h stel
ellen sorkin senior capstone 2016
table of contents 1 introduction ....................................... 03 2 project drivers .................................... 11 3 site considerations .............................. 17 4 conceptual design ............................... 33 5 final design ....................................... 43 6 sources .............................................. 63
01
design problem
How might we create a youth hostel that encourages social interaction?
introduction
1
“You donʼt need magic to disappear, all you need is a destination and a great hostel!” - www.gomio.com
03
background I have traveled to 16 countries and I am not planning on slowing down anytime soon. While I travel, I like to stay with friends and make use of free couchsurfing hosts, but the majority of my overnight stays are spent at youth hostels. A hostel provides a place for people with different nationalities, social backgrounds, and opinions to meet and get to know each other. While a hotel segregates people through private rooms and private dining experiences, the intent of a youth hostel is to bring people together and foster connections. When I was younger, my mom would regale me with fun stories from her time spent in hostels across Europe and the Middle East. I grew up longing to experience hostel life for myself. Now that I have stayed in many hostels of my own across Europe, I know firsthand what generally works/does not work in making the hostel experience successful and memorable. Traveling is my ultimate passion. I have also discovered that hospitality design is the most exciting sector of interior design for me. I decided to combine my favorite hobby of travel and passion for hospitality design into a capstone project by creating a youth hostel in the Overthe-Rhine (OTR) neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio.
rationale There are no hostels in the tri-state and only one hotel in Over-the-Rhine (The Symphony Hotel near Music Hall). Thus, there are no places for travelers to stay on a hostel budget in this area. I would like to create a youth hostel in Cincinnati because there is no direct competition when it comes to my intended user group, affordability, and location. Apart from the new 21C Museum Hotel downtown, there are few hotels geared towards Millennials and members of Generation Z in Cincinnati. Airbnb may be present in Over-the-Rhine, but the prices have begun to exceed what many people are comfortable paying for the service. Cincinnati does not have a steady flow of tourists like London, Paris, or Barcelona, but I do believe that a hostel would be in demand and could turn a profit in Over-the-Rhine. The area has already been revitalized and is being polished into a vibrant place to live, work, and play. A youth hostel in the center of the neighborhood could potentially help to further develop a sense of community and promote interactions between travelers and local Over-the-Rhine inhabitants.
05
significance In the United States, youth hostels are not as popular as they are internationally. Americans think of hostels as dirty, bed bug-ridden, cramped, cheap accommodation. With my capstone, I am hoping to not only disprove this negative reputation, but also demonstrate how a hostel model can work in Cincinnati, Ohio. European hostels are successful because they focus on well-designed spaces and social experiences in addition to keeping prices inexpensive. These thriving hostels feature multiple room types, extra security, special amenities, and include social spaces such as a cafĂŠ or bar. My hostel will emulate these precedents. By offering an affordable and trendy youth hostel in Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati would become more of a travel aspiration. The hostel would become more than a place for last-minute accommodation, but a destination for Millennial tourists, locals, and visitors to Cincinnati to connect and engage with one another. Personally, I would like to learn how to create an affordable hospitality project and believe the budget is a key component. I also want to find a balance between the wants/needs of the user in comparison with my own goals as the designer.
precedent study 1 “Hotel-Style Hostel” Generator has 9 expertly designed hostels throughout Europe: Barcelona, Berlin, Copenhagen, Dublin, Hamburg, London, and Paris. Each property is influenced by its unique surroundings - the design reflects the location. Generatorʼs website says, “Stay with us if youʼre sociable, if travel is your way of life, and if you want more than a hostel.”
Key Takeaways Generator has succeeded in creating a colorful hostel with a young, aesthetically-pleasing vibe. The chain adds visual interest through many layers/styles in all rooms. However, guests report feeling the design was a façade the hostel was neither as cool as it seemed, did not attract fully sociable people, nor hired employees invested in the guests.
07
GENERATOR HOSTEL | BARCELONA Carrer de Corsega 373 Barcelona, Spain 08037
Strengths -
fast and free wifi private and shared rooms includes a terrace, library, and lounge provides hostel events with local talent contemporary, private showers travel shop and café/food at all hours penthouse on the top floor
Weaknesses -
reviews online cite bad customer service no hairdryers in the room elicts complaints rowdy/noisy people drinking at night design is a façade for “cool” below standard experience no kitchen for guests dirty, cramped rooms
precedent study 2 “Small But Smart� YOTEL purple hotels are unlike anything else in the hospitality market. YOTEL has developed a sleek, adaptable, smart space to suit the individual needs of each guest. Currently there are YOTEL locations at Gatwick Airport, Heathrow Airport, Amsterdam Airport, and a flagship hotel in New York City.
Key Takeaways YOTEL has succeeded in creating a fun hotel with a hip, modern vibe. The chain does an excellent job at catering to Millennials, especially through their automated checkin system. However, the purple theme is overused and the rooms are smaller in person than expected from the promotional images.
09
YOTEL | NEW YORK 570 10th Avenue New York, NY 10036
Strengths -
six cabin types to choose from automated check-in/out; free wifi monsoon showers; flat screen tvs complimentary hot drinks 24/7 airport locations bookable by the hour NYC location has floor-to-ceiling windows dynamic and flexible entertainment space
Weaknesses -
overwhelming purple theme/mood lighting rooms are very small sugar-coated sales pitch sleek materials can feel sterile and cold futuristic vibe does not appeal to everyone tiny table/no real desk in guest rooms bathrooms have problematic glass doors
project drivers
2
“Trends, like horses, are easier to ride in the direction they are going.� - John Naisbitt
11
travel trends speed
Millennials want their needs met quickly. Examples: self-service/mobile check-in; less likely to ask concierge for help
smartphones
Mobile devices are used for everything. Examples: marketing on social media; last-minute bookings
design
People seek hotels with thoughtful design or an artistic touch. Examples: “instagram effect”; hotel bars popular because of culinary bonus
work
Open work areas that are designed for working and socializing are popular. Examples: social lobbies; “isolated togetherness”
price
Price is more valuable than space. Examples: pod hotels like CitizenM and Qbic; community spaces become focus of hotel
connectivity
Wifi is a requirement, not an amenity. Example: 85% of travelers want free wifi in hotels (all above data from 2013; www.skift.com)
cincinnati tourism CincinnatiĘźs reawakening has been well chronicled by high-profile media outlets from coast-to-coast for the past few years. No longer a “best kept secret,â€? buzz continues to grow about everything in the city: the incredible arts and culture, exploding culinary and music scenes, and praise about diversity, livability, and business innovation. According to the Cincinnati Travel and Tourism Industry Report from 2015, visitors are flocking to Cincinnati and helping to create and sustain more than 74,000 jobs. Tourism in the region contributed $492 million to state and local governments in 2013 (cincinnatiusa.com).
$4.4 billion
spent at restaurants, retail shops, parks, attractions, and other venues in 2013
24 million
visitors hosted in the tristate in 2013
90% 40% 13
visitors to cincinnati who came for leisure
visitors to cincinnati who stayed overnight
4%
growth in tourism sales annually since 2009
millennial generation The Millennial Generation is currently the largest generation in the US. Members include anyone born between the early 1980s and early 2000s (forbes. com). The youth hostel will be targeted towards this generational group (without being exclusionary) since younger people traditionally seek out and enjoy what hostels have to offer. Polls shows that Millennial leisure travelers travel on a budget and prefer to look out for good deals and discounts. They also crave authentic and unique accommodation experiences (visualistan.com).
millennials are... spontaneous
interconnected
55% 43%
flexible
hardworking innovative
passionate
adventurous
technological
sharing
top motivation for travel is to interact with locals
top motivation for travel is to increase knowledge
70%
78%
expect to pay for an immersive experience
prefer to learn something new when traveling
guest descriptions
15
midwesterner
global traveler
This traveler hails from the Midwest and is on a road trip around the country. Cincinnatiʼs reputation has grown exponentially in the last few years, making it a “must see” location. He or she is not interested in Airbnb because of the lack of opportunity to meet like-minded people.
Two German girls backpacking around the world would fit this user type well. These travelers are exploring the USA and are making it a point to not only visit the largest cities but also cities that have a good reputation among travelers and have become a destination.
GOALS: find budget-friendly accommodation, see the area, stay a few days REQUIREMENTS: wifi, parking, hostel with a reputation and social media presence/reviews LIKES: social spaces, accommodation that reflects the unique location/worth visiting
GOALS: find hostels like they have in Europe, meet locals/other travelers, get “inside scoop” REQUIREMENTS: kitchen, public transportation, proximity to downtown/landmarks, wifi LIKES: social spaces, a hostel that reflects the unique location/worth visiting, cheap price
area local
family/group
This couple is from a suburb of Cincinnati and has driven to OTR for some Saturday night fun with friends. Upon realizing it is early morning and both are still inebriated, they book a lastminute room at the hostel for the night. They also could have booked the room ahead of time as a getaway for the weekend.
The OTR youth hostel appeals to larger parties like families in the midst of a summer vacation, a bridal party in town for bachelorette festivities, or even a class of students in town for research purposes. The diversity and growth that Cincinnati and the community have to offer to travelers speak for itself.
GOALS: find budget-friendly accommodation for a one night stay, meet others at the hostel REQUIREMENTS: a bed, proximity to the nightlife and breakfast places in OTR LIKES: clean, well-designed, young environment
GOALS: find budget-friendly accommodation, meet others in the hostel social spaces REQUIREMENTS: large rooms for groups to stay together, proximity to food/drink/retail LIKES: private and social spaces, exploring
site considerations
3
“When it comes to great comeback stories, few places can top Cincinnatiʼs Over-the-Rhine neighborhood.” - The Daily Meal
17
cincinnati
I chose to locate my youth hostel in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. I have lived in Cincinnati for most of my life and am familiar with the important differences between the neighborhoods. I have a good understanding of where a youth hostel would be needed. Close to the Central Business District, OTR attracts visitors but is not in direct competition with the downtown hotels.
over-the-rhine Once a bustling community of German beer brewers and pork packers, OTR holds the nationʼs largest collection of 19th century Italianate architecture. Ten years ago OTR was on a list of Most Endangered Historic Places as a result of the many abandoned buildings and rates of high crime and unemployment. Since 2004, the nonprofit real estate development organiziation 3CDC has invested $84 million into revitalizing the buildings. Now, residents, shop owners, restauranteurs, and customers flock to the area (wikipedia.org).
on a list of top 10 travel destinations
#7
best walking city & most social city
“ “
on a list of top 10 ”cities that rock”
“ “
#3
in the USA in 2012
Long known for its industrial past, Cincinnati is getting new life from craft breweries, bold new restaurants, and major neighborhood tranformations. - NY Magazine, October 2014
19
World-class art, extraordinary architecture, and a get-thingsdone attitude... Cincinnatiʼs reputation has gone from musty to must see. - National Geographic Traveler, April 2014
statistics
gender male (3,542) female (2,522)
There have been many positive changes in downtown Cincinnati and Over-the-Rhine in the last decade. Even since 2012, Cincinnati has become more pedestrianand bike-friendly, crime rates have continued on their decade-long downward trajectory, and the hotels in the central business district match the national average in terms of occupancy rates. The CBD, OTR, and Pendleton now boast 2,969 hotel rooms (urbancincy.com). All the statistics on this page are from the 2010 census.
age
72% 42%
male
number of people
race black (4,361) white (1,518) mixed (106) asian (46) other (33) age
reduction in property crime
2
female
reduction in violent crime
murders in 2014 (declined from 17 in 2004)
otr landmarks key
music hall memorial hall emery theater ensemble theater know theater hanna playground findlay playground grant playground ziegler park washington park SCPA high school art academy christ image church st. francis church prince of peace salem united church st. paulus kirche nast methodist old st. mary始s 21
findlay market
hostel OTR
otr transportation key streetcar route metro bus route hostel OTR
otr cuisine key restaurant bar restaurant/bar hostel OTR
23
otr competition key airbnb location symphony hotel hostel OTR
site features Street
tr Republic S
eet
Vine Street
Thirteenth
t
ee Twelfth Str
key public parking residential parking airbnb location hostel OTR 25
1231 Vine Street Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
site analysis Originally three sites in Over-the-Rhine were considered for the hostel: Main Street, Elm Street, and Vine Street. After analyzing and evaluating the three locations, Vine Street was clearly the best option. This locale was picked based on varied criteria such as proximity to landmarks, transportation, retail/restaurant opportunities, other competition, and feasibility for the intended user group to actually stay at the hostel. Below is the SWOT analysis for 1231 Vine Street.
Strengths -
prime location in OTR building renovated since 1900 building has great character parking lot next door; street parking too abundant views/natural light; skylights
Weaknesses -
entire building may be too large cafĂŠ/bar may have too much competition only a small outdoor patio in the back sloped roof becomes too low for use plan is narrow with windows on two sides
Opportunities -
apartments close by (OTR locals) close to many retail stores and OTR tours hostel can add to OTR communal spirit potential outdoor patio area in back/on roof close to many forms of transportation
Threats -
safety/crime rate of the area competition from airbnb competition from other OTR cafĂŠ/bars neighborhood may not be receptive street can be noisy on weekends
site photos
faรงade of building
1231 Vine Street Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
back of building
hostel site
27
skylights
site information Although the façade of the building creates the illusion of two seperate buildings, it is actually one unified structure. The program for hostel OTR is relatively small so I determined early on that I would only use the smaller of the two volumes (the right building). Built in 1900, the property contains a basement, three full levels, and an attic. There is approximately 2,500 square feet per floor; 10,000 square feet of space in total. The building is currently named “The Recovery Hotel” and is owned by Over-the-Rhine Community Housing. Since 1996, The Recovery Hotel has been offering permanent supportive housing for formerly homeless men and women. The building has 20 units of housing for single people in recovery from drug and alcohol abuse (otrch.org). old façade
view from hostel
existing building plans dn non-profit community agency
up
level 1
entry
apt 3
29
apt 4
apt 1
lounge dn
level 2
up
dn up storage
apt 2
patio
SCALE: 1/8” = 1ʼ-0” N
open apt 7
level 3
apt 5
up
dn
apt 8
apt 6
open
open storage
level 4
dn
storage
open
existing building elevations
north elevation
31
west elevation
SCALE: 1/8” = 1ʼ-0”
south elevation
east elevation
conceptual design
4
“Design is about making people happy, either functionally, aesthetically, or emotionally.� - Robin Siegerman
33
concept diagrams community/connection not segregated like hotels
interaction/engagement between locals and travelers
Cincinnati/OTR
travel destination and aspiration
design principles
1. the focus is on the millenial generation 2. the environment needs to make locals feel welcome 3. design smaller spaces to appear to be larger 4. use inviting colors/furniture to facilitate socialization
35
inspiration images
AC TI V
IT
Y
adjacency matrix X X X X X X
X
X X X X
X
X
key X 37
immediately adjacent important adjacency reasonably convenient unimportant
Y N M G
yes no maybe guest
X X
1
reception
2
guest lounge
3
cafĂŠ/bar
4
cafĂŠ/bar seating
5
public restrooms
6
kitchen
7
dining seating
8
communal guest rooms
9
private guest rooms
10
communal restrooms
11
communal showers
12
game area
13
storage/laundry
A L CI
500
G
Y
N
N
Y
potential lines, guests versus the public
1, 3, 4, 5
500
G
M
M
N
N
cleanable surfaces, no sleeping
1, 2, 4, 5
1000
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
attract locals too, food and drinks
3, 5
500
Y
Y
N
N
N
cleanable surfaces, outlets
1, 2, 3, 4
100
Y
N
Y
Y
N
baby changing, share with staff
7, 10
1000
G
M
N
Y
Y
theft, accountability, guest storage
6, 10, 12
2000
G
M
N
N
N
accountability for clean-up
6, 7, 10, 11
1000
G
Y
M
N
N
people per shared room, ADA rooms
6, 7, 10, 11
1000
G
Y
Y
N
N
maybe ensuite restroom, different beds
6, 8, 9
800
G
N
Y
Y
N
male versus female, clean/inviting, ADA
8, 9
800
G
N
Y
Y
N
male versus female, clean/inviting, ADA
8, 9
600
G
M
N
N
Y
enough space around for circulation
8, 9, 10, 11
200
G
N
N
Y
Y
accessible/central to most areas
TO
SP E
CO N SI D
. EQ
G N BI PL U
M
ER
EW S VI PR IV AC Y
LI
G H
T
IC BL PU
A PR O X.
A N D
AC CE SS
T. SQ .F
S CI E A DJ AC EN
2, 5
reception study
39
bar/cafĂŠ study
dining/kitchen study
41
guest room study
final design
5
“Important criteria to consider when choosing a hostel: value for money, security, location, staff, atmosphere, cleanliness, and facilities.� - www.hostelworld.com
43
building axon
LEVEL 4 LEVEL 3
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 1 VINE ST
level 1 floor plan timber batten detail
ceiling glow plan
45
axon view from vine street
key 1
reception
2
guest lounge
3
dining seating
4
cafĂŠ/bar
5
public restrooms
6
stairs down to basement
7
fire-rated stairs
8
elevator
SCALE: 3/32” = 1ʼ-0” N
hostel entrance in rear
main entrance on vine street
transverse section, page 62
adjacent building
3
2
3
1 4 5 7 6 adjacent building
8
inspiration
47
reception
inspiration
49
bar/café
level 2 floor plan timber batten detail The central design idea of the hostel is the glowing timber detail that is visible on every level. The timber detail serves many purposes. First, the battens on level one are only present in the reception and central circulation core, thereby visually separating the private hostel spaces from the public bar/cafĂŠ space. Also, the battens follow a mostly continuous path, beginning at the reception desk and snaking up all four floors. Symbolically the battens lead guests from reception up to the shared spaces and guest rooms above.
51
axon view from vine street
key 1
guest room #1 (2 single beds)
2
guest room #2 (3 bunk beds)
3
guest room #3 (3 bunk beds)
4
guest room #4 (1 king bed)
5
communal kitchen
6
dining seating
7
lounge seating
8
female bathrooms
9
female showers
SCALE: 3/32” = 1ʼ-0” N
adjacent building
7
1
6
5
3 8
6
4
2 9 adjacent building
GUEST ROOMS: 4 OCCUPANCY: 16
inspiration
53
kitchen/dining
inspiration
55
kitchen/dining
level 3 floor plan timber batten detail The battens help to facilitate social interaction through the glowing purple light, which attracts people to the middle of each floor where the kitchen and social spaces are located. Since the battens are sandwiched between the central circulation core (elevator/stairs), this further promotes the communal atmosphere of the hostel because all guests must circulate through, either horizontally or vertically. The vertical battens on levels 2-4 also emphasize the skylights, further attracting people to gather in such group spaces as the dining, kitchen, and game areas.
57
axon view from vine street
key 1
guest room #5 (2 single beds)
2
guest room #6 (3 bunk beds)
3
guest room #7 (3 bunk beds)
4
guest room #8 (1 king bed)
5
lounge seating
6
reading nooks
7
ping pong table
8
male bathrooms
9
male showers
10
view down to level 1
SCALE: 3/32” = 1ʼ-0” N
adjacent building
7
10 3 8
1
5
6 4
2
10
9
adjacent building
GUEST ROOMS: 4 OCCUPANCY: 16
level 4 floor plan timber batten detail
ceiling glow plan
59
axon view from vine street
key 1
guest room #9 (10 bunk beds)
2
lounge seating
3
foosball table
4
laundry room
5
storage
6
bathrooms
7
not in scope (attic)
8
view down to level 1
SCALE: 3/32” = 1ʼ-0” N
adjacent building
8 7
4 3
2
5 1
6 8
adjacent building
GUEST ROOMS: 1 OCCUPANCY: 10 TOTAL ROOMS: 9 TOTAL GUESTS: 42
typical guest room
61
transverse section
sources
6
“The creative process: 1) This is awesome 2) This is tricky 3) This is terrible 4) I am terrible 5) This might be okay 6) This is awesome!� - the internet
63
images PAGE 4 http://www.jmu.edu/italiano/ITALY.shtml http://www.genheration.com/world-pollution-in-paris http://www.israelto.com/mir-izrailya/o-strane http://www.safebee.com/travel/hostel-safety-how-have-funincident-free-adventure PAGE 5 http://www.visitheworld.tumblr.com/post/31008240931/over-therhine-historic-district-in-cincinnati https://www.visualingual.wordpress.com/2014/08/12/the-goldenmuse-by-tim-parsley/ http://www.boldstatementwebdesign.com/OTRFoundation/ News/?tag=vine-st PAGE 6 http://www.contemporist.com/2014/04/23/generator-london-bythe-designagency http://www.we-heart.com/2015/05/28/ply-manchester-will-broome http://www.booking.com/hotel/mx/hostal-la-buena-vida.html? aid=317234 PAGES 7-8 http://www.generatorhostels.com/en/destinations/barcelona/# PAGES 9-10 http://www.yotel.com/en/ PAGE 13 http://www.rssi.org/2012-cincinnati.html http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g60993 -i50646129-Cincinnati_Ohio.html http://www.dguides.com/cincinnati/attractions/historical-and-cultur al/fountain-square/ http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/WfGCb_O0Ojy/Milwaukee+Brewe rs+v+Cincinnati+Reds/mYBmTRIaElq/Jay+Bruce PAGE 14 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/samantha-matt/millennialstereotypes_b_4261064.html http://www.thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2014/06/16/fixing-rela tionship-millennial-generation/ http://www.tripit.com/blog/2015/02/are-you-a-typical-millennialtraveler.html http://www.thegbrief.com/articles/welcome-to-the-age-of-the-mil lennial-explorer-499
PAGE 15 http://www.aldianews.com/articles/culture/lifestyle/hipsters-withouteven-knowing/35005 http://www.fastpost.info/backpackers-australia-2/ PAGE 16 http://www.ophdenver.com/end-of-summer-family-bucket-list/ http://www.blogs.babycenter.com/mom_stories/1302015-why-themillennial-generation-is-waiting-to-have-babies/ PAGE 18 (MAP BASE) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Riverside-Cincinnati-map.jpg PAGE 19 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Over-the-Rhine http://www.governing.com/topics/urban/gov-cincinnati-urbantransformation.html http://www.thefabweb.com/46186/20-best-city-pictures-of-the-weekjune-09st-to-june-16th-2012/ https://www.visualingual.wordpress.com/2015/03/23/the-cincinnatistrong-man-henry-holtgrewe-by-jason-snell/ PAGES 21-25 (MAP BASE) http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/planning/linkservid/B5547015-A0F1CB62-3D788CC10EA7C3BD/showMeta/0/ PAGE 28 http://otrch.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/recoveryhotel_1.png All other building/site images taken by the author. PAGES 29-32 Existing building plans and elevations provided by OTRCH. PAGE 36 http://www.pouted.com/get-delight-interior-applying-colorful-designs/ http://www.yatzer.com/generator-hostels http://www.interiordesign.net/projects/9984-big-ideas-youthquake-hitshostels-and-dormitories/ https://www.st-christophers.co.uk/ http://www.sparkawards.com/galleries/ http://homegirllondon.com/melange-restaurant-crouch-end-serves-rusticstyle-mediterranean-food/ http://www.thecoolhunter.net/article/detail/2278/a-collection-of-thevery-%20best-among-small-coffee-shop-design
research PAGE 12 Shankman, Samantha. Eight hospitality trends that define millennial travelers. Skift, May 26 2014. Web. June 26 2015. <http://skift.com/2013/05/26/ millennial-travelers-defined-by-eight-hospitality-trends/#/0>. PAGE 13 Impact & Momentum. CincinnatiUSA.com, May 2015. Web. June 24 2015. <http://d2zrqxibtw5pa4.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/CincyUSA%20 Economic%20Impact%20Report_Single%20Page.pdf>. PAGE 14 How To Market To Millennial Travelers: A Visual Guide For Hotels #Infographic. Visualistan, Jan 1 2015. Web. June 28 2015. <http://www.visualistan. com/2015/01/how-to-market-to-millennial-travellers.html>. Infographic: What You Should Know About the Millennial As Traveler. Wyse Travel Confederation, Nov. 18 2014. Web. July 7 2015. <https://www.wysetc.org/2014/11/18/what-you-should-know-about-the-millennial-as-traveller/>. Main, Douglas. Who Are the Millennials? LiveScience, July 2013. Web. July 7 2015. <http://www.livescience.com/38061-millennials-generation-y.html>. Spenner, Patrick. Inside the Millennial Mind: The Do始s & Don始ts of Marketing to this Powerful Generation. Forbes, April 16 2014. Web. July 2 2015. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickspenner/2014/04/16/inside-the-millennial-mind-the-dos-donts-of-marketing-to-this-powerful-generation3/?utm_campaign=forbestwittersf&utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social>. PAGE 19 Facts & Accolades. CincinnatiUSA.com, 2015. Web. June 24 2015. <http://cincinnatiusa.com/Media/facts-accolades>. History of Over-the-Rhine. Wikipedia, Feb. 16 2015. Web. June 25 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Over-the-Rhine>. PAGE 20 Elgazzar, Kareem and Nichols, Mark. Serious crime down in Over-the-Rhine since 2004, due to development and evolving policing tactics. WCPO Cincinnati, Jan. 11 2015. Web. July 7 2015. <http://www.wcpo.com/news/crime/serious-crime-down-in-over- the-rhine-since-2004-due-todevelopment-and-evolving-policing-tactics>. Over-the-Rhine Statistical Neighborhood Approximation. Department of Planning and Buildings (City of Cincinnati), April 2012. Web. June 25 2015. <http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/planning/linkservid/B5547015-A0F1-CB62-3D788CC10EA7C3BD/showMeta/0/>. Simes, Randy A. Downtown Cincinnati Continues to See Annual Population, Tourism Gains. Urban Cincy, May 24 2013. Web. July 2 2015. <http://www.urbancincy.com/2013/05/downtown-cincinnati-continues-to-see-annual-population-tourism-gains/>. PAGE 28 Properties & Projects. Over-the-Rhine Community Housing, 2015. Web. July 7 2015. <http://otrch.org/about-otrch/properties-projects/>.
65
h stel
thank you ellen sorkin 2016