possession a certain System" in System" China, which has not only the applied principles Such a privilege the possession a certainofamount of amount property,of property, which sons of Chinabut struggled, but onhas theeven whole has even made givesthe its right ownerto the right to vote. Undoubtedly form of the best sonsthe ofbest China struggled, on the whole made which giveswhich its owner vote.

Undoubtedly such a formsuch of a which matters reason forbethis must be clear you, even without at day the present day is in contradiction spirit worse. matters The worse. reason The for this must clear to you, eventowithout restriction inrestriction elections in at elections the present is in contradiction to the spirit to the my explanations.

We must immediately all to ourapplying efforts to applying andtogives rise growth to the vast growth of Moreover, corruption. Moreover, my explanations.

We must immediately bend all ourbend efforts of equality, of andequality, gives rise the vast of corruption.

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theConstitution" "Fivefold Constitution" which lay the for foundation of time, it be after several or evenofthousands time, whether it bewhether after several hundreds orhundreds even thousands years, of years, the "Fivefold which will lay the will foundation a strongfor aofstrong healthy form of government.

We amust a good Constitution this Constitution will be adopted. this Constitution will be adopted. and healthyand form of government.

We must have goodhave Constitution we shall be able build up a real Republic. strive to make China aand powerful glorious We strive toWe make China a powerful gloriousand country, butcountry, but and then weand shallthen be able to build up atoreal Republic.

Fromthat thethe time that theConstitution" "Fivefold Constitution" made how its first canthis weabout? bring this about? think that the not pathbemust can wehow bring I think that I the path must verynot be very From the time "Fivefold made its first no one has studied sufficiently its essence sufficiently to it understand it This difficult. is the application of theConstitution."

"Fivefold Constitution." difficult. path isThis the path application of the "Fivefold appearance, appearance, no one has studied its essence to understand and it. agree with it. I that, remember about yearspassed have now since theI day when I spoke on this Overago, twentyOver yearstwenty have now sincepassed the day when spoke on this properly andproperly agree with I remember about that, twenty yearstwenty ago, years was student a Chinese who had passed Chineseon the theme, on the anniversary of the "Min-Pao" in Tokyo; anniversary of the "Min-Pao" in Tokyo; yet still theyet still the there was athere Chinese whostudent had passed through thethrough Chinesethe theme, Faculty Law. to Hesupplement wished to supplement his in knowledge in thisnumber sphere of supporters number of of supporters of this Constitution extremely small. We must this Constitution is extremelyissmall.

We must Faculty of Law. He of wished his knowledge this sphere and subject study his subject more for this purpose to a every welcome desire acquainted to become with acquainted with thisBut question.

But if welcome desireevery to become this question. if anddeeply, for thisand purpose went to a went and study his more deeply, famousUniversity.

American University. in and Newasked Yorkwhat and asked wedraw attempt draw of thethis picture of this Constitution in alltwo its details, two we what attempt to the to picture Constitution in all its details, famous American I met him inI met Newhim York subjects he was particular.

He replied had taken weeks will be insufficient, foristhe toousgreat.

Let us weeksthewill be insufficient, for the theme tootheme great.isLet consider, at consider, at subjects he was studying in studying particular.inHe replied that he had that takenhethe of Constitutions a special subjectI for I then told anywe rate, why this we require this Constitution. desire to understand any him rate, why require Constitution.

If we desireIftoweunderstand question of question Constitutions as a special as subject for study. thenstudy. told him of my of Constitution" a "Fivefold Constitution" andit discussed it withthis, him we for must this, wemake must afirst makeofapolitical review of political history forofthe space of first review history for the space of my scheme of ascheme "Fivefold and discussed with him for about In twothe weeks. the end he that theConstitution" "Fivefold Constitution" several years thousand past. Inhistory political history several thousand past. years In political there existsthere two exists two about two weeks. end heIndeclared thatdeclared the "Fivefold was much than Iany other.him I begged him study this question one,the "Liberty," the other, political tendencies; tendencies; one, "Liberty," other, "Order."

In "Order." political In history, justhistory, just was much better than better any other. begged to study thisto question in the University. on he his completed as in physics, there are two forces, centrifugal and centripetal.

The as inand physics, there are two forces, centrifugal and centripetal.

The seriously inseriously the University.

Later on heLater completed studies, his andstudies, degreethus of Doctor; thus his must knowledge mustvery have been very oftendency of the force centrifugal force iswithout, extension tendency the centrifugal is extension thewithout, tendencytheoftendency of received thereceived degree oftheDoctor; his knowledge have been extensive.

Having passed out of the he University, he England, traveled in England, the iscentripetal collection around Ifthethecenter.

If the force centrifugal force is the centripetal collectionisaround the center. centrifugal is extensive. Having passed out of the University, traveled in andtoGermany to study constitutions practice, after stronger the first than stronger than any object,will the break latter up willinto break upbut intoif dust; any object, the latter dust; the but if the France and France Germany study constitutions in practice, in after the first successfulhe revolution returned China He then he had force centripetal is thethestronger, the object will only become slightly is theforce stronger, object will only become slightly successful revolution returned he to China Hetothen declared thatdeclared he had thatcentripetal and more compressed.

It is that necessary that forces these two forces not such met awith such a constitution in other and countries, and therefore smaller andsmaller more compressed.

It is necessary these two not met with constitution in other countries, therefore should The be equal.

The same applies toand "Liberty" andIf "Order."

If the that the of possibility of ourit applying it inwas practice wasbe equal. should same applies to "Liberty" "Order." the considered considered that the possibility our applying in practice boundaries "Liberty" are widelythere extended, there is a that possibility that extremely When heard this declaration, I knew it was mistaken. boundaries of "Liberty"ofare widely extended, is a possibility extremely small.

Whensmall.

I heard this Ideclaration, I knew it was mistaken. takes first there willifarise; but takes if "Order" Yet all ouratcomrades that time that the opinionbyexpressed by willanarchy anarchy arise; but "Order" first place, thereplace, will be the will be the Yet all our comrades that time at thought thatthought the opinion expressed sway of absolutism.

Political last fewyears thousand years this right; doctor"there was right; is no such constitution any other country, sway of absolutism.

Political changes forchanges the last for fewthe thousand this doctor was is no "there such constitution in any otherin country, of the conflict these two forces. and therefore it must be bad does not deserve attention." are the resultare ofthe theresult conflict of these twoofforces. and therefore it must be bad and does notand deserve attention." historybegan of China with theofdynasties I was atmy Nanking, myinprofessor in jurisprudence was aThe history The of China with began the dynasties Tan and of Yu:Tan and Yu: When I wasWhen at Nanking, professor jurisprudence was a historyisoftheChina is the periodtheis "Golden called theAge." "Golden Japanese DoctorI discussed of Laws; Ivery discussed very manywith questions thishim. period this is called The Age." historyThe of China Japanese Doctor of Laws; many questions him. with Afterofthe ofrevolution, the second Irevolution, I went Japanmet and again metof the history of thefrom movement liberty to absolutism, while of the history of history movement libertyfrom to absolutism, while the history After the failure thefailure second went to Japan andtoagain him. asked me what I called theConstitution."

"Fivefold Constitution."

Europe is of thethe history of the from movement from to absolutism to liberty. Our Europe is the history movement absolutism liberty. Our him. He asked meHewhat I called the "Fivefold I explained I explained to himand in detail, andhad after we together had lived for about threeenjoyed people enjoyed too began long, and began to grow people liberty too liberty long, and to grow tired of it, tired and of it, and it to him init detail, after we lived fortogether about three he at last finallyit.destroyed it. Then selfishand emperors and advantage kings tookofadvantage of finally destroyed Then selfish emperors kings took months he atmonths last grasped it. grasped it. both indoctors, in run, the long run, that declared this the opportunity to assume toga of absolutism: theofautocracy of the the opportunity to assume the toga of the absolutism: the autocracy the declared this that Thus both Thus doctors, the long constitutional theory has nothing in common with the constitutions Tsingdynasties and Tangbegan. dynasties began. The political history of other countries and Tang The political history of other countries constitutional theory has nothing in common with the constitutions of Tsing of otherand countries, andthetherefore question remain open.goes Seeing goes from to absolutism liberty:times in earlier people suffered great from absolutism liberty: into earlier peopletimes suffered great other countries, therefore questionthe must remainmust open.

Seeing suchattitude, a cautious attitude, I was nevertheless convinced that in themisery, courseand misery, and in those the saying arose: "Either liberty therefore in therefore those countries thecountries saying arose: "Either liberty such a cautious I was nevertheless convinced that in the course 144

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or death."

Thus see the terrible of at absolutism at that as the serving as the andtoreal to the of realization of theofprinciples of or death." Thus we can see we the can terrible meaning of meaning absolutism that serving true and realtrue path the path realization the principles time. time. democracy. democracy.

Chineselifepolitical life goes speak placeofofconstitutions. origin of constitutions.

A The historyThe of history Chinese ofpolitical goes from libertyfrom to liberty toNow let usNow speakletofusthe placeof oftheorigin A Thepeople Chinese ancient times independently was first created inFrom England.

From absolutism. absolutism.

The Chinese in people ancient intimes independently constitution constitution was first created in England. the time of the the time Greatof the Great cultivated their andfor dug wells for their water, and were completely English Revolution, of the monarchdeclined, graduallyand declined, and cultivated their fruit and dugfruit wells their water, and were completely English Revolution, the power ofthethepower monarch gradually what the philosopher, Lao-tze said: "A country finally became a pure politicallike tradition, like theof"division free. This isfree. whatThis the isphilosopher, Lao-tze said: "A country must be must finallybebecame a pure political tradition, the "division the threeof the three governed without interference." is the popular conception of But powers."

But the in reality do that not know that these "three governed without interference."

This is theThis popular conception of powers." in reality Englishthe do English not know these "three liberty. that time enjoyed the people enjoyedliberty, complete did not were powers" were divided: possess a natural feeling of love for liberty, liberty. At that timeAtthe people complete but liberty, did not but powers" divided: they possessthey a natural feeling of love for liberty, knowThis its value.

This has been maintained up to the and present and act astoteems know its value. tradition hastradition been maintained up to the present act as teems best them.best to them. day. of Thetheapathy of the Chinese libertyof is constant a source wonder of constant wonderThree hundred Three hundred yearswas ago athere wasFrench a famous French scholar, day. The apathy Chinese to liberty is to a source years ago there famous scholar, to the The Europeans.

The European history is quite the Montesquieu, reverse. Montesquieu, whoa published a book called ofThe Spiritwhich of Laws, which to the Europeans. character ofcharacter Europeanofhistory is quite the reverse. who published book called The Spirit Laws, From the moment theRoman fall of Empire, the Roman Empire, divided set out of thethe theory of the the three From the moment of the fall ofofthe Europe was Europe dividedwasset out the theory division of division the threeofpowers, andpowers, pointedand out pointed out intoofacountries, number ofthe countries, thewhich nations of which in the of legislative, that the executive legislative,and executive judicial powers should be completely into a number nations of were in the were position of position that the judicialand powers should be completely slaves.

During last few centuries warshave for liberty have gone on. one ofBut the thanks other. But thanks the great development of slaves. During the last few the centuries wars for liberty gone on. independentindependent one of the other. to the greattodevelopment of I have spoken about revolution, I havehernever political parties, England hergovernment forms of government only Whenever Whenever I have spoken about revolution, I have never politicalher parties, England changed herchanged forms of only confused the idea liberty: of winning liberty: the Chinese think and gradually, now her government not one of free, independent and confused this with thethis ideawith of winning the Chinese people thinkpeople gradually, now herand government is not one ofis free, independent and only of political a complete political does not this at separate all with powers, separate a singleThe authority. modern political only of a complete change, but change, does notbut connect thisconnect at all with butpowers, a singlebut authority. modernThe political system in system in idea The of liberty.

The Chinese only Emperors only that demanded that the is that England that of the complete dictatorship of Parliament, the idea of the liberty.

Chinese Emperors demanded the England of theiscomplete dictatorship of Parliament, the completethe complete people pay keep taxesthe andpeace. keep Hence the peace. it is clear why ofauthority a single which country. people should pay should taxes and it is Hence clear why authority a single of party whichparty governs thegoverns country.the The systemThe of system of Europe the criticizes Chinese for a failure complete to government ofStates the United States of the other hand, is based Europe criticizes Chinesethepeople for people a complete to failure government of the United of America, onAmerica, the otheron hand, is based powers formulated by the termThe "liberty."

The do Europeans docomplete not enjoy complete on the of the ofdivision of threeformulated understand understand the term "liberty."

Europeans not enjoy on the theory of theory the division three powers by and is in expressed in forms the exact of a written andfight therefore to win But the Chinese have Montesquieu, enjoyed Montesquieu, liberty, andliberty, therefore to winfight it. But the it.

Chinese have enjoyed and is expressed the exact of aforms written constitution.

Yet Montesquieu himself basedofhisthe theory of the division unlimited and know the meaning word. unlimited liberty, and liberty, therefore dotherefore not knowdo thenot meaning of the word.of the constitution.

Yet Montesquieu himself based his theory division of three powers on the politicaloftraditions England.

Later, the reforms two tendencies politicalabsolutism, history, absolutism, and powers These two These tendencies of politicalofhistory, and of three on the political traditions England. of Later, the reforms Japan and the revolutions in othertook Countries took as are the distinguishing features China separating from in Europe. liberty, are liberty, the distinguishing features separating fromChina Europe.

Japan andinthe revolutions in other Countries as the basis of the theirbasis of their But history in political there also two classesthose of people: who constitution the Constitution of the United The English But in political therehistory are also twoare classes of people: who those constitution the Constitution of the United States.

TheStates.

English andare those who areHere governed. what one philosopher said Constitution is not formulated in documents, the American govern and govern those who governed. is whatHere one isphilosopher said Constitution is not formulated in documents, whereas thewhereas American on this subject: "There are men occupied with gym-nastics mind, constitution a formal way in documents.

Therefore, the on this subject: "There are men occupied with gym-nastics of the mind,of the constitution is expressedisinexpressed a formal in way in documents.

Therefore, the there are men occupied with of gymnastics thefirst body.

The first will rule, Constitution "'elastic," while the isAmerican is English Constitution is still called while there are men occupied with gymnastics the body.ofThe will rule, English is still called "'elastic," the American the second willThose be ruled." who willhave rule knowledge, must have knowledge, the second will be ruled." who Those will rule must "strict" and "strict" "exact."and "exact." those be not ruled must not have knowledge.

England isbygoverned bypersons, individual persons, while are the U.S.A. are while those while who will bewho ruledwill must have knowledge.

The people The of people ofEngland is governed individual while the U.S.A. ancient were likethinking children, thinking of who should direct bygoverned by laws,England although is the country ancient times were times like children, only of whoonly should direct governed laws, although is England the country where therewhere first there first them.the Butpeople now the grown up and understand this a appeared a constitution, notindrawn in exact Our old them. But now havepeople grownhave up and understand that this that appeared constitution, though not though drawn up exact up words.

Our words. old distinction between rulersmust and be ruled must beInabolished.

In Europe, the system Chinese system of government is athree system of three distinction between rulers and ruled abolished.

Europe, the Chinese of government is a system of powers, justpowers, like thejust like the and its were Emperors were overthrown during English. monarchicalmonarchical system and system its Emperors overthrown only duringonlyEnglish. recent and centuries, and the people enjoy comparative recent centuries, the people enjoy comparative liberty. Myliberty. My "Fivefold Constitution" strives to this distinction, thereby "Fivefold Constitution" strives to destroy thisdestroy distinction, thereby 146

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greatlyininterested Is notoftheHung theory Hung and Lao anarchism?

I greatly interested it. Is not in theit.theory andofLao anarchism?

I

The Old Chinese System of Government The of Constitution of other Counties The Old Chinese System of Government The Constitution other Counties talked of in anarchism in China repeat that repeat peoplethat havepeople talkedhave of anarchism China for several for several

thousand and because it is onlythebecause Chinese youth do not thousand years: and years: it is only Chinesetheyouth do not

Powerofof Power Power of Administration Judicial Administration Power of Power Power of of Judicial Legislative Legislative thisfail thatto they failthat to realize that such propaganda is quite understand understand this that they realize such propaganda is quite Punishment the Emperor Examination Power Power Power Punishment the Emperor Examination Power Power Power

at time. the present time. unnecessaryunnecessary at the present I have saidpolitical that both political tendencies, I have already saidalready that both tendencies, liberty and liberty and must come to a compromise order that neither absolutism, absolutism, must come to a compromise in order thatinneither should go should go Judicial Administrative Power Power of Judicial Administrative Legislative Legislative Power of Power of of to an extreme, like the and centrifugal and forces. centripetal forces.only To speak only to an extreme, like the centrifugal centripetal To speak Examination Examination Punishment Punishment of the centrifugal or the force centripetal force is undoubtedly of the centrifugal or the centripetal is undoubtedly wrong. We wrong. We one side speakAny of both.

Any must speakmust of both. opinion of opinion one sideofalone will alone never will be never be of both and the combination of both successful. successful.

The equalityThe of equality both forces and forces the combination of both tendenciesthe constitute of a great future forThe mankind. The tendencies promisethe of promise a great future for mankind. to the above the diagram, Chinese of constitute According According to the above diagram, Chinesethesystem of system of the Constitution is like work of Ia emphasize machine: Ithat emphasize that work of Constitution is like the work of the a machine: includes of examination, of the work governmentgovernment includes the power the of power examination, the power the of power the Government is a I machine. maytold thenthat be such told an that such an the Government is a machine. may thenI be andofthethepower of thewhich Emperor, which includes legislative, punishment punishment and the power Emperor, includes legislative, illustration is rather Butthat youthere knoware that there arefor machines for rather strange.

Butstrange. you know machines and administrative system of examinations is is judicial andjudicial administrative departments.departments.

The system The of examinations is illustration rawthe materials: the same applies to the mechanism working differentup rawdifferent materials: same applies to the mechanism veryIt valuable.

It distinguished used to be distinguished for itsabsence accuracy, of up working very valuable. used to be for its accuracy, of absence human is the mechanism human of human of affairs.

Lawaffairs. is theLaw mechanism of human of affairs.

Theaffairs. The freedom frominfluence: personal but influence: butstrictness later this strictness bribes and bribes freedomand from personal later this is a great — the of compromise is a great machine — machine the machine of machine compromise between between gradually to be As for of thepunishment, power of punishment, there Constitution gradually began to bebegan relaxed.

As relaxed. for the power there Constitution liberty and government. liberty and government. special in it. control it. Inofthetheevent of the Emperor's were specialwere officials in officials control of In theofevent Emperor's At theofbeginning of our IRevolution I put the idea of the our Revolution put forward the forward idea of the actions being wrong, he too wastosubjected to punishment by this power,At the beginning actions being wrong, he too was subjected punishment by this power, "three i.e. principles" i.e. nationalism, democracy and These Socialism. "three principles" nationalism, democracy and Socialism. are These are which insisted on punishment, this were this which insisted on punishment, even thougheven this though were death.

Thusdeath. this Thus the same words as were uttered by theofPresident of States, the United States, the same words as were uttered by the President the United system deserves approval. system deserves approval.

Lincoln: "Government of by thethe people, by and the people, and for the people."

Lincoln: of the people, people, for the people." is an professor, American Burgess, professor,who Burgess, who has a "Government There is anThere American has written a written must govern themselves, and then theycompletely will be completely must Men govern themselves, and then they will be book entitled and Government, which that theMen power book entitled Liberty and Liberty Government, in which heinsays thathe thesays power satisfied.

If they cannot govern themselves, they cannot beIf satisfied. If satisfied.

If they cannot govern themselves, they cannot be satisfied. of punishment in China is the best example of a compromise between of punishment in China is the best example of a compromise between desire to the overthrow system of government of have those who have we system the of government of those who and government.

Thepeople Chinese have littledesire of toweoverthrow liberty and liberty government.

The Chinese havepeople spoken littlespoken of been only developed only developed developed their mindstheir overminds those over who those have who been have developed liberty: the extremeis of liberty is The anarchism.

Thethe reason for the constant liberty: the extreme of liberty anarchism. reason for constant we in must bear mind that the willeven can deal even physically, we must bear mind thatin the human will human can deal discussion of in anarchism Europe is its comparative newness there. physically, discussion of anarchism Europe isin its comparative newness there. horses with theThere heavens.

There in horses the world with the heavens. are in the are world which can which travel can travel The first knownwas anarchist was the French and philosopher, The first known anarchist the French thinker andthinker philosopher, of miles day, birds which can rise almost the skies, fish miles a day, birdsawhich can rise almost to the skies,tofish and Russian, then the Bakunin: Russian, the Bakunin: the representative of ofhundreds Proudhon, Proudhon, and then the representative of hundreds whichatcan the very bottom of which the seaman — which which can swim theswim very at bottom of the sea — cannotman cannot at the was the Russian philosopher, anarchism atanarchism the present day present was theday Russian philosopher, Kropotkin, Kropotkin, do.wish But to if we wish to travelofhundreds miles But if we travel hundreds miles in aofday, or intoa day, or to who diedMany recently. have in concentrated studynaturally of this do.naturally who died recently. have Many engaged in engaged concentrated study of this theas aira as high bird, in orthe to swim in the can we fly inIt the as in high bird, oras to aswim sea, can we sea, do this?

Wedo this? We in political thought, simply because it wasnew. stillItquite is airfly tendency in tendency political thought, simply because it was still quite is new. can, machines. if we haveIfmachines.

If we take an automobile, we can if we have we take an automobile, we can traverse a traverse a laughable speak students of Chinese students whotheory study thiscan, theory laughable when peoplewhen speakpeople of Chinese who study this distance than miles a thousand miles a day.anBy using an airplane, distance of more thanofamore thousand in a day.

Byinusing airplane, and not to the fall fashion, behind the fashion, without speaking and advocate it, advocate trying notit,totrying fall behind without speaking wethe canloftiest reach heights. the loftiest heights.

With help of submarines, we can we can reach With the help of the submarines, we can of whether they itunderstand it or not. the In essence, theory of anarchism of whether they understand or not. In essence, theory ofthe anarchism descend to of thethe bottom of the is what will the human will and ideas descend bottom sea. This is sea. whatThis the human and ideas knownseveral in China severalyears thousand were to the was knownwas in China thousand ago, years when ago, manywhen were many 148

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can do.there Formerly who were adopted in England wassystem adoptedwas in practice by practice Englandby a fairly longa fairly long can do. Formerly were there Greekswere whoGreeks were capable of capable marchingof marchingThis systemThis miles in of a day: they of course weresuch borna with such atime natural time and by America twenty or thirty years ago, and by ago, America about twentyabout or thirty years ago. All thisago. wasAll this was hundreds ofhundreds miles in aofday: they course were born with natural endurance forwhich marching which verynow rare.weBut borrowed now we from borrowed Chinese system of examinations China.from The China.

ChineseThe system of examinations is the best is the best endurance and capacityand forcapacity marching is very rare.isBut havewith machines, with helpweofcan which can very theall world, and all countries in thethat world,inand countries now use it. now use it. have machines, the help of the which verywe easily obtaineasily that obtain which in former timesvast demanded Above I that mentioned that the authority legislativeis authority is headed by Above I mentioned the legislative headed by which in former times demanded energy.vast energy. on to the of democracy, which for theParliament, people Parliament, thebyexecutive by thethe President, the executive the President, judicial the by ajudicial judge; by thea judge; the Let us go onLet to us thego question of question democracy, which for the people a machine to wherewith to fly,and run,doswim andthat do all else that it examining pleases. and examining andauthorities punishing are authorities are alsoby controlled by appropriate punishing also controlled appropriate is a machineiswherewith fly, run, swim all else it pleases.

Butofwhat kind is ofit? machine is it? This is a constitution. persons. When persons.

I was atI Nanking, requested theadopt Senate I wasWhen at Nanking, requested Ithe Senate to theto adopt the But what kind machine This machine is amachine constitution.

Fivefold Constitution.

But not theyunderstand did not understand it, as it cut Fivefold Constitution.

But they did it, as it cut TheofConstitution Five Grades (or Authorities) The Constitution Five Gradesof(or Authorities) their points personal of view.

The Fivefold completely completely across theiracross personal of points view. The Fivefold the own fruit labors, of my own labors, is a vast Constitution,Constitution, the fruit of my is a vast machine.

If machine. you wish If you wish Judicial Executive Legislative Legislative Judicial Executive Punishment Punishment Examination Examination to travelofhundreds milesyou in atake day,anyou take an automobile or an to travel hundreds miles in ofa day, automobile or an wish to manage you a country, youa must use a machine airplane; if airplane; you wishiftoyou manage a country, must use machine which you can control. which you can control.

Thisorfive-grade Fivefold Constitution is our auto-mobile, our This five-grade Fivefold or Constitution is our auto-mobile, our submarine and our airplane. is divided into theauthorities: following authorities: submarine and our airplane.

It is dividedItinto the following The State Machine The State Machine judicial, administrative or executive, and legislative, legislative, judicial, administrative or executive, punishment punishment and examining for civil—servants — all completely of one examining for civil servants all completely independentindependent of one another. Itthedeprives of and his power and takes legislative, People's Conference Every has one delegate another. It deprives EmperortheofEmperor his power takes legislative, People's Conference Every district has onedistrict delegate and administrative authority awaymaking from him, judicial and judicial administrative authority away from him, themmaking quite them quite of the administration stands theatPresident; at independent.independent.

At the headAt of the the head administration stands the President; Government Government of the machine legislative is Parliament; the head ofthe thehead legislative is machine Parliament; at the head atofthe thehead of the judiciary is ajudiciary judge. is a judge.

Every worker in State employment first certain of all pass certain Every worker in State employment must first ofmust all pass Punishing Judicial Executive Punishing Judicial Executive Legislative Legislative Examinatory Examinatory examinations. remember when arrived many in Canton, examinations.

I remember Ithat, when Ithat, arrived in ICanton, peoplemany people authority authority authority authority authority authority authority authority authority authority to posts give them the Civil The Government asked me toasked give me them in theposts CivilinService.

TheService.

Government neededand competent and experienced I knew none. Perhaps needed competent experienced workers. Butworkers.

I knew But none.

Perhaps there were experienced workers amongst these there were experienced old workersold amongst these persons, butpersons, without but without of Minister Minister of of Minister of Minister of Minister Minister Minister Minister of Minister Minister certain of their Iknowledge I could do nothing.

In such a certain testa of their test knowledge could do nothing.

In such a case this a case this Justice Finance InteriorAffairs Foreign Affairs Education Justice of Finance offor Interior forForeign Education is very useful.

Many skilled have beentounknown to a authority is authority very useful.

Many skilled people havepeople been unknown a largeof section societythey because never to subjected to large section society ofbecause were they neverwere subjected And sometimes happens thatand ignorant Provincial authority examination.examination.

And sometimes it happens itthat ignorant almost and almost Provincial authority illiterate people achieve thereby only illiterate people achieve high posts, high and posts, therebyand only awaken andawaken and District authority right of citizens District authority Direct rightDirect of citizens develop sullen hostility of Thus the people. develop sullen hostility in the heartsinofthe thehearts people. we seeThus that we the see that the examining is a veryand essential andlink important examining power is a power very essential important in the link Statein the State Without linkthough it is as we werea without a machinery. machinery.

Without this link itthis is as we though were without Initiative of Recall Referendum Direct Initiative Right of RecallRight Referendum Direct electoral rightselectoral rights with this can experienced we have experienced civil conductor. conductor.

Only with Only this system cansystem we have civil servants. servants.

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is the for machinery for the governing country.

This is the This machinery governing country.theBeside the Beside the Fivefold Constitution, a verypart important part is the of direct right of citizens Fivefold Constitution, a very important is the direct right citizens in local government. right"rights is the true "rights of man." in local government.

Direct right Direct is the true of man."

It has four It has four forms:theelectoral, right recall, the initiative and the referendum.

If forms: electoral, right of the recall, theofinitiative and the referendum.

If Fivefold Constitution can betocompared to a vast the Fivefoldthe Constitution can be compared a vast machine, themachine, direct the direct right isofthe citizens themachine. key to theIf machine.

If citizens have right of citizens key toisthe citizens have the right of the right of election, alsoright haveofthe right of the dismissing election, they shouldthey alsoshould have the dismissing officialsthe officials whomIfthey elect.know If citizens of the of useful whom they elect. citizens of theknow existence ofexistence useful laws, whichlaws, which for some reason pass the legislature, should for some reason cannot passcannot the legislature, they shouldthey be able as abe able as a to adopt Suchis acalled right the is called the right of community community to adopt them.

Suchthem. a right right of referendum.referendum.

In our Provisional is no definite paragraph In our Provisional ConstitutionConstitution there is no there definite paragraph about of the citizens rights of citizensto referred to the above.

In the Constitution about the rights referred above. In Constitution adopted there at Nanking is only one "The paragraph: "The Chinese Republic adopted at Nanking is onlythere one paragraph: Chinese Republic only to the Chinese a whole." was my proposal. belongs onlybelongs to the Chinese people as a people whole."asThis was myThis proposal.

Thenotrest was not with concerted with my andbeI held cannot be held The rest was concerted my opinion, andopinion, I cannot for it.

The yesterday day beforeI yesterday I spoke to the you about the responsible responsible for it. The day before spoke to you about generalofprinciples of our Provisional Provincial IAssembly; general principles our Provisional Provincial Assembly; trust that I trust that of thatwill Assembly demand of the Canton Parliament the memberstheofmembers that Assembly demandwill of the Canton Parliament thatthe it Fivefold adopt theConstitution Fivefold Constitution as the foundation of the that it adopt as the foundation of the GovernmentGovernment of China. of China.

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