Libya : Conflict Analysis

LIBYA ARE THE ARMED CONFLICTS LIKELY TO EXPAND IN THE COMING YEARS ?

FINAL EXAM CONFLICT ANALYSIS CECILE DUBERNET ELISA CELIE - PAUL VAN CELST DECEMBER 12-15 2016 ICP - FASSE - L3 S5

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

2

BACKGROUND & TIMELINE

3

A - From colonization to Gaddafi’s revolution, a multicultural country

3

B - From Mussolini to Gaddafi passing by the El-Senussi monarchy

4

C - The changing social landscape in Libya and its link to the international scene

5

D - From civil war to armed militias, a conflict that degenerate into a terrorist war

6

ACTORS & INTERACTIONS

7

A - Internal actors : a fight over central power

7

B - Local actors : controlling territories over ethnic and tribal interests

8

C - External actors : an internationalization of the conflict between self interests and diplomatics measures

8

ROOTS & VIOLENCE

10

A - Structural Violence

10

B - Cultural Violence

11

C - Direct Violence

13

CONCLUSION

15

BIBLIOGRAPHY

17

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INTRODUCTION

A conflict can be identified by the following characteristics1 : • Conflict is defined as an actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests.

• A conflict can be internal (within oneself) or external (between two or more parties) • Conflicts as a concept can help explain many aspects of social life such as social disagreement, conflicts of interests, and fights between individuals, groups or organizations Thereby, the current situation in Libya is matching the concept of conflict.

Furthermore the acknowledgement of Libya conflicts had led to the legitimization of interventionist policies in this region2 (Wallensteen, 2002). Before the collapse of the Gaddafi regime, the state has been in the grip of historical and external conflicts with the western powers due to its colonial past and the structure of its state. Even so, an internal conflict is also one of the main causes which led to Libya’s political and social instabilities, the protestation of Gaddafi regime impulsing by the revolution of the Arab springs demonstrate a need of societal changing.

In those conditions, are the multiple conflicts in Libya going to last, increase or is the situation about to be pacified ?

Any thoughts about Libya’s future need to throw back on the events that have led to Gaddafi’s disappearing and that history calls « revolution ». The point isn’t that the revolution must be denied however reality reflects that the popular insurrection turned very quickly into a civil war due to its fast militarisation. But both this 8months bloody conflict and the direct implication of the international coalition have led to the fall of the regime. Can we call it a popular success ? We can at best say it was a revolutionary issue, because no stable socio-political order or state has emerged from it. Nevertheless, we assist in Libya at the return of « primary identities » defined by the local belongings and the proper particularism of each group, ethical or tribal that participate fully in the current chaos in Libya3.

1

<http://fr.slideshare.net/brennanikns/international-relations-conflict-theories> accessed on 13/12/16

2

Pierre WALLENSTEEN, 2002

3

Patrick HAIMZADEH, « In Libya there is no chaos, there is war » (translated from french) in Le Monde Diplomatique, April 2015

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BACKGROUND & TIMELINE

The old civilization of Libya is based in the Maghreb region in North Africa, where most of the countries lie within Sahara, along the Mediterranean coast. The wide surface area of Libya makes it the 16th largest country in the world with 1.76 million square kilometers that is to say three times the french area. In spite of those proportions only 6.202 millions inhabitants resided there in 2013 particularly due to its arid climate. Nevertheless, Libya possesses natural resources such as natural gas and especially oil, both sectors accounts for about 60% of total GPD which makes it the most wealthy oil country in Africa and the 9th worldwide4. Libya is a member of the Arabian League, the Arabian Maghreb Union and the OPEC5.

A - From the Pharaoh era to the Italien colonization, a multicultural area Since the pharaoh of ancient Egypt, Libya has always been part of different civilisations and empires. Many foreigners such as Egyptian, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Ottomans, Italians, British and even French have populated and colonized the country. Thereby, those civilisations have deeply influenced the region and brought cultural diversity to the country. Moreover Libya is imbued with a strong Arabic culture due to the long presence of the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1911. Since the declaration of war between Italian and Turks the controlled area will be under Mussolini’s guardianship until the end of World War II. Nevertheless, ethnic and cultural diversity find out to be an obstacle to the national unity that won’t appear until 1951.

B - From Mussolini to Gaddafi passing by the El-Senussi monarchy The Sanusyia movement has unified Libya in 1951. This movement goes back to the nineteenth century and is dedicated to purify and reform mosling. Textbooks and syllabi were rewritten in Arabic. Government primary and secondary schools were built throughout Libya and it reopened Koranic schools that had closed during the independence struggle. This gave education a strong religious fundament. The ElSenussi family has been set up to the throne in 1951 by the UN under the supervision of the United States in lake of government 6. In 1956 two american’s oil companies obtained the right to extract black gold in Libya which has built the 4

The Huffington Post < http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/10/03/libye--la-tres-risquee-bataille-dupetrole-entre-la-cyrenaique-et-la-tripolitaine_n_12307302.html > accessed on 13/12/16 5

OPEC < http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/166.htm > accessed on 13/12/16

6

Wikipedia < https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_El-Senussi > accessed on 13/12/16

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BACKGROUND & TIMELINE required infrastructures for the process. Since then, Libya’s development of oil production has quickly increased while the country's need for emancipation has grown up due to the fast economic development. Moreover, Libyan identity strengthened when the country became a member of the Arab League in March 1953. A greater need for independence has been felt and pushed by the influence of Nasser in Egypt that has led to the military coup of Mouammar Gaddafi in 19697 .

C - The changing social landscape in Libya and its link to the international scene Muammar Gaddafi became the leader of Libya in 1969 after the King had flown the country8. The Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) abolished the monarchy and the old constitution and proclaimed the new Libyan Arab Republic, whose motto became « freedom, socialism, and unity »9. Its regime uses the financial resources of Libya to develop its infrastructures, education and the health system. Nevertheless, political freedoms were virtually non-existent and power relied on a system of terror10. On the international scene, Gaddafi militated for panarabism and pan-africanism. He also used the oil windfall to finance terrorist organizations and other rebellion movements around the world. Thereafter, he is accused of being the person responsible for the Lockerbie bombing in 1988 and the bombing of 772 UTA in 1989. Of the blow, its policy is worth a time to Libya to be isolated on the international scene. Subsequently, in the early 2000s, he changed his diplomatic attitude and managed to return to grace by positioning himself as an ally of the West in the « war on terror » 11. However, the wave of the Arab Spring and the popular overthrow of both Egyptian and Tunisian governments, protest movements also extended to several Libyan cities, beginning of 2011. A National Transitional Council (NTC) took place in Benghazi with the stated aim of overthrowing the Gaddafi regime and guiding the country on an interim basis through the transition to democracy. This marked the beginning of the Libyan first civil war.

7

< http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/855/Libya-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html#ixzz4SodwoO6C > accessed on 14/12/16 8

Larousse < http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/Libye_histoire/187023 > accessed on 13/12/16

9

Wikipedia < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi > accessed on 13/12/16 10

Antoine VITKINE, Kadhafi alive or dead : the NATO war against Libye (translated from the french), 2012

11

Amatory documentary : « Libya : the occulted truths », Part. 1 (translated from the french) < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhOtH8h3N3 >

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BACKGROUND & TIMELINE D - From civil war to armed militias, a conflict degenerating into a terrorist war In response to a severe military crackdown on populations, the UN Security Council has passed a Resolution (No. 1973) calling for a ceasefire and authorizing the international community to establish a no-fly zone on Libya12. Military operations began in Libya led by an international coalition driving to Gaddafi murder in October 20th, 2011. Unfortunately, the lack of knowledge of the Libyan terrain benefited the Libyan rebels who have taken advantage of Gaddafi’s fall and took over the country13. The lack of security on the ground made the new Libyan government helpless, the international community failed to care of the country after the collapse of the regime. Since the fall of Muammar Gaddafi, Libya has been under the control of innumerable armed militias that led to an internal fight for power between factions : West Libya run by the « islamists » based in Tripoli against East Libya under control of the « liberals ». This increasing instability has weakened the country so bad Libya is assisting a breach in Sirte where the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant benefited the internal fights to break into the city and takes control of it in 201514.

12

Roméo LANGLOIS, « Libya of militias » on France 24 < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3lBnlLZDfI >

13

Célian MACE, « Lybia intervention : the British members of Parliament being severe toward Cameron and SarkozyIntervention » in Liberation (translated from the french);15/09/16 14

Le Monde, April 2016 < http://abonnes.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/05/libye-les-autorites-detripoli-cedent-le-pouvoir-au-gouvernement-soutenu-par-l-onu_4896529_3212.html > accessed on 14/12/16

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ACTORS & INTERACTIONS

A - Internal actors : a fight over central power After the collapse of the regime, old local rivalries took place in Libya, reanimated by the conflict. These rivalries add themselves to the intern clivage within the insurrection. The state germs implanted by Gadaffi during his reign became definitely void. The proliferation of weapons all around the country fed the militias and aggravated the conflict. Let’s get back on the events that are the roots of the current conflict. The Council of Deputies has won the popular vote during the 2012 last elections in Libya - first free elections of the post-Gadaffi era. However, the turnout was to 18% down to 60% in the former elections15.

The Libyan Supreme Constitutional Court ruled that the June elections were unconstitutional and that the House of Representatives should be dissolved. But the House of Representatives didn’t accept by saying it was made « at gunpoint »16 . Refusing to accept the Supreme Court order, a rival Parliament, mostly composed with islamics, has forced and taken over Tripoli. That said, the House of Representatives (red zone) refusing to recognize the New General National Congress (green zone) relocated in the Dar al-Salam Hotel in Tobruk, far east of the country. Since then, there exist a strong fight against the two factions over central power. The liberals of Tobruk, grouped around business men, former executive officer from the Gadaffi’s administration and officers, are facing the islamists of Tripoli, that can’t only be defined as fundamental islamists because they don’t base their ideology over Charia’s law but they mainly represent the long-standing structured 15

"Libyans mourn rights activist amid turmoil". Al Jazeera English. 26 June 2014

16

"Libyan court rules elected parliament illegal". Al Jazeera English. 6 November 2014

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ACTORS & INTERACTIONS conservative opposition of the country. But beyond the religious/laic clivage, we can draw an other analysis grille of the Libyan society : Tripoli represents the new Elite of the revolution while Tobruk embodies the old Elite of the ancient regime. Each factions can rely on strong armed militas17.

B - Local actors : controlling territories over ethnic and tribal interests Since the fall of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi the rise of insecurity have reach new level and represents a steady threat for the country. Clashes involving tribal factions, armed unit, political groups and criminal gangs embody a constant menace for the population and places Libya in the characteristics of a regime in prey to a high structural violence. The armed factions moved on to violents attacks aimed at gaining control over oil and natural gas resources. Since the collapse of Gaddafi regime the factions, including the insurgent and those who remain faithful to Gaddafi. Few weeks after Gadaffi’s murder, multiple conflicts pop up all around the territory. The revolutionary militas fight for local power, territory control and most of all the oil incomes (blue zone). The governments, in lake of an army, rely on these militas to insure some security. We can also analyse a center/suburb fracture in Libya. Let’s remember the country lie within Sahara desert, is one of the biggest in Africa and count however only 6 millions inhabitants. In the context of a weak and bipolar power and a periphery where the local logiques dominate, the country split in multiple power factions administrated by local councils related to the militas. The ethnic groups play a major role, especially the Tuareg in the South of the country that control a great part of the territory (yellow zone). They only act following their own and proper interests. Thus, the internal fracture lines and the obedience toward each or another faction are based on local criteria. Some cities refuse however to take aside, leaving the youth joining the islamist faction because of the strong antagonism that rules the Arab cities.

Nowadays, no « institution » can pretend detaining the monopole of the coercive means especially because of the harsh competitions between cities, factions and regions, sinking the country in political chaos18.

C - External actors : an internationalization of the conflict between self interests and diplomatic measure Benefiting from the weakness of the country’s situation, the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) sneaked into Libya through the Mediterranean see by forcing in Sirte, controlling nowadays the region (gray zone). The recent breakthrough of ISIL (2015) in Libya mark a turning point in the history of Libya turning the already bloody internal conflict into a terror war in terms of worldwide terrorism threat. Moreover, in addition to all the tribal and ethnic interests, the internal battle over central power and the intrusion of ISIL on the Libyan soil, the foreign powers try to take place on the international exchequer with main goal to take advantage of the post-Gaddafi Libya. Western superpower such as France, Great Britain or USA are working on potential business deals while the Arabian countries and allies of the House of Representatives are deeply involved in the political process. Each courtly is taking a side for one faction according to its own interests. That said Turkey or Qatar has warmly endorsed the islamic faction while the United Arab Emirates (UAE), France or Great Britain have chosen to take side of Tobruk by unlegitimate

17

Patrick HAIMZADEH, « In Libya there is no chaos, there is war » (translated from french) in Le Monde Diplomatique, April 2015 18

Ibid

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ACTORS & INTERACTIONS the islamic faction on the international scene. In the lake of stable state and the chaos in which Libya has bogged down, the UN has worked on a diplomatic solution to end the political instability in the country19. The Government of National Accord is an interim government for Libya that was formed under the terms of the Libyan Political Agreement which was signed on 17 December 201520. The agreement has been unanimously endorsed by the United Nations Security Council which has recognized that the Government of National Accord is the sole legitimate government of Libya21 .

The belligerents The Council of Deputies

The General National Congress

The Government of National Accord

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Tobrouk based

Tripoli based

since 2016

controll Sirte

Aguila Saleh Issa (President of the Council)

Khalifa al-Ghawi (Prime Minister - not internationaly recognized)

Supported by : Egypt Chad United Arab Emirates France Great Britain USA

Abu Hudhayfah alMuhajir

Supported by : UNO USA Libyan Navy Tuareg militias Toubou militias

Supported by : Turkey Qatar Sudan

Source : Wikipedia

19

Patrick HAIMZADEH, « In Libya there is no chaos, there is war » (translated from french) in Le Monde Diplomatique, April 2015 20

United Nations « As Libya marks 64th independence anniversary, UN envoy urges unity behind new Government ». United Nations. 24 December 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016.

21

United Nations « Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2259 (2015), Security Council Welcomes Signing of Libyan Political Agreement on New Government for Strife-Torn Country ». United Nations. 23 December 2015

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VIOLENCES

« Violence is the intentional use of physical force, threats against others or against oneself, against a group or community that causes or is likely to cause trauma, psychological damage or death » According to Galtung’s violence triangle there is three connected types of violence : • the cultural violence • the structural violence • the direct violence Both cultural and structural violences cause direct violence22. The forces at work in the Libyan revolution are : the opposition to dictatorship, inequality and poverty, the western power, the youth, the women revolt23. When a government deny those forces, the Galtung’s violence triangle is structured into the social, economic and political system. In other words, violence is the possible explanation of Libya’s instability.

Source : Galtung Institute

A - Structural violence The structural violence result from social and political hierarchies that impose conditions which place people at high risk for negative consequences, such as unemployment, malnutrition, mental illness, suicide, crime, disease, and ill health.

In Libya Structural Violence existed since the collapse of Gaddafi regime, the elites, militias forces have more access to to goods and resources than the rest of the population. In other word, structural theorist attempt to link personal suffering with political, social and cultural choices made by the Libyan government. This violence 22

Galtung Institute < https://www.galtung-institut.de/en/network/groups/anything-galtung/forum/topic/ understanding-galtungs-violence-triangle-and-structural-violence/ > accessed on 14/12/16 23

< http://warisacrime.org/content/prediction-20-years-war-libya > accessed on 14/12/16

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VIOLENCES in Libya is a result of an unequal distribution of resources among the population even so Libya was, during Gaddafi regime, Africa's wealthiest nation 24. Since the NATO intervention, Libya is a failed state and its economic production only benefits the leaders and armed factions that now rule the country. Gender inequality is also one of the many reasons why structural violence has settled in Libya : the employment rate of women is 27% against 77% even if 5.1% of men are literate compared to 18.7% of women- social demands are not heard and only increase the instability.Moreover, the interstate division between the armed militias and the government reinforce the country's structural violence by creating an unsafe climate for the population. This division due to Gaddafi collapse and the western intervention have destroyed the infrastructure such as : Water, irrigation; Power grid, food services - all that the population needs in Libya. And the only funds, money, were invested in weapons 25. The unequal sharing of resources has decreased the Human Development Index (HDI), Libya is now at the 53rd place26, and dividing the society into poverty, social, cultural and political insecurities.

B - Cultural violence

No religion Muslims Christians Buddhist Others

Source : UNO

Cultural violence is the prevailing attitudes and beliefs that we have been taught since childhood and that surround us in daily life about the power and necessity of violence. Examples of cultural violence are indicated, using a division of culture into

24

< http://www.globalresearch.ca/libya-from-africas-richest-state-under-gaddafi-to-failed-state-after-natointervention/5408740 > accessed on 14/12/16 25

< https://www.jstor.org/stable/423472?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents > accessed on 14/12/16

26

La Croix, < http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/Monde/Inegalite-forte-dans-les-pays-arabes-en-revolution_NG_-2011-10-09-721078 > accessed on 14/12/16

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VIOLENCES

religion and ideology, art and language, empirical and formal science27. Most Libyans consider themselves as Arab despite the multicultural roots of the country due to its multiple colonizations and cultural exchanges. Colonel Gaddafi stated that Islam is the only viable system that can help answer manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s political, economic and social problems and provide him with happiness in the world to come 28. In November 1973, Gaddafi established the Libyan legal system under Sharia law and Islam became the state religion. The population is 97% Arabic and Berber and speaks mostly Arab and Berber but Italian and British remain in commercial relations. However, with Libya not being a secularized state there are many ethnic minorities, often persecuted by radical Islamists and sharia law. Only 2.7% are Christian, 0.3% are Buddhist, 0.2% are not religiously affiliated and there is no Jewish or Hindu minorities listed 29. The Libyan resentment towards the West is strong, having known the wars of colonization and oppression, some fierce hatred to the West. Moreover, the intervention of the international coalition and the failure to establish a democratic regime had left traces in minds. Thus, some Libyans experience a form of cultural hatred towards the West which can be considered as a cultural violence and is participating to the increase of some anti-americanism ideology that can lead to terrorism (at last radicalism)30. The provisional constitution of Libya prohibits any form of discriminations on the ground of religion, 27

< https://www.jstor.org/stable/423472?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents > accessed on 14/12/16

28

< http://www.commisceo-global.com/country-guides/libya-guide > accessed on 14/12/16

29

< http://www.religion-facts.com/fr/252 > accessed on 14/12/16

30

< http://www.pambazuka.org/governance/libyan-humiliation-driving-force-anti-americanism > accessed on 15/12/16

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VIOLENCES nevertheless, the current government remains indifferent to the massacres of these minorities by the armed militias. The pre-revolutionary laws that restricted religious freedom remain in force. Insulting Islam or the Prophet Muhammad and "inciting divisions" are punishable by the death penalty31. Moreover Social classes are not as important as ethnic origins, for example, in the professional sphere, a recruiter will be more inclined to hire a person with similar ethnic origin to his. We can say that cultural norms are stronger than legislative one due to the confusion of religion and state power which affect cultural society and the forms it takes. It is found that Cultural Violence has deep roots in society, particularly through religious and civil education.

C - Direct violence « Since the war, which lasted seven months in 2011, more bombs were dropped in Libya than during the Second World War throughout Europe »32 Johan Galtung describes direct violence as the « avoidable impairment of fundamental human needs or life which makes it impossible or difficult for people to meet their needs or achieve their full potential. Threat to use force is also recognized as violence ». In its classical form, it involves the use of physical force, like killing or torturing, rape, sexual assault, and beatings33. When the UN security Council passed Resolution 1973 which authorized member states to establish and enforce a no-fly zone over Libya and to use « all necessary measures » to prevent attacks on civilians started bombing Gaddafi’s forces. The extension of Resolution 73 led to the imposition of a « no-drive zone » and the assumed authority to attack the entire Libyan Government command and communications network causing collateral damage to civilians in the attacked areas. The supply of weapons to the rebels troops on the ground by the international coalition a few months later led to the fall of the Gaddafi's regime however, the possibility that extremist groups of militant would benefits from the rebellion against Gaddafi’s government was not taken into consideration. In 2012, Democratic elections brought to power a moderate, secular coalition government. However, when Gaddafi Administration collapsed in October 2011, security, basic governmental services and the rule of law collapsed with it, « Libya was a country with no institutions to speak of. When you took Gadda away, you took everything away » 34. The new government failed to disarm dozens of militias that had arisen during NATO’s seven-month intervention, especially Islamist ones, leading to deadly battles between rival tribes and commanders, which continue to this day. Nowadays, it’s difficult to estimate the number of deaths since the beginning of the conflict in 2011, their numbers vary 31

< http://www.liberte-religieuse.org/libye/ > accessed on 14/12/16

32

< https://francais.rt.com/opinions/16423-otan-libye-ruines > accessed on 14/12/16

33

< https://www.galtung-institut.de/en/network/groups/anything-galtung/forum/topic/understandinggaltungs-violence-triangle-and-structural-violence/ > accessed on 14/12/16 34

UK Parliament Rapport < https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmfaff/ 119/119.pdf > accessed on 15/12/16

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VIOLENCES according to the source, whether western or regional, and it is difficult to estimate ÂŤ isolated deaths Âť in the more remote regions of the country 35. We will estimate the number of deaths between 25,000 and 60,000 since the beginning of the conflict 36.

Source : Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya

35

< https://legrandsoir.info/30-000-bombes-60-000-morts-une-sacree-mission-humanitairecounterpunch.html > accessed on 15/12/16 36

Le Figaro < http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2011/09/20/97001-20110920FILWWW00532-la-revolutionlibyenne-a-fait-25000-morts.php > accessed on 15/13/16

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CONCLUSION

Libya is a vast country with a sparsely population: the average density is only 3 inhabitants per square kilometer. This weakness is related to the fact that Libya extends almost entirely on one of the most arid parts of the Sahara, the Libyan desert. Two regions bordering the Mediterranean are relatively humid: to the West, Tripolitania, and to the East, separated by the 500 km of the gulf of Syrte, whose desert coast is Cyrenaica. Moreover, Libya is one of the largest oil economies in the world, holding 3.5 per cent of the world's oil reserves, more than the double of the United States’ ones. This makes it one of the most coveted regions in the world because of these important resources.

The 2011 international intervention for the overthrow of Gaddafi is also seen as a way for the Western powers to get their hands on these important resources.

However, since the fall of the Gaddafi regime, the country has faced an internal conflict that has gradually deteriorated : in October 2013, secessionists in eastern Libya, where most of the country’s oil is located, declared their own government.

After the General elections of 2012, Libya was governed in Tripoli by the General National Congress (GNC) and the House of Representatives (HOR) in Tobruk.This « double administration » led to a civil war between militias associated with the two administrations in order to gain control over the other. The political instability has led to the implantation of terrorist groups over Libya, fueled by their hatred of the West and the war in Iraq, they has been able to settle thanks to the western failure to support a central authority in Libya.

Nowadays, the country has to face an internal conflict between armed factions and the rise of terrorist groups, however the lack of institutional structure does not allow today to envisage an improvement of the conflict, in spite of the progressive retreat of the terrorist groups, the country remains prey to a strong social, political and economic instability. Nevertheless, there is an opportunity to move towards an appeasement of the ongoing conflict : the unrecognized authorities of Tripoli has conceded power on April 5th 2016 under the UN pressure trying to find a diplomatic outcome to the instability in the country. The government endorsed by the institution took control of Libya one week after the ratification of a political agreement in Morocco in December 2015, where congressmen of both factions went to in extend to find a diplomatic outcome to the Libyen civil war. The Justice department declared « ceasing power exercice i.e. executive, presidential and ministerial functions » in extend to « put an end to blood effusion and avoid the division of the Nation »37. Indeed, Libya, oil and gas resourceful and sieged by militias since the murder of Gadda had sank into chaos with the rivalry between the two factions, putting the stability of the country at risk, moreover since the ISIL took over Sirte in 2015. This diplomatic success is certainly a hopeful outcome that presages some quiet in the region, but has to be shaded. Indeed, the internal conflicts over antagonist vision of the world coupled to a multiple lines of fracture that are all superposing make the peace process in Libya very complicated. It’s not 37

Le Monde < http://abonnes.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/05/libye-les-autorites-de-tripoli-cedentle-pouvoir-au-gouvernement-soutenu-par-l-onu_4896529_3212.html > accessed on 15/12/16

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CONCLUSION to be forget that democracy is a down-up process and canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be enforced. The idea of democratization is something that has to germ in the collective spirit in extend to be materialized in the public space. But as long as Libya will have ressources, more it would be an object of desire from both internal and external actors. Collective interest must take precedence over the individuals for rising up democracy.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Press articles HAIMZADEH Patrick, « In Libya there is no chaos, there is war » (translated from french) in Le Monde Diplomatique, April 2015 MACE Célian, « Lybia intervention : the British members of Parliament being severe toward Cameron and SarkozyIntervention » in Liberation (translated from the french);15/09/16

Official Rapports « Libyans mourn rights activist amid turmoil ». Al Jazeera English. 26 June 2014 « Libyan court rules elected parliament illegal ». Al Jazeera English. 6 November 2014 UK Parliament Rapport < https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmfaff/ 119/119.pdf > accessed on 15/12/16 United Nations « As Libya marks 64th independence anniversary, UN envoy urges unity behind new Government ». United Nations. 24 December 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016.

United Nations « Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2259 (2015), Security Council Welcomes Signing of Libyan Political Agreement on New Government for Strife-Torn Country ». United Nations.

23 December 2015

Online Ressources < http://www.commisceo-global.com/country-guides/libya-guide > accessed on 14/12/16 < h t t p : / / e d u c a t i o n . s t a t e u n i v e r s i t y. c o m / p a g e s / 8 5 5 / L i b y a - H I S T O R YBACKGROUND.html#ixzz4SodwoO6C > accessed on 14/12/16 <http://fr.slideshare.net/brennanikns/international-relations-conflict-theories> accessed on 13/12/16 < https://francais.rt.com/opinions/16423-otan-libye-ruines > accessed on 14/12/16 Galtung Institute <https://www.galtung-institut.de/en/network/groups/anything-galtung/forum/ topic/understanding-galtungs-violence-triangle-and-structural-violence/ > accessed on 14/12/16

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BIBLIOGRAPHY <http://www.globalresearch.ca/libya-from-africas-richest-state-under-gaddafi-to-failed-state-afternato-intervention/5408740 > accessed on 14/12/16 <https://www.jstor.org/stable/423472?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents > accessed on 14/12/16 La Croix, <http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/Monde/Inegalite-forte-dans-les-pays-arabes-enrevolution-_NG_-2011-10-09-721078 > accessed on 14/12/16 Larousse <http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/Libye_histoire/187023 > accessed on 13/12/16 Le Figaro <http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2011/09/20/97001-20110920FILWWW00532-larevolution-libyenne-a-fait-25000-morts.php > accessed on 15/13/16 <https://legrandsoir.info/30-000-bombes-60-000-morts-une-sacree-mission-humanitairecounterpunch.html > accessed on 15/12/16 Le Monde, April 2016 < http://abonnes.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/05/libye-les-autorites-detripoli-cedent-le-pouvoir-au-gouvernement-soutenu-par-l-onu_4896529_3212.html > accessed on 14/12/16 Le Monde <http://abonnes.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/05/libye-les-autorites-de-tripolicedent-le-pouvoir-au-gouvernement-soutenu-par-l-onu_4896529_3212.html > accessed on 15/12/16 < http://www.liberte-religieuse.org/libye/ > accessed on 14/12/16 OPEC < http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/166.htm > accessed on 13/12/16 <http://www.pambazuka.org/governance/libyan-humiliation-driving-force-anti-americanism > accessed on 15/12/16 < http://www.religion-facts.com/fr/252 > accessed on 14/12/16 The Huffington Post < http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2016/10/03/libye--la-tres-risquee-batailledu-petrole-entre-la-cyrenaique-et-la-tripolitaine_n_12307302.html > accessed on 13/12/16 Wikipedia < https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_El-Senussi > accessed on 13/12/16 Wikipedia < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi > accessed on 13/12/16

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Video Support Amatory documentary : « Libya : the occulted truths », Part. 1 (translated from the french) LANGLOIS Roméo, « Libya of militias » on France 24 < https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=V3lBnlLZDfI > VITKINE Antoine, Kadhafi alive or dead : the NATO war against Libye (translated from the french), 2012

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