emil poulsen. student in architecture and engineering. 2012
emilpo@student.chalmers.se +46736679517 dr. forselius backe 46 41326 gรถteborg sweden
EMIL POULSEN ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS I am a 22 years old student of the program architecture and engineering at Chalmers University in Gothenburg, Sweden. The program deals with both engineering and architectural theories, methods and tools. The culture of engineering education with subject-based courses are continuously woven together with the architectural tradition of making projects. After 6 years it is possible to obtain both a master of architecture degree and a master of science degree. Currently I am in my third year, and in June 2012 will receive a bachelor’s degree in architecture and engineering. The symbiosis between function and form is something that interests me a lot. Through good and smart design one can create the conditions for sustainable architecture. Sometimes situations arise when you are not able to distinguish what the aesthetic is and what the structural or functional is. That is architecture at it’s best. My vision is to use both my engineering and architectural skills and to crequ ate qualitative and sustainable architecture.
emilpo@student.chalmers.se +46736679517 dr. forselius backe 46 41326 göteborg sweden
2009 - now - architcure and engineering chalmers university gothenburg, sweden
spring 2009 - advanced english clubclass swieqi, malta
2005-2008 -
science program (secondary school) roden high school norrtälje, sweden
WORK-RELATED QUALIFICATIONS summer 2010 - contekton arkitekter and vänersborg, sweden summer 2011 a local architectural firm in western Sweden with about 20 employees. www.contekton.se
drafting: modelling: parametrics: rendering: graphic: office: analysis: programming: sound:
autocad, archicad sketchup, archicad, rhinoceros 3D grasshopper 3D, kangaroo physics vray adobe: photoshop, illustrator & indesign microsoft: word, exel & powepoint MATLAB & CALFEM, pointsketch, forcepad C++, processing (both basic knowledge) cool edit pro
CONTENT PROJECT AND COURSES AT ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING first year
second year
third year
fall - man and space - introductory course in mathematics - history of architecture - calculus in one variable
fall - modelling, visualization and communcation - building and structure - exploring material and space - solid mechanics
fall - linear algebra - load-bearing constructions - structural mechanics - architecture and optimized structures
spring - calculus in several variables - form, color and architectural tools - space and geometry - mechanics
spring - building materials - building and climate - architecture and history of technology - building physics
spring - bachelor’s thesis in Architecture - town and country planning - climate systems
01. membrane
01
building of rock carvings
02. torparangen
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low-energy housing project
03. sinnesfunktion
21
bridge-house
04. skanstorget
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plaza & underground garage
05. zenit
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a sauna
links: http://arktek.se/ http://www.chalmers.se
06. chalmers structural design contest
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comptetition of designing and building a bridge
07. aesthetical workshops
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selected aesthetical workshop
08. computational workshops
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selected computational workshop
09. field trips: pictures from four different countries
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01. MEMBRANE building of rock carvings and shading roof
course: time: examiner: coach: team: location:
architecture and optimized structures year 3 (fall 2011) morten lund ulf johansson, chalmers solo tanum (west coast of sweden)
programme:
Tanum is a small town in northern Bohuslän (on the west coast of sweden), which is known for its rich culture of rock carvings from the bronze age. At Lövåsen, just south of Tanumshede, there is a 40 m long rock filled with spectacular carvings. Unfortunately they can hardly be seen today due to the sunlight. This project is about designing a building with a shading roof to make it easier to study the site’s rock-carvings. They can then be highlighted with raking light to create shadows. In order not to damage the carvings, the roof must not be supported from the rock.
approach:
The concept of Membrane is based on a minimalistic philosophy to create a discussion-starting and innovative visitor center for the rock carvings at Lövåsen. This is achieved by simple geometrical building volumes integrated into an elastic membrane. The shape of a tensile membrane is determined by its boundary conditions. By tightening up the membrane in specific points, a sculptural and interesting surface is created where all the tension becomes exposed. The membrane strives for a natural form in which the lowest energy consumption per unit material is reached. This phenomenon is called ‘minimal surface’ and is the principle behind the shapes of soap films.
THE SITE
In conjunction with the European highway 6, Lövåsen is found through a small road just south of the city Tanumshede. A car journey from Gothenburg takes about 1 ½ hours, and from Uddevalla, about 40 minutes.
Tanumshede 5 km Strömstad 41 km
fler hällristningar (Gerum)
In the city Tanumshede there is a museum with both a café and a restaurant as well as exhibitions that deals with issues surrounding petroglyphs generally. The need of these features on the rock observatory at Lövåsen, about 5 km away, is therefore not an existing.
membran
Handikapp- & arbetsplatsparkering
A parking lot for visitors can be found along the small road. From there it is about 250 meters from a path up to the rock observatory membrane. an example of a minimal surface as a soap film created with three metal rings.
E6 1 km Besöksparkering
Grebbestad 9 km
Uddevalla 58 km Göteborg 130 km
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PLAN / SECTION A
WC
trappspång förråd
kontor
kontor
maskin
brygga modell
informationsskyltar brygga
informationsskyltar
plan 1:200 A
sektion A-A 1:100
N
FACADE The volume concept is based on the desire to create a space between the rock and a longitudinal volume. In order not cut out the beautiful landscape to the east, the volume is divided into three parts. The three units correspond to different functions: entrance, dining & office
membran/vajer
At the outer facade of the buildings two balcony-looking piers are placed. The idea is to recreate the feeling of the high water level that existed during the bronze ages. In this way, the ground below the piers are regarded as “water”.
tryckstång
mursockel
vajer
jordankare
3 östfasad 1:200
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STRUCTURE / STAIRCASE
There is a staircase above the rock’s surface to enable the discovery of more carvings. The staircase is connected trough wires with the arc and has the shape of an M. The steps lies on a truss structure in steel. On the underside of the truss spotlights are mounted.
PHYSICAL MODEL / DETAILS In order to tighten up the membrane, a framework is required. Something had to be above the hill to attach the membrane in. The solution to this is a tilted arc. From either side of the hill an buildings reaches over the rock of this load bearing principle between the arc and the wires,
arc rises up from the ground. Wires from the and lift up the structure. since the concept is based on gravitational equilibrium the wires have to be prestressed.
The function of the arc is to take pressure from the wires and lifting up the staircase. However, the arch itself too small to cover the entire rock. Therefore, 10 steel bars are placed perpendicular along the arc. At the tip of the bars the membrane is attached, which in turn shades the rock.
A calatrava-inspired concept model that was build in the beginning of the project. 5
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PARAMETRIC MODELLING / STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Structural analyses have been made throughout the project. With the help of parametric 3D modelling during the design process, the construction has been able to be modified after each analysis. This iterative workflow has been the basis for the optimization of the whole structure. The calculations and structure diagrams have been made using CALFEM, a plug-in to the program MATLAB. The parametric model was built with Grasshopper 3D.
The grasshopper-definition the catenary shaped arc.
Pressure and tension analysis of the structure. blue indicates compression, and red tension. As shown in the figure, the arc is only loaded in pressure, which confirms its optimization.
for
Computational model of the structure. All the cross-sections are assumed to be circular and all supports (the red dots) are assumed be rotatable joints.
PROCESS / REFLECTION I am very pleased with the sketch process in this project. It happened sometimes that I lost the inspiration and did not know how to proceed, but then I had my basic concept to fall back on - the membrane. In an early stage a parametric 3D model was built. This helped a lot for the development of the project. For instance, If I needed to change the angle of the arc, I did this by changing a few numerical values, instead of redrawing the whole model. God bless parametrics! In parallel with this project, a course in structural mechanics was studied. This made it possible to apply the method of calculation we learnt in our own projects. It was fun and definitely something I will continue to do. If I had more time, I would have developed the meeting between the volumes and the load-bearing structure. My ambition is to always combine structure and shape in order to create beautiful and technological solutions (that is, among other things, what makes me to an architecture and engineering student, and not just an architecture student!).
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02. TORPARĂ„NGEN energy-efficient
course: time: examiner: coach: team: location:
terrace
houses
in
building and climate year 2 (spring 2011) ola nylander kajsa crona, nilsson & crona arkitekter johan berggren, isa sverneborn, ingrid tufvesson central gothenburg
gothenburg
programme: progra ogra ramm
Creating an energy efficient row-house area in central Gothenburg. In parallel with this course, we read the course ’building physics’ where we learned to make calculations regarding energy and moisture on houses and to design energy / moisture-smart building components. This was applied in the project.
approach:
Movement, sight lines and levels have been three key words through the design in this project. The houses have an expression of motion already in the facade. Stairs lead up to the roof and break with its diagonal character. Indoors, the movement is at least as strong. The stairs lead the people through the house and allows the inhabitants to vary their movement between floors, to circulate in section. The house roof terraces allowing outdoor stay at the top level.
movement patterns and sightlines
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THE SITE / NEIGHBORHOOD The residents create a secure environment between the houses just by living. One neighbor’s front is the other neighbor’s garden. The windows are positioned to create sightlines through the area. This allows passengers to move around without feeling unsafe. Through the area there is a pathway which starts in the adjacent forest and finds its way down to the tram stop. It passes the small gardens and the narrow passages between the houses.
3
2 1
5 4
6
1. tramstop
2. convenience store
3. school 1-9
4. tourist attraction: stora torp
4. gothenburg city
6. recreation area
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THE NEIGHBORHOOD / HOUSE TYPES
PHYSICAL MODEL The residential area of Torparängen consists of two different house types: House type 1 fits for example an older couple who move from larger to smaller, a family of three or a couple in the middle of their careers. House type 2 fits for example the permanent large family or those who need to be flexible with room for additional children, mothers in law or friends.
low angle, house type 1
interior, type house 1
bird’s eye view, house type 1 1
an early sketch model of a row
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HOUSE TYPE 1: PLAN / SECTION
B
SOVRUM
B
G
G
G
G ATELJÉ TERRASS SOVRUM
A
A
B
FRD
K
BADRUM
F
ST
KÖK
TM
HALL
A
G
B
A
B
B
VARDAGSRUM
A
A
INTERIOR HOUSE 1
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HOUSE TYPE 2: PLAN / SECTION
B
B G
G
SOVRUM
SOVRUM
G
A
A
A
A GÄSTRUM
G
G
SOVRUM
TERRASS
SOVRUM WC
G
B
B B FRD
TM KLK
TT
A
BADRUM G
A
HALL VARDAGSRUM ST
F
K
KÖK
B
INTERIOR HOUSE 2
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DETAILS / SHADOW DIAGRAM The roof is a low sloping heat roof. The supporting structure consists of wooden beams.
Terraced houses in Torpar채ngen have following calculated values : wall thickness U-value energy usage power requirement
500 mm 0,2 W/m2K 23 kWh/m2 and year 2,1 kW
The sloping wall has a bitumen mat as a protective layer, like the roof. Solar panels are mounted here. The wall is slightly tilted to be parallel to the solar panels.
The vertical beams are shifted relative to each other to break the thermal bridges. Between the beams there is a layer of mineral wool.
Concrete slab on ground. In order to reduce thermal bridges between the walls and floor cellular plastic is molded as a middle layer inside the slab.
PROCESS / REFLECTION Designing homes was something new and exciting. This made me really reflect on how we live and what we want in our homes. In this project, we were a total of four students who collaborated. Working in groups with a task that require creative work was difficult while it was fun. Good communication in the designteam is a prerequisite for a good result. Something I had wanted to sketch further on if I had more time was the plan of the second house type. We managed to draw an effective plan with our concept of being able to circulate in t section with the first house type, but not quite with the wi first. rs Ho to design architecture to meet the requirements How of swedish standards is something I brought with me from this project. To communicate and work with architecture in a team was something I also wi de developed.
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03. SINEWAVE
bridge
house
course: time: examiner: coach: team: location:
in
central
gothenburg
building and structure year 2 (autumn 2010) ulf johansson kia bengtsson, MA arkitekter solo central gothenburg
programme: pr
Gothenburg is a city divided by a 30 meter wide river. Between the area of Rosenlund and the area of Pustervik there are no bridges. This creates inaccessibility in the city and it is therefore highly relevant to link the two sides. The task of this course is to create a bridge houses with a cafe on it. The structure must not be supported by pylons in the water, it must carry itself over the span.
THE SITE approach:
The concept of this project has been to work with the sinewave as structure in an aesthetical manner that makes it difficult to differentiate what is being the load bearing construction and what is being the aesthetic. Wwith the usage of wooden geometrical patterns in the facade, the bridge relates to context of the site. The bridge house consists of two levels – the ground level where the passage occurs, and the upper floor where the cafe is located.
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PLANS / FACADES To minimize the blocking of sightlines to the landmark Feskekyrkan from surrounding pathways the bridge is located west of the icon building. The location benefits the most common movement patterns around the quaysides.
N
N
FACADES / SECTION
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STREET LEVEL INTERIOR
UPPER FLOOR INTERIOR
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PARAMETRIC MODELLING Simplified speaking, one can describe the load bearing system as an organic shaped truss structure. It consists of two main steel beams that have been design mathematically. Their shapes are defined by the following parametric curve:
In which the range of the equation describing the curve’s three-dimensional position in each direction with unit meter. Each local maxima and minima are connected with a longitudinal I-beam. The main in structure was designed parametrically using Grasshopper 3D. See definition below.
PROCESS / REFLECTION It was during this project I discovered the phenomenon of parametric design. The basic sinestructure and the wooden facades were defined parametrically in Grasshopper 3D. To express architectural form in terms of mathematics and programming-code is a truly fantastic. What I am satisfied with this project is how I managed to work conceptually with sinusoidal shape throughout the project. Critics said that I had a good sense of design, but the making of qualitative interior spaces was not as successful. In all the innovative design, one of the most important things became forgotten - how you perceive the room and what qualities it has. Moreover, The decision to put the walking path and cafeteria on different levels was another thing i was criticized for. Inaccessibility is something you should avoid in contexts like these. Not to forget the interior rooms when creating an interesting exterior is an insight I brought from this project.
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04. SKANSTORGET plaza & underground garage in central gothenburg
course: time: examiner: coach: team: location:
space and geometry year 1 (spring 2010) magnus persson mikael ekegren, LEGO arkitekter me and magnus pettersson central gothenburg
honourable With this project we were mention: awarded as the architecture and engineering students of the year.
programme:
Skanstorget is a square in central Gothenburg. Today it operates as a car park, which is a shame. Since the location is so central, it has great potential to enrich the city. The task in this course has been to design an underground garage to remove the vehicles into. The square shall be a general space with the conditions for marketing, events, sports and outdoor cafes. A central part of the project has been to lead sunlight to the underground and to design a staircase down to the garage. Through this course, we were given lectures about ventilation, construction, electricity, fire safety, and architectural design of underground structures.
THE SITE approach:
A four-storey building has been placed in the square’s eastern edge to shield the busy road and act as a room divider. The vortex-shape has been a key source of inspiration for this project. The stairwell combines two spiral staircases in a flight of stairs. The motion of the cars in the circular driveway communicates with human movement in the stairs. The pathway of the square finds its way playfully into the square and further toward the central water pond.
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OVERVIEW RENDERING
THE PLAZA Next to the building a concrete porch comes up from the ground and becomes furniture in the plaza. The place is public and meant to serve as a platform for social activity and a place to enjoy the afternoon sun. The pond ties up the plaza. All paths lead to it and a social space is created around the water. The pond is the beginning of a cylinder stretching down through the garage and act natural light intake. During the evening it becomes illuminated from below and therefore it can be used as a social place at nights. Even in winter the pond is functional when it can be used as a skating rink.
analysis of spaces on the existing plaza. undefined and diffuse.
analysis of spaces on the proposed plaza. concentrated and present.
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THE GARAGE The parking garage consists of a straight and simple design that is broken by a large cylinder that provides daylight. The simple forms, combined with the cylinder as a link to the above ground creates a sense of safeness down in the garage. The garage has three exits. Two of them are located along the square’s edge, while the third is standing in the middle of the square.
Total number of parking spaces: garage’s total area: Fire cells: Construction: Ventilation:
422 11500 m2 2 per floor poststressed concrete with uninjected reinforcement mechanical blowout with with support from axial fans
diagrams of fire escape & air streams
PLAN
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THE STAIRCASE The main staircase of the parking garage is located inside the stone wall integrated with the circular car exit. This creates a communication between the motion of the motorists and the motion of the pedestrians as they are visible to each other. The staircase consists of two spiral stairs that wind down in opposite directions relatively to each other, . The two stairs have the same center point, but different radius, giving an internal and an external flight of stairs.
level 0
section D-D
level -1
level -2
section E-E
PROCESS / REFLECTION This was a large and complex project. The work included everything from designing the square to draw details of a stair railing. Despite a poor time planning (which resulted in that we had to work three days in a row, including nights) we managed to win the award “the architecture and engineering students of the year�- something I am very proud of. What I am most pleased with in this project is the staircase design and the plaza design. Critics told us that it was a lot of architecture in the project, but we would have taken it even further if we spent more time on the details. That the details have a major impact on the total architectural quality was an insight I took with me from this project.
section F-F
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05. ZENIT sauna
facillity
course: time: examiner: coach: team: location:
space and man year 1 (fall 2009) wiktor kowalski linda andersson, KUB arkitekter solo härryda
program:
Design a sauna on the southeastern shore of the lake sandsjĂśn, about 25 km east of Gothenburg. The facility must not exceed 40 m2 and will accommodate 6-8 people. In addition to the sauna, there shall be locker rooms, a relaxation room, toilets and showers.
SITE / CONCEPT approach:
Sauna zenit was designed to communicate harmony, both interiorally and exteriorally. With vertically attached planks in chestnut, the building interacts with the environment and gives the impression of balance. The building puts the visitors in the center. It can in many ways be compared with a spa facility. The entrance door leads directly into a small hall which later resolves itself into a dressing room with high ceiling. In this room both first floor and second floor are present. The room is also a junction for the shower, toilet and sauna. The sauna faces the nature to the west with a glass wall in order to invite the surrounding and the sunset. There is also an upper floor facing the same direction.
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PLANS / SECTIONS
PLANS / SECTIONS
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INTERIOR SKETCH / PHYSICAL MODEL
PROCESS / REFLECTION This was my very first architectural project made on the university. When I look at the project retrospectively, I feel satisfied with the effort I made three years ago. I explored shape and material in a way I never had done before. Something I clearly remember that I was criticized for was the locker room with double ceiling height. Do you really want a room with high ceilings and many windows when you are undressed? Probably not. To truly visualize the rooms you create and take an imaginary stroll in the project you are drawing was an insight I took with me from this project.
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05. CHALMERS STRUCTURAL DESIGN CHALLENGE time: task:
year 2 (fall 2010)
structural analysis with diffrent load cases
Chalmers structural design challenge is a design contest for engineering / architecture students in second year at Chalmers. With a limited amount of material the task is to design and build a bridge over one of the ponds on the campus area. The span is 14 meters and the bridge must not be horizontally supported with external forces except from the friction that arises between the support and the foundation. A jury, including the swedish architect Gert Wingårdh, judged the bridges on the basis of design, functionality and aesthetics.
approach:
Our bridge is based on a design principle called fink truss. Vertical trapezoid-shaped timber elements attached to a rope in a zigzag pattern carry up the path. The bridge was named “TRUSS ME”.
honourable With this bridge we were awarded with the second prize of a total of mention: six teams.
some sketches
a physical model with a scale of 1:10 was built during the design process.
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06. AESTHETIC WORKSHOPS Using a pencil to visually cut out a letter from a block. an exercise in drawing techniques
An exercise in translating a two dimensional image into a three-dimensional clay figure.
Just a random sketch.
material. Building structures in sticks of arrowwood. No other materials were used to connect the sticks with each other. An interesting workshop about exploring the limits of a material.
nature. Inspired by the artwork of Anthony Goldsworthy, we had a workshop to explore sound, light, water and air from both an artistic perspective, but also from a scientific perspective.
human. This workshop was about exploring the human body’s structural balance. A body position was first modeled in a small scale, then on a large scale of planks and rope. In the end, the structure was loaded with sand pails, to examine its structural capacity. We worked with the position of a man who is just about to shoot a football.
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07. COMPUTATIONAL WORKSHOPS DEFINING THE SHAPE OF A ROOF
WITH MATHEMATICS
inspired by chris william’s engineering work with the British museum’s courtyard roof (where the roof was designed mathematicly) we were given this task in the course linear algebra. Just as two-dimensional curves can be shaped differently depending on how you define equations, you can likewise control the shape of a surface mathematically. With the boundary condition that the surface had to rest on the unit square, it was necessary to construct the surface so that the function value z(x,y) is equal to 0 when x = 1 or y = 1 (independently). That the z-value of the function had to be above zero was also required. After having sketched the roof mathematically the form was structurally optimized with a dynamic relaxation-script. This script also placed diagonal in the grid in an optimized way.
excerpt from code %Initiate the grid x=zeros(n^2,1); y=zeros(n^2,1); for i=1:n for j=1:n x(j+(i-1)*n)=(i-1)/(n-1); y(j+(i-1)*n)=(j-1)/(n-1); end end z=getRoofHeight(x,y); %Show the initial grid figure(1); tri = delaunay(x,y); trimesh(tri,x,y,z);
% Creates the triangulation
prevDeltap=zeros(3,(n-2)^2);
% This contains the previous adjustment. % Initiated to the zero matrix at first step.
normError=1;
% Contains the norm of the tangential component of % all the force vectors. Initiated to 1 to make it do at % least one step.
counter=0;
% Counts the number of iterations.
% Run the relaxation process until the force is small enough while normError>forceLimit counter=counter+1; % The q_{i,j} of the article. fM=forceMatrix(x,y,z); deltap=c1*fM+c2*prevDeltap; % The deltap of the article. [x,y,z]=updateGrid(deltap,x,y,z); % Update the grid with deltap
the A-part of the equation
the B-part of the equation
normError=norm(fM); components prevDeltap=deltap; end
% Compute the norm of the tangential % Save the adjustment as the previous one
fprintf('Antal iterationer: %d c1=%f c2=%f\n',counter,c1,c2); %Show the updated grid figure(2); tri = delaunay(x,y); trimesh(tri,x,y,z); writedxfline('fname8',x,y,z)
0 y 1 0 x 1
The mathimatical equation of the roof
A and B superpositioned as z, variant 1
A and B superpositioned as z, variant 2
a1=2*(x-0.5); b1=2*(y-0.5); a=1*(a1).^2; b=1*(b1).^2; c=1; d=1; A=(sin(c*a).*cos((pi/2)*b).*cos((pi/2)*a).*sin(d*b)); B=(x.^r).*(1-x.^r).*(y.^s).*(1-y.^s); z=2*A+8*B;
VORONOI VORTEX WALLS
excerpt from code for (int i=0; i<n; i++) { points[i][0] = windowSizex/2 + 2*i*cos(i)+ 0.45*random(19);//random(windowSize);//[0,windowSize] points[i][1] = windowSizey/2 + 2*i*sin(i)+ 0.45*random(19);//random(windowSize); } Voronoi myVoronoi =new Voronoi(points ); myEdges = myVoronoi.getEdges(); MPolygon[] myRegions = myVoronoi.getRegions();
This workshop was made during two days in autumn 2011. It was led by Chris Williams (University of Bath), Paul Rich (University of Bath) and Sam Joyce (Smart Solutions, Buro Happold). The task was open: to create something architecturally interesting using the programming language of Processing. Inspired by the geometry that arises when soap bubbles meet each other and collide, a code was developed that produces a so-called voronoi diagram. The diagram was from the beginning defined by a of bunch of randomly placed dots on a plane. Later on, we wanted to make it more interesting by allowing the points not to only be determined by the randomness, but also by the shape of a spiral. In processing the diagram was plotted and then exported in a DXF format. The file was subsequently imported into rhino and was modified further in Grasshopper 3d.
the geometry produced with the processing code
} void draw() { for (int i=0; i<myEdges.length; i++) { float startX = myEdges[i][0]; float startY = myEdges[i][1]; float endX = myEdges[i][2]; float endY = myEdges[i][3]; line( startX, startY, endX, endY ); } if(keyPressed &&key ==' ') { writeDXF(); exit(); } } //DXF void writeDXF() { FileWriter Madeleine=null; try { String OutputFile =selectOutput("Name of dxf file"); Madeleine=new FileWriter(OutputFile +".dxf"); Madeleine.write("0\nSECTION\n2\nENTITIES\n"); for(int i = 0;i <= myEdges.length - 1;i++)
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08. FIELD TRIPS ITALY: 2010 milano, torino, vercelli & como
DENMARK: 2010 copenhagen & Ă&#x2DC;restad
ENGLAND: 2011
SWITZERLAND: 2011
london, bath, bristol & plymouth
basel, lausanne, geneve, vals & ronchamp
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“ART AND SCIENCE ARE TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN. SCIENCE IS A DISCIPLINE PURSUED WITH PASSION; ART IS A PASSION PURSUED WITH DISCIPLINE. AT PURSUING BOTH, I’VE HAD A LOT OF FUN.” —
DR. ARTHUR M. SACKLER