TRACKING THE SUPPLY CHAIN ELIZABETH PAMBOUKIAN
About Madewell 2-5 Employee Satisfaction and Retention 12-15
Supply Chain Mapping 6-7
Transparency and Responsible Sourcing 16-21 Environmental Impact 8-11
I N D E X
I N D E X
Waste Minimization 22-25
Madewell’s Denim Recycling Circularity 26-27
Marketing of Sustainability 28-31
Opportunities for Improvement 32-35
References 36-37
ABOUT MADEWELL. Originally founded in 1937 as a New England workwear company, Madewell is now a denim focused apparel brand based in the United States bought and relaunched by J.Crew group in 2006. As of 2018, the “cool sister-label” of J.Crew brand, has 121 retail stores spread throughout malls and shopping centers in the Unites States and accounts for nearly 20 percent of all J.Crew business (Sherman, 2018). As J.Crew Group remains in a slow slump, the company relies on Madewell to increase sales. Nonetheless, Madewell has received its own backlash in the past, including allegations of stealing a family’s history to incorporate into its branding and using sweatshops to manufacture its products (Darwin, 2014). Regardless of the accusations, Madewell remains a trusted brand among customers and J.Crew Group has implemented a number of strategies incorporating transparency and sustainability practices into its core business. These environmentally centered and sustainable strategies have proven to work well with the Madewell brand as it appeals to its wide range of shoppers who share similar concerns. Madewell’s customers are primarily millennial shoppers looking for casual everyday clothing from chic denim pieces to floral day dresses sprinkled with a hint of Americana cool. Head designer Joyce Lee describes Madewell as, “for denim lovers – or basically anyone who appreciates timeless designs that put you at ease” (“About Madewell, n.d.). This overall aesthetic of vintage Americana integrates well with the brands focus on denim: “Simply put, we make great jeans. We also focus on all the things you wear with denim, like effortless tees, keepforever bags, cool jewelry and compliment-worthy shoes” (“About Madewell, n.d.).
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Madewell attracts the millennial customer with its fun and witty marketing tactics and a substantial 15 percent discount for college students and teachers. Customers are also drawn into the allure of Madewell through their loyalty program called “Madewell Insider” which treats its most faithful customers with generous discounts and exclusive sales, the more they shop. Although Madewell focuses its sales in its own retail stores, the brand also has wholesale partnerships, including shop-in-shops at Nordstrom and at John Lewis in the United Kingdom (Sherman, 2018). Madewell is also available internationally to more than 200 countries through its ecommerce website. Looking ahead, J.Crew Group plans to grow the Madewell brand and has already started doing so by expanding denim size ranges up to size 35 and starting its own menswear line in 2018 (Sherman, 2018). These aspects have ensured Madewell as a trusted brand and a leader in inclusivity and apparel diversity. In addition to these efforts, Madewell has partnered with a number of sustainable and environmental organizations such as Fair Trade Certified™, to keep up with an emergent demographic of conscious consumers. As their name implies, one of Madewell’s main goals is to “do well,” which they encourage and promote to their customers through their various charity partnerships and infamous denim recycling program. The American heritage brand markets itself as high quality and sustainable but Madewell also has plenty of room to improve in aspects of transparency and sustainability.
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“Madewell is for denim lovers—or basically anyone who appreciates timeless designs that put you at ease.” -Joyce Lee, Head Designer 5
SUPPLY CHAIN. Madewell has recently integrated sustainable practices into their global supply chain. As part of their environmental practices, for their eco denim collection, the brand only sources organic cotton and has it high quality spun in Italy. The yarn is then dyed using recycled shrimp shells and is then sent to a Saitex factory in Vietnam to be produced before it is sent to the United States.
01. ORGANIC COTTON HARVESTED
Price of materials: $20 USD Price of hardware: $4 USD Price of labor: $10 USD Duties cost: $4 USD Transportation cost: $4 USD True Cost: $42 USD Madewell’s price: $125 USD
07. ASSEMBLED/SEWN IN BIEN HOA, VIETNAM LEED CERTIFIED SAITEX INTERNATIONAL FACTORY
08. HARDWARE ADDED
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09. WASHED/DISTRESSED (MAY BE REPEATED MULTIPLE TIMES)
10. PRESSED/ EMBROIDERED/ LABELED
02. COTTON PROCESSED
06. DENIM FABRIC CUT IN PATTERN
03. COTTON SPUN INTO YARN IN CANDIANI MILL, ITALY
05.THREADS WOVEN INTO DENIM FABRIC (92% COTTON, 6% POLY, 2% ELASTANE
04. YARN DYED SUSTAINABLY USING SHRIMP SHELLS
12. SHIPPED TO STORE
11. SHIPPED TO DISTRIBUTION CENTER IN PENNSYLVANIA
12. SHIPPED TO CUSTOMER
13. WORN BY CUSTOMER
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. Madewell is unequivocally committed to improving its own sustainable practices and constantly evaluates strategies to improve the environment. As part of their efforts, Madewell has recently launched a sustainable denim line called “The Eco Collection,” and has partnered with nonprofit Fair Trade Certified™ (Lowe, 2018). The Eco Collection launched as a six-piece denim lineup – a cropped denim jacket, four distinctive jean styles, and skinny overalls “created with 65% fewer chemicals and 75% less water than conventional fabric” (Lowe, 2018). As part of its partnership with Fair Trade Certified™, Madewell has also designed 16 styles of eco-denim across men’s and women’s lines to be integrated with The Eco Collection (Peoples, 2019). Although, these eco-friendly lines have just begun, this is a step in the right direction for Madewell and the brand hopes to only grow in its environmental applications. Madewell and parent company J.Crew’s current environmental efforts focus on three key objectives: (1) facility and product impacts, (2) supply chain performance, and (3) associate and customer engagement (“J.Crew and the Environment,” n.d.). Through facility and product impacts, Madewell pledges to reduce its energy, paper and water use, minimize waste, and implement environmentally responsible solutions for stores, distribution centers and offices (“J.Crew and the Environment,” n.d.). To reduce energy in stores, Madewell has installed energy management systems to enhance and minimize heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) and lighting usage (“Energy Efficiency,” n.d.). Additionally, to minimize paper waste, Madewell shopping bags are made from 100% recycled paper and contain at least 80% post-consumer recycled content (“Paper/Natural Resources,” n.d.). Madewell also implements strategies to minimize both textile and carboard waste by implementing comprehensive recycling programs (“Waste Minimization,” n.d.). In addition to these environmental efforts, Madewell recently launched its first sustainable swimwear line called Second Wave, made out of approximately 50,920 plastic bottles (Bauck, 2019). The eco collection is part of J.Crew Group’s and Madewell’s newfound commitment to eco-friendly products. 9
J.Crew Group and Madewell are committed to collaborating with suppliers to understand and improve environmental performance and practices through its Responsible Sourcing Program (“J.Crew and the Environment,” n.d.). This program is set to clearly communicate the brands beliefs of sourcing products in a “legal, ethical and responsible manner consistent with the highest standards” to suppliers and manufacturing facilities (“Sourcing Materials Responsibly,” n.d.). For example, under the program, Madewell claims to frequently communicate with their leather suppliers to guarantee that their sourcing practices are aligned with their company expectations (“Sourcing Materials Responsibly,” n.d.). As part of their Responsible Sourcing Program, J.Crew Group has also implemented a Code of Vendor Conduct to establish its expectancies of all factories, subcontractors, suppliers, and agents affiliated with the brand. Under J. Crew’s Code of Vendor Conduct, the company emphasizes its standards regarding child labor, forced labor, discrimination, harassment and abuse, wages and benefits, hours of work, freedom of association, health and safety, laws and regulations, customs and security, environmental standards, subcontracting, transparency, and monitoring and compliance (“J.Crew Code of Vendor Conduct, n.d.). Through their Code of Vendor Conduct, J.Crew Group imparts these regulations onto the Madewell brand as well and hopes to promote a better and elevated environmental standard for their vendors. Madewell seeks to improve its environmental impact through its passionate associates and customers who are dedicated to rearing internal and external awareness about the brands environmental efforts (“J.Crew and the Environment,” n.d.). Jess Orloff, who has been working at the brand for over four years, addresses Madewell as always being one step ahead of its competitors in terms of transparency and sustainability (J. Orloff, personal communication, March 10, 2019). Employers are always encouraged to speak on behalf of Madewell’s sustainability efforts and new ethically made products.
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EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION AND RETENTION. Madewell imparts its efforts of transparency and sustainability onto its employees, and pledges to only use vendors who follow strict regulations that complies with the brands message. Corporate employees and associates are encouraged to “do well” in their own local communities by participating in events and charities. They are also taught about the sustainability efforts of Madewell and encouraged to speak about them to customers in store. Store associates go through rigorous training to be able to speak on behalf of the Madewell brand about their responsible and ethical materials used in their denim, in particular. Overall, Madewell employees are content to be working at the brand which is why many of them choose to stay at the company for several years. A store manager who has been working at Madewell for over four years, starting as a part-time sales associate, is now a store manager and has even relocated for this purpose. She believes that Madewell differs from other brands in employee satisfaction and growth in terms of better pay and opportunity for growth (anonymous employee, personal communication, March 10, 2019). Like most Madewell employees, she is proud of her brand and preaches the “do well” message as loudly and as often as she can. Madewell is also committed to providing safe and healthy conditions for all of their workers in the supply chain. Thus, Madewell’s owner J.Crew Group is a member of Business for Social Responsibility (BSR™), a global nonprofit business network and consultancy devoted to sustainability (“BSR,” n.d.). BSR™ works with J.Crew Group and Madewell to ensure that their practices are sustainable from farm to factory to boardroom (“BSR,” n.d.). J.Crew Group is also a member of Fair Factories Clearinghouse (FFC) which provides companies with compliance solutions “for a better world” (“FFC,” n.d.). FFC builds scalable software that enables continuous improvements in social, 13
environmental, and security issues – sustainability through technology (“FFC,” n.d.). Through their software, FFC creates safer and more humane working conditions for workers in production area of the supply chain (“FFC,” n.d.). Madewell also improves worker safety and health through J.Crew Group’s Code of Vendor Conduct. In part of these regulations, Madewell agrees to the Uzbek Cotton Pledge and are opposed to the use of forced child labor in the cotton sector of Uzbekistan (“Sourcing Materials Responsibly,” n.d.). By agreeing to this pledge, J.Crew Group and Madewell take a stand and are committed to discontinuing sourcing of Uzbek cotton for the manufacturing of their products until the government of Uzbekistan ends their practice of forced child labor in the harvest of cotton. Additionally, J.Crew Group and Madewell have banned sandblasting, a finishing process used to attain a worn look for denim, because the laborious process endangers the health of factory workers (“Sourcing Materials Responsibly,” n.d.). Through these executions, Madewell remains a brand to look up to and improves worker health and safety.
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TRANSPARENCY AND RESPONSIBLE SOURCING. Transparency within sourcing and the supply chain is the sharing of information about the companies, suppliers and sourcing locations to consumers and other companies in the supply chain. Despite parent company J.Crew Group’s broad descriptions about Madewell’s and its own steps to improve its impact on the environment, these descriptions do not communicate adequate information about the company’s policies and where/how exactly materials are sourced. Additionally, Madewell does not provide information about its own sourcing practices; the only information about sourcing available through their website is a direct link to J.Crew’s inadequate “responsible sourcing” information. Although Madewell’s most recent collections and products have been sustainably based and transparent in where they come from, the majority of Madewell’s offerings are not transparent at all. Thus, transparency is an opportunity for improvement for the Madewell brand. To improve in its sustainability aspects, Madewell can look at its competitor, Everlane, which is also a Fair Trade Certified™ company. Although both brands manufacture their denim in the same Vietnam factory, Everlane is “radically transparent” about where its denim comes from whereas Madewell’s information is difficult to find and must be heavily researched to find (“About Everlane,” n.d.). Everlane provides the factory where the product is made and a transparent pricing chart for each individual product it carries on its online ecommerce platform (“About Everlane,” n.d.). Madewell should look to Everlane as an example and a way to improve its own online shopping platform.
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Nonetheless, Madewell’s partnership with nonprofit organization, Fair Trade to produce sustainable, ethical denim is a good start in terms of transparency. Fair Trade is a global movement comprised of a diverse ethically motivated network of producers, companies, shoppers, advocates, and organizations (“Why Fair Trade,” n.d.). Launched in 1998 in the United States by Paul Rice, Fair Trade began as a small group of farmers and coffee companies who believed in sustainable development and community empowerment through better working standards (“Why Fair Trade,” n.d.). Today, Fair Trade has developed into a leading market-based model of sustainable production, trade, and consumption. Thus, Fair Trade Certified™ products are guaranteed to be ethically and sustainably made, support responsible companies, empower farmers, workers, and fishermen, and protect the environment (“Why Fair Trade,” n.d.). For each Fair Trade Certified™ product, Madewell pays a premium that goes directly to a Community Development Fund run by the factory workers who make their clothing. Thus, all Fair Trade Certified™ products are made in certified factories that meet demanding social, environmental and economic standards (“Do Well Initiatives,” n.d.).
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As proven by a survey conducted through my personal Instagram, Fair Trade Certified™ products prove to have value upon customers. Out of the 55 survey participants, only 69 percent of partakers actually knew what Fair Trade Certified™ means. However, out of those same 55 participants, 89 percent of them were willing to spend a little more money on a product that is Fair Trade Certified™ despite the fact that some of them don’t know what the term means. Please note that this survey was conducted through my personal Instagram and a majority of the participants study fashion related courses so these percentages may be slightly higher compared to the average consumer. Therefore, although some consumers may not know what a certification in sustainability truly is, it is still seen as more valuable amongst consumers, regardless of the meaning. Currently, Madewell has a 16-piece eco-denim collection spread across men’s and women’s lines that is Fair Trade Certified™ but hopes to continue their partnership to produce more ethically made garments.
To further increase brand loyalty, Madewell has implemented a variety of efforts to gain trust in transparency and responsible sourcing aspects. As part of their Fair Trade Certification™, Madewell pledges to use only Bluesign approved chemicals (Binns, 2019). Bluesign® System is an independent industrial textile standard that tracks raw materials every step of the supply chain to eliminate harmful chemicals (“Our Materials,” n.d.). As part of their “do well” initiatives, the brand has also partnered with a range of charitable organizations. Since 2016, Madewell has been a member of the Better Cotton Initiative which is a nonprofit organization dedicated to making global cotton production more sustainable (“Better Cotton Initiative,” n.d.). The organization strives to protect the environment and improve the lives of cotton growers and workers globally (“Better Cotton Initiative,” n.d.). As part of their efforts, Madewell has also pledged to source responsibly and use sustainable, ethical materials. For example, Madewell incorporates recycled materials into their products. The company claims that 74,765 plastic bottles were recycled into PrimaLoft® insulation for their Puffers (“Our Materials,” n.d.). Additionally, Madewell jeans are made of 42% TENCEL™, which is a soft, smooth lyocell fiber made from renewable wood sources and tree farms (“Our Materials,” n.d.). The brands advocated sustainable Eco Collection is manufactured using only “organically-sourced Italian cotton grown from non-GMO seeds without using any toxic chemical treatments (Lowe, 2018). The denim in this collection is also produced in a LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified Saitex factory, which pledges to recycle most of its water usage, prioritize renewable energy, and turn its manufacturing waste into bricks for housing communities in need (Lowe, 2018). Overall, Madewell is still in the beginning stages of responsible sourcing but hopes to grow from here on out.
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WASTE MINIMIZATION. As landfills are increasingly growing with textile remains, the need for waste management in the fashion industry is radically emergent. According to Rick Leblanc (2018), the United States generates more than 15 million tons of used textile waste and this amount has doubled over the last 20 years. Although nearly all textiles and clothing are recyclable, only 15% of consumers actually recycle their clothing (Leblanc, 2018). Charities and clothing recycling programs attempt to combat this epidemic but only about 0.1% of their recycled fibers are made into new textile fibers (Leblanc, 2018). Additionally, there is the lack of advertising and transparency as to what happens with recycled clothing in many of these programs. According to my own survey of 55 participants, only 62 percent of them responded that they have participated in a clothing recycling program. However, a majority of these participants study fashion related courses so they are more naturally aware of sustainability as opposed to the average person. Additionally, out of these participants, only 52 percent had previously heard about Madewell’s denim recycling program. As part of their waste minimization initiatives, Madewell partners with Blue Jeans Go Green™ and Habitat for Humanity through their denim recycling program. In order to participate, customers donate an old pair of jeans from any brand and bring it into a Madewell store for $20 (USD) off a brand new pair of Madewell jeans. The donated jeans are then sent to organizations like Habitat for Humanity and turned into housing insulation with the help of their partner, Blue Jeans Go Green™. In order to make housing insulation, Blue Jeans Go Green™ reconverts denim into its natural state – cotton, and upcycles it into UltraTouch™ Denim Insulation to divert these textiles from entering landfills (“About the Blue Jeans Go Green Program,” n.d.). Blue Jeans Go Green™ has also partnered with other brands such as J.Crew, Abercrombie & Fitch, Neiman Marcus, Rag & Bone, Wrangler, and True Religion, to collect over one thousand tons of denim and manufacture over four million square footage of insulation (“About the Blue Jeans Go Green Program,” n.d.). By upcycling denim into housing insulation, they have diverted over two million denim pieces from otherwise entering landfills (“About the Blue Jeans Go Green Program,” n.d.).
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According to Madewell, 475,336 pairs of jeans have been recycled in their stores since the Blue Jeans Go Green™ partnership began in 2014 (“Our Denim Recycling Program,” n.d.). Additionally, 80% of the Blue Jeans Go Green™ housing insulation is made of post-consumer recycled denim (“Our Denim Recycling Program,” n.d.). With all this recycled denim, over 450 houses have been built using insulation made from Madewell’s recycled denim program (“Our Denim Recycling Program,” n.d.). These houses have been built for communities in need, in places such as New Orleans, Charleston, and Los Angeles. By recycling denim instead of tossing it away, 191 tons of landfill waste has been saved solely from Madewell’s recycled denim (“Our Denim Recycling Program,” n.d.). Furthermore, J.Crew Group and Madewell have established other waste minimizing efforts as the brand is truly committed to this epidemic in order to sustain natural resources, reduce emissions/impacts on landscapes and habitats, and lower costs (“Waste Minimization,” n.d.). In addition to denim recycling, the company donates unsold items to nonprofit organization Good360.org, and focuses on responsible packaging and reusing/recycling cardboard boxes in their distribution centers and in stores (“Waste Minimization,” n.d.). By making the effort to minimize their own waste as part of their social responsibility, J.Crew and Madewell impose their environmentally conscious mindset onto their customers.
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MADEWELL’S DENIM RECYCLING CIRCULARITY.
RAW MATERIALS MADE INTO HOUSING INSULATION
RAW MATERIALS
RECYCLED
DENIM FABRIC
PARTICIPANTS OF THE RECYCLING PROGRAM GET $20 TO SPEND ON A NEW PAIR OF MADEWELL JEANS
PRODUCTION USE
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SALES
MARKETING OF SUSTAINABILITY. As their name denotes, Madewell’s main goal is to “do well” by making high quality and lasting products that are “made well.” Thus, sustainability plays a vital role in Madewell’s branding and advertising. Madewell endorses itself using its blog and social media platforms such as Instagram to further promote its sustainability efforts. In order to showcase their “do well” message, Madewell partners with a variety of organizations such as Girls Inc. which empowers young women, The Human Rights Campaign which advocates for LGBTQ equality, and Blue Jeans Go Green™ which recycles old denim into housing insulation (“Do Well Initiatives,” n.d.). Madewell especially promotes its notorious denim recycling program sponsored by Blue Jeans Go Green™. This partnership is promoted in all of their stores and is highly encouraged to customers by their employees. Additionally, Madewell partners with Fair Trade USA “to support safe, more planet-friendly factories and happier, more empowered people” (“Do Well Initiatives,” n.d.). Madewell especially promotes its infamous denim recycling program With the help of their partnerships, Madewell also often hosts shopping events where a portion of their sales goes to the organizations and charities they are associated with. These events are a way to show their customers and “Madewell Insiders” that they are “doing well” which in turn, further promotes brand loyalty and trust. “Madewell Insiders” tend to be faithful to the brand, with some customers, called “Madewell Icons,” spending upwards of $1000 (USD) on Madewell brand clothing alone. Customers can move up the “Madewell Insider” tier by spending more and as they do, they receive more benefits such as expedited shipping and birthday gifts (“Madewell Insider Loyalty Program Frequently Asked Questions,” n.d.). These trustworthy customers promote the brand by simply wearing their clothing and spreading the news of their efforts in sustainability– even if they don’t truly understand Madewell’s practices. 29
In addition to their loyal customers, team Madewell – their employees and associates, are encouraged to make a difference in their communities and help where they can in local organizations. Additionally, their employees view Madewell’s efforts in transparency and sustainability as exceptional and proudly speak about it in stores and to customers. An anonymous store manager believes Madewell keeps itself at a higher level than competitors by always being a step ahead quietly and keeps the quality of its products and services at a level that is hard to beat (anonymous employee, personal communication, March 10, 2019). However, there is a misconception that everything that is “made well” and made of high quality materials is sustainable – this is not the case for the Madewell brand, which does not cite most of its sourcing. Madewell speaks highly of itself on its own website, blog platform, and social media but does not always meet its own standards. The brand lists its sources for its sustainable Fair Trade Certified™ collection but not its other, older collections. Thus, it is quite difficult to assess whether most of Madewell’s offerings are actually sustainable and meet its high standards that it upholds on the J.Crew website.
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OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT. Although Madewell has implemented many strategies for transparency and sustainability, the brand still remains behind many of their competitors and has room to improve. Overall, “Good On You,” a source for fashion brand ratings in terms of ethics and sustainability, rates Madewell as “not good enough” for failing to “communicate sufficient information about its environmental policies” (“Madewell Brand,” n.d.). Although Madewell has implemented sourcing information for their most recent Fair Trade Certified™ products, the brand does not provide adequate information in their “Social Responsibility” section of their website as the link directs to J.Crew’s website. Additionally, the “Social Responsibility” section of J.Crew’s website which accounts for J.Crew Group as a whole, does not cite exact sources. The website states that J.Crew Group is making efforts but does not list most of the efforts specifically. The website also states that their vendors and partners are sustainable but does not specify who their vendors are or how they are ethical. Thus, Madewell and the J.Crew Group needs to improve upon their transparency and define clear environmental efforts to truly be considered a sustainable brand. The J.Crew Group also does not state any efforts of plastic waste minimization specifically. This is a huge issue as all products are packaged in plastic poly bags and can be repackaged multiple times. For example, denim is packed to be sent off to distributions centers and then packaged again in individual poly bags to be sent to stores. From the stores, it is wrapped in paper and put in a bag for customers. However, Madewell also sometimes sends packages directly from the store to customer homes in the case that the distribution center does not have enough in stock. In this case, the item is again repackaged into plastic poly bags and then put in another bag or box to be delivered. 33
With all this plastic waste, Madewell stores produce an obscene amount of trash. In todays environmentally conscious world, this amount of plastic waste is not acceptable. Madewell and J.Crew Group need to focus its efforts into minimizing all waste, especially plastic. Madewell promotes itself as a sustainable, “do-gooder” brand and lists all the ways it is “doing well” but the brand is not transparent about most of their items besides Fair Trade Certified™ products. With all this promotion of “doing well,” there is speculation of the brand “greenwashing” its customers. Madeleine Hill from “Good on You” defines greenwashing as “the use of marketing to portray an organization’s products, activities or policies as environmentally friendly when they are not” (2018). With sustainability becoming an increasingly discussed topic within the fashion industry, brands can be tempted to overstate on their environmental practices. With Madewell’s fancysounding initiatives and countless partnerships, the brand may be exaggerating on behalf of its sustainability practices a little too much. However, Madewell is still at the beginning of its sustainability path and can only grow from here on out. The brand has only implemented many of its efforts this past year and will continue to develop in transparency and sustainability in the future.
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About the Blue Jeans Go Green Program - Denim Recycling. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// bluejeansgogreen.org/about-us/ About Madewell. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.madewell.com/about-madewell.html Bauck, W. (2019, February 26). Madewell Launches Its First-Ever Sustainable Swimwear Collection. Retrieved from https://fashionista.com/2019/02/madewell-sustainable-swimwear-launch Better Cotton Initiative. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://bettercotton.org/ Binns, J. (2019, February 10). Making Jeans has Been a Dirty Business-But Saitex is Coming Clean. Retrieved from https://sourcingjournal.com/denim/denim-innovations/saitex-sustainability-sanjeev-bahl-137468/ BSR. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bsr.org/ Darwin, L. (2014, October 1). One Man Reveals The True Story Behind Madewell’s “Heritage”. Retrieved from https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/madewell-origin-history DiNapoli, J. (2017, May 01). Exclusive - Blackstone’s GSO snaps up J. Crew debt in restructuring... Retrieved from https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-jcrew-debtrestructuring-blackstone/ exclusive-blackstones-gso-snaps-up-j-crew-debt-in-restructuring-gambit-idUKKBN17X165 Do Well Initiatives. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.madewell.com/do-well-initiatives.html Energy Efficiency. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.jcrew.com/hk/flatpages/social_res_ april3_1.jsp?bmUID=mBuGvJs&bmLocale=en_HK FFC. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.fairfactories.org/Home/Our-Vision-Mission Hill, M. (2018, December 14). How Can You Tell When A Fashion Brand Is Greenwashing? Retrieved from https://goodonyou.eco/how-can-you-tell-when-a-fashion-brand-is-greenwashing/ Instagram Stories Survey (2019, March 9). @elizabethpamboukian
R E F E R E N C E S
R E F E R E N C E S
J.Crew and the Environment. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.jcrew.com/hk/flatpages/social_res_april3.jsp?bmUID=mBuGvGS&bmLocale=en_HK J.Crew Code of Vendor Conduct. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.jcrew.com/hk/flatpages/ social_res_april1_1.jsp LeBlanc, R. (2018, September 24). Fashion Recycling: Just the Facts. Retrieved from https:// www.thebalancesmb.com/textile-recycling-facts-and-figures-2878122 Lowe, R. (2018, August 28). Madewell’s Denim Is Going Green. Retrieved from https://www. refinery29.com/en-us/2018/08/208464/madewell-eco-collection-denim-launch Madewell Brand. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://directory.goodonyou.eco/brand/madewell Madewell Insider Loyalty Program Frequently Asked Questions. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// www.madewell.com/madewell-insider-faq.html Our Denim Recycling Program. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.madewell.com/inspo-do-well-denim-recycling-landing.html Our Materials. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.madewell.com/do-well-materials.html#content Paper/Natural Resources. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.jcrew.com/hk/flatpages/social_ res_april3_2.jsp?bmUID=mBuFFw_&bmLocale=en_HK Peoples, L. (2019, January 30). J. Crew & Madewell Partner With Fair Trade To Produce Sustainable Denim. Retrieved from https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/01/222920/j-crewmadewell-fair-trade-sustainability-denim Sherman, L. (2018, May 30). How Madewell Is Saving J.Crew. Retrieved from https://www. businessoffashion.com/articles/professional/how-madewell-is-saving-j-crew Sourcing Materials Responsibly. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.jcrew.com/hk/flatpages/ social_res_april1_5.jsp?bmUID=mBuFFGL&bmLocale=en_HK Waste Minimization. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.jcrew.com/hk/flatpages/social_res_ april3_3.jsp?bmUID=mBuLO4l&bmLocale=en_HK Why Fair Trade. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.fairtradecertified.org/why-fair-trade