Hostel OTR

h stel

ellen sorkin senior capstone 2016

table of contents 1 introduction ....................................... 03 2 project drivers .................................... 11 3 site considerations .............................. 17 4 conceptual design ............................... 33 5 final design ....................................... 43 6 sources .............................................. 63

01

design problem

How might we create a youth hostel that encourages social interaction?

introduction

1

“You donʼt need magic to disappear, all you need is a destination and a great hostel!”

- www.gomio.com

03

background I have traveled to 16 countries and I am not planning on slowing down anytime soon. While I travel, I like to stay with friends and make use of free couchsurfing hosts, but the majority of my overnight stays are spent at youth hostels.

A hostel provides a place for people with different nationalities, social backgrounds, and opinions to meet and get to know each other. While a hotel segregates people through private rooms and private dining experiences, the intent of a youth hostel is to bring people together and foster connections.

When I was younger, my mom would regale me with fun stories from her time spent in hostels across Europe and the Middle East. I grew up longing to experience hostel life for myself. Now that I have stayed in many hostels of my own across Europe, I know firsthand what generally works/does not work in making the hostel experience successful and memorable.

Traveling is my ultimate passion. I have also discovered that hospitality design is the most exciting sector of interior design for me. I decided to combine my favorite hobby of travel and passion for hospitality design into a capstone project by creating a youth hostel in the Overthe-Rhine (OTR) neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio.

rationale There are no hostels in the tri-state and only one hotel in Over-the-Rhine (The Symphony Hotel near Music Hall).

Thus, there are no places for travelers to stay on a hostel budget in this area. I would like to create a youth hostel in Cincinnati because there is no direct competition when it comes to my intended user group, affordability, and location.

Apart from the new 21C Museum Hotel downtown, there are few hotels geared towards Millennials and members of Generation Z in Cincinnati. Airbnb may be present in Over-the-Rhine, but the prices have begun to exceed what many people are comfortable paying for the service.

Cincinnati does not have a steady flow of tourists like London, Paris, or Barcelona, but I do believe that a hostel would be in demand and could turn a profit in Over-the-Rhine. The area has already been revitalized and is being polished into a vibrant place to live, work, and play.

A youth hostel in the center of the neighborhood could potentially help to further develop a sense of community and promote interactions between travelers and local Over-the-Rhine inhabitants.

05

significance In the United States, youth hostels are not as popular as they are internationally. Americans think of hostels as dirty, bed bug-ridden, cramped, cheap accommodation.

With my capstone, I am hoping to not only disprove this negative reputation, but also demonstrate how a hostel model can work in Cincinnati, Ohio.

European hostels are successful because they focus on well-designed spaces and social experiences in addition to keeping prices inexpensive. These thriving hostels feature multiple room types, extra security, special amenities, and include social spaces such as a cafĂŠ or bar. My hostel will emulate these precedents.

By offering an affordable and trendy youth hostel in Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati would become more of a travel aspiration. The hostel would become more than a place for last-minute accommodation, but a destination for Millennial tourists, locals, and visitors to Cincinnati to connect and engage with one another.

Personally, I would like to learn how to create an affordable hospitality project and believe the budget is a key component. I also want to find a balance between the wants/needs of the user in comparison with my own goals as the designer.

precedent study 1 “Hotel-Style Hostel” Generator has 9 expertly designed hostels throughout Europe: Barcelona, Berlin, Copenhagen, Dublin, Hamburg, London, and Paris. Each property is influenced by its unique surroundings - the design reflects the location. Generatorʼs website says, “Stay with us if youʼre sociable, if travel is your way of life, and if you want more than a hostel.”

Key Takeaways Generator has succeeded in creating a colorful hostel with a young, aesthetically-pleasing vibe. The chain adds visual interest through many layers/styles in all rooms.

However, guests report feeling the design was a façade the hostel was neither as cool as it seemed, did not attract fully sociable people, nor hired employees invested in the guests.

07

GENERATOR HOSTEL | BARCELONA Carrer de Corsega 373 Barcelona, Spain 08037

Strengths -

fast and free wifi private and shared rooms includes a terrace, library, and lounge provides hostel events with local talent contemporary, private showers travel shop and café/food at all hours penthouse on the top floor

Weaknesses -

reviews online cite bad customer service no hairdryers in the room elicts complaints rowdy/noisy people drinking at night design is a façade for “cool” below standard experience no kitchen for guests dirty, cramped rooms

precedent study 2 “Small But Smart�

YOTEL purple hotels are unlike anything else in the hospitality market. YOTEL has developed a sleek, adaptable, smart space to suit the individual needs of each guest. Currently there are YOTEL locations at Gatwick Airport, Heathrow Airport, Amsterdam Airport, and a flagship hotel in New York City.

Key Takeaways YOTEL has succeeded in creating a fun hotel with a hip, modern vibe. The chain does an excellent job at catering to Millennials, especially through their automated checkin system. However, the purple theme is overused and the rooms are smaller in person than expected from the promotional images.

09

YOTEL | NEW YORK 570 10th Avenue New York, NY 10036

Strengths -

six cabin types to choose from automated check-in/out; free wifi monsoon showers; flat screen tvs complimentary hot drinks 24/7 airport locations bookable by the hour NYC location has floor-to-ceiling windows dynamic and flexible entertainment space

Weaknesses -

overwhelming purple theme/mood lighting rooms are very small sugar-coated sales pitch sleek materials can feel sterile and cold futuristic vibe does not appeal to everyone tiny table/no real desk in guest rooms bathrooms have problematic glass doors

project drivers

2

“Trends, like horses, are easier to ride in the direction they are going.�

- John Naisbitt

11

travel trends speed

Millennials want their needs met quickly.

Examples: self-service/mobile check-in; less likely to ask concierge for help

smartphones

Mobile devices are used for everything.

Examples: marketing on social media; last-minute bookings

design

People seek hotels with thoughtful design or an artistic touch. Examples: “instagram effect”; hotel bars popular because of culinary bonus

work

Open work areas that are designed for working and socializing are popular.

Examples: social lobbies; “isolated togetherness”

price

Price is more valuable than space.

Examples: pod hotels like CitizenM and Qbic; community spaces become focus of hotel

connectivity

Wifi is a requirement, not an amenity.

Example: 85% of travelers want free wifi in hotels (all above data from 2013; www.skift.com)

cincinnati tourism CincinnatiĘźs reawakening has been well chronicled by high-profile media outlets from coast-to-coast for the past few years. No longer a “best kept secret,â€? buzz continues to grow about everything in the city: the incredible arts and culture, exploding culinary and music scenes, and praise about diversity, livability, and business innovation.

According to the Cincinnati Travel and Tourism Industry Report from 2015, visitors are flocking to Cincinnati and helping to create and sustain more than 74,000 jobs.

Tourism in the region contributed $492 million to state and local governments in 2013 (cincinnatiusa.com).

$4.4 billion

spent at restaurants, retail shops, parks, attractions, and other venues in 2013

24 million

visitors hosted in the tristate in 2013

90% 40% 13

visitors to cincinnati who came for leisure

visitors to cincinnati who stayed overnight

4%

growth in tourism sales annually since 2009

millennial generation The Millennial Generation is currently the largest generation in the US. Members include anyone born between the early 1980s and early 2000s (forbes. com). The youth hostel will be targeted towards this generational group (without being exclusionary) since younger people traditionally seek out and enjoy what hostels have to offer. Polls shows that Millennial leisure travelers travel on a budget and prefer to look out for good deals and discounts. They also crave authentic and unique accommodation experiences (visualistan.com).

millennials are... spontaneous

interconnected

55% 43%

flexible

hardworking innovative

passionate

adventurous

technological

sharing

top motivation for travel is to interact with locals

top motivation for travel is to increase knowledge

70%

78%

expect to pay for an immersive experience

prefer to learn something new when traveling

guest descriptions

15

midwesterner

global traveler

This traveler hails from the Midwest and is on a road trip around the country. Cincinnatiʼs reputation has grown exponentially in the last few years, making it a “must see” location. He or she is not interested in Airbnb because of the lack of opportunity to meet like-minded people.

Two German girls backpacking around the world would fit this user type well. These travelers are exploring the USA and are making it a point to not only visit the largest cities but also cities that have a good reputation among travelers and have become a destination.

GOALS: find budget-friendly accommodation, see the area, stay a few days REQUIREMENTS: wifi, parking, hostel with a reputation and social media presence/reviews LIKES: social spaces, accommodation that reflects the unique location/worth visiting

GOALS: find hostels like they have in Europe, meet locals/other travelers, get “inside scoop” REQUIREMENTS: kitchen, public transportation, proximity to downtown/landmarks, wifi LIKES: social spaces, a hostel that reflects the unique location/worth visiting, cheap price

area local

family/group

This couple is from a suburb of Cincinnati and has driven to OTR for some Saturday night fun with friends. Upon realizing it is early morning and both are still inebriated, they book a lastminute room at the hostel for the night. They also could have booked the room ahead of time as a getaway for the weekend.

The OTR youth hostel appeals to larger parties like families in the midst of a summer vacation, a bridal party in town for bachelorette festivities, or even a class of students in town for research purposes. The diversity and growth that Cincinnati and the community have to offer to travelers speak for itself.

GOALS: find budget-friendly accommodation for a one night stay, meet others at the hostel REQUIREMENTS: a bed, proximity to the nightlife and breakfast places in OTR LIKES: clean, well-designed, young environment

GOALS: find budget-friendly accommodation, meet others in the hostel social spaces REQUIREMENTS: large rooms for groups to stay together, proximity to food/drink/retail LIKES: private and social spaces, exploring

site considerations

3

“When it comes to great comeback stories, few places can top Cincinnatiʼs Over-the-Rhine neighborhood.” - The Daily Meal

17

cincinnati

I chose to locate my youth hostel in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. I have lived in Cincinnati for most of my life and am familiar with the important differences between the neighborhoods. I have a good understanding of where a youth hostel would be needed.

Close to the Central Business District, OTR attracts visitors but is not in direct competition with the downtown hotels.

over-the-rhine Once a bustling community of German beer brewers and pork packers, OTR holds the nationʼs largest collection of 19th century Italianate architecture. Ten years ago OTR was on a list of Most Endangered Historic Places as a result of the many abandoned buildings and rates of high crime and unemployment. Since 2004, the nonprofit real estate development organiziation 3CDC has invested $84 million into revitalizing the buildings. Now, residents, shop owners, restauranteurs, and customers flock to the area (wikipedia.org).

on a list of top 10 travel destinations

#7

best walking city & most social city

“ “

on a list of top 10 ”cities that rock”

“ “

#3

in the USA in 2012

Long known for its industrial past, Cincinnati is getting new life from craft breweries, bold new restaurants, and major neighborhood tranformations. - NY Magazine, October 2014

19

World-class art, extraordinary architecture, and a get-thingsdone attitude... Cincinnatiʼs reputation has gone from musty to must see. - National Geographic Traveler, April 2014

statistics

gender male (3,542) female (2,522)

There have been many positive changes in downtown Cincinnati and Over-the-Rhine in the last decade. Even since 2012, Cincinnati has become more pedestrianand bike-friendly, crime rates have continued on their decade-long downward trajectory, and the hotels in the central business district match the national average in terms of occupancy rates. The CBD, OTR, and Pendleton now boast 2,969 hotel rooms (urbancincy.com). All the statistics on this page are from the 2010 census.

age

72% 42%

male

number of people

race black (4,361) white (1,518) mixed (106) asian (46) other (33) age

reduction in property crime

2

female

reduction in violent crime

murders in 2014 (declined from 17 in 2004)

otr landmarks key

music hall memorial hall emery theater ensemble theater know theater hanna playground findlay playground grant playground ziegler park washington park SCPA high school art academy christ image church st. francis church prince of peace salem united church st. paulus kirche nast methodist old st. mary始s 21

findlay market

hostel OTR

otr transportation key streetcar route metro bus route hostel OTR

otr cuisine key restaurant bar restaurant/bar hostel OTR

23

otr competition key airbnb location symphony hotel hostel OTR

site features Street

tr Republic S

eet

Vine Street

Thirteenth

t

ee Twelfth Str

key public parking residential parking airbnb location hostel OTR 25

1231 Vine Street Cincinnati, Ohio 45202

site analysis Originally three sites in Over-the-Rhine were considered for the hostel: Main Street, Elm Street, and Vine Street. After analyzing and evaluating the three locations, Vine Street was clearly the best option. This locale was picked based on varied criteria such as proximity to landmarks, transportation, retail/restaurant opportunities, other competition, and feasibility for the intended user group to actually stay at the hostel. Below is the SWOT analysis for 1231 Vine Street.

Strengths -

prime location in OTR building renovated since 1900 building has great character parking lot next door; street parking too abundant views/natural light; skylights

Weaknesses -

entire building may be too large cafĂŠ/bar may have too much competition only a small outdoor patio in the back sloped roof becomes too low for use plan is narrow with windows on two sides

Opportunities -

apartments close by (OTR locals) close to many retail stores and OTR tours hostel can add to OTR communal spirit potential outdoor patio area in back/on roof close to many forms of transportation

Threats -

safety/crime rate of the area competition from airbnb competition from other OTR cafĂŠ/bars neighborhood may not be receptive street can be noisy on weekends

site photos

faรงade of building

1231 Vine Street Cincinnati, Ohio 45202

back of building

hostel site

27

skylights

site information Although the façade of the building creates the illusion of two seperate buildings, it is actually one unified structure. The program for hostel OTR is relatively small so I determined early on that I would only use the smaller of the two volumes (the right building).

Built in 1900, the property contains a basement, three full levels, and an attic. There is approximately 2,500 square feet per floor; 10,000 square feet of space in total.

The building is currently named “The Recovery Hotel” and is owned by Over-the-Rhine Community Housing.

Since 1996, The Recovery Hotel has been offering permanent supportive housing for formerly homeless men and women. The building has 20 units of housing for single people in recovery from drug and alcohol abuse (otrch.org). old façade

view from hostel

existing building plans dn non-profit community agency

up

level 1

entry

apt 3

29

apt 4

apt 1

lounge dn

level 2

up

dn up storage

apt 2

patio

SCALE: 1/8” = 1ʼ-0” N

open apt 7

level 3

apt 5

up

dn

apt 8

apt 6

open

open storage

level 4

dn

storage

open

existing building elevations

north elevation

31

west elevation

SCALE: 1/8” = 1ʼ-0”

south elevation

east elevation

conceptual design

4

“Design is about making people happy, either functionally, aesthetically, or emotionally.�

- Robin Siegerman

33

concept diagrams community/connection not segregated like hotels

interaction/engagement between locals and travelers

Cincinnati/OTR

travel destination and aspiration

design principles

1. the focus is on the millenial generation 2. the environment needs to make locals feel welcome 3. design smaller spaces to appear to be larger 4. use inviting colors/furniture to facilitate socialization

35

inspiration images

AC TI V

IT

Y

adjacency matrix X X X X X X

X

X X X X

X

X

key X 37

immediately adjacent important adjacency reasonably convenient unimportant

Y N M G

yes no maybe guest

X X

1

reception

2

guest lounge

3

cafĂŠ/bar

4

cafĂŠ/bar seating

5

public restrooms

6

kitchen

7

dining seating

8

communal guest rooms

9

private guest rooms

10

communal restrooms

11

communal showers

12

game area

13

storage/laundry

A L CI

500

G

Y

N

N

Y

potential lines, guests versus the public

1, 3, 4, 5

500

G

M

M

N

N

cleanable surfaces, no sleeping

1, 2, 4, 5

1000

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

attract locals too, food and drinks

3, 5

500

Y

Y

N

N

N

cleanable surfaces, outlets

1, 2, 3, 4

100

Y

N

Y

Y

N

baby changing, share with staff

7, 10

1000

G

M

N

Y

Y

theft, accountability, guest storage

6, 10, 12

2000

G

M

N

N

N

accountability for clean-up

6, 7, 10, 11

1000

G

Y

M

N

N

people per shared room, ADA rooms

6, 7, 10, 11

1000

G

Y

Y

N

N

maybe ensuite restroom, different beds

6, 8, 9

800

G

N

Y

Y

N

male versus female, clean/inviting, ADA

8, 9

800

G

N

Y

Y

N

male versus female, clean/inviting, ADA

8, 9

600

G

M

N

N

Y

enough space around for circulation

8, 9, 10, 11

200

G

N

N

Y

Y

accessible/central to most areas

TO

SP E

CO N SI D

.

EQ

G N BI PL U

M

ER

EW S VI PR IV AC Y

LI

G H

T

IC BL PU

A PR O X.

A N D

AC CE SS

T. SQ .F

S CI E A DJ AC EN

2, 5

reception study

39

bar/cafĂŠ study

dining/kitchen study

41

guest room study

final design

5

“Important criteria to consider when choosing a hostel: value for money, security, location, staff, atmosphere, cleanliness, and facilities.�

- www.hostelworld.com

43

building axon

LEVEL 4 LEVEL 3

LEVEL 2

LEVEL 1 VINE ST

level 1 floor plan timber batten detail

ceiling glow plan

45

axon view from vine street

key 1

reception

2

guest lounge

3

dining seating

4

cafĂŠ/bar

5

public restrooms

6

stairs down to basement

7

fire-rated stairs

8

elevator

SCALE: 3/32” = 1ʼ-0” N

hostel entrance in rear

main entrance on vine street

transverse section, page 62

adjacent building

3

2

3

1 4 5 7 6 adjacent building

8

inspiration

47

reception

inspiration

49

bar/café

level 2 floor plan timber batten detail The central design idea of the hostel is the glowing timber detail that is visible on every level. The timber detail serves many purposes. First, the battens on level one are only present in the reception and central circulation core, thereby visually separating the private hostel spaces from the public bar/cafĂŠ space. Also, the battens follow a mostly continuous path, beginning at the reception desk and snaking up all four floors. Symbolically the battens lead guests from reception up to the shared spaces and guest rooms above.

51

axon view from vine street

key 1

guest room #1 (2 single beds)

2

guest room #2 (3 bunk beds)

3

guest room #3 (3 bunk beds)

4

guest room #4 (1 king bed)

5

communal kitchen

6

dining seating

7

lounge seating

8

female bathrooms

9

female showers

SCALE: 3/32” = 1ʼ-0” N

adjacent building

7

1

6

5

3 8

6

4

2 9 adjacent building

GUEST ROOMS: 4 OCCUPANCY: 16

inspiration

53

kitchen/dining

inspiration

55

kitchen/dining

level 3 floor plan timber batten detail The battens help to facilitate social interaction through the glowing purple light, which attracts people to the middle of each floor where the kitchen and social spaces are located. Since the battens are sandwiched between the central circulation core (elevator/stairs), this further promotes the communal atmosphere of the hostel because all guests must circulate through, either horizontally or vertically. The vertical battens on levels 2-4 also emphasize the skylights, further attracting people to gather in such group spaces as the dining, kitchen, and game areas.

57

axon view from vine street

key 1

guest room #5 (2 single beds)

2

guest room #6 (3 bunk beds)

3

guest room #7 (3 bunk beds)

4

guest room #8 (1 king bed)

5

lounge seating

6

reading nooks

7

ping pong table

8

male bathrooms

9

male showers

10

view down to level 1

SCALE: 3/32” = 1ʼ-0” N

adjacent building

7

10 3 8

1

5

6 4

2

10

9

adjacent building

GUEST ROOMS: 4 OCCUPANCY: 16

level 4 floor plan timber batten detail

ceiling glow plan

59

axon view from vine street

key 1

guest room #9 (10 bunk beds)

2

lounge seating

3

foosball table

4

laundry room

5

storage

6

bathrooms

7

not in scope (attic)

8

view down to level 1

SCALE: 3/32” = 1ʼ-0” N

adjacent building

8 7

4 3

2

5 1

6 8

adjacent building

GUEST ROOMS: 1 OCCUPANCY: 10 TOTAL ROOMS: 9 TOTAL GUESTS: 42

typical guest room

61

transverse section

sources

6

“The creative process: 1) This is awesome 2) This is tricky 3) This is terrible 4) I am terrible 5) This might be okay 6) This is awesome!�

- the internet

63

images PAGE 4 http://www.jmu.edu/italiano/ITALY.shtml http://www.genheration.com/world-pollution-in-paris http://www.israelto.com/mir-izrailya/o-strane http://www.safebee.com/travel/hostel-safety-how-have-funincident-free-adventure PAGE 5 http://www.visitheworld.tumblr.com/post/31008240931/over-therhine-historic-district-in-cincinnati https://www.visualingual.wordpress.com/2014/08/12/the-goldenmuse-by-tim-parsley/ http://www.boldstatementwebdesign.com/OTRFoundation/ News/?tag=vine-st PAGE 6 http://www.contemporist.com/2014/04/23/generator-london-bythe-designagency http://www.we-heart.com/2015/05/28/ply-manchester-will-broome http://www.booking.com/hotel/mx/hostal-la-buena-vida.html? aid=317234 PAGES 7-8 http://www.generatorhostels.com/en/destinations/barcelona/# PAGES 9-10 http://www.yotel.com/en/ PAGE 13 http://www.rssi.org/2012-cincinnati.html http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g60993 -i50646129-Cincinnati_Ohio.html http://www.dguides.com/cincinnati/attractions/historical-and-cultur al/fountain-square/ http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/WfGCb_O0Ojy/Milwaukee+Brewe rs+v+Cincinnati+Reds/mYBmTRIaElq/Jay+Bruce PAGE 14 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/samantha-matt/millennialstereotypes_b_4261064.html http://www.thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2014/06/16/fixing-rela tionship-millennial-generation/ http://www.tripit.com/blog/2015/02/are-you-a-typical-millennialtraveler.html http://www.thegbrief.com/articles/welcome-to-the-age-of-the-mil lennial-explorer-499

PAGE 15 http://www.aldianews.com/articles/culture/lifestyle/hipsters-withouteven-knowing/35005 http://www.fastpost.info/backpackers-australia-2/ PAGE 16 http://www.ophdenver.com/end-of-summer-family-bucket-list/ http://www.blogs.babycenter.com/mom_stories/1302015-why-themillennial-generation-is-waiting-to-have-babies/ PAGE 18 (MAP BASE) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Riverside-Cincinnati-map.jpg PAGE 19 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Over-the-Rhine http://www.governing.com/topics/urban/gov-cincinnati-urbantransformation.html http://www.thefabweb.com/46186/20-best-city-pictures-of-the-weekjune-09st-to-june-16th-2012/ https://www.visualingual.wordpress.com/2015/03/23/the-cincinnatistrong-man-henry-holtgrewe-by-jason-snell/ PAGES 21-25 (MAP BASE) http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/planning/linkservid/B5547015-A0F1CB62-3D788CC10EA7C3BD/showMeta/0/ PAGE 28 http://otrch.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/recoveryhotel_1.png All other building/site images taken by the author.

PAGES 29-32 Existing building plans and elevations provided by OTRCH. PAGE 36 http://www.pouted.com/get-delight-interior-applying-colorful-designs/ http://www.yatzer.com/generator-hostels http://www.interiordesign.net/projects/9984-big-ideas-youthquake-hitshostels-and-dormitories/ https://www.st-christophers.co.uk/ http://www.sparkawards.com/galleries/ http://homegirllondon.com/melange-restaurant-crouch-end-serves-rusticstyle-mediterranean-food/ http://www.thecoolhunter.net/article/detail/2278/a-collection-of-thevery-%20best-among-small-coffee-shop-design

research PAGE 12 Shankman, Samantha. Eight hospitality trends that define millennial travelers. Skift, May 26 2014. Web. June 26 2015. <http://skift.com/2013/05/26/ millennial-travelers-defined-by-eight-hospitality-trends/#/0>.

PAGE 13 Impact & Momentum. CincinnatiUSA.com, May 2015. Web. June 24 2015. <http://d2zrqxibtw5pa4.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/CincyUSA%20 Economic%20Impact%20Report_Single%20Page.pdf>.

PAGE 14 How To Market To Millennial Travelers: A Visual Guide For Hotels #Infographic. Visualistan, Jan 1 2015. Web. June 28 2015. <http://www.visualistan. com/2015/01/how-to-market-to-millennial-travellers.html>.

Infographic: What You Should Know About the Millennial As Traveler. Wyse Travel Confederation, Nov. 18 2014. Web. July 7 2015. <https://www.wysetc.org/2014/11/18/what-you-should-know-about-the-millennial-as-traveller/>.

Main, Douglas. Who Are the Millennials? LiveScience, July 2013. Web. July 7 2015. <http://www.livescience.com/38061-millennials-generation-y.html>.

Spenner, Patrick. Inside the Millennial Mind: The Do始s & Don始ts of Marketing to this Powerful Generation. Forbes, April 16 2014. Web. July 2 2015. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickspenner/2014/04/16/inside-the-millennial-mind-the-dos-donts-of-marketing-to-this-powerful-generation3/?utm_campaign=forbestwittersf&utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social>.

PAGE 19 Facts & Accolades. CincinnatiUSA.com, 2015. Web. June 24 2015. <http://cincinnatiusa.com/Media/facts-accolades>.

History of Over-the-Rhine. Wikipedia, Feb. 16 2015. Web. June 25 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Over-the-Rhine>.

PAGE 20 Elgazzar, Kareem and Nichols, Mark. Serious crime down in Over-the-Rhine since 2004, due to development and evolving policing tactics. WCPO Cincinnati, Jan. 11 2015. Web. July 7 2015. <http://www.wcpo.com/news/crime/serious-crime-down-in-over- the-rhine-since-2004-due-todevelopment-and-evolving-policing-tactics>.

Over-the-Rhine Statistical Neighborhood Approximation. Department of Planning and Buildings (City of Cincinnati), April 2012. Web. June 25 2015. <http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/planning/linkservid/B5547015-A0F1-CB62-3D788CC10EA7C3BD/showMeta/0/>.

Simes, Randy A. Downtown Cincinnati Continues to See Annual Population, Tourism Gains. Urban Cincy, May 24 2013. Web. July 2 2015. <http://www.urbancincy.com/2013/05/downtown-cincinnati-continues-to-see-annual-population-tourism-gains/>.

PAGE 28 Properties & Projects. Over-the-Rhine Community Housing, 2015. Web. July 7 2015. <http://otrch.org/about-otrch/properties-projects/>.

65

h stel

thank you ellen sorkin 2016