Introduction
The Traditional Urban Block A sustainable model for city living
Urban Theory
The Evolution Urbanof Block the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
Elliot Reilly MArch with Urban Planning University of Dundee Module Leaders - Helen O’Connor and Kirsty Macari
people living alone. The several Lockdown’s we
as result of the COVID-19 outbreak, the world
have experienced have only emphasised this
finds itself at a crossroads. The pandemic
underlying issue. For example, 40% of elderly
has brought out a sense of community and
people in London live alone, coming second
collectivity, which up until now has been
to Paris, where 68% of its elderly residents live
forgotten. However, with temporary measures
alone.
in place to combat the virus such as local feeling disconnected from the people and
COVID-19 pandemic is not to blame for the
the environment around us. As a result of this
demise of the public realm. This decline can
disconnect, we (society) have realised the full
be directly linked to urban sprawl; a global
impact our urban environments can have on
pandemic we have been enduring for the
our health and wellbeing. “Our relationship
best part of a century. Unfortunately, since
with the built environment differs from that
the beginning of the 20th Century, cities have
of any other art. It affects us all the time, not
been under immense strain, brought on by
only when we choose to pay attention to
economic, social, and environmental changes
it.”(Goldhagen, 2019)
over the years including climate change, over dependency on cars, housing deprivation and
The events of the past year, although
social inequality.
catastrophic, have brought to light numerous have been ignored. However, COVID-19 and
lasting scars, which will, in the short term, be
its subsequent lockdown’s have given us
mostly economic; pandemics themselves are
(Architects, Urban Planners and Politicians)
temporary and may prove to be beneficial in
the opportunity to face these problems head
the long run, forcing us to re-think how we
on and come up with alternative solutions.
live and work in city centres. Unfortunately,
The pandemic has highlighted the effects that
the same cannot be said for the consequent
isolated living can have on a person’s mental
problems that have been brought to light.
and physical well-being. However, isolation
Moving forward, we can undo the mistakes of
and loneliness have been rife throughout
the past by learning from them and re-thinking
society for a long time, particularly in cities.
our urban forms to better accommodate for
Both are particularly high amongst those aged
those who occupy our cities.
that,
up
until
between 18-29, with a high percentage of young
Urban Conditions
Although the events of COVID-19 will leave
Problems
Design Strategy
now,
problems.
Design Precedents + Principles
However, as detrimental as it has been, the
Evolution of the Block
lockdown’s and self-isolation, we are left
Urban Theory
Having endured a year-long global pandemic,
Introduction
Preface
The City as an Egg, Cedric Price, 1982
6
Introduction
Abstract
the traditional mixed-use urban block can
hypothesis: Transforming one of the city’s
serve as a sustainable model in transforming
urban blocks into a sustainable model for living,
the way people live in cities. To help answer
investigates the most suitable conditions for
this question I have formed a series of sub
integrating a young and creative workforce
questions which will provide the necessary
into the city centre. It explores methods of
scope of exploration. These sub questions
density, mixed-use, permeability and engaging
encompass themes including urban theory,
outdoor spaces.
traditional typology analysis and relevant case studies.
The report concludes that through appropriate interventions within an existing urban block, a young workforce can be encouraged to live
I will be studying the city centre of Perth. A
and work in the city centre. Thus, fostering a
city soaked in history; Perth’s current physical
creative industry and promoting a better social
form can be traced back as early as the mid
and economic environment for the residents
1500’s. However, the city’s historic fabric began
of the city.
Design Precedents + Principles
For the purposes of exploring this hypothesis,
Evolution of the Block
piece of Perth’s fabric where I have tested my
Urban Theory
This design research report aims to prove that
to drastically change with the introduction of motor vehicles and shortly after; urban sprawl, resulting in the slow decay of the city centre. This exponential outward growth became the focus of all future development, resulting in the city plan of Perth we see today. Through a process of urban theoretical
Design Strategy
research I established what I believe to be the solution to counteract the inevitable demise of our urban realms. Having identified the key problems in Perth being the cities outward growth, the car centric nature of the city centre, the aging demographic and the lack define the scope of study down to a specific
7
Urban Conditions
of a young, creative workforce, I was able to
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is wrong with the way we are living in cities? The urban block is fundamental in how we
uses and activities within the traditional
perceive our cities. They are the fragments of
urban block could provide the foundation for
the urban realm, that when stitched together,
a more interconnected and neighbourhood
construct our perception of the physical fabric.
orientated lifestyle. Much like the pluralistic
Historically, providing the basic foundation
way of life that is still rife throughout parts of
upon which cities would expand and grow.
East Asia.
However, before analysing the urban block as a ‘sustainable model for transformation’, it is
Having identified the issues with the current
important to understand how it is formed and
modus operandi of city centres, I will use the
where it lies within the overarching hierarchy
next section of the report to reflect on past
of a city.
efforts made by architects and planners to rethink the urban realm.
The Scottish morphology serves as an existing example of how cities can form out of necessity, based on the requirements at that time as opposed to cities of the 20th Century that act as pre cursor to the failures of urbanity that we are currently seeing unfold. Failures that have come about as a result of poor urban design. Cities experienced a paradigm shift with the introduction of the motor vehicle. However, many pin the downfall of urbanity on cars, whereas it was in fact our failure to recognise the car as a problem and instead, design cities that promote liveability and encourage walkability and easy access to services for all demographics. Although a catalyst in the physical form of our cities, on an autonomous level, the juxtaposing
10
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Traffic Congestion during rush hour, Glasgow, Scotland
Design Strategy
11
Urban Conditions
Street Life, Old Town of Shanghai, China
1.2
The Responsive City:
How Barcelona enforced change
There are European cities that have adapted
Commissioned by the Spanish government,
over time, successfully responding to any
Cerda’s masterplan was viewed as the answer
social or economic events as they occur. One
to the rising levels of density and poor
particular example being Barcelona, Spain,
conditions. Cerda’s solution for the poor
which up until the middle of the 19th Century
conditions was through achieving equality.
was a medieval, walled city. As a result of high
Rather than having inequality prominent in
levels of density, poor working conditions and
one area of the city, his masterplan aimed to
extremely poor sanitary and living conditions,
spread it out across the city, in an attempt
the city was consumed by a Cholera epidemic
to provide equal opportunities regardless of
which seen, to the delight of the population,
class. He went on to do so using the urban
the demolition of the city walls in 1854.
block as the catalyst for transforming the city.
This end to an era brought about the beginning
Defined by Richard Sennett, as an ‘additive
of a new one in the form of a new masterplan
Grid’, Cerda’s plan was “a system of repeating,
for the city, designed by Ildefons Cerdà.
equal-sized
blocks
without
the
central
Cerda’s Masterplan for Barcelona
12
orthogonal form… Rather than monotonous
could gather.” (Sennett, 2018). This social
repetition, there are focal points in the overall
device remains prevalent in Barcelona today.
plan Cerda made for Barcelona in 1859 – green Ultimately proving that Cerda’s robust and
than concentrated in one place, like pearls
resilient
sewn into an otherwise even fabric (Sennett,
successful, not only in its ability to provide
2018) Cerda’s ‘people orientated’ approach
the necessary environment for living in city
to planning was evident but his additive
centres but in its ability to adapt and respond
plan for the city still begged the question;
to change during a crisis.
infrastructure
for
Barcelona
is
“How do you make it Sociable?” (Sennett, 2018) It became apparent that Cerda’s initial provision for of green space per block was unachievable with the rising population. Thus
Design Precedents + Principles
resulting in the chamfered perimeter blocks we see in Barcelona today. These Chamfers, initially designed to adhere to the fast-moving carriages
on
the
streets,
Evolution of the Block
spaces distributed throughout the city rather
Urban Theory
wonderfully hospitable sites in which people
Introduction
orientating axis that there is in the Roman,
unintentionally
became the social focal points of the city. “The function of the chamfered corner changed in tandem with this enclosure. The perimeter block’s chamfered edge now created new,
Design Strategy
city was not a goal in “The itself, but a tool formed by use.”
13
Urban Conditions
(Gehl, 1971)
1.3
What are the threats urban spaces face today?
The biggest threat facing many European cities today is, undoubtedly, vehicular movement. It is hardly surprising considering that the vast majority of cities, over the past century, have been designed specifically to accommodate car use. This vehicular centric nature goes as far back as Cerda’s plan for Barcelona, where he prioritised the ease of vehicular travel on every street. However, with much higher levels of density and tourism, Barcelona’s
Congestion, Barcelona
streets have become more congested than ever before. “The clogging of Cerda’s streets with cars had squeezed sociability into the chamfered corners of the grid blocks. Most of all, green space in Barcelona has shrunk.” (Sennett, 2018) This existential threat as brought about an important paradigm shift in the way architects, planners and politicians perceive the urban realm. In the case of Barcelona, the city have
Congestion, Barcelona
adopted a new, more sustainable model, in the form of superblocks. Otherwise known as supervilles, the new urban blocks aim to mitigate the threat of vehicular transport. One superblock will consist of nine of Cerda’s original urban blocks and remove all through traffic, allowing only access for resident and delivery vehicles all at a speed of 6mph. The overarching ambition of the superblock is to become a self-sufficient neighbourhood, where all the residents have easy and quick
14
La Rambla, Barcelona
residential and commercial seeks to create an
traffic within some streets of a superblock to
environment of social cohesion.
provide more space for people, active travel and green space.” (Nieuwenhuijsen, 2020). In line with current efforts to tackle climate
of diverse activities within close proximity to
change, the local government aim to use the
one another is further highlighted by David Sim
pandemic as the catalyst needed to promote
in Soft City where he writes “The combination
change in the city. This radical approach by
of density and diversity of building types and
Barcelona can serve as a precedent for other
uses, with a compact footprint and on a human
European cities emerging from the pandemic.
scale, makes for an environment that is both efficient and attractive.” (Sim, page 20, 2019) Although the size of the superville may imply the opposite to human scale, the generous
Design Precedents + Principles
proportions are the very thing necessary for
Evolution of the Block
This concept of providing a dense arrangement
Urban Theory
over 500 supervilles to reduce motorised
Introduction
access to all types of amenities. The fusion of
fostering a successful neighbourhood within the block. The superblock concept is also highlighted in the cities post-pandemic strategy as one of four viable options for re-thinking the way the city operates. “Barcelona is planning to create Superville Concept, Barcelona
will never be the same again and neither will our cities. But the crisis may be an opportunity to build better
(Nieuwenhuijsen, 2020)
15
Urban Conditions
and more sustainable societies and cities.
Design Strategy
“The COVID-19 pandemic is a wake-up call. Our world
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
2.0 URBAN THEORY
2.1
Human Interaction:
Jan Gehl, Life Between Buildings, 1971
static objects around us is not enough. “Experiencing However, experiencing people taking part in the spaces between the buildings creates a sensual variation. “ (Gehl, 1971)
Having written extensively on the elements
Gehl defines the success of a city, not based on
of human interaction - specifically how we
its physical form, but on the spaces between
interact in the cities - Jan Gehl often links
the built form. The quality of the space between
the success of a city to the quality of human
the buildings is predicated on the quality of
interaction that occurs within the urban realm.
interaction that occurs in these spaces.
Ultimately defining human interaction as the perquisite to success in the built environment.
However, before social activity can take place, the physical form of the city must promote the
Gehl’s philosophy is built upon the principle
positive social conditions for outdoor activity
of utilising the built environment as existing,
to unfold. It has been proven that a denser and
rather than adding to it with more ‘stuff’.
more diverse arrangement of program is best
Through developing his philosophy, Gehl has
suited to creating the conditions required for
determined a specific criterion that cities
positive, social activity.
must meet to foster a collective environment. He states that the downfall of cities can be revived through one action: Stimulation. And to achieve this stimulated condition, cities require interaction between people.
18
Street Life, Copenhagen, Denmark
Introduction Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
19
20
Introduction Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
21
2.2 Utopian Reality Vs Jacobs’ Reality
In an effort to achieve density at the beginning
which established itself as one of the most
of the 20th Century, Le Corbusier re-thought
inadequate examples of social housing to be
the city through his new plan of Paris between
constructed during the modernist era. (see
1922 and 1925. Corbusier’s Plan Voisin was in
bottom right diagram)
direct response to Paris’ growing population and poor living conditions post World War 1.
Although a huge problem across Europe, it was
The plan would provide the city with a level
the critique of planning in the U.S. by economist
of density required to house the fast-growing
Jane Jacobs at the time in her book, The Death
population of Paris and provide its residents
and Life of Great American Cities. Published
with a healthier lifestyle ‘above’ the unsanitary
in 1961, Jacobs’ critique of American cities
conditions at street level.
(specifically New York) was one of the first publications to do so. She acknowledged the
However, Corbusier’s tabula rasa approach
downfall, that architects and planners at that
to city planning would prove to be the spark
time were blind too. She correlated increasing
that would ignite a flame within Jane Jacobs,
crime rates and unemployment in many of
provoking a new way of thinking about how
Manhattan’s housing projects, not to those who
cities could and should be planned. It was
lived in them, but the buildings themselves.
not until the 1960’s, when the underlying
Jacobs however contributed, not Corbusier
issues of the dystopian reality began to set
himself, but his concept of the Radiant City,
in. Although Corbusier himself did not design
for the demise of cities. “Le Corbusier’s dream
‘bad’ buildings, (quite the contrary as evident
city has had an immense impact on our cities.
in his Unite d’Habitation design), his top down
It was hailed deliriously by architects, and has
approach to planning was romanticised by
gradually been embodied in scores of projects,
many architects at the time. Ultimately leading
ranging from low-income public housing to
to crude interpretations of Corbusier’s Unite
office building projects.” (Jacobs, Pg.33, 1961)
which resulted in inadequate and poorly Although Jacobs critiques methods of the
the 1950’s and 1980’s throughout most of
past, she also outlines the changes she
the developed world. For example, the Pruitt
believed were necessary to revive any urbanity
Igoe housing project in St. Louis, Missouri
that may still remain in the cities at the time.
22
designed social housing projects between
Introduction Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Le Corbusier’s Plan Voisin Materplan for Paris, France
Design Strategy
23
Urban Conditions
Pruitt-Igoe Housing Project of St. Louis, Missouri
She writes extensively on what conditions are
This being said, many historic European city
necessary to promote diversity in the urban
centres do still poses unique typologies which
realm, writing “To understand cities, we have
prove to be successful, even today. Vennels
to deal outright with combinations or mixtures
for example can be found throughout most
of uses, not separate uses, as the essential
medieval city centres and allow for easy and
phenomena.” (Jacobs, page 155, 1961) She
quick access through larger urban blocks.
puts forward the scenario of a man living in
Permeability, provided by vennels, has proven
the city centre who, in order to reach specific
to be a successful trait amongst most European
uses, must travel to other blocks elsewhere in
cities.
the city. She describes the “stringent physical segregation of the regular users of one street
As a result of Jane Jacobs’ critique on planning
from the regular users of the next” as the
and urban design, a conscious effort was
typical arrangement of city blocks causing
made by architects and planners to re-think
their failure. Her solution is simple: smaller
the form of the city. Rather than promoting
and more frequent blocks with the addition
urban sprawl, instead, encouraging people to
of more streets, dissecting the large blocks
move away from satellite towns, back to cities.
up into smaller pieces. The resulting scenario
However, with capitalism consuming most of
being that the man no longer needs to travel
the developed world, allowing large developers
along the same, ‘monotonous’ route everyday
to monopolize land ownership, people are
but rather have a variety of options to chose
left with no choice but to live outside of the
from.
city. Thus, forcing many families and a large percentage of young people to settle for solution,
accommodation on the periphery of the urban
although suitable for Manhattan, may not be
realm. This in turn has led to the prioritization
so suitable in smaller scaled, European cities.
of vehicular traffic in and around cities for
Rather than dividing the blocks up into smaller
those commuting too and from work.
However,
I
argue
that
Jacobs’
pieces and providing more flexible journeys too and from different uses, the journey itself
It is this current modus operandi that is
should be eliminated. If the urban block can
crippling our cities and without immediate
encompass all the necessary activities for a
intervention, we will witness the complete
neighbourhood to thrive, the long journeys
demise of the city centre, giving way to the
between activities become obsolete.
decentralist ideologies of the past. So, what’s next for our cities?
24
Introduction Urban Theory Evolution of the Block Design Precedents + Principles “CONDITION 2: Most blocks must be short; that is, streets and opportunities to turn corners must be frequent.”
Extract from ‘The need for mixed primary uses’ (Jacobs, page 164, 1961)
25
Urban Conditions
Jacobs’ argument for mixed-use is just as relevant now as it was in 1961, with the concept of mixed-use housing and co-living proving to be a sustainable housing model. However, Jacobs does go on to set up her second condition for diversity in the urban realm.
Design Strategy
“CONDITION 1: The district, and indeed as many of its internal parts as possible, must serve more than one primary function; preferable more than two. These must ensure the presence of people who go outdoors on different schedules and are in the place for different purposes, but are able to use many facilities in common.”
2.3 The Urban Block: A Brief History
A typology dating back to 4th Century BCE, the
The outcome of any human interaction
block came organically as a result of gridded
with the built environment begins with the
masterplans, originating in classical Greece.
relationship between street and building. It
Although the gridded masterplan formed
is the relationship between the two where an
the primitive block, the blocks themselves
‘edge’ condition is formed. “The street is the
“…occupied internally orientated courtyard
space that is made manifest by the thresholds
houses, and as such did not address the
between public and private space, and its
streets that they enclosed.” (J and C. Tarbatt,
success as a place in its own right (as opposed
The Urban Block, 2020) The block did not
to its functionality as a conduit for movement)
engage with the street until 3rd Century BCE,
depends to a very large extent on the design
when Roman city building introduced a block
of the blocks themselves…It is precisely the
typology which included shops at ground level,
degree to which any given configuration
facing the street and inward facing courtyards.
engages with the public realm in general, and
Between the origins and now, the block as
the street in particular, that is key.” (J and C.
experienced several alterations, resulting in
Tarbatt, The Urban Block, 2020)
different block types. These types are defined by Jonathan and Chloe Tarbatt as;
With the success of the block predicated on the relationship between itself and the street, it
1.
The perimeter block
is not surprising that, over the last half century,
2.
The row block
the block has lost its identity within our urban
3.
The point block
cores. Jane Jacobs also identifies the street
4.
The ribbon block
as an important device in the hierarchy of the
5.
The courtyard block
city. More specifically the sidewalk. Jacobs
6.
Other variants of urban form
says, “A city sidewalk by itself is nothing. It is an abstraction. It means something only in
Defining the ‘urban block’ as an architectural
conjunction with the buildings and other uses
device will allow me to begin a discussion
that border it, or border other sidewalks very
surrounding the built environment. More
near it.” (Jacobs, 1961).
specifically, the urban core of the city of Perth.
26
Introduction the facades.” (Carl, nd.). This shift in how the
building is also the subject of an extract written
street is perceived is essential in achieving
by Peter Carl called Civi Depth, where he
a more sustainable and connected urban
writes about the role of the street in relation to
environment.
Urban Theory
This important dialogue between street and
the facades either side. The street is normally
Evolution of the Block
thought of as a monotonous device that operate independently of what is around it but Carl argues the opposite. “Instead of thinking of it as a canyon between facades, filled with vehicles and crowds, we should imagine it as part of the institutional order of the city, as the seam between the depth of what lies behind
Design Precedents + Principles
Aerial view of the Roman city of Timgad, Algeria
Design Strategy 27
Urban Conditions
Aerial view of Manhattan’s rigid urban form, Manhattan, New York
approach density and diversity. Furthermore,
Historically Perth’s central location meant that
the 20-minute neighbourhood has just been
with the rise of railways and the presence of
announced as an area of focus for the Scottish
heavy industry in Scotland during the 19th
National Party in their 2021 manifesto. With
Century, the small city naturally became a
their recent success in the 2021 parliamentary
focal point for trade. However, since then,
election, securing a massive 64 seats, it
Perth’s position in the hierarchy of Scottish
would appear as though the concept of the
cities as fallen as a result of faster growth
20-minute neighbourhood is closer than ever
in neighbouring cities such as Glasgow,
to becoming a reality.
Edinburgh, and Dundee. The growth and employment in these surrounding cities has resulted in a large number of those living in the Perth and Kinross to commute elsewhere for work.
is one of the many problems affecting the quality of our city centres. Why can’t the city centre be somewhere that can provide a mix of healthy living and a variety of creative job opportunities simultaneously? This is a question currently being asked by many cities around the world. However, I
Design Precedents + Principles
This divide between where you live and work
Evolution of the Block
acts as a key transport node for the country.
Urban Theory
look to these cities as examples of how to
Introduction
Situated between Stirling and Dundee, Perth
believe the solutions needed to tackle this in David Sim’s Soft City and the concept of the 20-minute neighbourhood. Sim speaks extensively on Scandinavian cities, many of which have already implemented the
Design Strategy
issue, particularly for Perth, can be found
strategies of the Soft City and how we should
Urban Conditions
3.0 Evolution of the Block
3.1
Perth 2021
Like most small European cities, Perth’s city centre has established its modern-day form through an organic process, spanning over 500 years. As far back as 1550, Perth had already established its physical form along the preexisting burgage plots, running North to South. These plots were subsequently dissected by the cities two main thoroughfares (High Street and South Street), as well as smaller secondary routes. Historically, the two main routes would operate as the primary means of travel through the city centre for trade and commerce. Thus, dividing the city into 19 street blocks. Over time, these original street blocks have since been further sub-divided into smaller blocks. Not only has the city’s form changed, but the city boundary has also dissolved over time. As Cedric Price would describe it; Perth once was a hard, boiled egg but now holds the form of a fried egg. No longer surrounded by a small moat/river on all sides(boiled egg), the city has expanded outwards, away from the River Tay, resulting in the larger city boundary we see today. (fried egg)
30
Introduction
Urban Theory Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
31
3.2 Perth’s Historic Origins Before exploring new architectural solutions of density and mixed-use accommodation in Perth, I would first of all like to undertake an analytical study of the cities historical development. In doing so I can gain an understanding of what formed the foundation of the city we see today. Like many Scottish towns and cities, Perth’s physical fabric formed with the aid of medieval rigg patterns. An archaeological pattern of ridges, rigg patterns would have been formed through a process of ploughing. As Perth moved away from agriculture towards a more industry driven city, the new buildings built, followed the same line of the rigg patterns, acting as a natural structural grid for the city to be constructed upon. This is evident in Perth’s physical form today. (See adjacent diagram) However, the rigg patterns did not only inform the shape of the city but they also dictated how the land was utilised. With the agriculture taking place along the plot, the owner of the plot would traditionally construct their house on the street edge at one end of the plot. This building would become their home and where they would trade the produce grown in the plot behind. The plots would be accessed from narrow vennels which ran the length of the plot, where workshops and places of trade would be located. Hence why Perth’s remaining industrial buildings are located on the inside of many of the urban blocks.
32
Plan of Perth indicating the 19 street blocks sourced from Burgage plot patterns and dimensions in four Scottish burghs (Tait, 2008)
Introduction
Urban Theory Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
33
3.3 Building Use Study Taking inspiration from Dr. Eulàlia Gómez-
and Pubs and Restaurants (Yellow).
Escoda, a professor at UPC-Barcelona Tech, where a study was undertaken which mapped
However, when you zoom into the city at the
every urban block in Barcelona including the
scale of single block, the diversity becomes
use across each floor of every block. (see
less obvious. It is clear that each block
figure to the right)
accommodates a dominant use, whether that be housing, retail or cultural. Unfortunately, it
This mapping exercise appeared to be very
is this divide within the monotonous elements
effective for conveying as sense of the diversity
of the cities fabric that are contributing to
of uses across the city as well as within the
the demise and disconnect of Perth’s urban
blocks themselves. Thus, as a means to develop
environment.
an understanding of the diversity of uses that occur throughout Perth, I undertook a similar analytical study, exploring the specific uses across the ground floor of every building in the city centre. (see next page) The study proved to be very helpful in conveying the existing uses across the city as well as their position relative to one another. What I was able to draw from this study was that Perth’s city centre actually yields quite a diverse collection of buildings uses, when looking at the scale of the city. It is clear that the vast majority of the blocks south-west of the city centre are predominantly residential accommodation (Grey). Whereas the large majority of the blocks in the centre and too the east, are mostly consumed by food stores (Orange), personal equipment (Dark Orange)
34
Introduction Urban Theory Evolution of the Block Design Precedents + Principles Design Strategy 35
Urban Conditions
Screenshots illustrating the diversity of use across Barcelona’s urban blocks from Teaching-Learning Research: Design and Environments, Lecture by Dr. Eulàlia Gómez-Escoda
Perth’s Block Use Map
Key and colour scheme provided by Dr. Eulàlia Gómez-Escoda’s Barcelona Block Study
36
Introduction
Urban Theory Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
37
Urban Conditions
Use map, Perth City Centre (Authors Diagram)
3.4 Blocks for Study Having analysed the uses across each block within the city as they are currently, I wanted to gain a better understanding as to how the blocks arrived at their current form. In order to understand how the street blocks evolved in Perth, I have selected two specific areas (see adjacent diagram), one that sits within the existing medieval boundary and another that is situated west, on the edge of the historical city perimeter. Geographically, the two blocks are very similar. However, their current forms, as evidenced in the map, are quite different in scale and density. Through an analytical process, I aim to draw a conclusion has to how each block has arrived at its current form and what caused the form we see today. As well as studying the current uses of each block and how the uses have changed over the past two centuries. Through the analytical study of their timeline, I aim to extract relevant information from each block to help inform my own urban strategy for the city.
38
Introduction
Urban Theory Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
39
3.4.1 Blocks 14,15 and 17 Block as Existing
40
Introduction
Block Uses
Urban Theory Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
41
Block Timeline 1823-1932
At the beginning of the 19th Century, the block
As the city moved away from agriculture and
appears to be rather permeable. This lack of
into a place focused around heavy industry, the
density was common, particularity with the
blocks density can be seen to have increased
blocks originally being used for agriculture.
dramatically over 37 years.
The edge condition of the block will have been
Although the edge condition remains similar,
given over to shop fronts for people to sell the
the inside of the block underwent the most
produce grown on the inside of the block. As
noticeable change. The new buildings would
well as residential quarters above the ground
most likely have been dye or linen mills to
floor.
support the fast growing trades in the city at the time. In 1948, Perth adopted the Horse drawn carriage as the primary means of transport. In a direct response, the city began planning out new roads for the city centre. (Much like Cerda’s response in Barcelona)
42
Introduction Urban Theory Evolution of the Block
By
1932,
the
block
increased, particularly the edge of the block,
established itself as its own
with only small vennels giving access from
entity. After the decline of
the street into the block. However, the biggest
industry at the beginning of
change the block experienced was the
the 20th Century, the block
introduction of Scott Street , running North
experienced the demolition of
to South through the middle of the block. This
buildings which were perhaps
split the block into 2 separate entities.
no longer functioning or in a
Design Precedents + Principles
Over the next 40 years the blocks density
had
Design Strategy
state of disrepair. The new road also meant the demolition of a church but has highlighted in the map above,
However,
Perth
remains
the church was rebuilt along the new edge of
scattered with ex-indsutrial
Scott Street.
buildings which have either use or left vacant.
43
Urban Conditions
been re-generated for modern
Blocks 14,15 and 17 1809
With the medieval rigg patterns overlay, it is easy to see that in 1809, that the block began to establish its form based on the direction of the rigg patterns. The development of this block conveys a sense of how other blocks in the historic core would have formed.
44
Introduction
Urban Theory Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
45
3.4.2 Block 20 Block as Existing
46
Introduction
Block Uses
Urban Theory Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
47
Block Timeline 1823-1932
technology,
By 1860 the block was almost a full
dependence on agriculture quickly
perimeter block with the exception of
declined and Perth, along with the rest
a small number of access points on the
of Scotland, became a hub for industrial
blocks edge. These access point were
trade. This shift from agriculture to
most likely service access for those
industry is evident in this particular
who worked in the industrial mills on
block.
the inside of the block.
Even at the beginning of the century, it
The
can be seen that there was a conscious
increase in density which saw the
effort to define the edge of the street
introduction of a school, church, dye
with buildings that were most likely
works and a large seed mill.
With
advances
in
trade and retail at ground level and residential accommodation above.
48
block
experienced
a
sharp
Introduction Urban Theory Evolution of the Block
The previous 30 years has seen almost
maintained
condition.
no change in the overall density of the
However, the inside of the block
block. Again there were a few buildings
seen the demolition of between 5-10
demolished. These buildings had most
buildings with the addition of a new
likely become obsolete or derelict.
industrial warehouse to the south of
Although one building of note that was
the block.
re-used was the seed mill, becoming a
its
edge
Design Precedents + Principles
By the turn of the century the block
cinema during the early 20th Century.
Design Strategy Urban Conditions
49
Block 20 1809
This map from 1809 is the most recent that shows the block before it had been subdivided by what is now County Place. It is clear, where the road is now, that the south end of the block is very fragmented and as such, may have led to the decision to cut the block there. By this point, the West edge of the block had become well defined, with garden plots off to the inside of the block as can be seen by the direction of the rigg patterns.
50
Introduction Urban Theory Evolution of the Block
Having
explored
the
physical
development of the blocks over time, as well as their current form and uses, I have been able to form a coherent understanding of both. As such, I will proceed to test my hypothesis on the block that is most suited to my vision.
hypothesis,
I
selected
block
20.
Compared to blocks 14,15, and 17, block 20 has a far denser arrangement of buildings, more physical constraints
Design Strategy
For the purposes of testing my
Design Precedents + Principles
Conclusion
and more suitable amenities within vision for the future of the block.
51
Urban Conditions
the block that will accommodate my
My Vision for the Block Having identified Perth’s existing problems
traditionally provides the opportunity for
through our urban strategy in semester one
residents to work within the building in which
(Tactical Urbanism: Temporality as a route
they live. Particularly in the wake of COVID-19, it
to permanence by K. Doherty, T. Dougan,
has become apparent that working from home
J. Dickinson and E. Reilly), I aim to use my
is a feasible option for many people. However,
individual project as a means to improve
the effects of COVID-19 will not last forever and
the overall liveability of the city. Currently,
combining ‘live’ and ‘work’ within the same
Perth lacks severely in a young demographic
four walls is not a healthy long-term solution
choosing to live and work in the city centre.
for the sustainability of our cities. I propose,
There are a number of issues that can be
rather than a strict Live/Work environment,
associated to this trend but, most commonly,
a
this can be as a result of a lack of opportunities
collection of mixed-use programmes ranging
in the city centre. This has become all too
from residential, work, education, cultural and
common across many small, European cities.
sports and leisure. Through this I aim to create
However, unlike Perth, larger cities with strong
an environment in the urban core of Perth that
enough economies are able to cope with this
does not currently exist. This new typology will
trend, relying primarily on large businesses and
encourage a younger demographic to not only
stakeholders to maintain a strong economic
live in the city but work there too.
Hybrid
typology
that
encompasses
a
climate. The Hybridised and mixed-Use nature of my As such, my strategy for the city will operate
proposal will also adhere to the existing aging
at a more local scale, not relying on a
population of Perth by providing amenities
capitalist system to thrive but focusing more
to those who currently live in the city centre
on
opportunities,
as well as those who become permanent
encouraging a younger demographic to live
residents in the new proposal. Ultimately
and work in the city. Thus, my strategy for
fusing the two generation together, resulting
Perth will accommodate the local nature of the
in a collective, community orientated vision
city whilst tackling a global issue.
for the city. However, in order to achieve this
providing
creative
job
vision, I have drawn from precedents that will The lack of young people living in Perth’s
inform my own design principles further on in
city centre can be resolved through the
the report.
introduction of a live/work scheme. Live/work
52
Comic Book Illustration showing my vision for the block
53
54
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
55
Scottish Planning Policies With a clear vision in mind for the future of
and protecting individuals and families across
Perth, it is important to consider the feasibility
Scotland. It has changed the way we all live,
of this holistic approach and how it aligns
work, learn and shop.” (Protecting Scotland,
with both the Scottish Government and Perth
Renewing Scotland, 2020) With the pandemic
and Kinross’s current efforts in the realm of
forcing the country into a new way of life, it
sustainability and placemaking in city centres.
has become clear how important the built environment is in the outcome of our physical
The
recent
events
of
COVID-19
have
and mental health.
seen a resurgence in efforts surrounding placemaking and improving the liveability of
The
cities in Scotland. In response to the events
identified the concept of the ‘20-minute
of the past year the Scottish Government
Neighbourhood’ as a feasible and sustainable
have
‘Protecting
solution for achieving the goals set out in the
Scotland, Renewing Scotland.’ This strategy
national planning strategy. The 20-minute
highlights the areas prioritised by the Scottish
neighbourhood, already underway in Paris
Government for attaining a healthier and more
and Melbourne, is a strategy focused on
resilient country.
improving the liveability of an area by bringing
released
their
strategy,
Scottish
Government
have
also
local amenities closers together, encouraging
National
walkability and promoting greener means of travel.
At national level, the Scottish Government have
The 20-minute neighbourhood concept also
put emphasis on strengthening the quality of
appears in the SNP’s 2021 Manifesto as part
our built environment as a means to make more
of their ‘Living Better’ strategy. The SNP have
vibrant, healthier and generally better places
identified the 20-minute neighbourhood as a
to live. “Delivering on our ambitions for a fairer
sustainable model for improving the liveability
Scotland starts at a local community level.
of local communities, aiming to increase the
The COVID-19 response has shown the central
volume of housing, specifically in town centres
importance of communities to supporting
and high streets.
56
Local At a local level, Perth and Kinross Council have recently published their ‘Placemaking Guide for 2020’. The document sets out the councils placemaking guidance and policies in place for improving the areas liveability. One of the most relevant principles to the city’s strategy for placemaking is adaptability. “The design of a development should create a strong sense of local identity that complements its surrounding area. New development should form pleasant, walkable neighbourhoods that support local facilities and reduce the need for cars.” (Perth and Kinross Placemaking Guide, 2020). With my own strategy for Perth focused around transforming one of the cities urban blocks into a liveable and walkable neighbourhood, it appears to align well with Perth and Kinross’s current placemaking strategies. Thus, making my vision for Perth feasible and very much
Mural Trail, Perth City Centre
attainable in the coming years.
“...we will invest £275 million to support community‑led
regeneration
and
town‑centre revitalisation” (Scottish Government, 2020)
57
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
4.0 Design Precedents
4.1
Co-Living Capitol Hill Co-Housing by Schemata workshop Location: Capitol Hill Project Type: Co-Housing Multi-Family Housing Mixed-Use Completed: 2016 Area: 17,000 SF 9 Units + 1 Commercial Space
Although appearing as a generic residential
of the different uses creates a social and
block, the Capitol Hill Co-Housing project
collective environment for all the residents.
has a wider purpose than simply providing
Unlike single aspect living, people have the
housing. The strength of the project lies
chance to mix every day through a plethora
within its mixed-use approach to living. In an
of activities including cooking, gardening and
effort to form a collective environment for the
general maintenance of the building.
residents, the project includes 9 residential units, 1 commercial space, 1 external courtyard
Key Elements:
and a community garden accessible by the roof.
Close proximity of activities Mixed-Use
The mixed-use nature of the project is what
Activated ground floor
makes it so successful. The dense arrangement
Accessible outdoor space
60
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Capitol Hill, People socialising on shared access decks
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
61
Urban Conditions
Capitol Hill, Long Section
4.2 Density Unite d’Habitation by Le Corbusier Location: Marseillle, France Project Type: Residential Hospitality Mixed-Use Completed: 1952 Size: 337 Apartments 12 Stories
Although a building typology heavily critiqued
by the internal shared corridor and the other
by Jacobs, Unite d’Habitation holds many
spanning the depth of the block.
positive qualities. The most obvious being the ability to house a large number of residents in
On top of the densely arranged residential
a dense arrangement, whilst providing mixed-
units,
use program.
amenities that would be accessible to the
Corbusier
residents
also
integrated
other
including a hotel, health centre,
nursery, gym, workshops and even a pub. The
Unite epitomises the true meaning of density.
addition of easily accessible public programs
What allowed Corbusier to fit so many people
made the scheme a desirable place to live.
in the block was his ability to efficiently design
Although the building itself may not be the
the apartment types to allow for maximum
most efficient, the ethos that came with it is
density. Each unit has two floors, one accessed
just as important today as it was 70 years ago.
62
Comprised of 337 apartments over 12 stories,
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block Design Precedents + Principles
Neighbouring Duplex Apartments, Unite d’Habitation
Design Strategy
63
Urban Conditions
Cross Section through apartments, Unite d’Habitation
4.3 Construction Wohnregal by FAR Architects Location: Berlin, Germany Project Type: Pre-Fabrication Residential Flexible Work Units Completed: 2020 Primary vertical access, Wohnregal
Specifications: 35-110sqm unit sizes Pre-cast concrete TT-Beams
Located in Berlin, Germany, FAR Architects
paired with the quick construction on site
have built a pre-fabricated residential block
made for a very efficient process.
in the city centre. Located on the edge of an existing urban block, FAR’s design re-defines
What has drawn me towards this project is
the edge condition of the block with an
FAR’s flexible approach to living and working.
arrangement of flexible live/work units.
Not restricting the residents, FAR’s pre-fab concrete components allow for longer spans,
FAR’s
main
goal
preconceptions
was around
to
change
the
pre-fabricated
construction methods. They produced the prefabricated concrete components off-site and delivered them to site, piecing them together in 6 weeks. The low cost, off-site construction
64
giving the residents the control over how their homes are spatially organised.
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Perspective from across the street, Wohnregal
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
65
Urban Conditions
Flexible live/work unit, Wohnregal
4.4 Design Approach Places at Work by 00 Architecture Location: London, England Project Type: Urban Regeneration Mixed-Use Co-Location Completed: 2018
Places that Work, front cover
Fundamentally, urban regeneration requires
between sites. However, the ‘New London Mix’
a holistic design approach in order to
provides a set of design principles that can be
successfully achieve the goals set out by the
applied to each area, regardless of the scale.
project. Places that Work, a report published
(see adjacent diagram)
by
00
Architecture
identifies
London’s
growing population and need for new housing
“mixing activities, co-locating a wide range of
as an opportunity to use mixed-use and
productive activities in close proximity to new
light industry as a catalyst for providing new
homes… providing suitable housing and places
sustainable conditions for living in the city.
to work right across the city, thus underpinning a more inclusive and sustainable model for
The report identifies areas in London which are viable and can accommodate this kind of change. The degree of intervention varies
66
urban growth.” (00 Architecture, 2018)
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Example of an urban condition, 00 Architecture
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
67
Urban Conditions
New London Mix Design Principles, 00 Architecture
next section of the report outlines each and
city can be defined as the relationship between
discusses the rationale behind each one and
industry and the context of the city. Commonly
how I aim to implement them into the city.
associated with the arts, creativity is more than just art, it is a spectrum consisting of all types of creative people, industries and organisations
Urban Theory
What makes a city ‘creative’? Creativity in a
Introduction
Introduction
who contribute in their own way. As such, I aim through re-introducing light industry back into the city and creating an environment that encourages young entrepreneurs to come to live and work in the city centre. Not only this, but through a diverse range relationships between the residents of the block. However, in order to achieve this vision, I have divided my hypothesis into 3 basic principles: Diversity, Density and
Permeability. The synergy between the three will provide the necessary environment for achieving a new, sustainable way of living in city centres.
Design Precedents + Principles
of activities, I hope to foster an array of new
Evolution of the Block
to integrate creativity into the city of Perth
The three dimensions have been selected my urban theory as well as their relevance to tackling the problems specific to Perth. The
A model for a Creative City
Urban Conditions
5.0 Design Principles
Design Strategy
based on the conclusions I have drawn from
5.1
Density How can it be achieved and what does it provide?
Density has become an integral part of urban
something I believe could easily be integrated
design. Particularly in cities of the 21st Century.
into Perth. “These connected and walkable
Density has been in a constant battle against
places are where people can live, work and play;
urban sprawl for the better part of half a
buy their bread and milk, work from home or
century and up until now, has been losing that
local business, access services and meet their
battle. With the introduction of new concepts
neighbours at the central gathering places.”
such as the 20-minute neighbourhood and
(Victoria State Government, 2021). The dense
Soft City, new approaches to achieving density
arrangement of uses within a close proximity
in the built environment have been pushed to
to each other has the potential to foster a
the front of national and local sustainability
young, creative industry.
strategies. In addition to the 20-minute neighbourhood, However, in order to achieve density in the
David Sim, and of course Jan Gehl, argue that
urban realm, there first must be adequate
achieving density at low height is the corner
conditions that will attract people to the
stone for success in any urban environment.
city centre. The 20-minute city is one of the
This is particularly evident when Sim writes
most recent approaches, aimed at providing
“There are many arguments to increasing
people with a diverse collection of activities,
density.
all within a 20-minute round trip from where
dwindling resources, we have to use existing
they live. “The 20-minute neighbourhood
infrastructure more efficiently, make better
is all about ‘living locally’—giving people
use of the resources we have – specifically the
the ability to meet most of their daily needs
space we have – and make what we build work
within a 20-minute return walk from home,
hard for us.” (Sim, 2019) However, Sim also
with access to safe cycling and local transport
goes on to say that “True urban quality comes
options.” (Victoria State Government, 2021)
from accommodating density and diversity
Plan Melbourne in particular is a city strategy
of building types and uses in the same place.”
that has adopted the concept of the 20-minute
(Sim, 2019). Sim argues that both density
neighbourhood and aim to make it a reality for
and diversity must operate in simulacrum to
its residents in the near future. The ease and
achieve their full potential.
walkability associated with this concept is
70
With
rapid
urbanization
and
Introduction Urban Theory Evolution of the Block Design Precedents + Principles
Unsustainable solution for achieving density, Hong Kong
Design Strategy 71
Urban Conditions
Contemporary model for dense, low-rise living, Alte Weberei in Tübingen, Germany
5.2 Diversity How can it be achieved and what does it provide? What
can
diversity
offer
in
the
built
important to consider how it plugs into the
environment? Diversity in both built form
existing fabric. Too often new urban projects
and outdoor spaces cultivates a good mix of
are built in the place of ‘old’ or ‘decaying’
uses. But why Mixed-use? Mixed-use gives the
pieces of fabric. The Temple Bar district of
opportunity for different functions to operate
Dublin serves as a successful example of an
side by side. Thus, encouraging the different
urban regeneration project that utilised the
uses to interact with one another. This mix
existing fabric as a tool to achieve the vision
of functions also allows for an increase in the
for the area. Dublin City Council and the
heaps of people interacting, as well as the
Temple Bar Development Council pursued the
variety of the activities occurring as part of
Temple Bar Area Renewal and Development
the interaction.
Act, 1991, under which Temple Bar Properties Ltd. and Temple Bar Renewal were set up to
Jan Gehl writes extensively in Life Between
oversee the urban regeneration of the area.
Buildings about the required conditions for
(Leonard, n.d.). As a result, much of Temple
a successful urban environment. The most
Bar’s historic urban grain still remains, adding
important being the frequency at which
to the character of the area and making it a
people interact, whether that be physically
desirable destination for locals and tourists.
or visually. “Something happens because something
happens
because
something
Much like the urban approach in Temple
happens.” (Gehl, 1971) Gehl recognises that
Bar, building within the constraints of the
the more often activities occur, the higher the
existing fabric is also a major dimension of
chances are for social interactions to unfold in
Sim’s philosophy in Soft City. He argues that
the spaces between our built environments. It
utilising the existing infrastructure is not only
is this juxtaposing condition between different
cost effective but it carries with it social and
functions that I hope to create within Perth’s
economic benefits. Physical networks such as
urban core.
water and electricity supplies already exist as well as social networks such as public transport
Although the foundation of this strategy relies on the successful integration of a mixed-use urban condition in the city centre, it is just as
72
and leisure facilities.
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block Design Precedents + Principles
Housing and cyclists in the green suburb of Vauban, Freiburg, Germany
Design Strategy
73
Urban Conditions
Temple Bar District, Dublin, Ireland
5.3 Permeability How can it be achieved and what does it provide? Combining the first two dimensions alone will often foster good results but for these results to be long lasting and sustainable for the residents, they need to be permeable. Mitigating long and difficult journeys between amenities makes for an easier and more enjoyable life for people. As emphasised in many of Gehl’s writings, the effects of shorter travel times between activities will more often than not result in a more successful and engaging public realm. When journey times between amenities are shorter, people are more inclined to walk or cycle to their desired location, rather than drive. Resulting in higher volumes of people outdoors and in turn, creating the environment for potential social interactions. Ultimately, making life between the physical form of the city more attractive and desirable.
““A high level of activity in a certain area
can be stimulated both by ensuring that more people use the public spaces and by encouraging longer individual stays.” (Gehl, 1971)
74
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
La Condesa, Mexico City, Mexico
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
75
Urban Conditions
Copenhagen, Denmark
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
6.0 Design Strategy
6.1
Site Appraisal Existing Conditions
78
Introduction Urban Theory
West facing view from inside vennel
Design Precedents + Principles
West facing view from inside vennel
Evolution of the Block
Existing residential block and private car park
Existing Bingo Hall and public car park
Design Strategy
East facing view through vennel
79
Urban Conditions
Existing Cross fit gym and private car park
80
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
81
6.2 Diversity Current Modus Operandi
As shown in the adjacent diagram, the use of the block is fully predicated on any activity that may or may not occur on the surrounding edge. The ground floor edge condition can be seen to be predominantly occupied by retail and commercial units. However, this level of engagement does not appear on the inside of the block. Populated mostly with ex-industrial buildings and rear access for residents who live above, the inside of the block fails to provide any engaging external spaces. Thus, forming a complete disconnect in the relationship between the outer edge condition and the inside of the block.
82
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
83
Phasing Strategy
84
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
85
Diversity Before and After
The adjacent diagrams express the existing condition of the block, before and after my proposed intervention. As can be seen in the first diagram (Before) there is a break in the west edge of the block, along the perimeter. It is here where my proposal will be situated. Keeping with the existing hierarchy of the block, I propose a collection of small retail and commercial units along the ground floor and first floor with the aim of activating and restoring the fragmented edge. The second floor will provide a common house for the residential units located above. As for the inside of the block, the existing
leisure
transformed
into
facility a
new,
will
be
flexible
education space serving as a study and exhibition facility. As well as utilising the roof above as a multipurpose sports pitch. Both of which are publicly accessible.
Before 86
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
87
Urban Conditions
After
88
Proposed Mixed-Use
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
89
Introduction
Diversity
6.3 Permeability Permeability through the city Although the block itself seeks to achieve a close proximity of densely arranged and diverse buildings, it needs to be accessible, not only to those inhabiting the block, but to the wider context of the city. Rather than operating as an exclusive device, shut off to its surroundings, the block must be permeable to ensure easy access too and through it. The block sits at a crucial intersection between two of the city’s busiest routes for vehicular travel. However, with efforts focused on reducing vehicular travel in the city centre, more thought needs to be put into how the block is connected to the surrounding amenities including the city’s cultural hub, train station, hospital and university campus. (see adjacent diagram) As evident in the map, the block’s central location makes it the perfect node between the surrounding amenities with the main routes of travel converging at either end of the block. The block also acts as a connection between the deprived area (South-West) and the more affluent cultural hub (North-East).
90
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
91
Permeability Permeability through the block
As well as providing new built solutions to achieve my vision for the block, it is just as important to consider the outdoor space between the built environment. It must effectively foster positive, engaging and social spaces for activities to unfold amongst residents and passers by. As such, I have identified 3 dimensions of outdoor activity, based on Jan Gehl’s definition of outdoor activity, I too have split them up across: Social, Optional and Necessary Activities. The three, although similar in scale, act differently and provide specific functions to the overall theatrics of the block.
92
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
93
Social Activities
Gehl defines ‘Social Activities’ as those activities which unfold as a result of people congregating and spending a prolonged period of time in a space. “Social activities include children’s play, greetings and conversations, communal activities of various kinds, and simply seeing and hearing other people.” (Gehl, 2008) Based on the existing spaces, there appeared to be a natural route between my intervention and St. Paul’s Church. In between the two, I have identified a series of captured gardens which aim to promote the necessary conditions for social interaction.
94
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
95
Optional Activities
Located along the central axis of the block, I have identified the existing vennel as the space best suited for accommodating optional activities. The optional activities available fully depend on the amenities on offer in the area. The more there is to encourage people to be in a space, the more optional activities occur. With existing commercial units at ground floor level along the vennel, the route already offers potential for attracting users. The ability to generate optional activities will be further strengthened with additional ground floor commercial and retail units provided through my intervention.
96
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
97
Necessary Activities
“Necessary activities take place regardless of the quality of the physical environment.” (Gehl, 2008) Unlike the previous two spatial dimensions, necessary activities do not rely on any particular ‘thing’ or ‘use’ to foster the activity. They occur based purely on necessity. For example, the space identified in the block already provides necessary services for the surrounding buildings including car parking, building services and building access. With this in mind, I intend to maintain this space as the ‘necessary’ route, allowing easy delivery and access to the newly refurbished industrial workshop.
98
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
99
6.4 Density + Proximity Unit Specifications
100
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
101
102
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
103
104
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
105
106
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
107
108
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
109
Report Summary Through this design research process I have established a new, sustainable model for living in the city centre of Perth. The holistic approach presented in this report takes the form of a mixed-use, low-rise development which aims to tackle the problem of a lacking young and creative demographic living and working in Perth. However, the physical form of this approach is secondary to the ethos in which it encompasses. The physical form of the intervention evidenced in this report is a reaction to the current social, economic and environmental climate of Perth. Therefore, although the form may differ depending on the city, the goals and principles attached remain the same in order to achieve the most sustainable solution for city living. Ultimately, I have identified the optimum urban conditions for achieving and maintaining sustainability, which have come as a result of this analytical design process. The following conditions serve as a prerequisite to achieving a sustainable neighbourhood in city centres. However, it is important to remember that these conditions have arisen consequently from my research in Perth and if tested in a different city, may yield different results.
110
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
7.0 Urban Conditions
112
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
113
114
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
115
116
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
117
118
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
119
120
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
121
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
Bibliography
124
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
125
126
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
127
128
Introduction
Urban Theory
Evolution of the Block
Design Precedents + Principles
Design Strategy
Urban Conditions
129