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A Research Journal on Embedded Technology
March / April 2015
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Automatika
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Envision
Master Minds
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March / April 2015, Issue 2 Embedded For You
CONTENTS
A journal on Embedded Technology
Budding scientistS....................7 Envision - I......................................................................................8 Digital Fuel Gauge Meter Brain Teaser..................................................................................9 DIGITAL FUEL GAUGE METER
Smart Circuit - I...........................................................................10 ESAT Lesson - 51........................................................................11 Interfacing Hydrogen (H2) Sensor
Departments E-Entertainment.............................................................................6 Circuit ideas In News.........................................................................................13 Electronic Bazaar...................................................................15-18 Techno Trendz........................................................................33-34 Calendar......................................................................................36 Organizations Covered..............................................................37 Jobs For You................................................................................37 E4U Highlight 2007, 08, 09, 10, 11,12,13,14....................................................38-40 E4U Subscription form.................................................................41
ISSN- 0973-791X
4
MANAGING DIRECTOR
TECHNICAL ADVISOR
EDITOR
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DESIGN MANAGER
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March / April 2015
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Master MindS...........................19 Envision - II.....................................................................................20
G.M. Counter A Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube) is a device used for the detection and measurement of all types of radiation: alpha, beta and gamma radiation. .................................
Hardware Description of G.M. Counter.....................................25 Smart Circuits - II..........................................................................27
R5 11k
Techno focuS..........................28
R6 10k R1 15k
Networking
IC1
1 Ghz Millivoltmeter
in continuation............
R7 2k
6N136 D1
Circuit...........................................................................................29
Vcc
R3 2k2
IC2 R4 2k2
AMP-02 Rg
Rg Vcc
Vin Tr1
Rem 0V
Vout
+ Tr2
Automatica
Loc +15V
Loc +15V
Rem +15V
R2 15k Rem -15V
Circuits..........................................................................................30
Loc 0V
D2
Vee
GND
Rem = Remote Power Loc = Local Power
REF
Loc -15V
Independent M:S Adjustment For Wide - Band Pulse Gen
E-Pulse Circuit...........................................................................................31 A Simple Charge Measuring Meter
Bio-Buzz......................................................................................32 Latest news and product updates in medical field
Embedded For You is published bimonthly on the last day of second month. Views and opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of Academy of Embedded Technology. Academy of Embedded Technology reserves the right to use the information published in this issue whatsoever. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of the information published in this edition, neither AET nor any of its employees accept any responsibility for any errors. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. All right reserved. Printed and published by Sandeep Kumar Gupta. Printed at Goel Stationers, B-36/9, G.T. Karnal Road Industrial Area, Delhi - 110 033, and published from 100-U.B., Jawahar Nagar, Delhi - 7.
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March / April 2015
5
e-Entertainment
COMMENTS ON “LOW DISTORTION OSCILLATOR” The oscillator described can be improved by making the second stage gain greater than one, and taking the output from the first stage rather than the second. In Figure 1. the values of R3 and R4 have been interchanged for this purpose the preset resistor Rf then needs to have approximately twice the original value but there are no other changes. The limiting now takes place in the second stage an the selectivity of the first stage is available to filter the resulting distortion. From an oscilloscope comparison the setting of Rf is considerably less critical than in the original circuit about 96% of the value required just to sustain oscillation is a reasonable compromise between waveshape compromise between waveshape and start - up time.
harmonics, by adding a resistor of about 1M2 from the negative rail to the junction or R3 and R4. It also seems that the quote frequency of 800Hz was in error; the observed Figure 1 frequency was 2340Hz, approximately that at which the reactance of C1 (=C2) is equal to the Figure 1.
Embedded For You
220µF C1 10n
Rf 33k approx.
C2 10n
R1 1k
R4 47k
C1 10n
R2 47k R2 47k
C2 10n
R1 1k
R3 33k
Amps TL072
Out
R6 1k
FAST FULL - WAVE RECTIFIER
6
The oscillator may be implemented using only one op-amp, by applying positive feedback from the output terminal of the first op amp in the original diagram. To its non-inverting input, as in Figure 2. Figure 2.
A further improvement can be had by making the stage 2 clipping symmetrical, and so minimizing second
Fast Full-Wave Rectification circuit idea is important tool for radio communication engineers and hobbyist in Loosely based on a design in which current mirrors sensed the supply current of op-amps, this circuit uses a MAX435 wide - band, differential output transconductance amplifier to give full -wave rectification of signals up to 250MHz. Output is 4ZL / Vin for the MAX435 IC. One can also try the Burr-Brown OPA660, which offers 700MHz - pulse operation.
geometric mean of R1 and R2, as might be expected.
V1+ Io+ MAX435 IoV1-
March / April 2015
R5 18k
RV1 5K
BUDDING SCIENTISTS A Segment Contrived For Students Includes an Esat Lesson Plan, (Embedded System Application Training) Easy Projects and Circuits.
Contents ......................................................................Page
Envision I........................................................................................8 Digital Fuel Gauge Meter
Brain Teasers.................................................................................9
Smart Circuit I..............................................................................10 Logic Gates
ESAT Lesson................................................................................11 Interfacing Hydrogen Sensor
Log on to : www.aet-embedtech.com
Robotics
Music & Audio
Communication
Digital Meter
Research & Experiments
Sensors
EnvisioN - I
DIGITAL FUEL GAUGE METER amount of fuel that there is in a Bike. Bike owners need to be particularly aware of fuel level. Having a low amount of fuel can hamper the Bike performance and damage it in the long run. Good sensors are equipped with microprocessors, measure the fuel level in a high temperature environment, and are designed for fast, on request delivery. Low power consumption and easy calibration are other distinguishing features. When properly functioning, fuel level sensors warn when refueling is required. Wiring and Indicator Mostly Fuel gauges in your bike tells only Empty, Mid and Full position. it does not give a clear idea of fuel purchased. suppose your Bike fuel tank has fuel capacity of 15 liters. Now if you purchase only 10 liters, than there is no graduation on the indicator dial to indicate the 10 liter fuel purchase .
upon the float sensor type and its maximum resistance. Since our battery voltage is 12 volts DC, if we connect the sensor to battery directly current flow will be 120 mA approx, which is high, we can easily calculate using Ohms law ie
Here we give you a idea to make digital fuel indicator for your bike using AET DPM kit and float type fuel sensor.
R = Resistance of Float Sensor.
Float type fuel level sensor are commonly use in bikes. It consist of float mounted on moving arm of potentiometer. These float sensor are mounted in the tank where float is inside the fuel and potentiometer is outside the fuel.
V=IxR V = 12 DC Battery Voltage. I = Current in the Circuit 120mA approx. We should further reduce this current otherwise battery will discharge early. So we connect 10,000 ohms resistance in series to Float Sensor, as per circuit given. A fuel level sensor informs about the
Embedded For You
Limitation Since Float inside the tank has some limitation of moment and shape of the tank is not linear.
Float Sensor
The float in the fuel tank varies as per fuel level in the tank and controls the viper position from maximum to minimum. When the tank is full the float is at the top and the resistance of the potentiometer is maximum. When fuel tank is empty the float is at the bottom and resistance is minimum. suppose resistance of float sensor varies between zero to 100 ohms depending
8
The connection between the sensor and the Bike should be stable. A stable connection reduces the probability of getting false readings that may lead to the Bike stopping in the middle of the road if the vehicle has ran out of fuel. Although the sensor may indicate the right level of fuel, the indicator may go haywire as it can't interpret the data. Checking if the sensor is working is the best way to prevent accidents due to false information.
March / April 2015
Digital Fuel Gauge Battery
Open
12V 10k
Wiper Sensor Signal
AET DPM KIT Closed
Ground
Figure 1. Float Sensor connection diagram
EnvisioN - I AET DPM KIT 1M
Float Sensor
PIN 31 12V
Battery
Open
10k Wiper Sensor Signal
Closed
100n
Ground
IC7107
PIN 30
Figure 1. Digital Fuel Gauge using AET DPM Kit
Brain Teasers 1. A few friends meet each morning for coffee. For one of them, it is the only cup of coffee all day. For another, it’s only the first of eight cups. Zowie ! Your challenge is to figure out how many cups of coffee each person drinks per day, how sugar lumps they use per cup, and whether or not they put in milk. Jan uses three times as many lumps as the person who drinks four cups. Three people, including the one who uses four lumps, use no milk. The one who drinks 1 cup day (not Max) drinks his coffee black without sugar. Doris uses both milk and sugar. Max, who uses no milk, uses half as many sugars as the person who drinks twice as many cups as he does. Boris drinks two more cups than Jan, but Jan uses two more sugars than Boris. Cups 1
4
5
Lumps of Sugar 6
8
0
1
2
4
Milk 6 Yes No
Max Doris Blizzo Max drinks 4 cups, with 2 sugars, no milk. Doris drinks 5 cups, with 1 sugar, milk. Blizzo drinks 1 cup, with no sugar, no milk. Jan drinks 6 cups, with 6 sugars, milk. Boris drinks 8 cups, with 4 sugars, no milk.
a. b. c. d. e. f.
Jan Boris
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March / April 2015
9
Smart circuitS-I
LOGIC GATES The switching action of a transistor makes it especially suitable for use in digital logic circuits where the output is either 0 or 1 depending on the input. Applications of such circuits are to : a). Switch on a water pump on a hot sunny day. b). Sound an alarm if the pilot light of a boiler went off. c). Sound an alarm if a burglar stepped on a pressure pad or shone his torch. d). Switch a light on if it was a cloudy day. e). Add two simple binary numbers together. f). Switch on a fan if a darkroom door was shut and it was warm inside All these things and indeed many more can be done with ELECTRONIC LOGIC CIRCUITS. These circuits are ones that can make decisions. Different decisions need different circuits.
+6V
R1
A
If you refer to the switching circuit for the transistor you will see that the output voltage is high (consider this as 1) when the input voltage is low (consider this as 0). This is the basic NOT gate - there is an output when there is not an input. Combinations of these switching circuits can be made into logic gates that will perform simple decisions within a microprocessor. These logic gates are the basis of all decisions within computers and from now on we will consider their effects rather then their internal structure. We will consider the following types of logic gate: (1) NOT gate - this gives an output 1 for an input of 0. (2) NOR gate - this gives an output 1 for neither of two inputs 1. (3) OR gate - this gives an output 1 for either of two inputs 1 and both
AND
R2
Input 1 0 1 0 1
B 0 0 1 1
Output B 0 0 1 1
Input A 0 1 0 1
B 0 0 1 1
Output F 0 1 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
Output F 0 1 1 0
inputs 1. (4) AND gate - this gives an output 1 for both two inputs 1. (5) NAND gate - this gives an output I for either but not both of two inputs 1 or both inputs 0. (6) EXCLUSIVE-OR - this gives an output I for either but not both of two inputs 1. (7) EXCLUSIVE-NOR - this gives an output 1 when both inputs are 0 or 1. Because of its wide use in modern digital electronics the NAND gate will be considered as a basic building block for a variety of logic circuits. In fact a number of other logic gates can be constructed from NAND gates as is shown below. The circuit in Figure 1 shows how a NAND gate might be constructed from discrete components, although it would normally be in the form of an integrated circuit.
NAND
Input A 0 1 0 1
B 0 0 1 1
Output F 1 1 1 0
Input A 0 1 0 1
B 0 0 1 1
Output F 1 0 0 0
Input A 0 0 1 1
B 0 1 0 1
Output F 1 0 0 1
F
OR B 0
NOT
10
Input 1 0 1
Output F 1 0
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EXCLUSIVE OR
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Input A 0 0 1 1
NOR
EXCLUSIVE NOR
ESAT Lesson-51
Interfacing Sensors Hydrogen (H2) Sensor After completing this section you should be able to :
Necessity of Hydrogen Sensor. Explain the working of Hydrogen Sensor. Study of Applications of Hydrogen Sensor. Interfacing Microcontroller to Hydrogen Sensor. Introduction Hydrogen is emerging as a primary fuel source to replace oil-based fuels. Hydrogen-based fuel cells will be the mechanism by which electrical energy will be derived from the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen gases within the fuel cell to make water. All fuel cells require two types of sensors; the first monitors the quality of the hydrogen feed gas, and the second for leak detection. Hydrogen leak-detection sensors must detect over the general level of ambient hydrogen levels, and in a variety of environments. Leak detection can be accomplished by two types of sensors: one to detect the leak and a second alarm sensor with a set-point set at 50 percent of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) of 4 percent hydrogen in air. The need for leak detection is especially acute where there is a large volume of hydrogen consumed. For example, in residential/stationary applications and in automotive applications, where the fuel cell sits in an enclosed volume. The demands on the explosive-limit sensors and the leak-detection sensors are naturally different. Explosive-limit sensors have similar metrics to current domestic CO or fire alarm sensors, in that they are continuously on, do not need to sense
below a certain threshold value and are generally slow to respond. Like these sensors, the placement of H2 sensors, within a volume will be critical, as H2 is a very buoyant gas. For H2 alarm sensors, the detection range will likely be 0.5 to 4.0 percent H2 in air, with a response time of several seconds to tens of seconds. Once a large-scale leak is detected, the buoyant nature of hydrogen means that it is easily dissipated, making it ultimately a safer gas to use than heavy flammable gases which tend to settle. In contrast to leak detection, explosivelimit monitoring, H2 sensors are also required to monitor H2 going into a fuel cell. Technical challenges originate from the multitude of potential generation sources for the gas. These challenges include H2 from reformers, tanks, electrolysers, H2 storage media, biomass and other storage technologies. Catalytic Bead Sensors consist of two beads surrounding a wire operating at high temperature (450°C). One bead is passivated, so that it will not react when it comes into contact with gas molecules. The other is coated with a catalyst to promote a reaction with the gas. The beads are generally placed on separate legs of a Wheatstone bridge
circuit. When hydrogen is present, there is no measurable effect on the passivated bead, whereas there is a significant effect on the catalyzed bead. The increase in heat increases the resistance in that leg of the Wheatstone bridge circuit, which in turn changes the bridge balance signal, which is the sensor signal. In terms of performance specifications, catalytic bead technology is generally used in the 1 to 5 percent H2 range. The response times of the sensor varies, ranging from 10 to 30 seconds for full-scale response Semiconductor Sensors. Solid state sensors utilizing semiconducting oxides generally operate at temperatures above ambient. The electrical resistance of the sensor material will also depend on temperature, and also on the chemical composition of the surrounding atmosphere. These sensors do offer fast response in the range of 01000ppm H2, therefore are useful in leak-detection applications on the end of a sensor wand. Hydrogen Field Effect Transistors (HFET). By using palladium as the gate material for a standard field effect transistor, small changes in the resistivity of the palladium produce large changes in the current-voltage characteristics of the FET. This sensor technology works well in
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March / April 2015
11
ESAT Lesson-51 1.7
60%RH 30%RH 85%RH
0.1
0.01 100
Rs / Rso
1.5
Rs / Ro
gas concentration rising. Users can convert the change of conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration through a simple circuit. Hydrogen gas sensor has high sensitivity to hydrogen gas, also has anti-interference to other gases.
1.9
1
H2 Air Alcohol CO CH4
1.2 1.1 0.9 0.1
1000 (ppm)
0.5 -20
10000
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Interfacing with Microcontroller
50
The Figure 3 is the basic test circuit of Hydrogen Sensor. While VRL is the voltage of load resistance RL which is in series with sensor. Vc supplies the detect voltage to load resistance RL and it should adopts DC power.
Figure 2. Typical temperature / humidity characteristics
Figure1. Typical Sensitivity Curve The ordinate is resistance ratio of the sensor (Rs/R0), the abscissa is concentration of gases. Rs means resistance in target gas with different concentration, R0means resistance of sensor in clean air. All tests are finished under standard test conditions.
the range of 50 to 1000ppm range of H2. As a palladium-based sensor technology, it functions independently of the environment.
The ordinate is resistance ratio of the sensor (Rs/Rso). Rsmeans resistance of sensor in 1000ppm H2gas under different tem. and humidity. Rso means resistance of the sensor in 1000ppm H2gas under 20℃/55%RH.
elements at a nominally constant temperature, thereby decoupling thermal resistivity changes from those changes occurring as hydrogen is diffused into or out of the palladium alloy lattice. mapping of the H2 field can be done over long distances.
Sensors for Fuel Cells, Which comprises a triple redundant palladium alloy thin-film resistor and an HFET, which offers six orders of magnitude in hydrogen detection on a single chip.
When H2 percentage is high sensor resistance changes, since constant current is passed though the resistive element, change resistance is converted into change in voltage and it is measured by by AD off microcontroller and also temperature is monitored using thermistor. See the output characteristic of sensor and its temperature dependency to calculate the H2 concentration.
Sensitive material of MQ-8 Hydrogen gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in clean air. When hydrogen gas exists, the sensor's conductivity gets higher along with the
In addition to the sensing elements, the sensor also has embedded heater circuits which keep the sensor
+5V ATMega8L
2 1
3
16
4 6 12
13
(RXD) PD0 (SS/OC1B) PB2 (TXD) PD1 (MOSI/OC2) PB3 (INT0) PD2 (MISO) PB4 (XCK/T0) PD4 (AIN0) PD6
(SCK) PB5 (OC1A) PB1
(AIN1) PD7 (ICP1) PB0
1
(RESET) PC6 (ADC5/SCL)PC5
+5V
C9 10mF
(ADC4/SDA)PC4 7
+5V C7 100mF
C8 0.1mF C4
8 9
33pF
XTL 8MHz 10
(ADC3)PC3 VCC GND
(ADC2)PC2 (ADC1)PC1 (ADC0)PC0
+Ve
19
28 27
2
+5V
26 25
RS
V Heater
RH 5
GAS 1, 3
-Ve
R* Set
24 23
(XTAL1) PB6
TH 1k
RL
(XTAL2) PB7
Figure 3. Basic Measurement of Hydrogen (H2) Level
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6, 4
15
-
C5 33pF
12
+5V
18
H2 Sensor
14
R2 8K2
Vc
16 17
March / April 2015
* adjust the value for best output Keypad connection
In newS Aluminium ion battery hits thousands of cycles for grid storage
Arrow kits for IoT
Stanford University has produced an aluminium ion cell with “no decay over hundreds of cycles, even thousands of cycles”, according to scientist Ming Gong, yet it can be charged in a minute. Key to long life, according to a paper in Nature (‘An ultrafast rechargeable aluminium - ion battery‘), is using a three-dimensional graphitic-foam for the cathode. In a study, it identified a few types of graphite material that give us very good performance.”
Arrow has extended its IoT portfolio with a TI SimpleLink wireless MCU platform and is stocking development kits to help customers get into IoT. The SimpleLink supports communications protocols including Bluetooth low energy, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Sub-1 GHz and ZigBee RF4CE. There are ready-to-use protocol stacks. SimpleLink has an ARM Cortex–M3 core, Flash memory, ADC, peripherals, sensor controller and built-in on-chip security.
AMD Embedded R-Series APU Powers Samsung Electronics’ Digital Signage Systems AMD announced that the AMD Embedded R-Series accelerated processing unit (APU), previously codenamed “Bald Eagle,” is powering the latest set-back-box (SBB) digital media players from Samsung Electronics, Co., Ltd. With high performance, low power, and broad connectivity, the new Samsung SBB-B64DV4 is an ideal fit for demanding signage applications that transform Samsung SMART Signage Displays into inclusive digital tools for a wide range of business needs.
FPGAs for big space satellites Microsemi has introduced a range of radiation-tolerant FPGAs intended for space applications requiring up to 150,000 logic elements and up to 300MHz of system performance. Typical uses for RTG4 include remote sensing space payloads, such as radar, imaging and spectrometry in civilian, scientific and commercial applications. Other applications include mobile satellite services (MSS) communication satellites, as well as high altitude aviation, medical electronics and civilian nuclear power plant control.
Fujitsu Develops Web OS Technology
GaN technology gives 650W power transistor
Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. announced the development of Web OS technology that automatically connects smartphones, regardless of operating system, to peripheral devices and sensors, and enables integrated use with cloud services. Conventionally, connecting peripheral devices to smartphones, tablets, and other smart devices requires a dedicated application on the smart device for each device, with different versions for different OS.
M/A-COM Technology has developed a 650W gallium nitride (GaN) on silicon carbide (SiC) HEMT pulsed power transistor for L-band pulsed avionics applications. The transistor is available in standard flange or earless flange packaging. Designated the MAGX000912-650L00/MAGX-000912650L0S, it is a gold metalised, internally matched, GaN-on-SiC depletion mode RF power transistor. Operating in the 960 to 1215MHz frequency range, the MAGX000912-650L0x is a rugged and robust transistor, boasting a mean time to failure (MTTF) of 600 years.
Kids robot teaches coding Seeking funding through Indiegogo, Codie is a robot toy that teaches the principles of coding to children. Via a phone app, the robot is moved by simple drag-and-drop graphical instructions that include: variable, loops, branches and sub-routines. Sensors onboard measure distance, acceleration and direction. “Kids control the Codie robot with a touch-screen app featuring a visual coding language that organises robotics code into action blocks.
Microcontroller fits in a USB Type-C connector Cypress Semiconductor is sampling a USB Type-C cable controller which includes power delivery (PD) on a small footprint. It is designed for use in 2.4mm thin USB Type-C cable connectors. The programmable EZ-PD CCG2 controller is capable of supporting any USB TypeC downstream facing port (DFP) or upstream facing port (UFP) applications. It is available in a 3.3 mm2 wafer level chip scale package (WLCSP) and is notable for integrating both the Type-C transceiver and termination resistors needed for Type-C communication.
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March / April 2015
TM
13
In newS NFC tag will provide product marketing information Printed electronics firm Thin Film Electronics has developed a near field communication (NFC) sensor for tagging bottles which can detect when a product is “sealed” and “open”. Likely to be used for tagging wine and spirits, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and automotive fluids, the tag is designed to provide NFC-readability before and after a factory seal on the product has been broken. According to the Norway-based company, it is possible to provide content to mobile devices on “sealed” or “opened” status, as the consumer’s context shifts from “pre-purchase” to “in use.”
NI’S New CompactDAQ Controllers
PCB DFM check service on artwork from any EDA tool set
Small motor with integrated controller
Winchester-based PCB design house Professional Circuit Designs (PCD) is offering design for manufacture (DFM) checks for Gerber and ODB++ files. PCD can also modify the Gerber or ODB++ files to pass DFM checks against ERFs (electronic rules files) from several PCB makers, giving the customer a choice of more than one production site from a common data set.
Nanotec of Germany has introduced a 42mm flange motor with integrated controller and encoder. Called PD2-C, it comes in two electro-magnetic options: 12-48V stepper motor with 0.5Nm nominal torque, or brushless dc (BLDC) motor with 105W nominal output, peaking at 315W. Due to its field-oriented control, the stepper motor behaves like a high-pole DC servo – with a higher torque but lower nominal speed than a BLDC motor. Therefore many applications can be realised without a gear.
Tektronix targets low cost sig gen at schools Tektronix has introduced the entry level AFG1022 arbitrary / function generator which is affordable for educational institutions and companies on a budget. Its specifications are more impressive than scope-based signal generators. The dual-channel generator has 25MHz bandwidth with 1mVpp to 10Vpp output, 14-bit vertical resolution and 1µHz frequency resolution. It provides a 125Msample/s sample rate along with 64Mbyte of built-in non-volatile memory and USB memory expansion for user-defined waveforms.
USB-based 6GHz vector network analyser Anritsu has introduced the ShockLine MS46121A series of 1-port USB vector network analysers (VNAs). Two models with frequency coverage of 40MHz to 4GHz and 150kHz to 6GHz are powered and controlled by a PC through the USB port. Sweeps can be conducted at 100 microseconds per point and the MS46121A VNAs have a corrected directivity of 42dB so engineers have greater measurement confidence. The MS46121A series is controlled through software that provides the tools and graphical user interface (UI) for debug and testing of 1-port RF devices. It also provides remote programming capabilities.
World-record electric motor for aircraft
Toshiba adds encryption to Cortex-M4F for IoT
Siemens researchers have developed a new type of electric motor that, with a weight of just 50 kilograms, delivers a continuous output of about 260 kilowatts – five times more than comparable drive systems. The motor has been specially designed for use in aircraft. Thanks to its record-setting power-to-weight ratio, larger aircraft with takeoff weights of up to two tons will now be able to use electric drives for the first time.
Toshiba has announced a new ARM Cortex-M4F based microcontroller for use in secure systems control. Called TMPM46BF10FG and part of the firm’s TX04 range, it incorporates a true random number generator (TRNG: SP800-90C standard) through a random entropy seed generation (ESG) circuit and Hash-DRGB created by the secure hash processor (SHA) and software program. It is intended for IoT devices, energy management systems, sensors and industrial equipment.
14 Embedded For You March / April 2015
NI (Nasdaq: NATI), the provider of platform-based systems that enable engineers and scientists to solve the world’s greatest engineering challenges, announced the new Compact DAQ 8-slot controller, which expands the CompactDAQ controller offering to meet high-channel count applications in rugged environments. By integrating the processor, signal conditioning and I/O into a single CompactDAQ system, engineers can reduce overall system cost and complexity while increasing measurement accuracy.
MASTER MINDS A Segment For Engineers Professional and Hobbyist, Featuring Circuits and Embedded Projects.
Contents...........................................................Page
Envision II.........................................................................20 G.M. Counter Hardware Description........................................................25
Smart Circuits II................................................................27 Fuse Replacement by Variable Semiconductor
Log on to : www.aet-embedtech.com
Robotics
Research & Experiments
Communication
Music & Audio
Medical Electronics
Home Automation
EnvisioN-II
G.M. COUNTER
Introduction History - GM Detector A Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube) is a device used for the detection and measurement of all types of radiation: alpha, beta and gamma radiation. Thanks to an ingenious German physicist named Hans Geiger, we've all heard the sound of radioactivity. It's just as well we do have Geiger counters because most radiation (radioactive particles and energy) is extremely harmful to living things, completely invisible, and very difficult to detect in other ways. Physics principle behind GM Detector tube A "Geiger counter" usually contains a metal tube with a thin metal wire (Figure 1.) along its middle; the space in between them sealed off and filled with a suitable gas, and with the wire at a very high positive electric potential relative to the tube(a). An electron, positive ion, or gamma radiation penetrating the tube through a mica window, will ionize a number of the atoms in the gas(b), and because of the high positive voltage
20
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March /April 2015
of the central wire, the electrons will be attracted to it while the positive ions will be attracted to the wall(c). The high voltage will accelerate the positive and negative charges, they gain more energy and collide with more atoms to release more electrons and positive ions; the process escalates into an "avalanche" which produces an easily detectable pulse of current. With a suitable filling gas, the current quickly drops to zero so that a single voltage spike occurs across the resistor R and that is registered by an electronic counter. A scaler counts the current pulses, and one obtains a�count� whenever radiation ionizes the gas (Figure 2.). Theory of Operation As explained in the working principle of GM counter, the collection of the charge thus produced results in the formation of a pulse of voltage at the output of the tube. The amplitude of this pulse, on the order of a volt or so, is sufficient to operate the scaler circuit with little or no further amplification.
EnvisioN-II Outer Cylinder (- Voltage) Central Wire (+ Voltage)
+
-
(a)
a, b, or g radiation
R
+ ++ +++ ++ +
(e)
+ - - -+- - -+ -----------
(d)
+++++++++++ +
+
+++++++++++
Mica Window
Gm
Voltage Spike to Counter
+++++++++++ V (b)
- + - + - + - ++ + + - -+ - + - + + + - -+ + + - + - + + + - - +- + +- +-
+
(e)
Figure 1. The Geiger Counter
1. Plateau curve Counting Rate
2. Dead-time of the GM counter Every GM tube has a characteristic response of counting rate versus voltage applied to the tube. A curve representing the variation of counting rate with voltage is called a plateau curve (Figure 3). The counter starts counting at a point corresponding approximately to the Geiger threshold voltage; from there follows a “plateau" with little change in the counting rate as the voltage increases. Finally a point is reached where the self-suppressing mechanism no longer works, and the counting rate rapidly increases until the counter breaks down into a continuous discharge. In order to ensure stable operation, the counter is operated at a voltage corresponding approximately to the mid-point of the plateau.
Continuous Discharge Region Proportional Discharge Region Start Voltage
l l
Geiger Threshold Voltage
Applied Voltage Operating Voltage V0
Geiger Breakdown Voltage
Figure 3. Geiger Tube Voltage Characteristics l
Plug the Geiger-MĂźller tube into the scaler (counter) and switch on.
You will find that the counts vary with voltage and then reach a plateau. A graph would look like this (you do not need to plot the graph):
l
Start the voltage at about 200 volts. Make a note of the number of counts in, say, a 15 second interval.
After the threshold voltage, the count will reach a plateau. It will stay constant over a range of voltages.
l
Set the voltage at a value of between 50 to 100 V above the threshold.
l
If the clicking increases when you increase the voltage, then you have moved off the plateau.
l
Turn the voltage back down.
l
Put the source back in a safe place until you carry out the demonstration.
Determining the Plateau : l
Geiger Plateau
Increase the voltage in steps of 25 volts.
Oscilloscope Digital Voltmeter Scaler
Timer
High Voltage Supply GM Tube Source
Figure 2. GM Counter block diagram
As determining the plateau is an important aspect, so is determining the dead time. Build-up of the positive ion space charges after each discharge process turns the G-M tube off for the next incident radiation measurement. A considerable amount of time should elapse before next avalanche can take place in the tube. Depending on the physical characteristics of the
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21
EnvisioN-II detector, this time is of the order of 20 to 300 μs. This dead period makes the G-M tube response as a nonlinear and complicated function of the incident radiation intensity. As it is visible from Figure 4. there is a time needed to process the interaction and during that time, no further pulses will be registered; this is known as the dead time or paralysis time. Dead times range from a few µs for scintillation and the smallest GM types to a few hundred µs for larger GM types. The effect of dead time is shown in the figure below.
1
2 3
4 5
The kit has basic simple function to count GM tube events (CPM) and calculate gamma radiation DER for ambient background level or for low-moderate radioactive samples. Pulse Train and Their Losses 5.5
6 a)
Fast portion of the G-M detector pulse after amplification block with a rise time less than 1ms
5 4.5
Pulse Amplitude V
where τ = dead time of detector following an interaction
makes this project very easy to solder.
Due to dead time effects, these pulses are not recorded as valid events
4 3.5
2 V Discrimination Level
3 2.5 2 1.5
Event in detector
1 0.5 0 0
b)
t
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time ms
Event registered
Figure 4. Schematic of pulse train at high counting rates. The discrimination level is set to 2V. Due to dead time effects, some pulses do not cross the discrimination level, i.e. they are not recorded as valid events.
Event Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
Counted ?
a
a
X
a
X
a
Effects of dead time on detector A total of 6 events occur within the detector (a) but only 4 counts are registered (b). Events 3 and 5 will not be registered because they occur during the dead time period of the detector. GM Detector Board Features of Microcontroller Seeing the Operation Principle of GM Tubes, now we have a fare idea of what features are required from a microcontroller so that a prototype of a GM Counter can be made.
Since it's educational Arduino IDE project, do not rely on its readings in real hazardous situations ! The software and hardware where designed to produce tube high voltage with PWM technology. No additional IC's required, everything is controlled with software. By default it programmed to 400V-420V and you can make fine adjust through software calibration from 350V to 480V. If required, the kit can be adjusted for 500V-550V. For higher voltage it possible to make 600V hardware mode. Complete design Schematic and Software code to make your GM counter is provided in the Software CD. Following is Explanation of GM counter construction a. Generation of high voltage and biasing the GM tube.
1) Minimizing Dead Time losses
b. Acquisition of raw analogue pulses from GM-tube.
2) Timer - Start and Stop Pulse counts
c. Conditioning the raw pulses to form logic pulses.
3) Boost Converter - 400V Power Source
d. Counting the logic pulses with time gating.
4) Final Output – Counts Per Minute (uSV /Hours to CPM )
e. Display the counts per second or the dose information.
Dose Equivalent is measured in sievert (Sv) (Rem in the U.S.) Based on Atmega-328p and programmed with Arduino IDE. In compare to other Arduino based Geiger counters on the market, this product has reduced components amount that
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Theory Generation of High Voltage Generates a variable duty PWM signal using Timer1, to drive the 400V inverter needed to operate the Geiger tube; The invertor doesn't need a multiplier, as the ferrite's transformer
EnvisioN-II secondary puts out exactly the amount required. The transformer is made on a A22 ferrite core, with 16 turns in the primary and 600 in the secondary.
can be generated. This relation establishes that a constant high voltage source can be realized using duty cycle control of the switching transistor.
Figure 5 shows a simple boost converter which works on the principle of fast switching of an inductor current between two different levels. In the schematic shown, the switch is initially closed for a long time and a constant current is established in the inductor. Now, when the current is suddenly switched from the established constant value to zero by opening the switch a high voltage is generated on the pole side of the switch.
Precaution
This momentarily generates high voltage that can be stored in a capacitor through a diode and further processed to act as a source. Since any load connected to the capacitor discharges it, the capacitor charge should be constantly replenished by repetition of the switching action. This is done by replacing the mechanical switch with a switching transistor with a pulse signal in its base terminal. There is a simple relation between the input voltage (Vin) and the output voltage (Vout) of a boost converter in terms of the duty cycle (D) which states. The high voltage generated depends on the duty cycle of this pulse signal. The duty cycle
a. High voltage isolation b. Overshoots due to sudden switching (inductive effect of the central conductor). These issues can be solved by the implementation of a conditioning circuit as shown in Figure 3. Acquisition of raw analogue pulses from GM-tube Then there is a voltage divider connected to the case of the GM tube. This voltage divider is composed of 10K and 100K resistors with a 220 pf bypass capacitor. Then there is a voltage divider connected to the case of the GM tube. This voltage divider is composed of 10K and 100K resistors with a 220 pf bypass capacitor. Conditioning the raw pulses to form logic pulses The output of this voltage divider, which lowers the high voltage pulse from the GM tube, is feed to an NPN transistor which converts the analogue signal from GM-tube to form a logic pulses. Plan your Code
), thereby enabling a current through the inductor to the total cycle time, (There is the ratio of the time for which the switch is kept closed (Ton + Toff), i.e., switch closed time added with that time for which switch is open)
As the conditioning of the logic pulses as now been done, it's time to count the logic pulses.
Duty Cycle
References
Thus, as the duty cycle approaches unity, output voltage (Vout) that is greater than the input (Vin)
https://sites.google.com/site/diygeigercounter/gm-tubessupported
Clamping network with overshoot clipping, DC blocking etc..
d. Counting the logic pulses with time gating. e. Display the counts per second or the dose information.
Regulated Clamp Voltage High Voltage
R1 4.7 Mohms
Analog Processing * Buffer * Comparator
Regulated diode drop compensation
Figure 5. Complete Clamping Circuit with overshoot protection and high voltage isolation
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EnvisioN-II http://www.npl.co.uk/ https://www.cpp.edu/ http://physics.niser.ac.in/labmanuals/sem6/GM.pdf https://www.cpp.edu/
//----------------- load parameters--------------------// #define RAD_LOGGER true // enable serial CPM logging to computer for "Radiation Loggerâ&#x20AC;? #define SMART_BL true // if true LCD backlight controlled through ALARM level and key, else backlight is always on #define ACTIVE_BUZZER true // true if active 5V piezo buzzer used. set false if passive soldered. #define EEPROM_LOG true // if true will log absorbed dose to eeprom every 60 minutes. Use only if there is no Logging Shield available! // install supplied libraries from lib.zip! #include <Arduino.h> #include <avr/pgmspace.h> #include <EEPROM.h> #include <LiquidCrystal.h> #include <SPI.h> #include "Configurator.hâ&#x20AC;? //-------------------------------------------------------// //-----------------Define global project variables----------------// unsigned long CurrentBat; // voltage of the battery unsigned long counts; // counts counter unsigned int countsHSecond; // half second counter static unsigned long value[] = {0,0,0,0,0,0}; // array variable for cpm moving algorithm static unsigned long cpm; // cpm variable static unsigned long rapidCpm; // rapidly changed cpm static unsigned long minuteCpm; // minute cpm value for absorbed radiation counter static unsigned long previousValue; // previous cpm value unsigned long previousMillis = 0; // millis counters unsigned long previousMillis_bg = 0; unsigned long previousMillis_pereferal = 0; unsigned long previousMillis_hour = 0; int n = 0; // counter for moving average array long result; // voltage reading result int buttonStateDo = 1; // buttons status int buttonStateUp = 1; unsigned int barCount; // bargraph variable static float absorbedDose; // absorbed dose static float dose; // radiation dose static float minuteDose; // minute absorbed dose
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boolean savedEeprom = false; // eeprom flag boolean event = false; // GM tube event received, lets make flag //boolean limit = false; // absorbed dose limit flag int cps_bar = BARGRAPH / 60; // fast bargraph scale for cps //-------------Roentgen/ Sieverts conversion factor---------------// float factor_Rn = (FACTOR_USV * 100000) / 877; // convert to roengten float factor_Sv = FACTOR_USV; float factor_Now = factor_Sv; // sieverts by defautl int units; // 0 - sieverts; 1 - roentgen //-----------------------------------------------------------------// //-------------------Initilize LCD---------------------// LiquidCrystal lcd(9, 4, 8, 7, 6, 5); //----------------------------------------------------// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //------------------------------------------------------------------SETUP AREA--------------------------------------------------------------------// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void setup() { // zero some important variables first counts = 0; countsHSecond = 0; minuteCpm = 0; minuteDose = 0; n = 0; cpm = 0; // configure atmega IO pinMode(LIGHT, OUTPUT); // turn on backlight digitalWrite(LIGHT, HIGH); pinMode(LED, OUTPUT); // configure led pin as output digitalWrite(LED, LOW); pinMode(2, INPUT); // set pin INT0 input for capturing GM Tube events digitalWrite(2, HIGH); // turn on pullup resistors pinMode(BUTTON_UP, INPUT); // set buttons pins as input with internal pullup digitalWrite(BUTTON_UP, HIGH); pinMode(BUTTON_DO, INPUT); digitalWrite(BUTTON_DO, HIGH); pinMode(A5, OUTPUT); // Set A5 as GND point for buzzer digitalWrite(A5, LOW);-starting tube high voltage---------------------//
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C2 1000mF
D3 1N4007
Power Supply Section
D.C. 8 - 12V
1
+5V
IN
OUT
C7 100mF
C6 22pF
C5 22pF
C3 100mF
REG1 7805
GND
+5V
R2 4K7
+5V
ON
X1 16MHz 10
9
8
7
11
12
13
14
6
15
PB7(XTAL2)
PB6(XTAL1)
GND
VCC
PD5(T1)
PD6(AIN0)
PD7(AIN1)
PB0(ICP1)
(OC1B)PB2
(INT0)PD2
(ADC3)PC3
(ADC2)PC2
(ADC1)PC1
(ADC0)PC0
(TXD)PD1
PD4(XCK/T0) (RXD)PD0
PB1(OC1A) (RESET)PC6
ATMega8L
16
4
26
25
24
23
3
2
1
R1 8K2
+5V
P2 1K
C4 10mF
L1 C8 100µ
+5V
R5 1K
R4 150E
T1 KSP44
R13 150E
C9 100µ
R8 100R
+5V
R10 10K
D2 4937
D1 4937
B_UP
T3 BC547
L2 10mH
RST RX TX VCC GND R11 150E
C1 100n
+5V
C10 10nF 1000V
R3 4.7M
R12 10K
+5V
C11 300pF
R9 100K
R8 10K
Geiger Tube
B_DN
R7 1K
+5V
+
T2 2N3904
EnvisioN-II
Hardware Description of G.M. Counter
Assembled Kit of G.M. Counter Kit can be purchased Online, Please contact: embedded4u@gmail.com
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Smart circuitS-II
FUSE REPLACEMENT BY VARIABLE SEMICONDUCTOR The circuit has been designed to replace the fuses of high as well as low current rating by a semi-conductor trip system utilizing the triac of high as well as low power rating. The current rating of this S.C. fuse can be adjusted by choosing a right value of the reference voltage VR of the feed-back loop and hence a particular value of the fuse in amperage can be set by a particular value of reference voltage VR. Thus the same circuit can act as a fuse different current rating. Initially, the high input impedance of op-amp 741 which has been exploited is in the order of » 1MW as a tough switch. The impedance of the human body being in the order of » 500kW and hence when the op-amp 741 is used in the comparator configuration, a simple, touch of the finger at ‘S’ will change the state of the
voltage changes in the mains supply efficiently. When the mains ac voltage exceeds 220V rms, the given circuit trips ‘OFF’ the supply to load and hence puts the triac to ‘OFF’ stage.
output at A. Monoshot 74121 has been used to restrict any further pulses coming from the previous op-amp during ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ time. An Ic7490 counter in ¸ 2 configuration has been used to trigger the triac. Voltage drop across 0.1W (high wattage) resistance (which can be reduced or replaced by a current meter) is fed to an amplifier in the feed-back loop. The amplified voltage is passed through a diode and a parallel combination of 5mF and 10pF capacitors which help in reducing the transient (a high voltage drop across 0.1W due to heavy current at the time of switching ‘ON’). The DC voltage developed across the capacitors is fed to the op-amp. As soon as the voltage at pt B exceeds VR, the output state of the op-amp changes and trips ‘OFF’ the circuit. This circuit also senses the
The importance of the circuit lies in the fact that it replaces the fuse which is a consumable item. where as in this circuit nothing is consumable and therefore has a long life expectancy. Moreover, the trip time is very small as compared to the fusing time of the fuses made until now. The trip time decreases with the increases with the increase of load current from the designed fuse (in this case a S.C. fuse) current. This would avoid damage of costly and sensitive equipments either due to voltage fluctuations or any short circuit inside the equipment occurring suddenly.
Vcc+5V 56k 10µF 25V S
2 1.8k 3 1.8k
4 5
7
A 6
741
2.5µF
220V / 50Hz (r.m.s.)
0.22µF 10V
11
LOAD
LED
10
5
14 74121 3 7
14
7490
2
6
12 7 10
100W
4
ST 044
0.47µF 10µf 25V
10µf 25V
1000µF 25V
1µF
47k
2.5µf 10V
7
3
1.8k
7
10k 5.6k
6
741 4 10µF 25V
2 B
3
6
100W 2
VR 1k
10pF
5µF 25V
100k
4
1.8k
0.1W or (current meter)
330k 3V
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TECHNO FOCUS A Segment Pertains to the Arena of Automation, Communication and Medical Sector
Contents .....................................................................Page Networking Circuits ................................................................................29 1 Ghz Millivotmeter Automatika Circuits ................................................................................30 Independent M:S Adjustment For Wide - Band Pulse Gen E-Pulse Circuits ................................................................................31 A Simple Charge Measuring Meter Bio-Buzz...............................................................................32 Latest news and product updates in medical field
Log on to : www.aet-embedtech.com
NetworkinG
1 GHZ MILLIVOLTMETER The circuit diagram of the meter is depicted in Fig.5. Error voltages is first log. amplified (Ic1 in the probe), then rectified (Ic2) and low pass filtered (R4, C10). the following stage (Ic3a, 3b) is a balanced to ground, low output impedance d.c. amplifier. Potentiometers R40, R41 null offsets (zero meter indication with zero rectifier input), balance is adjusted by means of R39 although metering is
balance error free. The output of the succeeding chopper, a b khz square wave, is them amplified in meter calibration amplifier Ic4. This stage functions also as an impedance buffer between chopper and the first active filter. Separate calibration potentiometer, R42, R43, R44, are provided for each subrange to compensate for minor discrepancies in transformer T1 ratios. Two cascaded low pass
Butterworth active filters (Ic5, Ic6) that follow, concert the square wave into a sinusoidal voltage which, suitably divided by switchable ratio transformer T1(1:1, 10:1, 100:1), is finally delivered to the comparison detector in the probe. Auxiliary circuits to switch to chopper comprise, 5KHz frequency oscillator Ic7, shaper driver Ic8 and inverter driver Ic9, R45 and R46. To be continue.........
R40 2k2 +Vs
C4 220n
-Vs R14 10k
C5 2n2
C2 1n
L1 C3 22n
D2
2
-
6
IC1
LM308A
4
A
C8 22n
2
B
R38 10k
3
+Vs
+ D3
L2 C3 22n
D4
6
IC2
R4 1k
CA3193
R11 15k
R39 2k2
1N4148
C10 47µ
R5 2k2
R6 2k2
IC9b
7
IC3b
+ IC9c
R8 R9 330k 10k
+Vs
M1 0-2V
R7 15k 6
-Vs R3 1k
12
C11 10µ
5 1
R2 390k
R1* -20
2 -
10
11
LM358
3 +
6
1
IC3a 2 -
5
R47 1k8
IC9a
3 +
R12 2k2
S1a
C6 100p D1
R13 330k
C9 22n
Tr1 BC173C
C1 22n
R15 10k
R10 10k
-Vs
R37 2k2
R41 2k2 R30 6k8 R45 2k2 3
-
LF356 2
Figure. 5. Complete circuit diagram. C22 2n2
IC7
+
R29 10k R32 1k8
C23 2n2 6
R33 1k5
1
R31 10k
2
IC8
+
LM311
R35 2k2
R34 2k2
+Vs
R36 2k2
-
-Vs
R46 2k2
C12 2µ2 R16 10k
R22 10k R23 10k 3 + 2 -
IC4
C14 C13 10µ
6 LM318 18p
R19 10k
R20 10k
C15 6n8
R21 10k
R27 10k
3 -
C16 5n6
C17 560p
2 +
R24 10k
6
IC5
LF356
R25 10k
C18 6n8
R26 10k
C19 5n6
R28 10k C20 560p
3 + 2 -
IC6
T1
1 C21 2µ2
LF356
R17 8k2
R18 2k7
A B
S1c
+8V R42 560
R43 560 S1b
R44 560
7
7
8
7
7
7
7
8
IC1 4
IC2 4
IC3 4
IC4 4
IC5 4
IC6 4
IC7 4
IC8 4
Decoupling 100n
14 IC9 7 -8V
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AutomatikA
Independent m:s Adjustment for Wide - Band Pulse Gen This circuit delivers square waves and rectangular waves with a mark : space ratio of 10 - 90 % at frequencies from 1.2kHz to 2.7MHz.
associated components., the output of which is adjustable from 12KHz to 27MHz by means of the potentiometer. Johnson counter Ic2 provides a Set pulse from the Q0 output to the SR flipflop Ic3, the corresponding Reset pulse
Frequency generation comes from the voltage controlled oscillator Ic1 and
coming by way of the selector switch from outputs Q1 - Q9, output frequencies being 1/10 of the input from Ic1, as in the square waveform from carry output C0.
-5V 1k5 15 ‘A’
6 VCO IN
12P
9
14 13 15
7
CLK
0
CLKEN
1
RST
2 3 4
100k
IC3 HCT4046
IC2 5 HCT4017 6 7
3k3 4
3k3
8 9
VC OUT
R1 CO
3
5
8
‘B’
3 2
1
4
2
7
3
10
4
1
5
5
6
6
7
9
8
11
9
12
0
2 1 3
‘D’
5 ‘C’
4 6 Output Frequency 1.2KHz - 2.7KHz
14 ‘E’
Three Ics form a 1.2KHz - 2.7MHz pulse and square - wave generator having a mark - to - space ratio adjustable in 10% steps from 10% to 90%
A
B
C
D
E Example shows waveforms for switch in position 3
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e-pulse
Simple Charge Measuring Meter Experiments involving the manufacturing of optical waveguides by electron beam irradiation on a glass substrates, requires the accurate measurement of electrical charge to control the refractive index variation of the substrate.
requirements is shown in figure 1. The applied charge in the form of an electron beam causing current to flow through the substrate is applied to Ic1, functioning as an integrator with the integrating capacitance of 100µF (10 x 10µF dielectric film). After buffering by Ic2, the resulting ramp given by 1 x T/C is compared to a 10V reference and an edge is generated when the voltage exceeds the reference causing the monostable to trigger for approximately 10mS.
In the particular experiment of incremental charge and accumulated charge were required in increments of 0.001 Coulomb up to a total charge of 100,000 Coulombs. A further requirement was to isolate requirement was to isolate the meter circuit from the measuring system.
The pulse is coupled via opto isolator IC6 to an 8 digit counter with built in LCD display and to relay driver Tr2.
A simple system for implementing the
Each time that an increment of charge of 0.001 Coulomb builds up, the relay is energized, discharging the 100µF capacitor and the counter is incremented. The system can be calibrated by injecting a current of 100µA into the input and adjusting the reference voltage so that the monostable triggers repetitively at 0.1s intervals. Provision for zero offset control was found to be necessary. However, figure 1 shows a zero offset control which is adjusted for minimum update rate of the display with the 100uF capacitor disconnected.
Discharge 10W
RLA +15V +12V
10x10mf
15k
IC3 REF.01CP
120k .1 4k7
6 10V 6
100k Hi I/P
1k
Link IC1 3140
100k
5 Ref 10k
4
IC4 LM311
Lo
7 4
3 2
IC2 3140
2
8
4
1
RLA
15k
1 Q
6
IC5 MC14538
3 5
15k
1 2
8
15k
6 10k
10k zero offset
Tr1
10k 3
IC6 6N135
5
10k
Tr2 10k
OV2 OV1 - 15V
8 Digit Counter
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Bio BuzZ Better sensors for medical imaging, contraband detection
Computers that mimic the function of the brain
A new, ultrasensitive magnetic-field detector has been developed that is 1,000 times more energy-efficient than its predecessors. It could lead to miniaturized, battery-powered devices for medical and materials imaging, contraband detection, and even geological exploration. In this image, laser light enters a synthetic diamond from a facet at its corner and bounces around inside the diamond until its energy is exhausted. This excites "nitrogen vacancies" that can be used to measure magnetic fields.
A team researchers used a promising new material to build more functional memristors, bringing us closer to brain-like computing. Both academic and industrial laboratories are working to develop computers that operate more like the human brain. Instead of operating like a conventional, digital system, these new devices could potentially function more like a network of neurons. Concept illustration (stock image). A new step forward in memristor technology could bring us closer to brain-like computing.
High-tech method allows rapid imaging of functions in living brain Researchers studying cancer and other invasive diseases rely on high-resolution imaging to see tumors and other activity deep within the body's tissues. Using a new high-speed, high-resolution imaging method, Lihong Wang, PhD, and his team at Washington University in St. Louis were able to see blood flow, blood oxygenation, oxygen metabolism and other functions inside a living mouse brain at faster rates than ever before.
Magnetic nanoparticles could allow brain stimulation without wires Researchers have developed a method to stimulate brain tissue using external magnetic fields and injected magnetic nanoparticles -- a technique allowing direct stimulation of neurons, which could be an effective treatment for a variety of neurological diseases, without the need for implants or external connections.Magnetic nanoparticles could allow brain stimulation without wires.
Swine flu outbreak in India raises concern: New strain of H1N1 may carry dangerous mutations
The brain game: How decreased neural activity may help you learn faster
Since December, an outbreak of swine flu in India has killed more than 1,200 people, and a new study suggests that the strain has acquired mutations that make it more dangerous than previously circulating strains of H1N1 influenza. The findings, which appear in the March 11 issue of Cell Host & Microbe, contradict previous reports from Indian health officials that the strain has not changed from the version of H1N1 that emerged in 2009 and has been circulating around the world ever since.
The researchers discovered that the neural activity in the quickest learners was different from that of the slowest. Their analysis provides new insight into what happens in the brain during the learning process and sheds light on the role of interactions between different regions. The findings, which appear online today in Nature Neuroscience, suggest that recruiting unnecessary parts of the brain for a given task -- similar to overthinking the problem -- plays a critical role in this important difference.
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Techno trendZ Allegro MicroSystems, LLC Announces New Current Sensor ICs with Common Mode Field Rejection Allegro MicroSystems, LLC announces two new current sensor ICs that are economical and precise solutions for AC or DC current sensing in industrial, automotive, commercial, and communications systems. Allegro’s ACS724 (5 V) and ACS725 (3.3 V) are highly accurate devices with a very small package. Both devices are ideal for space constrained applications that will save overall costs due to reduced board area. Typical applications include motor control in automotive power braking applications, oil and transmission pumps, or HEV charging circuits. Further information about Allegro can be found at : www.allegromicro.com.
Altera and Eutecus Single-chip, FPGA-Based Solutions “See” and Provide Intelligent Vision for Smart Cities Altera Corporation (NASDAQ: ALTR) and strategic IP partner Eutecus announce the availability of the ReCo-Pro Multi-Channel High-Definition (HD) Video Analytics platform based on Eutecus’ MVE™ video and fusion analytics technology and Altera’s Cyclone® V SoC and Enpirion® PowerSoC devices. Available from Eutecus, the ReCo platform has been chosen by Sensity Systems as the foundation for adding intelligent vision processing to its high-speed, Light Sensory Network (LSN), which is currently being installed in several US metropolitan areas. For more information on the products, contact sales@eutecus.com.
Agilent Technologies Introduces Small, Reliable, Energy-Efficient Vacuum Pump Agilent Technologies Inc. extended its line of vacuum products with the compact new TwisTorr 84 FS turbomolecular pump. Innovations in the TwisTorr 84 FS will extend performance, reliability and energyefficiency benefits to demanding academic and industrial applications. Such applications involve a range of scientific instruments, from high-stability electron microscopes to high-throughput gas chromatography/mass spectrometry systems. One of the pump's key innovations is its drag stage, which guarantees high pumping speed and compression ratios for hydrogen and helium applications. It also ensures high throughput, high foreline pressure tolerance, low power consumption and low operating temperature. Information about Agilent is available at : www.agilent.com.
Industry’s Highest Dynamic-Range Quad, 16-bit D/A Converter Supports All Wireless and Mobile Device Frequency Standards Analog Devices, Inc., introduced a quad-channel, 2.4-GSPS, 16-bit D/A converter with industry leading dynamic range performance in the 100- to 300-MHz band for complex IF transmitters. The highly integrated AD9154 quad, 16-bit D/A converter is the only device of its kind to include an on-chip PLL (phase-locked loop) and eight-lane JESD204B interface. The combination of features allows designers to use a single device to meet all of their requirements in multicarrier GSM and LTE transmitters designed for wireless macro base stations, point-to-point microwave radio, military radios and radio test equipment. For more details visit at : http://www.analog.com/AD9154.
Cypress Expands Traveo Automotive MCU Family New Microcontrollers Bring Advanced Graphics to Compact Vehicles; Backed by Spansion Automotive Excellence and ServiceCypress Semiconductor Corp. (NASDAQ: CY) announced the expansion of its Traveo™ microcontroller (MCU) family with a new series that provides automotive manufacturers with a cost-effective platform to deliver 2-D and 3-D graphics and advanced functionality for dashboards, head-up displays and HVAC systems in compact vehicles. The S6J32BA and S6J32DA series build upon Spansion’s announcement of the Traveo 2-D graphics MCU S6J324C series and the 3-D graphics MCU S6J326C series for midsize cars. To learn more, go to www.cypress.com.
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Techno trendZ Intersil Announces Industry's First Fully Encapsulated 50A Digital Power Module ®
Intersil Corporation (NASDAQ: ISIL), a leading provider of innovative power management and precision analog solutions announced the industry's first 50A fully encapsulated digital DC/DC PMBus power module. The ISL8272M is a complete step-down power supply that delivers up to 50A of output current from industry standard 12V or 5V input power rails, and four modules can be combined to support up to 200A rails. It provides point-of load conversions for advanced FPGAs, ASICs, processors and memory in space-constrained and power-dense telecom and datacom applications. The device is also well suited for high-end instrumentation, industrial and medical equipment. For more information about this product please visit at : please visit at : www.intersil.com/products/isl8272m.
Microchip’s MOST150 INICs Enable Cost-Effective Smart Antenna Module Coaxial Connectivity to Automotive Control, Audio, Video and Internet Protocol Networks Microchip Technology Inc., announced that the MOST® Cooperation released its MOST150 technology coaxial physical layer specification. This new industry-standard specification enables Microchip to support smart antenna module connectivity to in-vehicle MOST150 advanced driver assistance system and infotainment networks, via its OS81118AF Intelligent Network Interface Controller (INIC) with integrated coax transceiver. The MOST150 coaxial physical layer is ideally suited for smart-antenna telematics and other data traffic from AM/FM, DAB, SDARS, DVB-T, 3G/LTE, GPS and Wi-Fi® signals etc. For more information please visit at : http://www.microchip.com/OS81118AF-032515a.
ROHM to start shipments of a Dedicated System Power Management IC for the 14nm Intel® Atom™ processor for tablets ROHM Co., Ltd. (TSE: 6963) has announced the production release of a dedicated system power management integrated circuit (PMIC), the BD2613GW, to support the next generation, 14nm Intel® Atom™ processor for tablets. A highly integrated power management solution with industry leading power efficiency, ROHM's PMIC is targeted towards ultra-thin form factor tablets. This BD2613GW is a successor PMIC to the BD2610GW which supports Intel’s current processor for tablets, the Intel Atom processor Z3700 series. This new single-chip PMIC integrates all of the essential power FETs into same WLCSP package as its predecessor, the BD2610GW.
Smartphone-Like Graphics Coming to Everyday Objects Courtesy of New STM32 Microcontrollers from STMicroelectronics STMicroelectronics (NYSE: STM), has introduced new microcontroller chips designed to bring the same high-performance graphics enabling intuitive smartphone-like user interfaces in the world of wearable devices, smart appliances, and other IoT (Internet of Things) applications. The new STM32F469/479 microcontroller line delivers this new level of performance through the combination of ST’s Chrom-ART Accelerator™1 and the MIPI-DSI technology2 that is widely deployed in today’s leading smartphones and tablets, without higher cost or shorter battery-lifetime penalties. Further information on ST can be found at : www.st.com.
TI delivers industry's first cable driver to support SDI- and IP-based 4K video Texas Instruments (TI) (NASDAQ: TXN) introduced the industry's first cable driver to support uncompressed 4K ultra high definition (UHD) video transmission using serial digital interface (SDI) and 10 gigabit Ethernet (GbE) protocols. The LMH1218 gives engineers the flexibility to design video infrastructure equipment for SDI or Internet protocol (IP) formats with a single component. The capabilities of the LMH1218 will be exhibited at the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) Show, April 11-16, in Las Vegas, Nevada. TI will offer product demonstrations in its booth, N8519. For more information about the new LMH1218 cable driver. For more information about this product please visit at : www.ti.com/lmh1218-pr.
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TEST & MEASURING INSTRUMENTS EXPERIMENTS & TRAINERS Academy of Embedded Technology is a diversified product
Foetal Doppler
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development company, engaged in R&D Activities, training and design development of various applications using embedded technology, AET was established by Mr. S.K. Gupta having three decades of experience in Embedded and Electronics. With a reputation for engineering excellence, our greatest asset is our talented team of hardware and software professionals. Right from its inception, our AET team has worked constantly towards the goal of increased quality and continuos technology updating. Our prowess in Embedded Technology has earned us the status of Certified Third Party Consultants of the Atmel AVR. Our Corporate Mission l To serve Educational Institutions with the latest technological development through our deep knowledge and long history in science education. l To guide the new generation for meeting the future needs of trade & industry. l To bridge the gap between Academic courses & Industrial requirement. l Skill Development in students using Embedded Application Training and Embedded For You journal.
Engineering / Polytechnic / Science College Labs :-
Development Kit 8051/AVR
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CalendaR Name, Date and Venue
Events
Led Expo Mumbai 07 to 09 - May - 2015 Bombay Convention & Exhibition Centre
The exhibitors will get a great platform to showcase their products and services and launch new products and designs that will be very beneficial for their company.
Mex Exhibitions Pvt Ltd 9, LGF, Sant Nagar East of Kailash New Delhi, India
Foodtech Kerala 08 to 10 - May - 2015 CIAL Trade Fairs & Exhibition Centre, Cochin
Foodtech Kerala is a 3 day event. This event showcases product from Food & Beverage industry.
Cruz Consultants Event Managers Chingam, K. P. Vallon Road, Kadavanthra Cochin, India
India International Cnc & Tooling Expo 09 to 11 - May - 2015 Punjab Trade Centre, Ludhiana
This event showcases product from Industrial Products, Hand, Machine & Garden Tools industries.
Paramount Exhibitors C-84, Industrial Area- VII, Mohali (Chandigarh) Mohali, India
Renewable Energy World India 14 to 16 - May - 2015 Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India
The show will focus to prevent useless wastage of energy and will discuss about the effective mediums which will help in protecting the power and energy.
Inter Ads Plot No.859, Phase-V, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, India
Indian Machine Tool & Automation Expo Rudrapur 15 to 17 - May - 2015 ARK hotel, Rudrapur, India
This event showcases product from Automotive, Bicycles, Rickshaw & Spares, Hand, Machine & Garden Tools, Minerals, Metals & Ores, Plant, Machinery & Equipment, Business Services industries.
Paramount Exhibitors C-84, Industrial Area- VII, Mohali (Chandigarh) Mohali, India
Mobile Expo 15 to 17 - May - 2015 Kasturchand Park, Nagpur, India
This event showcases products like mobile based products, telecom based products and services associated with this field etc.
Meraevents Versant Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 2nd Floor, 3 Cube Towers, Whitefield Road, Kondapur Hyderabad, India
Power, Electrical, Electronics & Instrumentation 21 to 23 - May - 2015 Nimantran Resorts, Baddi, India
This event showcases product from Electronics & Electrical Goods, Power, Renewable Energy & Energy Conservation industries.
Paramount Exhibitors C-84, Industrial Area- VII, Mohali (Chandigarh) Mohali, India
Renergy 23 to 24 - May - 2015 Chennai Trade Centre, Chennai, India
This event showcases product from Power, Renewable Energy & Energy Conservation industry.
Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency 5th Floor, E. V. K., Sampath Malligai, 68, College Road Chennai, India
Intec 05 to 09 - June - 2015 CODISSIA Trade Fair Complex, Coimbatore, India
It will show machine tools and accessories, pumps and fittings, foundry equipments, automation products, instrumentation products, industrial consumables, industrial electrical and electronic products etc.
CODISSIA G. D. Naidu Towers, P. B.No. 3827, Huzur Road Coimbatore, India
Electrical, Electronics & Energy Expo 06 to 08 - June - 2015 NSIC Trade Centre - ECIL, Hyderabad, India
This event showcases product from Electronics & Electrical Goods industry.
Paramount Exhibitors C-84, Industrial Area- VII, Mohali (Chandigarh) Mohali, India
Led & Lighting Expo 06 to 08 - June - 2015 NSIC Trade Centre - ECIL, Hyderabad, India
Led & Lighting Expo is a 3 day event. This event showcases product from Electronics & Electrical Goods industry.
Paramount Exhibitors C-84, Industrial Area- VII, Mohali (Chandigarh) Mohali, India
Electrical, Electronics & Energy Expo 12 to 14 - June - 2015 Holly Hock Gardens, Jalandhar, India
This event showcases product from Electronics & Electrical Goods industry.
Paramount Exhibitors C-84, Industrial Area- VII, Mohali (Chandigarh) Mohali, India
Professional Educational Fair 13 to 14 - June - 2015 Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India
This event showcases products like professional educational institutes on engineering, management and medical streams associated with this field etc.
India Trade Promotion Organization Pragati Bhawan, Pragati Maidan New Delhi, India
Solar South 19 to 21 - June - 2015 Chennai Trade Centre, Chennai, India
This event showcases product from Power, Renewable Energy & Energy Conservation industry.
Smart Expos New No. 116, Old No. 81 Mount Road, Guindy, Chennai, India
Engineering and Machine Tools 19 to 21 - June - 2015 Chennai Trade Centre, Chennai, India
This event showcases products like abrasive based products, industrial robotics, cutting tools, die, pumps, valves, to that of CNC machines associated with this field etc.
Smart Expos & Fairs (India) Pvt. Ltd New No. 116, Old No. 81, Manickam Lane Mount Road, Guindy, Chennai - 600 032, INDIA
Lab Expo And Conferences 19 to 21 - June - 2015 NSIC Trade Centre - ECIL, Hyderabad, India
It will be throwing light on seven themes such as lab instrumentation and equipment, lab automation, software and hardware, lab and testing diagnostics, labware and good lab practices.
Paramount Exhibitors C-84, Industrial Area- VII, Mohali (Chandigarh) Mohali, India
Led & Lighting Expo New Delhi 03 to 05 - July - 2015 NSIC Exhibition Complex, New Delhi
This event showcases products like high power leds, liquid leds, solar led lights, led components/ accessories & raw materials, led encapsulation material, led wafer/chips, led lighting and many more.
Paramount Exhibitors C-84, Industrial Area- VII, Mohali (Chandigarh) Mohali, India
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Embedded For You
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