DMD March-11

WATER : A Disaster in Making Growing pollution in our rivers in general and Ganga and Gomti rivers in particular has reached an alarming proportion and if serious measures were not taken immediately these rivers which are considered...

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Cover Story

CONTENTS

6-9

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Ganga Fettered

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Rivers are not simply rivers, but they are our cultural life lines. Crystal clear water of rivers, fertile land on either side and island inside them...

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Excavation: A Threat to Yamuna

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Unhindered excavation of sand from basins of the Yamuna river in Allahabad has posed a serious threat to hundreds of villages in its vicinity because larger the excavation the greater is the risk of these villages being washed away...

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12-13

Kashmir Battles to Save Water Blessed with gushing rivers and streams, Jammu and Kashmir possesses abundant water resources to support its agriculture sector which constitutes the main source ....

28-29

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Disaster Management & Development (DMD) welcomes/ invites reaction, suggestions, articles, subscription related enquries from our valued readers.

Please write/ mail us at : The Editor, Disaster management & Development, 1/122, Vijay Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow- 226010, U.P., INDIA e-mail : editor@disastermgmt.in

Disaster Management & Development • March 2011

For limited circulation only.

Editor Speaks

Vol. 1, No. 3

March 2011

Editor-in-Chief Dr. BHANU Managing Editor AP SINGH Editorial Consultant Savita Verma Advisory Board Chaman Pincha, Tamilnadu NM Prusty, New Delhi Dr. AN Singh, Uttar Pradesh Ravindra Nath, Assam Mayank Joshi, Gujarat Vipin Pandey, USA Editorial Team Anil Prakash Arif Shafi Wani Sunita Mall Reeta Tiwari Anjana Singh SK Singh Vijay Vineet Shubhi Chanchal Editorial Office Disaster Management & Development 1/122, Vijay Khand, Gomti Nagar Lucknow- 226010, U.P., INDIA. Tele-Fax : + 91522-2304853 E-mail : editor@disastermgmt.in

Created by Kash Media Planet Pvt. Ltd. E-mail : kashmediaplanet@gmail.com Published by Dr Bhanu on behalf of Poorvanchal Gramin Vikas Sansthan 1/122 Vijay Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow- 226010 and printed at Neelam Printing Press 41/381 Narhi, Lucknow- 226001.

India’s 1st Bilingual Monthly Publication on Disaster Management by

POORVANCHAL GRAMIN VIKAS SANSTHAN e-mail : pgvs.vasudeva@gmail.com

website : www.pgvsindia.org

PGVS Educates Communities & Institutions to Plan for Minimizing Disaster Risk

Dear Readers, Our last issue discussed on the impact of human interventions on Himalaya and its environment in the changing climate situation. Now in this issue we are focussing on situation of water in the country and outside. The planet earth is abundantly supplied with water. Oceans cover 70 per cent of the earth's surface and these contain 97 per cent of the total water supply on earth. Only 2.5 percent of the water on earth is fresh. This water scarcity is causing serious problems for human populations and ecosystem.

In developing countries 80 percent of all waste is being discharged untreated, because of lack of either regulations or resources. Human and environmental health, drinking and agricultural water supplies for the present and future are at stake, still water pollution is rarely given due importance. Most of the rivers including Ganga is discharging most unhygenic water, both bacteriologically and chemically, yet silence prevails because we are not aware of its consequences.

Let's think about our planet's health, I call sick mother earth. Are we doing every thing what is needed to make her healthy with a holistic thinking so that she remains healthy and keeps us healthy? Certainly Not. In India we know that growth process and the expansion of economic activities inevitably lead to increasing demands for water for diverse purposes: domestic, industrial, agricultural, hydro-power, thermal-power, navigation, recreation, etc.

While the gross irrigation potential is estimated to have increased from 19.5 million hectare at the time of independence to about 95 million hectare by the end of the Year 1999-2000, The country's population which is over 1027 million (2001 AD) at present is expected to reach a level of around 1390 million by 2025 AD. Production of food grains has increased from around 50 million tonnes in the fifties to about 208 million tonnes in the Year 1999-2000. This will have to be raised to around 350 million tonnes by the year 2025 AD. Where is water to meet the need of production, cleanliness and treating the wastes.

At the same time water is directly linked to the crisis of climate change, energy and food supplies. We are at great risk because after a few decades there will be severe crisis of water for present and future generations. It is a known fact that poor people spend one-half to three-quarters of their income on food, a steep increase in the price of rice, grains, vegetables and edible oils may take more percentage of income, this means higher prices are directly related to economic crisis for the urban and rural poor.

In our country, out of the total rain water (only 3 to 4 months), including snowfall is 4000 billion cubic metre (BCM). Surface water and replenishable ground water is 1869 BCM. But 690 BCM of surface water and 432 BCM of ground water is being used, rest all goes to drains.

In nuthshell we can say that people are the ultimate drivers of change, through both their needs (their requirements for survival) and their wants (their desires for products and services that enhance safety, comfort and well-being). Although not true everywhere or to the same degree, technological advances that address these wants and needs are a major reason why many people enjoy a standard of living that includes access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation.

It is sometimes difficult to determine whether technology development drives water demands or increasing water demands associated with human activities drive technology. Some new technologies can have positive benefits - reducing water demand and increasing water availability (for example, rainwater harvesting) - while others can increase water demands (such as using crops to produce bioenergy). In analysing technological advances and interventions, it is also useful to distinguish their structural elements (such as construction of a plant, dam or irrigation system) and their non-structural elements (including public awareness campaigns, educational programmes and information sharing). We must think for some key areas and provides appropriate hard and software tools as how new developments can affect water resources/ issues positively. I look forward for your comments on these issues.

Dr. Bhanu

Disaster Management & Development • March 2011 3

Mail issues of your monthly bilingual magazine on Disaster Management and Development for Humanitarian Agencies, and found it very informative and enriched with facts & figures almost on every conceivable aspect of Disaster Management and where we stand.

The Magazine will be usefull for both Humanitarian and Government agencies who sincerely want to deliver.It will also serve as reliable and authentic reference studies for the students of the Disaster Management course, where availabilty of good books are very limited.

S K Ghosh CCF, Bangalore.

Good Initiative Very informative 'Disaster Management and Development' magazine is very informative.

Sharad Yadav, MP New Delhi.

Heading for a Great Magazine I have gone through the Jan & Feb editions of DMD. It is quite obvious that DMD is heading for a great magazine on disaster management in a short span of time. Both the editorials are great and focused on issues. Disaster management act & policies and its details can also be included as regular column for education of all the stakeholders.

Since DRR is motto of magazine, so articles on this topic will really make it much more goal oriented. The "early warning alarm" indicates the technological development in the focused area. Similar articles can be regularly added in the magazine.

In Feb-11 issue "Paradise Lost" is excellent article covers a lot of things. Himalaya is also a must article for this issue which is quite interesting to read. All the articles of this issue are covered from different places of India & abroad make this magazine very interesting.

You can make it a great journal which can be followed in educational institutes in future.

Vikram Malviya GM, BSNL, Indore.

Magazine will serve as Authentic Reference I have meticulously gone through the

Disaster Management & Development (DMD) is very good and quite informative.

Congrats for the initiation and making the stakeholders to understand the realty at the grass root level.

Looking forward for better networking and thus for a healthy and eco-friendly environment.

N. LAKSHMI NARAYANA Director GEO REHAB CENTRE, Hyderabad.

Crucial Begining Understanding disaster and disaster management in India is an evolving subject and practice. Disaster Management and development magazine of PGVS is a very crucial initiative/ begining in this regard.

I feel there should be a column for NGO's work on Disaster Management / DRR. We may see disaster from different perspective like Anthropology, Sociology or Economics. Sphere and popularisation of Disaster Management Act 2005, Policy 2009 and different guidelines may also be given space.

I wish you all success in taking the knowledge and learning on this particular subject to the entire country.

R. Jhon Suresh Kumar Christian Aid, New Delhi.

Congratulations I heartily congratulate to PGVS team for their new venture (Disaster Management & Development Magazine). Its a great initiative by your side and it is highly beneficial for the community.

Malaya Shukla Disaster Management Professional Gorakhpur.

4 Disaster Management & Development • March

2011

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World Strong Earthquake in New Zealand At least 100 people have died and more than 300 are missing after a powerful earthquake struck the southern New Zealand city-Christchurch, collapsing buildings, burying vehicles under debris and sending rescuers scrambling to help people trapped under rubble.

The 6.3-magnitude quake struck the country's second largest city recently. It was Christchurch’s second major tremor in five months, and New Zealand’s deadliest natural disaster for 80 years.

Power and water was cut and hundreds of dazed, screaming and crying residents wandered through the streets as sirens blared throughout Christchurch in the aftermath of the quake, which was centred three miles from the city. The US Geological Survey said the tremor occurred at a depth of 2.5 miles.

The multi-storey Pyne Gould Guinness Building, having more than 200 workers, has collapsed with an unknown number of people trapped inside.

Climate Change Doubling Risk of Flooding A recent study conducted by Oxford university on Climate change impact on floods in UK shows clearly that even at current levels, greenhouse gases are significantly increasing the likelihood of extreme weather events in UK. Thousands of homes were damaged by the floods in 2000, causing huge inconvenience, distress and cost to those affected. This rigorous climate modelling has shown that even existing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are significantly increasing the risk of such floods - indeed most models showed that the risk has already been nearly doubled.

The study is the first to quantify a link between rising greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere and extreme weather events. The floods of the Autumn of 2000 were the wettest on record in the UK with damage to more than 10,000 homes and businesses and an insurance pay-out of £1.3 billion.

This research establishes a methodology that can answer the question about how the odds of particular weather events may be altering. Environmental campaigners highlighted the recent droughts in Russia and China and widespread flooding in Australia and Pakistan as extreme weather that may also be linked to climate change.

Floods in Australia Affects 2 Lac People A series of floods hit Australia, in last couple of months, primarily in the state of Queensland including its capital city, Brisbane. The floods forced the evacuation of thousands of people from towns and cities. Approximately seventy towns and more than 200,000 people were affected. As per reports damage initially was estimated at around A$1 billion.

Three-quarters of the state of Queensland was declared a disaster zone. Communities along the Fitzroy and Burnett Rivers were particularly hard hit, while the Condamine, Ballone and Mary Rivers recorded substantial flooding. An unexpected flash flood raced through Toowoomba's central business district before devastating communities in the Lockyer Valley. A few days later thousands of houses in Ipswich and Brisbane were inundated as the Brisbane River rose and Wivenhoe Dam used a considerable proportion of its flood mitigation capacity. Volunteers were quick to offer assistance.

As per sources, the floods killed more than 45 people in Queensland. The Queensland floods were followed by Victorian floods which saw more than fifty communities in western and central Victoria also grapple with significant flooding.

Floods in Sri Lanka: One Million People Displaced One third of Sri Lanka was underwater in the aftermath of recent violent floods that have forced hundreds of thousands of residents to evacuate their homes.

This is a natural disaster of historic pro-

portions and is the result of a combination of deadly natural disasters that have converged on the island country simultaneously. The east coast has been the hardest hit, as unusually heavy monsoons have dumped almost 7 feet of rain in less than two weeks. Roads were completely submerged, further complicating evacuation procedures.

The country's food supply has also been imperiled by the flooding as rising waters have submerged almost a quarter of Sri Lanka's paddy lands, with another third still at risk. Food supplies are severely limited, as large populations have been cut off from supply routes.

At least 23 people have died as a direct result of the flooding but officials fear that figure will rise sharply with the relentless flooding, food shortages and the outbreak of water-borne diseases.

M or e T han 444 Dead After Flood in Brazil As per agency reports more than 444 are dead after massive flooding and mudslides in Brazil, after heavy rain in the rocky in the Serrana region. The area, located north of Rio de Janeiro, received 10 inches of rain (a month's worth) in just 24 hours.

It was the worst natural disaster to impact Brazil in about forty years, sources said. According to the Civil Defense agency, in excess of 13,500 people have become homeless due to the recent events. Debris from destroyed houses is littered across the area.

Only few rescue workers have been able to assist the people in the affected area, as transportation to the area is difficult.

States neighboring the area have also been impacted by heavy rain and mudslides; mudslides kill hundreds of Brazilians every year.

Disaster Management & Development • March 2011 5

Cover Story

Photo-Dev Srivastava

WATER A Disaster in Making?

Dr. Bhanu rowing pollution in our rivers in general and Ganga and Gomti rivers in particular has reached an alarming proportion and if serious measures were not taken immediately these rivers which are considered as life lines in major parts may turn out to be watery grave for human beings.

Though the government has an oversized plan in shape of the Ganga Action Plan (GAP)and the Yamuna Action Plan(YAP) for last many decades to help check the pollution level in the two rivers but these have simply failed to yield any result.

Such worse is the situation in these rivers that the Allahabad High Court has recently observed that the water in the Ganga was not even fit for bathing as "it has reached to a dangerously polluted level".To check the pollution level we ourselves have taken several steps .

We have sent Gomti River's water sample to Govt. of India's famous testing laboratory The Industrial and Toxicological Research Centre (ITRC,

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Lucknow)in January 2011, for testing its quality. It was found that the Fecal Coliform count is more than 1600 (which is otherwise below 500 to say it is fit for bathing). It is Fecal coliform which is a measurement of human and animal waste in water.

Do we know that Ganga river water which is considered most holy for hindu believers is dangerously polluted. It is an irony that a toxic cocktails in Ganga - and throughout the entire Indian river system is being observed.

A sample of Raw water of Ganga at Rudauli Pumping Station, Varanasi, was sent to State Health Institute UP, Aliganj, Lucknow on 29-09-10. The report of the institute dated 25-102010 says that it is highly and unsatisfactorly polluted.

Officials in the Varanasi Municipal Corporation collected water samples for six days continuously 14th to 20th Jan. 2011 and have found that its colour is blakish yellow with skin and flesh floating. Noticing this the sample was sent to Municipal corporation, Varansi, Laboratory. The report of 22nd January 2011 says that water is very highly turbid with 40 to 45 NTU level and polluted at unsatisfactory level.

6 Disaster Management & Development • March 2011

The fecal-coliform readings in Ganga River at Varanasi Ghats is more than 15,000 times of the accepted Indian level for human bathing (Swatcha Ganga Abhiyan). And yet millions bathe in Varanasi and elsewhere along the 2,525 kilometer waterway. They usually know nothing about the potential dangers they face from this level of pollution. Because nobody has told them. It was stated by researchers, almost 20 years back that India, the land of holy rivers, is fast becoming a land of highly polluted or even toxic rivers." (Gupta et al., 1993).

We know that the Planet Earth is abundantly supplied with water. No other planet has water which is essential for Human life and vegetation. Our scientists are searching for water to manage life on other planets atleast since last four decades but yet success is in waiting. It is believed that next world war may be due to scarcity of water.

We also know that Oceans cover70 per cent of the earth's surface with 97 per cent of the total water but that all is salted water. Only 2.5 per cent of the water is fresh. The salt water volume on earth is 1348 Million BCM whereas fresh is just 37.5 Million BCM only.

Fresh Water Sources are very few like Polar ice and Glaciers which is 28.2 Million BCM flows through rivers which are being polluted in the name of development (bad to worse), Ground Water 3.7 Million BCM (which is depleting fast and being polluted, a

Cover Story criminal act), Deep Ground Water {800 - 4000 M deep (being drained very fast, in the name of heavy industrialisation to fetch the international market or permission to multinationals)} 4.7 Million BCM, Lakes and Rivers 0.12 Mllion BCM and Soil Moisture and Atmospheric Vapour is 0.70 Million BCM. Where is our futuristic vision?

It is believed that India has a bright future for development. We all know that no development process can be managed without water, so for more development we need more water, with more pollution of water.

Approximately 70 percent of india's population is already facing water related challenges. Inspite of our best efforts at national and state level the ground water table of our cities and high agriculture production area are going down at a very fast pace.

We keep telling that most of the problems are due to climate change, Govts are doing their best and Citizens are helpless. What a common

person is doing to address the changing climate situation. Inspite of all Policies and Acts on water and related subjects, I would say none of us are sincere about our survival on earth and do not think holistically on water management related issues. We must spell out our roles and responsibilities and adhere to it in today's climate changing situation.

Let's see some water related facts for india, is it not horrifying? (as per www.water.org): 3.575 million people die each year from water-related diseases 43% of water-related deaths are due to diarrhoea.

84% of water-related deaths are in children ages 0 - 14.

98% of water-related deaths occur in the developing world.

884 million people, lack access to safe water supplies, approximately one in eight people.

The water and sanitation crisis claims more lives through disease than any war claims through guns.

At any given time, half of the world's hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from a waterrelated disease.

Less than 1% of the world's fresh water (or about 0.007% of all water on earth) is readily accessible for direct human use.

Sustainable water management in India is a necessity,the lack of which is threatening the security and livelihood of the population and the environment.

Growing population pressures and increased development have led to higher pollution, over-exploitation and a degradation of the natural environment. Ineffective government policy and economic incentives have only encouraged the unsustainable use of water resources in the past few decades. Managing water resources will require a holistic approach that will address the pressures arising from various sources, including the agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors.

(DA)

Disaster Management & Development • March 2011 7

Cover Story Water Crisis by 2020 - World Bank Warning for India We all know that India is expected to experience a severe water crisis by 2020 with the per capita availability of water projected to be less than 1,000 cubic metres. We use approximately 85 per cent of water for agriculture, 10 per cent for industry and five per cent for domestic use.

Ten years back world bank report mentioned that by the year 2020, major Indian cities may run dry.

Severe water shortage had already led to a growing number of conflicts across the country, with 90 per cent of India's territory served by inter-state rivers. India's water problem is primarily due to mismanagement of water resources.

Climate change is worsening the situation by causing erratic and unpredictable weather, which could drastically diminish the supply of water coming from rainfall and glaciers.

Unfortunately we are not still ready to accept the reality of depleting groundwater reserves in India.

A team of researchers led by Matthew Rodell of the Hydrological Sciences Branch of NASA recently

Indian River Systems he rivers in any country play an important role in the lives of people. The river systems provide irrigation, potable water, cheap transportation, electricity, and the livelihoods for a large number of people all over the country. This easily explains why nearly all the major cities of India are located by the banks of rivers. The rivers also have an important role in Hindu mythology and are considered holy by all Hindus in the country.

Some major rivers along with their numerous tributaries make up the river systems. Most of the rivers pour their waters into the Bay of Bengal; however, some of the rivers whose courses take them through the western part of the empty into the Arabian Sea. Parts of Ladakh, northern parts of the Aravalli range and the arid parts of the Thar Desert have inland drainage.

Major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds: 1. The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges.

2. Vindhya and Satpura ranges and Chotanagpur plateau in central India.

3. Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India.

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measured just how severe the situation is for the states of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana (including Delhi).

The results were published in August 2009, in the online edition of the science magazine Nature. According to these results, the water table in these regions is dropping by 17.7 + 4.5 cubic kilometres annually. During the August 2002-October 2008 study period, the groundwater loss was 109 cubic kilometres. This corresponds to twice the volume of India's largest surface water reservoir.

It is believed that approximately one billion people (one sixth of the world's population) in the world do not have access to safe water. About 1.8 million people died every year as a result of diseases caused by unclean water and poor sanitation.

Water crisis is affecting agriculture with a sharp decline in agricultural production, which may negate all of the previous efforts of food security. India may become a net importer of grain, which will have a huge effect on global food prices, as well as the global supply of food. A rise in food prices will aggravate poverty because people will have to spend larger portions of their

income on food.

In addition to devastating the agricultural sector of India's economy, the water crisis will have a big effect on India's industrial sector, possibly stagnating many industries.

Groundwater Overuse and Contamination Groundwater accounts for over 80% of the rural domestic water supply and 45% of the irrigation water supply in India, although current estimates indicate that only 30% of the total potential groundwater reserves are being exploited (World Bank 1999, MOWR 2000). Nevertheless, greater reliance on groundwater resources is leading to the depletion of aquifers around the country. Already, areas in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and the Deccan States are seeing rapid decreases in the groundwater levels (World Bank 1999). Unsustainable levels of groundwater extraction lead to the overall depletion in water resources over time, particularly where withdrawal rates exceed the replenishment rate of the aquifer.

Currently over 10% of blocks classified by the Central Groundwater Board have been identified as being over-

1-Ganga River System The Ganga and its tributaries like Yamuna, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi and Son etc, have been left out of the list which actually formulates the biggest cultivable plains of north and eastern India, known as the Gangetic plains.

The main river, the holy Ganga forms by the joining of Alaknanda and Andha. Ganga starts from Gangotri glaciers in the Himalayas and flows from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, and then enters West Bengal and Bangladesh. It ultimately ends in the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh, where it is known as Padma.

Beas The Beas originates in Bias Kund, lying near the Rohtang pass. It runs past Manali and Kulu, where its beautiful valley is known as the Kulu valley.

It joins the Sutlej river near Harika, after being joined by a few tributaries.

The total length of the river is 615 flowing west, It enters India in the ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. It forms a picturesque gorge in this part.

Chenab The Chenab originates from the confluence of two rivers, the Chandra and the Bhaga. It is also known as the Chandrabhaga in Himachal Pradesh.

It runs parallel to the Pir. It enters the plains of Punjab near Akhnur and is later joined by the Jhelum. It is further joined by the river Ravi and the Sutlej in Pakistan.

2-Indus River System The Indus River originates in the northern slopes of the Kailash range near Lake Mansarovar in Tibet.

Although most of the river's course runs through neighboring Pakistan, a portion of it does run through Indian territory, as do parts of the courses of its five major tributaries, listed below.

These tributaries are the source of the name of the Punjab region of South Asia; the name is derived from the Persian words Punj ("five") and aab ("water"), hence the combination of the words (Punjab) means "five waters" or "land of five waters".

8 Disaster Management & Development • March 2011

Jhelum The Jhelum originates in the southeastern part of Kashmir(INDIA), in a spring known as verinag.

Ravi The Ravi originates near the Rothang pass in the Himalayas and follows a north-westerly course. It turns to the south-west, near Dalhousie, and then

Cover Story exploited and blocks where exploitation is beyond the critical level have been increasing at a rate of 5.5% each year (World Bank 1999).

Contamination of groundwater from leaching of agro-chemicals and trace minerals has led to a reduction in the utilizable water supply in many areas and threatened the health of both humans and the natural environment.

Groundwater pollution is particularly insidious since the effects are not immediate owing to the slow progression of water through the subsurface.

Contamination of the water table is also almost irreversible.

Despite this, most of India's groundwater reserves are considered safe for human consumption, although some aquifers are contaminated with naturally occurring minerals such as arsenic, iron, sulfur and fluoride.

Arsenic contamination has plagued parts of West Bengal and Bangladesh and has led to severe illness among the population, while high levels of fluoride have affected the health of nearly half a million Indians (MOWR 2000).

Indian Govt. and all states must cuts a gorge in the Dhaola Dhar range entering the Punjab plain near Madhopur. It flows as a part of the Indo-Pakistan border for some distance before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab river.

Sutlej (Satluj) The Sutlej originates from the Rakas Lake (Rakshas Tal), which is connected to the Manasarovar lake by a stream in Tibet. It enters Pakistan near Sulemanki, and is later joined by the Chenab. It has a total length of almost 1500 km.

3-Brahmaputra River System The Brahmaputra originates in the Mansarovar lake, also the source of the Indus and the Sutlej. It is slightly longer than the Indus, but most of its course lies outside India. In China, it flows eastward, parallel to the Himalayas by the name of Tsang-Po. Reaching Namcha Barwa (2900m), it takes a U-turn around it and enters India in Arunachal Pradesh and known as Dihang.

4-Narmada River System The Narmada' or Nerbudda is a river in central India.It forms the traditional boundary between North India and

make whole hearted effort to avoid this dark future by strong measures immediately - start conserving water, begin to harvest rainwater, treat wastes (human, agricultural, and industrial) effectively, and regulate how much

water can be drawn out of the ground.

Lets adopt and popularize these practices and save water crisis.

South India, and is a total of 1,289 km (801 mi) long. Of the major rivers of peninsular India, only the Narmada, Tapti and Mahi run from east to west.

Narmada originates from Amarkantak.

7-Krishna River System The Krishna is one of the longest rivers of India (about 1300 km in length). It originates at Mahabaleswar in Maharashtra and meets the sea in the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi in Andhra Pradesh. The Krishna River flows through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

5-Taapi(Tapti) River System The Taapi is the ancient name of the river now called "Tapti" of central India. It is one of the major rivers of peninsular India with the length of around 724 km, It rises in the eastern Satpura Range of southern Madhya Pradesh state, before emptying into the Gulf of Cambay of the Arabian Sea, in the State of Gujarat.

6-Godavari River System The river with second longest course within India, Godavari is often referred to as the Vriddh (Old) Ganga or the Dakshin (South) Ganga. The river is about 1,450 km (900 miles) long. It rises at Triambakeshwar, near Nasik and Mumbai in Maharashtra around 380 km distance from the Arabian Sea, and empties into the Bay of Bengal. At Rajahmundry, 80 km from the coast, the river splits into two streams(Vasista which flows to Narsapur & Gautami which flows to other side pasarlapudi) thus forming a very fertile river delta.

(References from - wikipedia, ganga swachhata abhian, water portal and ministry of water resources, world bank reports.)

8-Kaveri River System The Kaveri (also spelled Cauvery or Kavery) is one of the great rivers of India and is considered sacred by the Hindus. This is the holy river of south Indians. The headwaters are in the Western Ghats range of Karnataka state, and from Karnataka through Tamil Nadu. It empties into the Bay of Bengal.

9-Mahanadi River System The Mahanadi River Delta in India is a basin of deposit that drains large land mass of the Indian subcontinent into the Bay of Bengal. The Mahanadi River flows slowly for 560 miles (900 km) and has an estimated drainage area of 51,000 square miles (132,100 square km). It deposits more silt than almost any other river in the Indian subcontinent.

Disaster Management & Development • March 2011 9

Special Report

Ganga Fettered ivers are not simply rivers, but they are our cultural life lines. Crystal clear water of rivers, fertile land on either side and island inside them,

By Anil Prakash living beings, plants and vegetation and millions and millions of human being, laughing and singing and shedding tears of sorrow, all taking together constitute the world of rivers. Men tried to fetter these rivers and construct dams and barrages over them for progress. But the rivers want to break these fetters, as if they are giving a message to mankind to break the fetters of slavery, and to live a free and natural life.

It is not that the rivers are wild and impertinent. They have their own discipline. Whenever obstructions are put to them or they are polluted, they break their self restraint.

The Farakka Barrage is one of the most debated river management projects though for reasons which have nothing to do with either environmental or demographic reasons. Built primarily to serve the twin purpose of regulating the amount of Ganga water to flow out from the Indian territory into Bangladesh (East Pakistan then); and to ensure that sufficient water is diverted to Hooghly river to enable the regular flushing of silt at Calcutta port, the Farakka Barrage has been more often mired in controversy as India and Bangladesh have disagreed over the share of Ganga water between the two countries. While in the recent past,

R

some efforts have been made to resolve this contentious dispute between the two nations, no thought has been spared so far on the long term impact the barrage has already caused and continues to do on an ongoing basis.

Though the Farakka Barrage was

The Farakka Barrage is one of the most debated river management projects though for reasons which have noth ing to do with either environ mental or demographic rea sons. Built primarily to serve the twin purpose of regulating the amount of Ganga water to flow out from the Indian territory into Bangladesh commissioned in 1975, work on the project had been going on for long.

The structure of the Barrage was completed as early as 1971 but the feeder canal which diverts water to the Bhagirathi river (as the Hooghly is called at this point) was completed only in 1975. By this time however, the cost of the project had escalated and when it was finally completed, the Farakka Barrage cost the nation Rs. 156.49 crore. The cruel irony is that since its commissioning, the Farakka Barrage has cost the nation much more but leave alone calculating the total cost, barring a handful, no one is even willing to concede the fact that the Barrage has caused irreversible harm to environment and society.

10 Disaster Management & Development • March 2011

The Farakka Barrage was greatly modelled on the lines of the Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC)- one of the first major riverine projects undertaken by the Central government under the influence of Nehruvian model. Both the DVC and the Bhakra project in the northern India were reflective of the government's viewpoint that river management projects in India needed to be modelled on western lines - with its emphasis on large dams. In fact, plans for the DVC had already been drawn up by the British before independence during Lord Wavell's tenure as Governor General. The entire project was modelled on the lines of the Tennessee Valley Authority of America and its Chief Engineer was actually appointed by the government of Independent India as the Chief Administrator of the DVC. When the DVC was planned and work on its was initiated in the early 1950s, the government was lavish on its claims regarding the benefits from the project. For eastern India, the DVC was considered to be a panacea to several problems in areas of power, irrigation and flood control. But as experience later showed, the claims had been falsely made on all fronts: the DVC in fact, made more areas in West Bengal prone to flood than before; the project's utility in irrigation programmes was minimal.

Faulty Projections By the late 1950s evidence was mounting that the projections made by the planners of the DVC had got it all wrong. The greatest demerit in the DVC was the sharp decline in the discharge capacity of Damodar river: from a level of 50,000 cusecs in 1954, the figure touched abysmal level of 20,000 cusecs. By 1959, the depth of

Special Report Calcutta port had declined considerably after the construction of the Maithon and Panchet dams. The discharge capacity of several other rivers in the region like Jalonshi, Churni, Mayurakshi, Ajal, and Roopnarayan also declined greatly and further contributed to the rising bed of the Hooghly. The situation slowly started reaching the point of no return and by the late 1950s, large ships stopped coming to Calcutta port and instead opted for Diamond Harbour.

These facts were not hidden from the policy makers and planners when work on the Farakka Barrage was initiated. Yet, they chose to remain myopic and contended that the Barrage would flush out silt and mud from the Hooghly and thereby it would be possible to reclaim Calcutta port.

What was ignored was the fact that till the DVC project had been initiated, the problem of Hooghly not getting desilted had never risen because of the nature and timing and force of the floods in the Damodar and Roopnarayan rivers. But, once various dams came up in the course of the DVC, these rivers lost their capacity to flush the Hooghly thereby jeopardising Calcutta port.

The Farraka Barrage was thus intended to correct a wrong step.

However, as events have proved, the step taken to correct a previous wrong move also turned out to be a faulty and unwise decision. However, it is not discordant notes were not sounded when the Farakka Barrage was initially planned: they were only not heeded.

Kapil Bhattacharya, an engineer in West Bengal contended that the amount of water that could be diverted from the Farakka Barrage into the Bhagirathi, would not be sufficient to flush the Hooghly to the level that Calcutta could once again be used as a port. He also suggested that the DVC should be modified in a manner so that water from river Roopnarayan flows into the Hooghly which would ensure regular flushing of the river.

Regarding the Farakka Barrage, Bhattacharya further said that the project would reduce the water carrying capacity of the Hooghly and thereby make more areas in West Bengal prone to floods. He had further cautioned that there would be heavy silt accumulation even in river Padma on the Bangladesh side of the border and this would further make areas on the right bank of Padma flood prone.

Creating Problems at both Upstream and Downstream An alarming development has been the steady decline of the Ganga's depth. In 1975, when the barrage was commissioned, the depth of the river at the barrage was 75 feet. In March 1997 when I visited the area with some friends, we were shocked to find that the depth of the river was only 13 feet. In effect, this means that the bed of Ganga had risen by 62 feet in the past years. Latest report shows that Ganga has become a havoc and it goes on increasing year after year at Malda and Murshidabad districts.

Auctually the Ganga river system has a total sedimelt yield of approximately 624 cubic km a year, and transports more than 4 percent of the world's fluviatile sediment. The Ganga used to be desilted up to 150 feet during flood season every year. On constrution of Farakka barrage natural flushing of the the sediment has been obstructed.

This alarming development has led to untold misery to the people of Gangetic region of West Bangal, Bihar and Eastern UP as the level of the bed of all tributaries of Ganga has risen steadily. As a result, thousands of Chaurs (lowlands) that previously used to remain flooded only during the monsoons, now remain submerged under water for as long as ten months.

The problem of constant water logging not only leads to possibilities of the outbreak of infectious diseases, but also causes unfathomed economic and social miseries on the people in these regions. Due to this the nature of the soil becomes alkaline and already lacs of acres of once fertile land in Bihar have now turned totally barren.

The fertility of the Gangetic plain is a cruel image of yesteryears.

While the problem of submergence

as a result of the Farakka Barrage is acutely felt upstream of the barrage, the problem is one of being washed away downstream of the barrage. As the water discharged into the Bhagirathi and the Padma is devoid of any silt, the water tends to cut into the land more sharply than in the past. As a result the problem of soil erosion is being very acutely felt in villages and towns on the banks of the Bhagirathi.

Depletion of Fish Resources Besides water pollution, river management projects also wreak havoc among the fishes living in these waters. These projects adversely affect the fishes which are migratory in nature. Dams and barrages act as barriers in their migratory paths and several species have either already become extinct or are facing extinction as they breed in a particular type of water while inhabiting in a different sort. The Farakka barrage has over the years acted as a barrier to the migration of marine fishes leading to the near absence of several popular varieties in the entire northern India.

As the waters of several rivers of northern states directly or indirectly flow into the Ganga, there is a similarity in the types of fishes found in the rivers. There are many fishes ( for instance prawn) that inhabit in fresh water but breed in marine water.

Likewise, there are other species - like Hilsa - that inhabit in marine water, but have migrated upstream to breed. The Ganga once used to have plenty of Hilsas but this has changed as the fish is no longer able to breed leading to the near extinction of the Hilsas in the Ganga upstream of the Farakka Barrage.

In fact, it is not just a question of Hilsa alone, but there has been a substantial drop in the fish population on Disaster Management & Development • March 2011 11

Risk the entire Ganga. Prior to the barrage, during monsoon, there used to be a very high population of eggs and spawns in this stretch of Ganga. After catering to the local needs (there is great demand for fish in Bihar and eastern UP) a substantial amount of eggs, prawns and different varieties of fishes used to send to other states.

Today barely about 25 per cent of the local demand is met by the fish caught in this stretch and for the rest; the people have to depend on fish caught in other states.

It has been estimated that there has been an overall decline of 80 per cent in the entire population of fish upstream of the Farakka Barrage.

Large fishes, once found in abundance in the Ganga and its tributaries are no longer available and millions of traditional fishermen who have made their living for generations by catching fish now face destitution. What had previously been a close relationship between the fishermen and local customers have now been replaced by a cold system comprising air-conditioned trucks and ice-laden crates of fish brought in by large companies from other states like Andhra Pradesh.

This not only makes the market more cash driven, but also alienates traditional fishermen from their ancestral profession in a situation where they do not have the training to do other jobs.

The Farakka Barrage has adversely effected the ecology and economy of Bangladesh too. Before 1975 Ganga used to flush out the Padma basin in Bangladesh and spread the alluvial soil in agricultural fields. But the barrage has disrupted this natural process. Now tides of the sea fill sand in the bed of padma and fields around it. Lakes and ponds are filled with saline water. The ground water lavel fallen down resulting in drying up the shallow tube wells and power pumps.

The Barrage has caused serious damage to land and populace both upstream and downstream of the barrage. Corrective measures are called for immediately and if not taken then there are portents of much greater havoc both to the people and to the land. A detailed inter-disciplinary team need to be appointed that can study at length the problems that have surfaced on account of the barrage and suggest measures that can be initiated to reverse the process of the damage.

Sand Excavation A Threat to Yamuna Pranjal Sharma From Allahabad

U

nhindered excavation of sand from basins of the Yamuna river in Allahabad has posed a serious threat to hundreds of villages in its vicinity because larger the excavation the greater is the risk of these villages being washed away due to changing course of the river. The law enforcers have turned a blind eye towards plight of villagers who have

because the powerful lobby has roped in machines and loaders for purpose of sand mining.

The Allahabad high court has even directed the state government to immediately put a blanket ban on use of machines for sand mining purposes but the ground reality is that machines are being used, thanks to a cartel of sand mafia, mining department officials and the police. A team of People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) has visited a few of the

T h e Alla h a b a d h ig h c o u r t h a s e v e n d ir e c t e d t h e s t a t e g o v ernment to immediately put a blanket ban on use of m a c h in e s f o r s a n d m in in g p u r p o s e s b u t t h e g r o u n d r e a lit y is t h a t m a c h in e s a r e b e in g u s e d t h a n k s t o a c a r t e l o f s a n d mafia, mining department officials and the police. held several demonstrations in this connection.

The powerful sand mafia lobby which is led by former legislators of the Samajwadi Party (Vijma Yadav) and the BJP (Udai Bhan Karwaria) has formed a cartel involving officials and law enforcers. As a result of this nexus, excavation on a large scale is going on in Yamuna basins exposing locals not only to risk of being washed away but they have also been deprived of their right to livelihood

(The writer is known for his Ganga Mukti Aandolan in Bihar)

12 Disaster Management & Development • March 2011

villages recently and found the rules were being broken with impunity in this connection.

"The High Court has directed the government to put a ban on use of machines for mining of sand but these are being used on a large scale. We have lodged a complaint with the local administration but no action has been taken so far," said Mr K.K.Rai, an activist of the PUCL. Rai and many of his co activists recently visited the Nanda ka Pura village on the banks of

Risk the Yamuna and found that the village was on the verge of being marooned owing to changing course of the swirling river following continued excavation from the river bed. "The villagers who were largely dependent on mining for their livelihood have been rendered jobless because machines and boulders were being used for excavation. ,"said Padma Singh, an activist of the PUCL. Though officially it is being said that machines and boulders were not being used for mining purposes on the river bed but sources confirmed that both Karwaria and Vijma Yadav were respectively using three and one boulders while local police and the mining department officials are not ready to accept the blatant violation of the Allahabad High Court verdict."We have made it sure that none could use machines for mining purposes on the Yamuna river basin and our men are patrolling the area regularly to help check any irregularity," claimed Swadesh Singh, an official in the local Mining department.

The legal position as far as sand mining is concerned is that it is covered as a minor mineral for which the Uttar Pradesh government has made specific rules .These clearly state that mining shall be done through mining leases only and no one will acquire in respect of any mining mineral ,one or more mining leases covering a total area of not more than 30 acres of land (Section 10 of UP Minor Mineral (concession) Rules,1963.

And, with regard to preferential right for such leases, it is stated to be reserved for persons of socially and educationally backward communities: traditionally engaged in excavation of sand/morrum for their livelihood. But on the ground zero, just the opposite is being practiced. The cartel of Vijma Yadav and that of Karwaria have grabbed almost all mining leases to their kitty with fake names and both areusing machines.

Activists of the All India Kamgar Mazdoor Sabha have held a major demonstration outside the collectorate a few days back demanding immediate ban and for some days there was the let up in the situation and now it is back to square one.

"We have see it with ourselves that large scale excavation has caused a serious damage to the river bed to the

extent that the Yamuna which hardly changes its course unlike the mean-

Activists of the All India Kamgar Mazdoor Sabha have held a major demon stration outside the collec torate a few days back demanding immediate ban and for some days there was the let up in the situa tion and now it is back to square one. dering the Ganga river, is set to change course here in Allahabad. And this means a watery grave for thousands of villagers but none is ready to take any step in this connection." Said Saheb lal Nishad of the PUCL. The previous Mulayam Singh Yadav government had dealt the severest blow to the fate of the Yamuna Rivers seven years back when it amended the existing land Mining Act and withdrew the mandatory 30 acres tiling limit. Such has been the unity amongst the corrupt officials of the mines department that they refused to part with copies of the new Government Order (GO) .Only later, it was revealed that the new GOs issued by the Mulayam Singh Yadav government have done away with the entire reservation clause (9A) and the 30 acres lease limit on June 22, 2004. Though it

has retained in one line elsewhere permit to take lease will be given only to those traditionally engaged in mining for their livelihood.

It, however, could not be clarified when the government had undone the limitation of not permitting machines.

Later of course, probably because the Supreme Court judgment on the issue, another GO issued on October 16, 2004 again brought back the list of reserved castes which are traditionally engaged in excavation of sand for their livelihood. The original clause 9 A stood scrapped and this has been used by officials concerned to grant largesse to big contractors in general and Uday Bhan Karwaria and Vijma Yadav in particular.

The minor mineral rules also cover the excavation of gravel and building boulders which involves lakhs of workers in entire hilly and rocky areas of the Shankargarh block and in fact the entire state. Here too the same rules of reservation should apply and leases should be given for those traditionally engaged in the work. But here too, it is the big fish who hold sway and the fight is longer as the specific right of being traditionally engaged needs to be established. The real situation here is so bad that these workers are not getting plots for dwellings and those who have some land are not permitted to mine the stones and sell it in order to make the land tillable.

Disaster Management & Development • March 2011 13

Ecosystem

SUNDERBAN

Heading Towards Extinction Reeta Tewari From Sunderban

T

he Largest river delta and the largest home of the Royal Bengal Tigers-Sunderbans, is rapidly moving towards the verge of extinction. The Latest report of intergovernmental panel on climate change(IPCC) has also confirmed the findings of the local researchers in Kolkata. They say that the situation is very serious and the islands are sinking in to the Bay of Bengal. The Researchers at the School of Oceanographic studies, Jadavpur University has been studying the phenomenon since last 6 years.

According to the studies the sea -level is rising at the rate of 3.14 mm annually. And if the government does not initiate concrete steps, the 15 percent of land in this endangered Delta will sink in to the sea within next 13 years.

The world has apparently lost its first habituated island in sunderbansLohachara, due to global warming and pressure from humans. Now, another island-Ghoramara also is moving towards same fate. Director of the institute Sugat Hazra says Ghoramara has been reduced in size by 41 per cent since 1969, displacing 7,000 islanders over the past 30 years. The researchers predict small piece of land that still offers shelter and sustenance to some 5,400 largely marginal farmers, fishermen and daily labourers, might not last beyond 2020. In fact, they say in another 15 years the sea will lay claim to a dozen islands in the Sunderbans, six of which are populated, rendering about 70,000 people homeless. These predictions are part of a study researchers at the university have conducted over several years to assess the vulnerability of the ecologically sensitive Sunderbans island system due to global warming.

The institution had initially predicted a similar scenario in 2003, and now confirms the findings, compiled by its researchers between 2001 and 2006.

In the last six years, the thickly populated Sagar Islands has lost around 4 square kilometres of land. According to the findings, other islands in the

land-loss assessment are Dalhousie (3.2 sq km), Bulcheri (2.7 sq km), Jambudeep (1.1 sq km), Ghoramara (0.6 sq km) and Bhangaduani (3.7 sq km). "The observations are being matched with available mathematical models on climate change," the institute's director, Sugata Hazra, said.

"Given the current rate of erosion and sea-level rise, the ongoing decay can have severe consequences over a century." Unlike the islands of Lohachara and Bedford (with an area of over 6 sq km) that sank completely two decades ago and left behind thousands of "environmental refugees", the other 12 islands would not get wiped out, the study says. However, the sea will continue eating into these islands at an alarming rate.

Sunderbans mangrove is the home of a number of endangered and globally threatened species. The Bengal Tiger and the fishing cat are getting effective protection here. The creeks of Sundarbans form the home of Estuarine Crocodile, Salvator Lizard (Water Monitor), River Terrapin and Horse Shoe or King Crab. This area serves as the nesting ground for endangered marine turtles like Olive Ridley, Green Turtle and Hawk's Bill Turtles. The aquatic endangered mammals like Genetic Dolphins thrive within mangrove creeks close to sea.

14 Disaster Management & Development • March 2011

Number of heronries form here during monsoon as well as during winter. It is home for Trans-Himalayan migratory birds.

The Sunderbans Tiger Reserve, created in 1973, was the part of the then 24-Pargans Division.

Subsequently the area comprising of the present tiger reserve was constituted as Reserve Forest in 1978. The total area of the Sunderbans is 9630 sq. km. out of which 4264 sq. km. bears mangrove forest. The area of the Reserve is 2585 sq. km. covering land area of 1600 sq. km. and water body over 985 sq. km.

Within this area 1330.12 sq. km. is designated as core area, which was subsequently declared as Sunderbans National Park in 1984. An area of 124.40 sq. km. within the core area is preserved as primitive zone to act as gene pool.

Within the buffer zone, Sajnekhali Wildlife sanctuary was created in 1976 covering an area of 362.335 sq. km.

Considering the importance of the biogeographic region of Bengalian River Forests and its unique biodiversity the National Park area of the Reserve was included in the list of World Heritage Sites in 1985. Whole Sunderbans area was declared as Biosphere Reserve in 1989.

Estimates suggest that without proper all-round intervention, the "endangered" islands will lose around 100 sq km. While governments from across the world continue to shrug off the climate report, for the inhabitants of the Sunderbans the disaster is already setting in. "The only way out is an integrated management plan," Hazra said. Researchers have also suggested that a plan be prepared for

Ecosystem

the gradual shifting of people.

The last frontier of the Bengal floodplains, the Sunderbans is a sprawling archipelago of several hundred islands, some large, some minuscule, stretching nearly 300 km between West Bengal and Bangladesh. It is part of the world's largest delta (80,000 sq km) formed from sediments deposited by three great riversthe Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna-as they empty into the Bay of Bengal, and is also among the world's largest mangrove forests.

Two-thirds of the nearby populated island Ghoramara is submerged. "It is just a matter of years before we lose this island too. Still, it is not too late to start as many more islands can be saved through visible interventions," Hazra says. But, he added that so far the government's response has been 'slow'. Already, 10,000 people in Sunderbans have been forced refugees with their land been eaten up by the rising sea.

A hundred years ago, Sunderbans

Solid approach is needed to save the Sunderbans Indian sub-continent is tilted geographically.

All the rivers are flowing towards East. The Western coast is also rising. But that is relatively low. But in the East the sediment is Dr. Sugat Hazra much more in to the delta by Ganges and the Brahmaputra.

So, the sea level is rising more than the global and the national average. Here, the relative rise is much more than the global average. The impact is double here as on the one hand the land is s u b s id is in g a n d o n t h e o t h e r t h e s e a level is rising.The government has made its National Action Plan, 2009 based on the mathematical average

was a marshy delta of 10,000 square miles, full of mangrove forests and infested with more than 15,000 tigers.

Now, the delta accounts for just 4,000 square miles mostly devoid of adequate foliage or forest cover and the number of tigers has come down to a paltry 280, approximately.

Recognised as a UNESCO world heritage site, this region's eco-balancing system is in danger from the rapidly rising sea. About a fifth of the southern part of the delta, the heart of the tiger reserve, is already submerged.

The prime villain behind it is global warming, the biggest challenge posing the threat of extinction. The Sunderbans are made up of over a hundred tiny islands. Most of them are uninhabited by humans. In addition to the Royal Bengal tiger, other wildlife includes spotted deer, wild boar, Oliver Ridley turtles, crocodiles, and, according to the Sunderbans Tiger Project, over 125 fish and 300 bird species. But owing to global warming, the rising seawater surface everyday causes coastal erosion, resulting in erosion of vegetation. The oncegreen, dense mangrove cover has been shrinking practically reducing it to decaying branches and threatens the very survival of the endangered big cats. Two islands are already submerged and the others are in a vulnerable condition. This makes the tiger easy prey for poachers. The tigresses too find it difficult to hide their cubs from male tigers that naturally try to eliminate the offspring. The loss of flora and fauna is also depleting the tigers' food sources. That could leave the big cats hungry.

The other side of the story is the declining area of jungles and the

growing human population in areas where wildlife was free to move about and lead a life of its own. Latest records show that every three years 0.1 per cent of the forest area is transformed into human habitat. This is also putting pressure on the lives of the animals and the natural resources in the area; thus incidents of humantiger conflict increase. The tigers of the Sunderbans regularly swim between the islands in search of food and sometimes stray into villages.

They are known to have killed at least 50 people over the last five years.

Environmentalists fear, if this goes on, the situation will become grave.

While the Royal Bengal tigers of the Sunderbans are facing a difficult situation owing to natural calamities, facts elsewhere in the country tell another story. A century ago, India could have boasted of 40,000 tigers. Till 2002, India was believed to be home to 40 per cent of the world tiger population, with 23 tiger reserves in 17 states. But according to the latest survey of the National Tiger Conservation Authority, the number has come down to a meagre 1,411. The alarming decline is blamed on two main developments poaching and urbanisation. At the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, poachers have almost cleaned out the big cats. While in areas like Bandhavgarh in Madhya Pradesh, a sharp drop in the number of tigers is because of encroachment on the forest. The Indian government, however, has now decided to create eight new tiger reserves. For the purpose, 200,000 people in 250 villages will be relocated. Each family will be given Rs 100,000. Still the alarm bells will continue to ring. Can we save the tigers?

that is 1.7 mm per year but here the rate of sea level rising is 12 mm per year. The govt has not taken account of the relative rise. So, they are unable to understand the graveness of the situation here. There should be a plan named saving Sunderbans like the saving Himalayas.

Till date we do not have any regulation/Policy about the rehabilitation or provision for any compassion for the environmental refugees. We will have 1.2 million environmental refuges till 2020. Already 2.3 million people are displaced by AILA. Till date 42 million people are unable to cultivate their land due to silt brought by AILA. A sociopolitical consensus is needed to improve the standard of living of the peoples of Sunderbans. They also have to change their mentality. They are fully dependent on the panchayat

or the local governance for any developmental work in the area. We are sitting on a slow death of the Sunderbans. But no one is serious.

What is needed now? There should be a coordinating ministry under an officer of the Chief Secretary level and it should be empowered by the PMO itself. The other thing is that Sunderbans should be brought under the administration of one district. The Sunderbans people should be educated enough to take other means of livelihood other than the agriculture and fishing. It is needed so that the next generation can do some other skilled work. After doing that we can evacuate the sinking island in next 10-15 years.

We should plan a gradual evacuation by 2020 from those sinking island. One more thing is needed to be done. There is a need to deforest the sinking island.

Disaster Management & Development • March 2011 15

Crisis

Kashmir Battles to Save Water Arif Shafi Wani From Srinagar

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lessed with gushing rivers and streams, Jammu and Kashmir possesses abundant water resources to support its agriculture sector which constitutes the main source of livelihood for majority of its population.

However, due to rapid melting of glaciers coupled with unbridled pollution and encroachments of its rivers and lakes-the major sources of water for irrigation and drinking, the people of the Himalayan state since past few years have been facing acute shortage of water.

The problem is compounded as the water which has suddenly emerged as a precious commodity in the State, is being drained and exploited for generation of power for neighboring states by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation. In this backdrop and to ensure judicious use of water, the Jammu Kashmir Legislative Assembly has recently passed a law to impose tax on the use of its water resources.

Thus J&K has become the first state in India to pass such law in its endeavour to save the water from extinction.

THREATENED LIFELINE Due to climate change and unabated human interventions, Kolhai one of the largest sources of fresh water in Kashmir, has shrunk nearly 18 percent in past three decades. Kolhai is also the largest sources of water in river Jhelum, which is considered to be a lifeline of Kashmir, as it bears the burden of supplying water for irrigation and drinking uses. The glaciers infuse fresh lease of waters into Jhelum throughout the year. But due to global warming, the major chunk of Kolhai has been melting with the onset of summer-affecting the water flow to Jhelum.

Jhelum is joined by four streams, Sundran, Brang, Arapath and Lidder in Islamabad district in south Kashmir.

Besides large aqueducts and small streams like Veshara and Rambiara also feed the River with fresh waters.

Spanning over 175 Sq Kms, the Jhelum meanders in a serpentine way from south to north Kashmir and final-

ly settles in Wullar, the Asia's largest freshwater lake, before pouring into Pakistan through Varmul.

The river has a tremendous importance for this place, not only for providing water for drinking and irrigation purposes, but also for draining the surplus waters, thus saving Kashmir from floods. In absence of any conservation measures, the Jhelum has been marred by extensive encroachments and inflow of domestic sewage.

Large heaps of cow dung, waste of slaughter and tanning units dumped on the slanting banks of Jhelum, are washed into the river polluting its waters with harmful elements like Nitrates, Phosphates, Sulphates and chlorides.

Experts underline that the toxic sewage of hospitals and dispensaries along the Jhelum has drastically affected its flora and fauna.

"This has caused Eutrophication of the Jhelum Recently, Azolla, an obnoxious weed, has been found in Jhelum, which is gradually chocking its tributaries. Government needs to work out a comprehensive action plan at its restoration," says Dr Abdul Majid Kak, an environmentalist.

UNEXPLOITED GROUND WATER Due to depleting surface water resources particularly Jhelum, the people of J & K have started to use the ground water for meeting their irrigation demands. Though the officials of the Central Ground Water Board maintain that the climate change has not yet drastically affected the ground water reserves in the State but they mince no words to point out low exploitation of the water resource.

J&K has 2.70 BCM Annual Replenishable Ground water resources and the net Annual Ground Water Availability is 2.43 BCM. But officials said the state is only using 14 percent of its ground water resources.

The figure is far below the "sustainable level" but experts are hopeful that it will increase to 25 per cent in next few years.

However, experts maintain that the depletion of annual rain and snowfall in the state due to climate change would lead to more stress and exploitation of ground water resources

16 Disaster Management & Development • March 2011

in coming years.

The former vice-chancellor of Shere-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Kashmir, Professor Anwar Alam maintains that the under-exploitation of ground water resources was also affecting the agriculture.

"The annual agriculture produce in Kashmir has been thirty percent less than the requirement. The yield could be increased by fully irrigating the cultivable agriculture land. But the paucity of electricity is also responsible for under-exploitation of ground water resources as it hampers the usage of tube-wells, pumps etc which could exploit ground water," Alam said.

The Chief Engineer Public Health and Engineering Department, Ghulam Rasool Zargar acknowledges that the ground water resources are not being fully exploited. "Due to abundant surface water reserves, Kashmir did not rely on ground water for irrigation purposes. The topography of the Kashmir is such that streams, lakes and rivers flow through breath and length of the Valley. We have started to build the infrastructure to conserve the water to prevent crisis. The central government has shown seriousness to the climate change in the Valley and assured to

Crisis water harvesting in the State. The treatment cost of potable water comes out to be 50 paisa per liter while as the government gets only one paisa from the consumers.

In view of climate change our water resources are depleting fast. We have been appealing the people to make judicious use of water which is a non renewable gift of nature," Taj said.

He said the Act empowers the Government to go tough against the people who make undue use of the water.

By virtue of the Act, the Central Government, under its policy, gets 30 percent of the O&M of a project back as revenue while in J&K this ratio is only one percent.

Last month, by virtue of the Act, Government released the bills to power project operatiog in the State.

The power projects have been issued notices to register themselves with the State Water Resources Regulatory Authority (SWRRA) within six months.

release funds to build the infrastructure for water conservation," he said.

THE ILL-EFFECTS The shortage of surface water has forced the farmers to switch over to multi-crop cultivation. The State suffered huge crop losses due to less rainfall and rising temperature in past four years causing over Rs 300 crore worth loss to the Agriculture and Horticulture sector.

In view of the losses, the Government was forced to lower its target on annual growth. Officials maintain that thousands of farmers in the state have suffered losses in past few years putting financial burden on the Government by extending relief to the affected.

"It is necessary that farmers, including horticulturists adopt latest techniques to tide over the affects of climate change on the crops and fruit production in the state in recent years," the Minister for Horticulture, Sham Lal Sharma said.

Sharma said the State will be procuring the hybrid varieties of the fruits to suit the changing climate of the Valley. "We will encourage farmers to cultivate Amla, Aloevera and other medicinal plants which have

great demand in the market and are suitable for the changing climatic conditions of the Valley," the minister added.

GOVT INITIATIVE The J & K Government last year passed the JK Water Resources (Regulation and Management) Act to control water supply, drainage, irrigation, improvement in the flow of water, floods, protection and management of dams.

Though the Act would bring every water user under its purview, the immediate idea is to make NHPC Ltd, the national hydro power utility, pay for the water it uses to generate power besides ensuring judicious uses of water for domestic and commercial purposes.

The Minister of Irrigation and Flood Control, Taj-Mohi-ud-Din said the meters will be installed to ensure judicious use of water and bring transparency in collecting water fees. He said the ground water too has been brought under the purview of the Act and accordingly usage tariffs for domestic, industrial and commercial usage have been fixed.

"The Government is also considering bringing in a law for promoting

The water usage charges for Salal Project have been calculated at Rs 10 crores, Uri project Rs 6.43 crores, Dul Hasti Rs 8.74 crores and for proposed Uri-II Rs 150 crores and the NHPC for Rs 37.33 crores respectively in the first billing period from November 12 to December 31, 2010. The billing has been worked out as per the current discharge in the rivers of the state, which is expected to rise in spring.

Currently the discharge in Jehlum is 1000 cusecs while as during summers it peaks to 8000 cusecs.

The Government claims that after the completion of Kishan Ganga, the revenue generation on account of water usage by power projects is expected to cross Rs 1500 crores.

"The Water Resources Act is the first step towards economic selfreliance and initiative for judicious use of water of the state. We are hopeful of realizing Rs 913 crores as water usage charges for the coming year which comes out to be 25 percent of the state's total resource base.

Jammu Kashmir has become the first state to impose tax on water for generating electricity. No state in India is taxing the usage of water that goes to generate energy," the minister maintained.

(The writer is a senior journalist. He is the recipient of Sher-e-Kashmir Award, the Ozone Award for best environmental reporting in 2008, best environmental and tourism reportage 2009)

Disaster Management & Development • March 2011 17

Review

Role of Corporate Sector in Disaster Management AP Singh

the humanitarian community on post disaster response interest but involvement in mitigation and prevention has been limited.

It has been observed that all top companies across the world implement corporate social responsibilities very effectively but their role in disaster management is almost negligible.

For disasters to get averted or reduced, their involvement is a must before its occurrence.

In many countries big business houses have their own non-profit organizations which run range of social projects on education, health, community development etc which reduces disasters in the long run. But smaller business houses mainly contribute to projects run by NGOs/CSOs. Here, it is not to say that such post disaster activities are not effective or successful. In fact, such activities are

ndia has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters. The recurrent phenomena of geophysical and hydro-meteorological hazards impact millions across the country leaving behind heavy loss of lives, livelihoods and property. If the frequency and impact of natural and manmade disasters continue to increase, the economic and human development will be badly affected.

Disaster Management therefore should be seen as a strategy to protect the growth potential of countries and communities.

The corporate sector depends on community at large sustenance, not only as source of labour, capital and material but also as a market for product and services. If the community life itself is destroyed by disaster the lifeline of the corporate "The corporate houses of our country should take lead and set examples also gets threatened.

Though the corporate sec- with their contributions in the area of tor in India was not very disaster risk reduction as is being much involved in the recon- done in the field of health by struction and post disaster Bill Gates " relief process at large but over the past few years the existence with huge success in resource mobiof corporate sector intimately inter lization, for example; for the Indian wined with the safety and well being of Ocean Tsunami, there were more than 40 million dollars donated just from the society.

The corporate sector in many coun- nine major corporate houses. Rather, tries has always played a major role in it is such strength and potential of the post disaster relief, rehabilitation and corporate/private sector that is largely reconstruction efforts. In India also, untapped in mitigation and preparedthe contribution of the corporate sec- ness activities although pre-disaster tors has been notable in recent years activities are believed to be the most especially in the aftermath of Tsunami cost effective approach in the long run.

As per reports, globally more than and Bhuj earthquake.

The corporate sector possesses 700 major catastrophes occur every huge resources- human, material, year and it affects billions across the technical and financial and it has sig- globe. On an average, the disasters nificant presence in every region of have been affecting more than 6 milthe country. Corporate Social lion people annually in India.

The corporate sector can play a very Responsibility (CSR) permeates every aspect of the functioning of the corpo- important role in supporting and buildrate sector. Corporate sector always ing the knowledge, capacity and skills look for the ways to and means to of the community in disaster manageenhance the brand value of their com- ment activities like prevention, mitigation and preparedness to response pany and their products/services.

CSR is also generally defined as and recovery. It can also offer human being concerned with how business and financial resources.

It is now the right time for the corpoadds values to the society as well as to its shareholders. Corporate sector rate/private sector and also affected has developed strong CSR links with communities to shift their focus to pre-

I

18 Disaster Management & Development • March 2011

disaster activities. The corporate/private sector can take the following CSR initiatives: Philanthropic/Charitable- Donations and grants in cash or in kind to other organizations and groups working in disaster reduction.

Contracting or sponsoring other organizations or groups to carry out work for public benefit.

Working in partnership with other organizations or groups for public benefit.

Setting up an international network to respond to disasters with the capacities of engineering and construction companies.

Increasing emphasis on DRR have also created new opportunities for business like GIS based risk assessment and mapping by spatial data integration.

Early Warning and disaster communication.

Retrofitting structures in high seismic zones.

Various innovative models of Private-Public-Partnership are emerging in many countries for promoting multi sector partnerships on disaster risk reduction under the leadership of private sector and the same model have to be adopted in India as well.

New hybrid organizations involving corporate sector, government, civil societies and NGOs are coming up in many countries. Proactive policy interventions of national government shall encourage such innovations on DRR in our country also with minimal direct investment of government.

Apart from this, co-ordination and interaction between private sector and government is needed to work on the strategies for DRR. Private sector can also help in providing technical manpower support/inkind donations of goods and services for preparedness and post disaster emergency response. It can also create a bank of impact assessment and practical prevention solutions regarding essential shelter, infrastructure, schooling, medicines, food and water supplies.

Humanitarian organizations could also map relevant company/sector core competence in prevention to their own organizational process in order to best understand how/where different business can contribute most effectively.

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24 Disaster Management & Development • March 2011

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Disaster Management & Development • March 2011 25

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28 Disaster Management & Development • March 2011

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30 Disaster Management & Development • March 2011

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