Investment opportunities in Peru

Page 1

WHY INVEST IN PERU? October 4, 2012


WHY INVEST IN PERU?

1. Internationally acknowledged macroeconomic soundness 2. Friendly investment environment 3. Open trade and market access policy 4. Attractive sectors to Invest


INTERNATIONALLY ACKNOWLEDGED MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

Peruvian economy rise rapidly in the last decade ‌ Real GDP, 2000-2011 (Variation %) 6.4 5.0 3.0

8.9

9.8

6.9

5.0

2011

2008

2007

2005

2004

2002

2001

2010

0.9

0.2 2000

8.8

2009

3.9

3.6

4.0

2003

5.1

6.8

5.5

7.7

2006

Real GDP 1952-2011 (aver annual var. %)

GDP , 2000-2011 (thousands of million of US$) 176.8 154.0 127.1 127.4

-0.6

69.8 79.4 53.3 53.9 56.8 61.4

92.4

107.4

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

Source: Central Reserve Bank of Peru, Ministry of Economy and Finances and IMF

2000

1952-1961 1962-1971 1972-1981 1982-1991 1992-2001 2002-2011


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

….. and will continue leading regional growth overpassing the worlds’ average GPD per capita towards 2020. GDP per capita, PPA ( $ to International constant cost of 2005)

Forecast - LATAM: Real GDP 2012-2014 (Average annual % variation) Peru

6.0

16,000

Peru Colombia

4.8

14,000

Chile

4.7

12,000

Brazil

4.3

Argentina Mexico

3.7

Latin America and Caribbean

10,000

8,000

3.4 6,000

Venezuela

World

3.0 4,000

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 Source: IMF and World Bank


1.1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ESTABILIDAD MACROECONÓMICA

Economic growth has been driven by rising private investment…. Private Investment 2000-2012 (Annual average variation %)

20.1

23.3

Private Investment 2000-2012 (US$ Billion)

25.9 34.6

12.0 6.3

39.3

22.1

11.7 10.0

8.1

29.5

27.3 22.4 19.5

0.2

15.1

-1.7 -4.7

8.7 8.4 8.4 9.2

10.5

12.3

Source: Central Reserve Bank of Peru and Ministry of Economy and Finance * Preliminary figure

2012*

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

2012*

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

-15.1


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

…… today represents 24% of GDP …. Total investment – LATAM 2011 (% of GDP)

Total investment 2000-2011 (% of GDP)

25.8 4.3

24.1

4.0

18.6 3.1

17.6

17.8

2.8

2.8

17.9 18.4 2.8

2.9

19.5

5.9

24.7

24.6

4.5

19.2

19.6

20.6

5.2

3.4

3.1

15.0

15.1

15.5

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2009

14.8

17.7

2008

15.5

16.4

18.2

2007

16.3

2000

21.5

Source: Central Reserve Bank of Peru

24.9

22.9

21.5 20.3

25.6

25.1

2011

Public investment

2010

Inversión Privada Private investment Inversión Pública

Perú Peru

México Mexico

Colombia Chile Colombia Chile

Source: International Monetary Fund

Brasil Brazil


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

… Peru is an attractive market for foreign investment, which represents 4.7% of GDP Foreign direct investment – LATAM 2011 (% GDP)

Foreign direct investment flow 2000 - 2011 (US$ Billion) 8.2 8.1

7.0%

6.9 6.4 5.5

4.7% 4.0% 3.5

1.7%

Source: Central Reserve Bank of Peru and CEPAL

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

1.6

2004

2002

2003

1.3

1.1

2001

2000

0.8

2.7%

2.6

2.2

1.6%

Chile PerúColombia Colombia Chile Peru Brazil Brasil Mexico México ArgentinaArgentina


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

‌Furthermore, the domestic demand is strengthening ‌. Imports of vehicles for private use (US$ million)

Real domestic demand (real annual Var. % )

11.8

352

1,349

13.1

12.3

Imports of microwaves (million of units)

10.3

83 7.2

4 times

7.5 times

180

2000

5.8

2000

4.1 3.7 3.8

2011

2011

Imports of televisions (million of units)

Domestic travelers by air (million of persons)

1,005

2000 Source: Central Reserve Bank of Peru and SUNAT

3.6

33 veces times

veces 22 times

2011

368 2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

-2.8

6.1

2011

2000

2011


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

‌ generating a massive growth of consumption markets. 2000

Source: Ministry of Economy and Finance

2011


1.1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ESTABILIDAD MACROECONÓMICA

Complemented with a dynamic international trade… Balance of Trade 2000-2011 (US$ million) 44,000 39,000 34,000 29,000 24,000 19,000 14,000 9,000 4,000 -1,000

2000

2001

2002

2003

Exports

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

6,955

7,026

7,714

9,091 12,809 17,368 23,830 28,094 31,019 26,962 35,565 46,268

Imports

7,358

7,204

7,393

8,205

Balance of Trade

-403

-179

321

886

9,805 12,082 14,844 19,591 28,449 21,011 28,815 36,967 3,004

Source: Central Reserve Bank of Peru and Ministry of Economy and Finance

5,286

8,986

8,503

2,569

5,951

6,749

9,301


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

... a great diversification in products as well as markets Traditional exports (commodities) (US$ million) 40,000 30,000 20,000

Otros Plomo Petróleo Oro Cobre

Main business partners 2001

7.5 veces

10,000 2001

2006

2011

Non traditional exports (US$ million) 12,000 10,000 8,000

2011

Otros Químicos Textiles

5 veces

2001

2006

6,000 4,000 2,000 Fuente: Banco Central de Reserva del Perú

2011


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

In 2050, Peru will be one of the fastest growing economies ranking among the 30 main economies in the world.. Fastest growing economies

Economy size – World ranking 2010

2050 Ranking

Ranking

Country

1

China

2

India

3

Philippines

4

Egyp

5

Malysia

6

Peru

2050 country

Ranking

country

1

EE.UU.

1

China

2

Japan

2

EE.UU.

3

China

3

India

4

Germany

4

Japan

5

United kingdom

5

Germany

6

France

6

United kingdom

7

Italy

7

Brazil

8

India

8

Mexico

9

Brazil

9

France

10

Canada

10

Canada

44

Chile

26

Peru

46

Peru

32

Chile


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

… all under a stability macroeconomic framework, registering the lowest inflation rate in the region …. CPI – LATAM 2002-2011 ( Average annual variation %)

CPI in LATAM: 2001-2011 (Annual Var. %)

23.7 Peru

10.7

Argentina

6.6

Brazil

5.1

4.3

3.2

2.5

Chile Chile

Perú Peru

Chile

Venezuela Argentina

Brasil

Colombia

Colombia Mexico

México Mexico

CPI – LATAM projections 2012-2014 ( Average annual variation %) 33.5

11.8 2.0

3.0

3.4

3.5

Peru Perú

Chile Chile

Colombia Colombia

Mexico México

5.3

Brazil Brasil

Argentina Venezuela


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

… has kept a stable exchange rate and a country risk below the regional average … Exchange rates in LATAM 2001-2011 (Index, year base 2005 = 100) 180

Index JP Morgan EMBI+ (Basic points) Perú Peru Brasil Brazil

160

Chile Colombia

140

México Mexico

120

900

EMBI+ EMBI + Perú Peru

800 700

Latinoamérica Latin LatinAmerica America

600 500 400

100

300 80

200

E-01 S-01 M-02 E-03 S-03 M-04 E-05 S-05 M-06 E-07 S-07 M-08 E-09 S-09 M-10 E-11 S-11 M-12 Source: Central Reserve Bank of Peru, Ministry of Economy and Finances and CEPAL

J-07 M-07 O-07 M-08 J-08 N-08 A-09 A-09 D-09 A-10 S-10 J-11 M-11 S-11 J-12 M-12 S-12

100

60


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

…and it keeps a healthy debt level in relation with its international reserves… Public Debt - Peru 2003-2011 (% of GDP)

Public Debt – Latin America 2011 (% of GDP)

70

66.2

60 50

43.8

40

44.2

34.7

30 21.2 20 10

9.9

0 Chile Chile Source: Central Reserve Bank of Peru

Perú Peru

Colombia Colombia México Mexico Argentina Argentina Brasil Brazil

Source: IMF figure for Peru , Central Reserve Bank of Peru


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

…and keeps a healthy debt level in relation with its international reserves. Net International Reserves (US$ Billion)

Net International Reserves – Latin America 2011 (% GDP) 30

28

25 20

17 14

15

12 10

10

10

5 0 Peru Perú As of July 20, 2012 Source: Central Banks

Chile Chile

Brazil Brasil

Mexico Colombia México Argentina Argentina Colombia


1. MACROECONOMIC SOUNDNESS

The responsible economic policy granted Peru the investment grade and investors’ confidence. Investment grade Latin America benchmarking Country Chile

S&P

Countries as priority destinations for FDI 2011-2013 (World Ranking among 21 countries) Fitch

Moody´s

A+

A+

Aa3

Mexico

BBB

BBB

Baa1

Peru

BBB

BBB

Baa2

Brazil

BBB

BBB

Baa2

Colombia

BBB-

BBB-

Baa3

Bolivia

BB-

B+

Ba3

Venezuela

B+

B+

B2

Argentina

B

B

B3

Ecuador

B

B-

Caa2

Source: Standard & Poor`s, Fitch Ratings and Moody´s. Updated to Augusta 17, 2012

Brazil

4 3

Dropped 1 position

16

Peru

21

18 18

Chile

2011

2010

Improved 5 positions

Without changes


FRIENDLY INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT


2. FRIENDLY INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT

Peru offers a favorable legal framework for foreign investment: Non discriminatory treatment: Foreign investors receive the same treatment as local investors. Unrestrictive access to most economic sectors *. Free transfer of capital. Free competition. Guarantee for Private Property. Freedom to purchase stocks from locals. Freedom to access internal and external credit. Freedom to pay royalties. Network of investments agreements and member of ICSID and MIGA. Peru participates in the Investment Committee of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) – It promotes the implementation of the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. *Investments that require authorization: Located within 50 km in the frontier line and those destined to arms, ammunitions and explosive. Likewise, a principal local partner for investments in maritime cabotage as well as in air transport is required.


2. FRIENDLY INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT

Special Regimes: Legal Stability Agreements Regime whereby the Peruvian Government guarantees:

INVESTORS Stability of the regulations regarding non discriminatory treatment. Stability of the income tax regime applicable to dividends.

RECEIVING COMPANY Stability of the recruitment regimes. Stability of the regimes for the promotion of exports. Stability of the Income Tax Regime

Stability to use freely the most favorable exchange rate available in the market. Stability of the free availability and remittance of foreign currency, dividends and royalties regime.

Requirement: Minimum investment of US$ 5 million in any economic sectors. US$ 10 million for hydrocarbon and mining sectors. Validity: 10 years. Concessions: Term according to the contracts life (Max. 60 years).


2. FRIENDLY INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT

Special Regime: VAT Anticipated Recovery. Regime whereby the Peruvian Government grants the following benefits:

Granting the return of the Value Added Tax during the pre-productive stage of the project (minimum 2-year term). Applicable to all economic sectors For agricultural activity it is not necessary to meet a minimum investment amount. For other activities the minimum investment amount is US$ 5 million. The project can be divided into stages, phases or similar.


2. FRIENDLY INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT

A steady tax regime: Tax

Applicable Rate 30.0%

Corporate profits

INCOME

Agriculture, agribusiness and aquaculture 15%

Dividends

4.1%

Royalties

30.0%

Interest rate on loans from abroad

4.9%

Value Added Tax (VAT) Financial Transactions Tax Temporary to net assets, applicable to the excess of S/. 1 000 000

18% 0.005% 0.4%


2. FRIENDLY INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT

Continuous effort to facilitate the establishment and operation of business Peru ranks second in the region in the improvement of business regulations. Venezuela Colombia

177

Doing Business 2012

Guyana

114 Surinam

42

.

158

Ecuador

130

Brazil

Position

Country

1

Chile

2

Peru

3

Colombia

4

Uruguay

5

Paraguay

126

Peru

41

Bolivia Paraguay

102 Uruguay

Chile

153

90

39 Argentina

113


2. FRIENDLY INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT

Recognition of a favorable investment environment 130

FORBES MAGAZINE

62

Peru ranks second in the list of the best places for doing business in Latin America

114 73 123

42

86 24 61

95

Source: Annual ranking of top economies for business 2011, Forbes magazine

Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Country Chile Peru Uruguay Colombia Brazil Paraguay Argentina Ecuador Bolivia Venezuela


2. FRIENDLY INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT

Investment Agreements Peru has signed and currently in force Agreements for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investment and Trade Agreements of further scope that includes investment chapters that underpin our liberalization policy.

Australia China* Korea* Malaysia Singapore* Thailand Japan

* Trade agreements

Canada* United States* Cuba El Salvador

Argentina Bolivia Chile* Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Venezuela

Germany Belgium and Luxemburg Denmark Spain Finland France Netherlands Iceland* Italy Liechtenstein* Norway Portugal United Kingdom Czech Republic Romania Sweden Switzerland*

It has also signed agreements to avoid double taxation with Andean Community, Brazil, Chile and Canada.


OPEN TRADE AND MARKET ACCESS POLICY


FRIENDLY INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT

Reduced tariff structure with low tariff dispersion 1/

TARIFF LEVELS ADVALOREM + SURCHARGES

NUMBER

PROPORTION (%)

0%

4,224

55.9 %

6%

2,538

33.6 %

11 %

792

10.5 %

Total

7,554

100,0

TARIFF LINES 2/

EFFECTIVE AVERAGE TARIFF STANDARD DEVIATION

3.2 3.8

1/ Elaboration based on duties tariff of 2012, approved by S.D N°238 – 2011 – EF and published on December 24, 2011 2/ Sub-tariff of Chapter 98 Goods with special treatment of duties tariff Source: SUNAT – MEF Elaboration: SUNAT


3.

OPEN TRADE AND MARKET ACCESS POLICY

Working to become a globalized economy, with preferential access to the world’s largest markets

These countries stand for enlarged market of over 4 billion people with a joint GDP over US$ 56 billion 96% of Peruvian exports

Agreements in force

Agreements to become effective

Agreements under negotiations


INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN ATTRACTIVE SECTORS


AGRIBUSINESS SECTOR

Natural greenhouse. The best agricultural yields in the world 2010.

Sugar cane (2nd)

Asparagus and olives (3rd)

Artichokes (4th)

Grapes (6th)

Avocado (11th)

Seasonal windows in the most important markets. Projections expect that the 90,000 ha currently used for agro exports to double as consequence of large irrigation projects in portfolio. Over US$ 4,500 million in exports of fresh and processed products to over 156 countries. Organic and Natural Products with high export value.


AGRIBUSINESS SECTOR

Agricultural Exports (US$ million FOB)

Source: SUNAT, MINAG, ADEX Data Trade, BCRP and FAO

Agricultural Sector Exports per destination market (2011)

Source: BCRP, FAO, ADEX DataTrade.


FISHERIES SECTOR

Extensive fishing coast (3,080 km) and “water mirrors� that offer adequate conditions for the development of marine and continental aquaculture. First producer of fishmeal and fish oil in the world. Distribution of Peruvian fisheries products to over 100 countries. Trend towards product diversification.


FISHERIES SECTOR

Fisheries Exports (US$ million FOB)

Source: SUNAT

Fisheries Sector Exports per destination market (2011)

Source: ADEX Data Trade, Customs.


FORESTRY SECTOR

Presence of great biological diversity and highly valued timber. Development of hard tropical timber in the forest and soft timber in the highlands of the country. 2nd country with the largest natural forest area in Latin America. 78,8 million ha of natural forests, 10 million ha for reforestation and other areas for afforestation (plantations). Investment opportunities in industrial timber complexes.


FORESTRY SECTOR

Timber Exports (million of US$ FOB)

Timber exports by destination market 2011

250 213

213

219

200 170

168 155 150

167

136 114

108

100

50

0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Source: Adex DataTrade , Aduanas.


TEXTILE SECTOR

Recognized quality of Peruvian pima cotton, considered as one of the most demanded and finest fiber in the world. First world producer of the finest South American camelids fibers: alpaca and vicuna. Long textile tradition favors workforce professionalization and training. International recognition as “full package� supplier of the best brands in the world. Sound trend towards textile and apparel exports growth. Annual average growth of 10% in the last 10 years. In January 2012 the exports reached US$ 162 million, 39% more compared to the last year.


TEXTILE SECTOR

Textile - Apparel Exports (US$ million FOB)

Source: ADEX Data Trade, Customs.

Textile and Apparel Exports Main Destination Countries (2011)

Source: ADEX Data Trade, Customs.


MINING SECTOR MINING SECTOR

Polymetallic country, second in copper, third in zinc and first in silver reserves worldwide. 13.61 % of the territory is subject to mining concessions, and only 1.09 % is used for mining exploration and exploitation. Worldwide: second producer of copper and silver, 3rd of tin and zinc. In Latin America: 1st gold, zinc, tin and lead producer; and 2nd copper, silver and molybdenum producer. In 2011, mining exports grew by 23.25% despite having registered a drop in the volume of production of most minerals. Peru is one of the few countries with nonmetallic mineral deposits, such as diatomite, bentonite, limestone and phosphate.


MINING SECTOR

Mining Exports (US$ million FOB)

Source: Adex Data Trade, MINEM, Customs.

Mining Sector Exports per destination market (2011)

Source: Adex Data Trade, Customs.


ENERGY SECTOR

Great energy potential: Wide availability of water and natural gas resources have made possible to deal with the increasing electric demand of the country (2011 growth rates: 8.3%) Resources to be discovered and exploited: There are other renewable energy sources to explore, such as solar, wind, biomass and geothermal energy sources. Energy matrix mostly based on renewable sources (about 57% of the electric demand is generated with hydro-electric sources, 38% with natural gas, 2% with coal and 3% with other sources) In the last five years, the energy production has increased in 40.38% due mainly to the thermoelectric generation growth with an annual average rate of 16%. Main economic groups that comprise 62% of energy production in Peru are Endesa, Globeleq, Suez and Duke Energy.


ENERGY SECTOR

Peru’s energy matrix , 2010 Participation per sources*

National energy production GWh 2000-2011

Thermal

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mines Elaboration: PROINVERSIÓN * After being in the Transformation Center and/or with deduction of loses.

Source: Ministry of Energy and Mines Elaboration: PROINVERSIÓN

hydarulic


PETROCHEMICAL SECTOR

In 2011, the natural gas production reached 401, 169 million cubic feet, boosted by the greater demand of power generation plants and the major consumption of vehicular, domestic and commercial natural gas. Peru is the only sustainable source of natural gas in the South American Pacific rim. Peru has oil fields which have not been explored yet (26.60 million of ha), becoming therefore, a potential petrochemical pole. Petrochemical industry merges with natural gas production and other hydrocarbons adding an added value using the ÂŤUpstream IntegrationÂť Development Strategy. Fertilizers, plastics and detergents are some of the products made by petrochemical industry. US$ 17,150 million from private investment will be assigned to the construction of two ammonia plants, two ammonium nitrate plants, one urea plant and one ethylene plant to be placed in the departments of Ica and Moquegua.


PETROCHEMICAL SECTOR

Production of Natural Gas, 2001 -2011

Natural Gas exports per destination market -2011 Total exports 2011: US $ 1,288 million

57%

(Million US$ FOB)

Source: Perupetro

Source: Adex Data Trade Elaboration: PROINVERSIĂ“N


TOURIST SECTOR

Important cultural destination to Inca and PreInca cultures archaeological sites. Machu Picchu is one of the new 7 Wonders Worldwide. Diversity of natural landscapes. Birds and orchids watchers ‘ paradise. Lima is the gastronomic capital of Latin America. Significant investment from international recognition.

hotels

of

Investment opportunities in the 8 prioritized tourist destinations: North beaches, Amazonas River, Amazonas-Kuelap, Moche Route, Lima, NazcaParacas, Valle del Colca and Puno-Titicaca Lake.


TOURIST SECTOR

Tourist Entry (thousand of people)

Tourists arrival per Origin Region (2011)

3,000 2,598 2,500

2,299 2,058

2,140

Central America, 1.8% Asia, 3.8%

OceanĂ­a, 1.4% Africa, 0.2%

1,916

2,000 1,721 1,571 1,500

Europe, 17.7%

1,350 1,064

1,136 North America, 19.8%

1,000

500

0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Source: MINCETUR. Source: MINCETUR.

South America, 55.2%


REAL ESTATE SECTOR

Annual average growth of construction GDP for January – July 2012 is 15.7.0%.

Housing deficit affects 25% of population.

Lima holds 25% of total deficit, and 48% of quantitative deficit.

There are several programs for housing financing, based on households socio-economic conditions and income level: Techo propio, Fondo Mi Vivienda and commercial banking.

Mortgage credits grew an average of 18% in the last 4 years (2008 -2011).


REAL ESTATE SECTOR

Housing deficit nationwide (2010)

Mortgage credits granted by the Financial System 2006 -2011 (million Soles)

Quantitative deficit 389,745 21%

Qualitative deficit 1,470,947 79%

Source: Census INEI 2007

Source: SBS

Quantitative deficit: Difference between number of families and houses. Qualitative deficit: Conditions of houses according to preestablished minimum standards, such as access to utilities, quality of materials of houses and number of people living in one house. Source: Ministry of Housing


TECHNOLOGICAL SERVICES

The lowest labor cost per operator in Latin America (US$ 270) is a major determinant in an industry with 60% of the costs related to human resources. The industry currently represents 15.574 positions, and it generates 29.665 direct jobs, and exports have tripled in 5 years. The software sector has present in the last 6 years an annual average growth rate of 15%, and it generates 6,000 direct jobs highly qualified. The contact centers services exports, data processing, application of IT program and similar are exempt from VAT. Availability of technological resources and low real estate costs. The implementation of the Data Protection Law (approved in 2011) will strengthen the position of companies, making possible to establish more trading links.


TECHNOLOGICAL SERVICES:

Contact Center Services Exports US$ thousand

Software exports US$ million

*

*

*

Source: PROMPERU * Projection according to PerĂş Service Summit 2011

Source: PROMPERU *Projection according to Service Summit 2011


TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Peru has prioritized the development of infrastructure to increase competitiveness and set up a logistics hub that links the South American region with the Asia Pacific Infrastructure investments have boosted integration towards new markets, which have been unfold across the FTAs Concessions in land, port and airport infrastructure represents investment commitments of approximately US$ 7,000 million. The developed infrastructure will be complemented by new investments. By 2016 new projects for more than US$ 20,000 million (Public Works and PPP) will be executed, representing significant investment opportunities for contractors and operators.


TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Investment in transport infrastructure projections to 2016

Infrastructure Road

Million of US$ 11,000.00

Railroad

8,300.00

Airports

450.00

Ports

300.00

Waterways Total

Source : MTC

46.40 20, 096.40


www.proinversion.gob.pe contact@proinversion.gob.pe


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