Final Publication by emma cooper

RTHWEST ARCHITECT Manchester Liverpool Blackpool Lancashire Chester Blackpool Stockport Preston Blackburn Oldham St Helens Chester Ashton Leigh Swinton Rochdale Southport Birkenhead Wigan Burnley Salford Carlisle Lancaster Middleton Morecambe

THE NORTHWEST ARCHITECT 04 Introduction to the Photographer 05 About The North West Architect 06 Modern Architecture

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08 Merseyside Primary School 10 Park Brow School, Liverpool

26 Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool 29 Manchester’s City Tower 30 Well being Centre, Oldham 32 Post War 34 Manchester Central Library 36 Royal Liver Building, Liverpool

12 MOSI Great Western Warehouse, Manchester

38 Sunlight House, Liverpool

14 Liverpool Tower

40 CIS Tower, Manchester

18 People’s history Museum, Manchester

44 Victorian Architecture

20 Travis Street Substation, Manchester

48 Victorian Rail Station, Manchester

22 C-RMZ Widnes, Merseyside

52 Lime Street Gateway, Liverpool

24 St John’s C.E. Primary School, Blackpool

54 Blackburn Technical shool

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56 Chester Victorian 56 Victorian Baths, Manchester 62 Albert Docks, Liverpool 64 Rochdale Town Hall

68 Manchester Cathedral 70 The Gargantuan Warehouse, Liverpool

86 The Lowry Centre, Salford 88 All Saints Primary School, Bradford 90 Alan Turning Building, Manchester 92 No1 Deansgate, Manchester 94 Information System Services (ISS) Building 96 Paradise Street Bridge, Liverpool

73 New Millenium

98 Liverpool Science Park

74 Urbis Manchester

100 Sixth Form College, Rochdale

76 The Beetham Tower, Manchester

102 Liverpool University Laboratory

78 New Islington, Manchester 84 Blue Bell Health Centre,

103 Moxtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hedgehog building 108 Index

Modern Architecture

66 William Brown Library, Liverpool

Liverpool

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Photographer Kam Tom Yip Kam Tom Yip (formerly known as Bobby) is a freelance photographer based in Manchester. He specialises in outdoor photography using film and digital which is why I thought he would be perfect for this magazine issue. His work is recognised on Flicker and is appreciated greatly worldwide. He has been around the world photographing everything and everyone he sees. You rarely see Bobby without a camera.

Form follows function

The Characteristics of modern architecture include the notion that “Form follows function”, a dictum originally expressed by Frank Lloyd Wright’s early mentor Louis Sullivan, meaning that the result of design should derive directly from its purpose. Simplicity and clarity of forms and elimination of “unnecessary detail” Visual expression of structure (as opposed to the hiding of structural elements). The related concept of “Truth to materials”, meaning that the true nature or natural appearance of a material ought to be seen rather than concealed or altered to represent something else. Use of industrially-produced materials; adoption of the machine aesthetic. Particularly in International Style modernism, a visual emphasis on horizontal and vertical lines

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Modern architecture is generally characterized by simplification of form and creation of ornament from the structure and theme of the building. It is a term applied to an overarching movement, with its exact definition and scope varying widely. In a broader sense, early modern architecture began at the turn of the 20th century with efforts to reconcile the principles underlying architectural design with rapid technological advancement and the modernization of society. It would take the form of numerous movements, schools of design, and architectural styles, some in tension with one another, and often equally defying such classification.

Around 1900 a number of architects and designers around the world began developing new solutions to integrate traditional precedents (classicism or Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner and the Vienna Secession in Austria, and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new. The work of some of these were a part of what is broadly categorized as Art Nouveau (“New Art”). Note that the Russian word for Art Nouveau, and the Spanish word for Art Nouveau, “Modernismo” are cognates of the English word “Modern” though they carry different meanings. An early use of the term in print around this time, approaching its later meaning, was in the title of a book by Otto Wagner. The fallout of the First World War would result in additional experimentation and ideas. Following out of the experiments in Art Nouveau and its related movements around the world, modernism in architecture and design grew out of stylistic threads originating throughout world.

There are multiple lenses through which the evolution of modern architecture may be viewed. Some historians see it as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and thus the Enlightenment. Modern architecture developed, in their opinion, as a result of social and political revolutions. Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments. Still other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian and Edwardian architecture. With the Industrial Revolution, the availability of newly-available building materials such as iron, steel, and sheet glass drove the 7

Modern Architecture

invention of new building techniques. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof ’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron’s properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction. This kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire as “Dark satanic mills”. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal curtain wall. A further development was that of the steel-framed skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan.

well as being supplied cut to size, in order to meet a tight build schedule in time for the new school year’. Danny continues: ‘Our panels have been used extensively in modern educational buildings and Park Brow Primary School is an excellent example of the way in which the different colours can be used to create a unique design. We worked with the contractor to produce bespoke panels which met the client’s precise requirements for sustainability, performance and aesthetics’.

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Merseyside primary school.

Robert Brym, architect for 2020 Liverpool, said: ‘The facade of the building is given interest and aesthetics through the use of different materials, changes in depth and colours and contrast between scale, mass and void, orientation and transparency. Within the designated budget, the design solutions are of the highest quality in being attractive, distinctive and inspirational to all users of the facilities’. The panels were manufactured with either a powder coated Aluminium or Trespa face which is vacuum bonded to a core of Styrofoam. Composite panels are typically specified when aesthetic considerations are paramount. Panel Systems’ bespoke service means that our panels can be supplied to specific sizes and edge details to suit individual glazing systems and achieve U values as low as 0.10 W/m2K.

The panels were specified for the colourful, contemporary facade of Park Brow Community Primary School in Kirkby, designed by 2020 Liverpool for Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council. Aluminium and Trespa faced panels from Panel Systems for Park Brow Primary School. The 2,884 sq m building will also act as a hub for family learning and other activities to benefit the local community. The school, which has 420 pupils, plus 52 nursery places, opened in September 2011. Dark Grey aluminium infill panels formed part of a curtain walling systems on the three main elevations of the building, as a contrast to Trespa cladding panels, which were specified in Anthracite Grey and contrasting warm, attractive hues of Gold Yellow and Orange Red with a matt finish. The aim was to create a visually engaging building appropriate to an educational setting, by providing a contrast of texture and colour. The infill panels achieve a U-value of 0.35 W/ m2K and the building has been designed to achieve a ‘Very Good’ BREEAM rating.

Aluminium and Trespa faced panels from Panel Systems for Park Brow Primary School Park Brow Primary School has been designed to minimise carbon emissions by using technologies including digitally controlled lighting and a biomass boiler. The building has also been orientated to maximise the use of natural daylight. Aluglaze from Panel Systems has been supplied to a wide variety of commercial, educational and healthcare environments. Panel Systems manufactures a full range of bespoke composite panels that are used to create aesthetically striking and thermally efficient buildings.

Danny Phelan, Sales Manager for Panel Systems, said: ‘Our composite panels were the perfect choice for this project as their assured thermal performance means they help to create low carbon buildings suitable for the 21st Century. The decorative Trespa face in three colours adds visual interest to the building. The panels had to meet exacting aesthetic and environmental credentials, as 8

Modern Architecture

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Modern Architecture

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MOSI Great Western Warehouse Manchester

MOSI showcase the stories of Manchester’s greatest innovations and the people who created them. It is Manchester’s most popular museum, attracting up to 800,000 visitors every year, and is built on the site of the world’s oldest surviving passenger railway station. The Great Western Warehouse is the entry point to the museum, which is housed in five listed buildings across a large site. Previous projects had left a cluttered and confussed first impression to visitors; with a mixture of uses, and the building dominated by large ramps rising through a central atrium. 12

The main aims of the project were to use the architecture of the building, and its spaces, to showcase and introduce the MOSI story; to engage and welsome visitors to the museum. The ramps have been removed and two new glazed stair cores built to the outside of the building. All accomodation has been rationalised with a new ground floor gallery, extended conference facilities and independant education suite on the second. The architectural character of the building has been revealed, and as an integral part of the exhibition design and commercial spaces, the Great Westurn Warehouse becomes part of the museum offer.

Modern Architecture

Many of the apartments face south and all have floor to ceiling glass walls in living rooms and bedrooms. Air conditioning was essential and using heat pumps has produced savings from the fact that no other heating system is required. Hot water is available from floor by floor boilers and electric towel rails are installed in the bathrooms.

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The developer and the consulting engineers saw that there was a clear opportunity to benefit from the energy saving advantages of heat recovery, that Toshiba VRF air conditioning can also provide, as not all of the building would need equal amounts of cooling or heating at the same time. The building has an orientation that emphasizes this. The Toshiba systems have cooling capacities of 33.5 kW and heating capacities up to 35.5 kW. Each apartment has a sensor that has been very carefully sited to ensure the mean temperature is picked up – in this way they act like a typical residential thermostat. In the apartments air distribution is via ceiling grilles from ducted indoor units. Electricity is individually metered to each apartment enabling separate billing for the use of the ac system.

One of the ‘coolest’ new addresses on the Liverpool waterside, the 40 storey Beetham West Tower apartment block, is being kept cool by 17 R410A VRF SHRM heat recovery systems from Toshiba Air Conditioning, supplied by Toshiba Distributor for the North West CDL. Unusually, this large quantity of plant has not had to be sited on the roof – enabling that to be occupied by penthouses. The VRF ‘outdoor’ units are located ‘indoors’.

But the bills are expected to be satisfyingly small. The Toshiba units were selected for their low energy use and their reliability, which means low maintenance bills and longevity. The design of Toshiba VRF systems differs from others in the market in several ways. Of particular importance is the use of

The Tower has been completed to co-incide with Liverpool’s stint as European Capital of Culture. The installation demonstrates some of the useful problem-solving characteristics of Toshiba’s flagship heating and cooling product range.

Liverpool Tower has 34 floors of apartments

The scale of the work undertaken with VRF equipment just seems to get bigger and bigger. Here, 34 floors of apartments are being air conditioned by Toshiba systems. In the main, there are four 2-bed (duplex) apartments per floor. The remaining six floors house offices and a restaurant, the Skybar, which is also air conditioned by Toshiba. At 450 feet the tower is the tallest building in Liverpool. 14

sisted ventilation. In the ceiling of each plant room a two-stage fan is installed enabling extract to the storage plant room above. The fans have been sized to take account of the full operational air volume of the condenser.

twin rotary DC inverter controlled compressors. Most other systems rely on a second fixed speed compressor leading to greater energy wastage. Twin inverter control means that variable seasonal loads are coped with much more easily. Each compressor can operate down to 450 rpm â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the lowest in the market â&#x20AC;&#x201C; so part load operation uses minimal energy but still closely maintains the required temperature. These 12 HP machines utilize only a 20 Amp three phase supply as opposed to a more traditional 32 Amp supply. The use of a twin rotary compressor design also reduces vibration and ensures negligible sound transmission and very quiet operation, especially significant in the Tower at night.

The indoor location for the units was particularly attractive to the developer due to the aggressive external riverside atmosphere with its saline winds. The forced ventilation provided a further bonus as the local bin stores throughout the building also get ventilated at no additional cost. The intricate ventilation system design was the result of effective collaboration between the Toshiba projectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; team and consulting engineers Buro Happold. The mechanical and electrical contractors were A&B Engineering. The specialist air conditioning contractor was Protemp and the main contractor was Carillion Construction.

As noted, unusually, the Toshiba outdoor units have actually been sited indoors, in plant rooms on alternate floors, discharging into the plant rooms themselves with fan-as15

Modern Architecture

At 450 feet the tower is the tallest building in Liverpool.

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Modern Architecture

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People’s History Museum Manchester Manchester’s People’s History Museum’s unique collections track the development of democracy through the lives of the working people of Britain.

toric buildings. A new entrance next to a busy city centre artery leads into a generous new concourse area links the old and new areas of the museum. A new riverside restaraunt and terrace helps raise the public’s awareness of the museum. The upper level of the new extension house environmentally conditioned galleries for the permanent collection and a state of the art conversation studio. At its lowest level it provides a new BS5454 archive with a reading room overlooking the River Irwell.

Although boasting a world class collection the Museum’s split between two sites had neither helped its public profile ir its operation and management. Our job was to help the museum a striking new presence in the city. A piece of Manchester City Council owned land next to the museum’s occupation of an Edwardian hydraulic pumping station unlocked the potential for a landmark extension providing new Clad in COR-ten steel, the new extension galleries and front of house facilities and has been described as “a little miracle of allowing a sensitive restoration of the his- urban design” 19

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Travis Street Substation, Manchester 20

Modern Architecture

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£3.5m Lottery-Funded restoration success for MyPlace at C-RMZ Widnes C-RMZ, the new youth mega-club in Widnes has been extremely well received in a community with high levels of deprivation. ‘Myplace’ is a lottery-funded initiative by central government to deliver a world class youth facility throughout England and the establishment of C-RMZ, promoted by Halton Borough Council, realises that aim in a fine example of a listed 1930’s health centre.

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‘Myplace’ has been refurbished, re-ordered and extended around a sports courtyard to create a generous, well-equipped community facility, securing the future of a fine public building. The building features fitness and sports facilities, club and chill out rooms, art and IT rooms, media suites including recording studios and a broadcast room, performance hall, sensory and therapy rooms and a training kitchen. Austin-Smith:Lord were commissioned through the Buying Solutions Framework for this project where Sustainability was high on the agenda for the young people, the local council and the design team. Developed with Best Practice procedures from design inception through to building completion in consultation with young people from the local community (Youth Design Team), the facility establishes a landmark for community pride and youth cohesion in the borough.

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St John’s Primary School is an innovative three storey new build school situated in the heart of Blackpool town centre. This unique £3.9m project designed by Aedas was commisioned by Blackburn Diocese with funding from the department for children, Schools and Families through the Targeted Capital Fund. The 1,500m2 scheme includes a 16 place early years unit, facilities for community use and a 1FE primary school each accessed via seperate entrances. The unusual height and design works with the tight urban context maximising both space and light whilst providing a secure and safe environment for staff and pupils to enjoy. St John’s CE Primary school sets a new standard in the design of urban primary schools and shows exactly what can be achieved on a restrictive town centre site. The new school building works with its context maximising space through carefl structural design and incorporation of a large outdoor and indoor spaces offering spectacular views over Blackpool.

One of the most striking features of the building is the triple height stained glass panel designed by artist David Griffin and the pupils of St John’s CE Primary School, which is emblematic of the schools ethos and identity.

St John’s C.E. Primary School, Blackpool

Modern Architecture

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In 2007, Austin-Smith:Lord was selected to design a £20m state-of-the-art faculty building for the departments of Sports Science and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU). This project was delivered successfully in just over two years.

Awards: 2010 Silver Roses Design Award, Education/Project 2009 RIBA Shortlist

Located on a restricted site at the northern end of the Byrom Street campus, this development formed the first phase of a wider masterplan for the University’s Liverpool city centre campuses. Within this restricted site, 6,500sqm of accommodation was provided for a wide-range of purposes: specialist bio-mechanics laboratories, a 60 metre running track, environment chambers, general teaching laboratories, classrooms and staff offices.

Modern Architecture

Joe Connell, Director of Estates and Facilities Team at LJMU has said: “The University is delighted with The Tom Reilly Building. The design team produced an exceptional building and their dedication to the project meant that it was delivered in just over two years. Having already produced three RIBA Award winning buildings for LJMU, The Tom Reilly building now forms part of the successful partnership history we have with Austin-Smith: Lord”.

The Tom Reilly Building 27

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Manchesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s City Tower 29

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Modern Architecture

Client: Community 1st Oldham Contract value: ÂŁ10m Blue sky services: Architect Procurement: Design and build

post War TheNorthWestArchitect

Following World War II, the slow work of rebuilding Manchester began and the transition from warehouse to office blocks became ever more apparent as Manchester’s industrial prowess waned. The widely admired Manchester Assize Courts became one of Britain’s ‘lost buildings’ had to be demolished in 1957 following unrepairable damage which was suffered during the Manchester Blitz. It has been said that few aesthetically memorable buildings were constructed in Manchester in the fifties and sixties, but there were some which were grew into important landmarks for the city. The first major building to be constructed following the war was the unpretentious Granada Studios complex in 1954. Commissioned by Sidney Bernstein and designed by Ralph Tubbs, it would become home to Granada Television with the site centring around the Granada House. The studios notable feature was the lattice tower and the red, neon Granada TV signage in period font. The CIS Tower was opened in 1962, a 118m office block which became the tallest building in the United Kingdom. The tower would become home to The Co-operative Group and was designed to showcase Manchester and the Co-operative movement. The skyscraper was clad in photovoltaic cells in 2005. 32

PostWar Architecture

Designed by architect Vincent Harris, the striking rotunda form of the library was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome. Like its 2nd-century model, the library is a round building fronted by a large two-storey portico which forms the main entrance on St Peterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Square, and is surrounded by five bays of Corinthian columns. Around the second and third floors is a Tuscan colonnade, topped by a band of unrelieved Portland stone. The pitched leaded roof appears from street level to be a dome, but this is only a surrounding roof. The dome that can be seen from within the Great Hall lies within this roof, and cannot be seen from the ground.

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Harris took much of his inspiration for the interior design from new trends in library design in the United States. On the first floor is the Great Hall, a large reading room topped by a dome. Much of the original furniture designed by the architect can be seen on this floor. Around the rim of the dome is an inscription from the Book of Proverbs in the Old Testament: Wisdom is the principal thing; therefore get wisdom, and with all thy getting get understanding. Exalt her and she shall promote thee; she shall bring thee to honour when thou dost embrace her, she shall give of thine head an ornament of grace, a crown of glory she shall deliver to thee. In former years the domeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s acoustics caused an echo problem, which repeated several times any short noise made in the room. Adding sound-absorbing material has made this echo much less. The Front Portico Entrance The Shakespeare Hall is an ornate chamber displaying local heraldry and with large stained glass windows. The central window was designed by Robert Anning Bell and depicts William Shakespeare and scenes from his

plays. Two side windows designed by George Kruger Gray depict the coats of arms of the City of Manchester, the University of Manchester, and the County and Duchy of Lancaster. The windows were a memorial bequest to the library by Rosa E. Grindon (19481923), the widow of Manchester botanist Leo Grindon. The ceiling decorations include the arms and crests of the Duchy of Lancaster, the See of York, the See of Manchester, the City of Manchester, and Lancashire County Council. The walls of Shakespeare Hall are covered with Hopton Wood stone quarried in Derbyshire. On the walls are the arms of The Manchester Grammar School, Manchester University, the Manchester Regiment, Humphrey Chetham, the Overseers of the Township, England, St. George, St. Mary (patron saint of Manchester), and over the memorial window, Shakespeare. 34 34

On the left landing is a white marble statue, the Reading Girl by the Italian sculptor Giovanni Ciniselli. It was bought by the industrialist and promoter of the Manchester Ship Canal, Daniel Adamson. The statue was presented to the library by his grandchildren, the Parkyn family, in 1938.

Beneath the Great Hall lie four floors of book stacks providing 35 miles of shelving which accommodate one million books. The floors are only accessible to employees and are environmentally controlled to protect books, many of which are old and in a fragile condition.

“When it was being built the public were very intrigued about its final appearance”

The library was declared open by King George V on 17 July 1934. George V declared to the crowd: “In the splendid building which I am about to open, the largest library in this country provided by a local authority, the Corporation have ensured for the inhabitants of the city magnificent opportunities for further education and for the pleasant use of leisure.” An employee at the library who was present on opening day said: “When it was being built the public were very intrigued about its final appearance they were used to rectangular buildings and the shape of the girders used seemed to make little sense. I remember families coming in first to “gawp” ... Under the portico became a favourite trysting place. In all, the shape of the building was its best advertisement and it was never necessary to put a notice ‘Public Library’ on the outside.”

35 35

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Central Library opened in 1934 to much fanfare. Singer-songwriter Ewan MacColl reminisced on the opening: The new Central Library which replaced the chicken house was an imposing circular structure with an enormous reading room, a small theatre and carrels where serious students could carry on their research without interruption. The portico of the magnificent edifice quickly became a popular rendezvous and “Meet you at the Ref ” became a familiar phrase on the lips of students, lovers and unemployed youths. I was there on the opening day and on many days thereafter; the Ref played an important part in my life for I made many friends there.

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Royal Liver Building The head offices of the Royal Liver Friendly Society, which had its origins as a mid-19th century burial club was designed by Aubrey Thomas. It is notable as one of Britainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first multi-storey reinforced concrete framed buildings. Stylistically unique in England, it is more akin to the early tall buildings of America such as the Allegheny Court House (1884) by H. H. Richardson and the Garrick (formerly Schiller) Theatre by Adler and Sullivan, with eclectic Baroque, art nouveau and Byzantine influences in its modelling. It has nine bays to the principal frontages and thirteen bays on the secondary return sides, and the ground and first floors, are deeply rusticated.

The top floor steps back behind a Doric colonnade, taking advantage of the technical possibilities offered by its reinforced concrete structure. The roof is piled up with turrets and domes in receding stages and the clock towers have copper Liver Birds on top, by George Cowper and the Bromsgrove Guild. The two birds face away from each other, one towards the river and the other towards the city. The poses are traditional, the birds stand with half-upraised wings, each carrying a sprig of seaweed in its beak.

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The birds are 18 ft high, their heads are 31/2 ft long, the spread of the wings is 12 ft, their length is 10 ft and the legs are 2ft in circumference. Their bodies and wings are of moulded and hammered copper fixed on a steel armature. Although there are Liver Birds on many buildings in Liverpool, it is the two which roost on top of this building that are the biggest in the city and which to many people are the very identity of Liverpool.

Sunlight House is a landmark Grade II listed office building constructed in the 1930’s and located immediately adjoining “Spinningfields”, Manchester’s exciting new business district which has attracted major occupiers including Royal Bank of Scotland, Halliwells, Pinsent Masons, Grant Thornton, Deloitte & Touche, Bank of New York Mellon, Guardian & Manchester Evening News Group and the new Justice Administration Centre.

A range of office accommodation is available within the building. The 9th -12th Floors provide a total of nearly 49,000 sq ft over 4 floors with floor-plates ranging from 10,275 sq ft up to 14,306 sq ft. These floors can be combined to meet any size of requirement and can also be split to provide suites from c. 3,400 sq ft.

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The main entrance and common areas have undergone comprehensive refurbishment/remodelling works which has now been completed providing a stunning first impression to visitors.

Sunlight House benefits from a manned main entrance reception and on-site Building Manager and has its’ own secure multi-storey car park, which is for the exclusive use of Sunlight House occupiers and which provides spaces on a very generous ratio of 1:730 sq ft.

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SUNLIGHT HOUSE, QUAY STREET The accommodation has been refurbished to include full access raised floors, air conditioning and suspended LG3/LG7 lighting. The original plaster ceilings have been exposed and reinstated. We also have a series of smaller suites available ranging from 658 sq ft to 1,610 sq ft and a fully fitted (partitioned, with comfort cooling) suite of 5,166 sq ft on the 1st floor. 39

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PostWar ModernArchitect Architecture

The 1960s CIS Tower as it appeared pre-2006 The office tower building rises above a fivestorey podium block. It has a steel frame and glass curtain walls with metal window frames. Black vitreous enamel panels demarcate the floor levels. The building materials, glass, enamelled steel and aluminium, were chosen so that the building could remain clean in the polluted Manchester atmosphere. The towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concrete service shaft, which rises above the office tower, has two bands of vents at the top and was clad in a mosaic made up of 14 million centimetresquare, grey tesserae designed to shimmer and sparkle. The projecting reinforced concrete service shaft houses lifts and emergency stairs. 41

The ground floor is set back behind six pillars. A green bronze-like, abstract mural sculpted by William George Mitchell made from fibreglass covers the entrance hallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rear wall. The building has 700,000 square feet of floor area with clear open spaces on the office floors. Interiors were designed by Misha Black of the Design Research Unit. The executive areas are delineated by the use of teak and cherry wood veneers.

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The hotel stands on the seafront with the convex side facing the sea, and the concave side facing the former Morecambe Promenade railway station – in homage to the railway company whose showcase hotel this was. Hill designed the hotel to complement the curve of the promenade, which allowed guests to view spectacular The Midland Hotel was built to replace panoramas of the north west coast. two earlier hotels: the North Western War time use and disposal Hotel built in 1848 by the “little” North Western Railway which had been renamed The Midland Hotel and Morecambe bethe Midland Hotel in 1871 when the Mid- gan to lose popularity and in September land Railway took over the North Western 1939 the hotel was requisitioned by the Railway; and another hotel at Heysham,the Royal Navy.The navy used it until SeptemHeysham Towers, which was converted ber 1947; paying £1,900 rent per year. from a private house in 1896. The Heysham Towers served railway steamer traf- On nationalisation of the railways, ownerfic from Heysham Harbour to Belfast; but ship transferred to the British Transport it was not a success and was sold in 1919. Commission (BTC) on 1 January 1948 coming under the control of the BTC’s In 1932, the London, Midland and Scot- Railway Executive; however on the 1 July tish Railway (LMS) bought land from 1948, along with the other railway hotels, Morecambe Corporation to build the ownership was transferred to the BTC’s 40-bedroom Midland Hotel replacing the Hotels Executive. It was sold by the Hoold hotel. It opened in July 1933. tels Executive in 1952

The Midland Hotel Morecambe

PostWar Architecture

The hotel is designed in the Streamline Moderne style of Art Deco. Oliver Hill designed a three-storey curving building, with a central circular tower containing the entrance and a spiral staircase, and a circular cafe at the north end. The front of the hotel is decorated with two Art Deco seahorses, which can be viewed at close proximity from the hotel’s rooftop terrace.

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Victorian Architecture

Victorian Architecture Manchester became the trading centre for cotton, a centre for railways, warehouses and banking. As Manchester prospered, new buildings representing Manchesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s standing and growing wealth went hand in hand. A prominent architectural style of the Victorian era was neogothic design. Some of the finest neogothic buildings are in Manchester, including Manchester Town Hall, Gorton Monastery, Manchester Assize Courts (demolished in the 1950s because of unrepairable damage resulting from the Manchester Blitz) and John Rylands Library. 45

Manchester Town Hall, designed in a Gothic Revival architecture style was the most notable Victorian era building. Completed in 1877, the interior of the building has various statues as well as The Manchester Murals which were painted by Ford Madox Brown.

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Victorian Architecture

In 1838 Samuel Brooks, vice-chairman of the Manchester and Leeds Railway (M&LR) bought land at Hunt’s Bank close to the cathedral and presented it to the company for a station to replace the inconveniently located Manchester Oldham Road railway station opened by the company on 3 July 1839. The station was initially a long, low single-storey building designed by George Stephenson and completed by John Brogden on 1 January 1844. It was named Victoria by permission of Her Majesty. The long single platform handled M&LR trains to Leeds and elsewhere at its eastern end. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway extended its line from Ordsall, near the original Manchester Liverpool Road railway station, and its trains operated from Victoria’s western end from 4 May 1844. By the mid-1840s six railway companies operated from the station connecting Manchester to London, Glasgow, Liverpool, Leeds and Sheffield. Victoria Station came to dominate the Long Millgate area and was one of the biggest passenger stations in Britain. Victoria was enlarged by William Dawes, who is responsible for most of the remaining facade, in 1909. The enlarged building was erected on land consecrated as a burial ground on 1 January 1815 by the Bishop of Chester; this land was acquired by the Manchester and Leeds Railway in 1844. It was enlarged to 17 platforms. Wealthy commuters travelled from Blackpool and Southport rather faster than is possible today (e.g. 45 minutes from Southport in 1910, 67 today; and 65 minutes from Blackpool in 1910, 77 today) in specially-constructed club cars

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Victoria Station Manchester

In Manchester, England is the city’s second largest mainline railway station and a Metrolink station, one of eight within the city zone. It is situated to the north of the city centre on Hunts Bank, close to Manchester Cathedral. The station serves destinations north and east of Manchester, with some trains to Liverpool, mostly on the original Manchester to Liverpool line. The line from Bury was converted to light-rail operation in the early 1990s when the Metrolink tram system was created, and the trams switch to on-street running once they emerge from Victoria Station. Current plans for Phase 3 of Metrolink involve the conversion of rail routes from Victoria to Rochdale via Oldham to light rail. Most trains calling at the station are operated by Northern Rail, except during engineering works, when some trains are diverted from Manchester Piccadilly. 48

hauled by express steam locomotives. These non-stop services were abandoned in the early 1960s. The Edwardian building has a 160 yards (146 m) facade, which carries an iron and glass canopy bearing the names of the original destinations served, and a tile mural depicting the routes of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, which operated most of the trains from the station between 1847 and 1923, when it became one of the main constituents of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Canopies covered the waiting area for taxi cabs until they were damaged in the Provisional IRA 1996 bombing. They have been restored. The cast-iron train sheds behind the faรงade are 700 yards (640 m) long. Initially the station was approached by a wooden footbridge over the River Irk, which has subsequently disappeared beneath culverting alongside the cathedral.

Victoria is the main station for the Manchester Arena 49

Victorian Architecture

From 1884, Victoria Station was adjacent to Manchester Exchange Station, operated by the rival London and North Western Railway, and, from 1929, a single passenger platform which linked the stations was the longest passenger platform in Europe at 2,194 feet (669 m). Exchange Station closed in 1969 and its services were transferred to Victoria. Its site opposite the cathedral is now a car park. In the early 1970s, as part of the Picc-Vic tunnel project, there were proposals to build an underground station, Victoria Low Level. The project was cancelled and subsequent rail improvements concentrated on surface projects and the introduction of light rail. Victoria is the main station for the Manchester Arena, which was joined to the station between 1992 and 1996 by means of a raft above the through rail platforms. The principal access to the Arena is via stairs on Hunts Bank and an entrance from the main station concourse. During construction of the arena, the station was reduced significantly in size. Most of its through tracks were removed, along with the former platforms 12-17, their overall roof and platform buildings.

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Victorian Architecture

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Lime Street Gateway Liverpool The scheme will create an open and dramatic civic gateway with welcoming views of Liverpool’s skyline and the impressively fine architecture of Lime Street station. Spaces paved in york stone will form a series of plateau areas, striking a relationship between the new public realm and the simple expanse of St George’s Plateau. Primarily, these spaces will create ease of movement, allowing for the natural ebb and flow of inward and outward commuter travel patterns. Tiers of seating terraces alongside the station archway will offer great views for visitors and a sunny aspect for rest and relaxation. A wide upper terrace at the southern corner of the station shed has been provided. This has the potential for future use as a seating terrace for a new station café. The concrete mess on the front of Lime Street Station was one of the worst eyesores in the city. It was a badly executed, dreary, unimaginative waste of concrete that hadn’t aged well. Worse it was right in the heart of the city centre, covering up the face of one of the country’s great Victorian railway stations that is still a major gateway for visitors arriving in Liverpool. So when they finally started to pull it down I was really looking forward to seeing the new front. 52

Victorian Architecture

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The main campus is in Blackburn town centre and consists of several buildings. The oldest is the Grade II listed Blackburn Technical School, built between 1888–1894; the building, situated at the centre of the campus, is now called the Victoria Building. [3] Other buildings on the campus were built between the 1960s and 1980s. The increase in higher education, in conjunction with the East Lancashire Institute of Higher Education, resulted in an expansion of the college into a former British Telecom office building in the 1990s.

Blackburn Technical School

In the 2000s, four phases of construction were announced, as the college aims to modernise its campus and increase the range of degrees offered. The first was St Paul’s Centre, with IT and sixth form facilities, which was completed in 2007 at a cost of £8.8million. The second, a new higher education building, was completed In addition to the main campus, the college during the summer of 2009, and the has two smaller sites, The Saturn Centre in completion of the third site (a mechanics the Greenbank area and Darwen Access workshop) is scheduled for 2009. The final phase will be a new main college building Point in Darwen 54

Even though Chester has a number of medieval buildings, some of the black-and â&#x20AC;&#x201C;white buildings within the city centre are Victorian restorations. It is one of the best preserved walled cities in the UK. The walls are the most complete, accessible and walkable walls in Britain. On the 3km circuit you can enjoy the stunning views.

In the heart of the Cloisters of Chester Cathedral lies the cathedral garden, a place of interest not only because of the plant species but the design. Chester not only has a rich heritage but also boasts a vide range of museums and galleries with fascinating collections.

During the Industrial Revolution railways, canals and new roads brought substantial expansion to Chester. Victorian Chester Town Hall and Grosvenor Museum date back to this time.

Victorian Revolution in Chester

Chester was founded as a Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix in AD 79. Probably originating from trade with the fortress a civilian settlement grew around the military base. Even Chesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s four main roads Eastgate, Northgate, Watergate and Bridge follow routes laid out at this time. Victorian Architecture

Churches have stood on the site of Chester Cathedral for over 1.000 years. The 10th century minster was built to house the relics of St Werburgh. St Werburghâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Abbey was transformed to a cathedral in 1540 and is still one of the best preserved examples of a Benedictine abbey in England and a place where history has happened.

of the baths. Much of the archives relate to ordinary peoples’ experiences and Barry is keen to impress the importance of this aspect of social history, with particular emphasis on maintaining the oral tradition of passing history from one generation to another by spoken word.

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“Whereas most organisations involved in the preservation of sports facilities focus only on the records and achievements of celebrated sportsmen and women, we are interested in ordinary people and their experiences.” Upon walking through the main entrance of the baths you are struck immediately by its magnificence: brilliant emerald green tiles fired in Salford adorn the walls; floors covered by mosaic patterns; and luxurious fully ceramic banisters lead upstairs. It is little wonder that the building is Grade II listed. So it remains a matter of some mystery why to this day it has only been partially restored. Built in 1906 by the Council, it was the main swimming pool in Manchester for 86 years until its closure in 1993 when it was considered too expensive to keep running. Since then a dedicated group of volunteers – the Friends of Victoria Baths – have worked towards its restoration. As we talk about the origins of the baths, my guide puts to rest oft-repeated myths which portray Public Baths as a benevolent gift from philanthropists of the period. While this was a factor in their creation, there was also a degree of self-interest – namely, concerns of public health and hygiene.

Prior to last weekend’s local history fair, volunteers at Victoria Baths received the portrait of one of Longsight’s most famous sons – an Olympic swimmer who learnt his strokes in the Edwardian pools. Michael Pooler went along for viewing and took a tour around a building steeped in local history and sociological significance. Last wednesday saw the arrival – or rather the long-awaited return – of Rob Derbyshire to Victoria Baths, in the form of a portrait painted in 1948. Rob was the son of the first ever superintendent of the baths and won an Olympic gold medal as part of the GB water polo team in 1900, as well as later on taking them to the 1936 Games as trainer. Depicted proudly in a swimming suit bearing the insignia of Great Britain the portrait is a fitting tribute to a man who was once a feted star in this part of Manchester.

“In Manchester at the turn of the 20th Century the working and middle classes lived in greater proximity to one another. The wealthy were worried about diseases spreading from the lower class areas to their own and so the baths were built as part of a public health programme.”

My volunteer tour guide, Barry Johnson, tells me that the seated balconies which encircle the principal pool would be teeming full of supporters at water polo matches – back then a hugely popular sport.

“In this respect the baths are fascinating as they are rich in social and political history.”

“In those days Rob Derbyshire would have been a local hero, like Premier League stars today.” The first part of the tour consists of visiting the basement archives which house hundreds of documents and objects related to the baths such as trophies, swimming costumes and minutebooks of association meetings. It also boasts a large audiovisual collection with interviews from older local residents recounting their memories 56

A walk around Victoria Baths From this perspective the building is a case study in how the manipulation of public spaces has a subtle – but extremely powerful – effect of social control and segregation. The easing of gender segregation began a gradual process from 1914 onwards, however my guide tells me of how there is a growing demand for women only swims nowadays in particular from the Muslim community.

For even the engineering of the swimming pools tells uneasy truths about social stratification of the day and sheds light on the treatment of lower social classes – especially women. The pools were fed with water for many years by a nearby Artesian well, dug deep into the ground. Water would be pumped into the first class pool and, on entering its filtration system, would then be recycled first into the men’s second class and finally the ladies’. What this meant was men who could not afford the most expensive tariff would swim in increasingly dirty water while women were effectively treated as sub-citizens, permitted only to bathe in the muck of others. This is echoed in the decoration: while the first class entrance is one of breathtaking Edwardian elegance, the others are far less ornate and more functional.

The bathing habits of users is another factor indicative of prevailing living conditions of the early 20th century Manchester. On the day before the weekly change of the water, so-called ‘Dirty Day’ due to the rank state of the water, entrance was cheaper. These days were far busier, highlighting the paucity of disposable income of Mancunians and where priorities lay. Before the introduction of chlorine in water for reasons of hygiene, breakouts of infectious diseases caused the baths to be closed for reasons of public health. Equally, the existence of slum houses without basic wash facilities across Manchester accounts for the continuing use of individual cubicles with bathtubs until the early 1970s. Barry tells me an anecdote of a young man from the west coast of Ireland, a region marked by indigence, who had come to work as a labourer in England. He was thrilled by the facilities, commenting “you get your own bathtub; there’s a towel and everything!”

Such an arrangement would of course be unthinkable nowadays in our society where equality and eliminating discrimination are sacrosanct. But it requires no more than a quick examination of private member gyms’ facilities compared with decrepit public leisure centres to see how new forms of social division manifest and justify themselves. 57

Victorian Architecture

The baths originally consisted of three pools: men’s first class, men’s second class and the ladies’ pool. While it is easy to attribute the gender separation to prevailing social cultural norms of the era, the distinction of quality – based upon the ability to pay – is revealing of social attitudes and how class played a defining role in society.

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of £3.5m in 2003. It currently receives support from the Lottery, English Heritage and Manchester City Council. Nowadays the building is home to various activities: from exhibitions of up and coming artists, a performance space for secondary school amateur dramatics and the local history fair to being used as a scene for shooting of TV drama Life on Mars. So what does the future hold? As of today there is still no national swimming museum in Britain and the grandeur and history of the baths justifies its consideration as a potential site. But the existence of other, more modern swimming pools and the increasing popularity of private membership gyms pose an obstacle to funding.

Until then, volunteers will continue to service a grand building which offers a penetrating and stirring snap-shot of Mancunian society across a broad time-span.

That the baths hosted a broad spectrum of Manchester society from working class families to the upper echelons of business and even the criminal fraternity is symbolised by the oncelavish Turkish baths. Local legend has it that well-known gangsters would seal their deals in the hot dry heat, reserved for those who could afford the expense. The establishment was also pioneering in the domain of hydrotherapy, being the first municipal baths in Britain to have installed an ‘Aerotone’ in 1952. This device, consisting of a steel tank sunk into the floor in which springs of hot water were pumped, is similar to a modern-day Jacuzzi. It was used to rehabilitate and treat injuries; among its users at one point were the players and physio staff of football clubs Manchester United and Manchester City, many years before the explosion of revenues in football meant they could afford their own facilities. The ultimate goal of the Friends of the Baths is to restore the building to its former functional glory. A massive step was taken in this direction when it became the first project to win the BBC2 Restoration series which saw funding to the tune 59

Victorian Architecture

“We are working with the Council to decide on a future use for the Baths, as well as improving access for the community. It is a fantastic building, rich in history, that deserves to be preserved and restored,” says Neil Bonner, the project manager.

This aptly illustrates how the two-fold nature of the function of the baths was played out along socio-economic lines. While the middle and upper classes – who largely had access to baths at home – used the baths as a source of leisure and recreation, for many families during industrial times it was a necessary amenity for hygiene.

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Modern Architecture

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Albert Dock The Albert Dock is a complex of dock buildings and warehouses in Liverpool, England. Designed by Jesse Hartley and Philip Hardwick, it was opened in 1846, and was the first structure in Britain to be built from cast iron, brick and stone, with no structural wood. As a result, it was the first non-combustible warehouse system in the world.

Liverpool has many attractions with large parks and impressive public buildings which reflect the city’s rich heritage. St. George’s Hall, Walker Art Gallery, Royal Liver Building, Albert Dock, Merseyside Maritime Museum and Tate Liverpool (a modern art gallery) are among the examples of the city’s splendid architecture.

Departs Albert Dock every day from 10.30am A Liverpool Dock Bus about to leave the Salthouse Dock and Enter Albert Dock

Victorian Architecture

Being the home The Beatles, Liverpool has many Aintreethat commemorate the story of the most successful band of all time. The Beatles Story is the only museum in the world that focuses entirely on the band. The Waterfront Region in Liverpool was awarded World Heritage Site status by UNESCO, recognising the city for its outstanding values and role in development of trade. The city has recently been awarded as the European Capital of Culture 2008.

for the grant of a charter of incorporation under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, to constitute the town as a municipal borough. This would give it limited political autonomy via an elected town council, comprising a mayor, aldermen, and councillors, to oversee local affairs. The petition was successful and the charter was granted in September 1856. The newly formed Rochdale Corporation— the local authority for the Municipal Borough of Rochdale—suggested plans to build a town hall in which to conduct its business in May 1858. The site of an abandoned 17th-century house known as The Wood was proposed. Six months later, in April 1860, Rochdale Corporation arranged to buy the site on the outskirts of the town centre for £4,730 (£358,000 as of 2012).However, plans were shelved due to lengthy negotiations and increasing land prices. In January 1864 the scheme resumed with a new budget of £20,000 (£1,340,000 as of 2012). The wood and surrounding area were cleared, but it is unknown what became of the dispossessed; there was no legal requirement for the authorities to rehouse the former inhabitants. A design competition to find a “neat and elegant building” was held by the Rochdale Corporation, who offered the winning architect a prize of £100 (£7,400 as of 2012), and a Maltese cross souvenir. From the 27 entries received, William Henry Crossland’s was chosen. The Rochdale-born Radical and Liberal statesman John Bright laid the foundation stone on 31 March 1866. Construction was complete by 1871 although the cost had, by then, increased beyond expectations from the projected £40,000 to £160,000 (£11,040,000 as of 2012).

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Rochdale Town Hall is a Victorian-era municipal building in Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England. It is “widely recognised as being one of the finest municipal buildings in the country” and is rated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building. The Town Hall functions as the ceremonial headquarters of Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council and houses local government departments, including the borough’s civil registration office. Built in the Gothic Revival style at a cost of £160,000 (£11 million as of 2012), it was inaugurated for the governance of the Municipal Borough of Rochdale on 27 September 1871. The architect, William Henry Crossland, was the winner of a competition held in 1864 to design a new Town Hall. It had a 240-foot (73 m) clock tower topped by a wooden spire with a gilded statue of Saint George and the Dragon, both of which were destroyed by fire on 10 April 1883, leaving the building without a spire for four years. A new 190-foot (58 m) stone clock tower and spire in the style of Manchester Town Hall was designed by Alfred Waterhouse, and erected in 1888.

Built in the Gothic Revival style at a cost of £160,000. £11 million as of 2012

Art critic Nikolaus Pevsner described the building as possessing a “rare picturesque beauty”. Its stained glass windows are credited as “the finest modern examples of their kind”. The building came to the attention of Adolf Hitler, who was said to have admired it so much that he wished to ship the building, brick-by-brick, to Nazi Germany had the United Kingdom been defeated in the Second World War.

Although it is not fully understood how it came to his attention, Rochdale Town Hall was admired by Adolf Hitler. It has been suggested a visit by Hitler in 1912–13 while staying with his half-brother Alois Hitler, Jr. in Liverpool, or military intelligence on Rochdale, or information from Nazi sympathiser William Joyce (who had lived in Oldham), brought the building to his attention. Hitler admired the architecture so much that it is believed he wished to ship the building, brick-by-brick, to Nazi Germany had German-occupied Europe encompassed the United Kingdom. Rochdale was broadly avoided by German bombers during the Second World War.

Rochdale had developed into an increasingly large, populous, and prosperous urban mill town since the Industrial Revolution. Its newly built rail and canal network, and numerous factories, resulted in the town being “remarkable for many wealthy merchants”.[9] In January 1856 the electorate of the Rochdale constituency petitioned the Privy Council 64

Modern Architecture

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William Brown Library

William Brown Street in Liverpool, England is a road that is remarkable for its concentration of public buildings. It is sometimes referred to as the “Cultural Quarter”

Originally known as Shaw’s Brow, a coaching road east from the city, it is named after William Brown, a local MP and philanthropist, who in 1860 donated land in the area for the building of a library and museum. This area gives its name as the William Brown Street conservation area.

Manchester Cathedral is a medieval church on Victoria Street in central Manchester and is the seat of the Bishop of Manchester. The cathedral’s official name is The Cathedral and Collegiate Church of St Mary, St Denys and St George in Manchester. It has also variously been known locally as St Mary’s, Christ Church and, simply, t’owd church.

Victorian Architecture

Although extensively refaced, restored and extended in the Victorian period, and then again following severe bomb damage in the 20th century, the main body of the Cathedral largely derives from the wardenship of James Stanley (warden 1485–1506), and is in the Perpendicular Gothic style. Stanley was also primarily responsible for commissioning the spectacular late medieval wooden furnishings, including the pulpitum, the choir stalls, and the nave roof supported by angels with gilded instruments. It is one of the Grade I listed buildings in Manchester. The Middle Ages A church dedicated to St Mary is recorded in the Domesday Survey, although the only surviving evidence from this period is a small carving of an angel with a scroll, preserved in the Cathedral nave; the Old English inscription on the stone translates as “into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit”. The Domesday Book entry for Manchester reads “the Church of St Mary and the Church of St Michael hold one carucate of land in Manchester exempt from all customary dues except tax”.

Construction of the predecessor church started in 1215 within the confines of the Baron’s Court beside the manor house on the site of Manchester Castle. The occupying lords of the manor were the Grelley family, and their coat of arms is still associated with the cathedral to this day. The Grelley family acted as stewards of the church, building and endowing the first chancery, the St. Nicholas Chancery. In 1311, for lack of Grelley heirs, the estate passed by marriage to the de la Warre family. The 14th century west tower and eastern Lady Chapel of this building were to be incorporated into the current structure (although little or no fabric of that date is still visible). In 1349 the St. Nicholas Chancery was endowed by the de Trafford family. The involvement of the de la Warre family was furthered in 1382 when Thomas de la Warre, later to be appointed Baron of Manchester, became rector of the parish church. 67

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Victorian Architecture

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27,000,000 bricks, 30,000 windows and 8,000 tonnes of steel to build this beauty

Victorian Architecture

At high level on the west end in raised figures and letters are “MDE, 1900” and “Tobacco Warehouse.” On the north (dock) side are a series of iron stairs.

This gargantuan warehouse is on an unequalled heroic scale and it dominates the landscape in this part of Liverpool. It extends along the whole of the south front of Stanley Dock. It is 14 storeys high with 42 bays divided by seven loading bays and is said to be the largest warehouse in the world and the largest brick building in the world.

On the south side there are a number of later bridges linking to the south Warehouse. The area between The Tobacco Warehouse and South Stanley Warehouse is known locally as “Pneumonia Alley” because it is almost always in shade and often acts as a wind tunnel.

Its construction absorbed 27 million bricks, 30,000 panes of glass and 8,000 tons of steel. It could accommodate 70,000 hogsheads of tobacco (each weighing 1,000 lbs). It was designed by A.G. Lyster, the Dock Engineer, but Arthur Berrington, an architectural draughtsman in Lyster’s office, almost certainly had a hand in the brick and terracotta detailing.

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NewMillenium Architecture

New millennium architecture Following the decline of the cultural Madchester movement in music in the early 1990s and then the 1996 bombing, the city had a chance to reinvent itself. Following the cities music fame, sport and architecture was at the heart of the new Manchester. Manchester has seen new, often tall buildings being built, many in a post-modernist style incorporating a glass faĂ§ade into their design. Arguably, the most well known building of this type came in the form of a skyscraper in 2006 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the 168m 73

Beetham Tower which was designed by architect, Ian Simpson. Other buildings to have incorporated glass into their design include Urbis, No. 1 Deansgate, Manchester Civil Justice Centre.

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Urbis (the name taken from Latin, meaning ‘of the city’) opened in 2002, initially as an exhibition centre of city life, with four floors of permanent exhibits, featuring cities around the globe from Singapore to Sao Paolo, Los Angeles to Paris. Born out of the legacy of the 1996 IRA bomb, Urbis was a product of the ambition Manchester had for its future development, acting as a key cultural destination at the Northern end of the city in the newly developed Millennium Quarter. Since then Urbis has undergone many changes. This started with a new exhibition programme focussing on popular, contemporary and urban culture; launched with the Peter Saville Show in 2004. This was complemented by learning and community activities, events, city tours, a cafe, shop and aswell as an award-winning bar and restaurant The Modern Bar & Restaurant.

Its striking feature is the unique glass façade, consisting of over 2,000 panes of glass and a curved roof constructed using pre-aged, emerald coloured copper tiling, a signature of the style of Ian Simpson; complementing the colour of the glass and sitting nicely with the surrounding historic public realm.

Today this site remains a testament to its legacy; all it sought and succeeded in achieving. Architecture Designed by the local firm Ian Simpson Architects and built in 2002, Urbis was situated in Cathedral Gardens, Manchester, at the heart of Manchester’s redeveloped Millennium Quarter. Standing at 35 m high it replaced what was once a derelict car park and soon came to be recognised as one of Manchester’s most iconic buildings – standing as a symbol of regeneration within the city. The design was chosen following the results of an international competition organised by Manchester City Council. Simpson’s design was chosen as it left room to create a surrounding green space, which became known as Cathedral Gardens.

Urbis appears to change shape according to which angle it is approached from. Its 35 m peak (South elevation) slope, down to 6m (North elevation), leaving space for the surrounding historic buildings including Victoria Station, Chetham’s School of Music and Manchester Cathedral.

Urbis appears to change shape according to which angle it is approached from 75

Urbis still exists as a building and houses its Shop, City Tours programme and The Modern Bar and Restaurant and RECLAIM programme, although this closed to the public on 27 February 2010. In 2011, Urbis will re-open as The National Football Museum, previously located at Preston.

NewMillenium Architecture

Never comfortable being a labelled ‘a museum’, over six years Urbis developed a new way of exhibiting the world – immersing people in the experience of popular culture, which encouraged visitors to see it, feel it, love it and live it.

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NewMillenium Architecture

The Beetham Tower was designed by Ian Simpson of the Beetham Organisation. Ian Simpson has designed a number of famous sky scrappers including the Urbis in Manchester and the Beetham Towers in Birmingham and London. Ian Simpson actually lives in the top floor penthouse which cost him ÂŁ3m and occupies the the two top floors of the building. His Penthouse includes 21 trees which were shipped from Italy and put in the building before the roof was built.

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The building is clad in a composite wall faced with a cladding covered in newspaper print with text that echoes the industrial heritage of the Ancoats area.

New Islington, Manchester Quirky, bold and robust, Chips forms the first major development for the Alsopdesigned masterplan for New Islington in Manchester, UK. New Islington, Manchester’s Millennium Community, is situated between the Ashton and Rochdale canals on the Northern edge of Manchester City Centre. Launched in 2002, Alsop’s Strategic Framework for New Islington, lays out an exceptional place, modelled around new canal arms and an inspiring landscape. Commissioned by Urban Splash in 2002, Chips presents the first new apartments for sale in New Islington was designed by Will Alsop whose building was inspired by three fat chips piled on top of one another. The building comprises three equal-height, long, thin new build masses (Chips) approximately 100m long by 14m wide stacked and staggered upon one another creating an elevated ground floor and eight levels comprising 142 one, two and three bedroom apartments. 78

The design provides a mix of living and studio units and commercial space within a single project. The project defines a quality of living by combining outstanding design with technological innovation while embracing key concepts of sustainability, integration into the urban landscape and the provision of inspirational and sensational apartment units. The building’s apartment types range from studio spaces to three bed apartments. There is also a variety of differing external balconies. The apartments are planned internally around a central ‘pod’ unit, housing the bathroom and kitchen areas. The apartments can be open plan or sub-divided by the use of large folding screens. The scheme achieves a BREEAM EcoHomes Excellent rating, conforms to the Manchester Methodist Housing Trust scheme’s stringent development standards and also meets the Sustainability guidelines as set out by the UK Homes and Communities agency as apart of the ‘millennium community’ programme. It marks another significant milestone for New Islington, which will become even more of a community once the residents of Chips move into their apartments in 2009. Awards: 2010 RIBA Regional Award (North West) 2010 Institution of Structural Engineers International Awards, Community or Residential Structures, Commendation

Blue Bell Health centre, Liverpool

Thermal modelling of the scheme predicts a class leading energy requirement of only 6.76 GJ/100m3/annum compared with a target of 35 GJ, giving a carbon output of just 13.6 kgCO2/m2annum for an intesively used building. a totally electrical building, using air source heat pumps, it can benefit from the addition of renewable technologies in the future, for example photo-voltaic panels, to further reduce its carbon output. The building thus demonstrates what can be achieved to combat climate change by a significant reduction in its carbon footprint. At the same time it brings a ral demonstration of what can be done, simulating discussion, debate and personal action by local residents who have affectionately dubbed the scheme ‘the Ark’. 79

NewMillenium Architecture

A 2,500 sq m health centre, completed mid 2010, has exemplary sustainability standards with a BREEAM ‘excellent’ rating and a projected energy consumption around a fifth of the accepted target performance for such buildings. Inspired by Passivhaus, it adopts high levels of insulation, triple glazed windows and a high standard of air-tightness well in excess of the regulation requirments, together with mechanical ventilation incorporating high effciency heat recovery, all of which significantly reduces the heating requirement.

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NewMillenium Architecture

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Halewood Centre for learning designed by Aedas is part of the ground breaking £150 million Knowsley Building Schools for the Future. Opened in March 2009 this state of the art facility is one of seven new centres for learning aimed at wide scale local regeneration and community reengagement through education, and as such is exemplary of the design vision and ethos of Knowsley. The centre moves away from the traditional school design becomming a fully inclusive learning centre for the community. Halewood CfL is a truly unique learning environment, which promotes flexible and personalised approaches to teaching and learning.

Halewood Centre for learning designed by Aedas is part of the ground breaking £150 million Knowsley Building Schools for the Future.

Halewood Centre for Learning, Liverpool

The design of the centre focuses around a central atrium with homebases and specialist areas for science, sports and drama all flowing into it. The homebase is composed of fully flexible spaces which can be partitioned off by use of retractable walls and curtains to allow a variety of teaching and learning styles to be accomodated within one place, increasing the adaptability and inclusivity of the building’s use.

The concept of the ‘view’ is integral to the design of the building. A series of interior external spaces weave through the building offering easy access to the exterior in the form of terraces, balconies and courtyard.

NewMillenium Architecture

Opened in March 2009 this state of the art facility is one of seven new centres for learning aimed at wide scale local regeneration and community reengagement through education, and as such is exemplary of the design vision and ethos of Knowsley. The centre moves away from the traditional school design becomming a fully inclusive learning centre for the community. Halewood CfL is a truly unique learning environment, which promotes flexible and personalised approaches to teaching and learning.

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NewMillenium Architecture

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The colours grow warmer towards the centre, moving from the purple exterior wall and orange balconies to the blue interior of the Lyric Theatre and the red interior of the Quays Theatre. At night, the building really comes into its own. The Tower and the canopy at the front are clad in perforated steel, and when these are illuminated from inside, the whole building glows.

In the months of meetings that have gone on since the idea emerged last year, three alternatives were put to the Lowry on its possible future. These included concentrating on more musicals; producing its own original work; or reinventing itself as a Sadlers’ Wells of the north by stagHowever, today the chairman of the Low- ing more non-classical dance. The Lowry ry trustees, Rod Aldridge, said the plan was insists none of these are viable. “bad for Manchester, bad for the arts and bad for the taxpayer”. He added: “In the The Lowry’s chief executive, Julia Fawcinterests of the whole region, it must now ett, said the centre had always made clear be abandoned.” He said the Lowry had that it was in favour of the ROH being in commissioned its own research to look Manchester, but not at its expense. “At the at the ROH proposals and what it would moment there is no upside for us, just a mean for them. Aldridge said it “provides huge risk,” she said. clear evidence that the current proposal presents significant threats to the viability The Manchester plans, conceived and of the Lowry. It would destroy what we driven by the ROH – under its chief exhave achieved and would put the £116m ecutive Tony Hall – and the city council, of public money invested at severe risk”. are undeniably ambitious. It would see the city’s 117-year-old Palace theatre renovatThe Lowry says it is not against the Royal ed and transformed into a new base for Opera House coming to Manchester and the ROH outside Covent Garden. As well has proposed an alternative model whereas staging opera and ballet productions, it by opera and music is concentrated. The would host works developed specifically theatre, and the Lowry becomes the cen- for Manchester. tre for dance, hosting the Royal Ballet. 87

NewMillenium Architecture

The Lowry, which opened at Salford Quays nine years ago at a cost to the public of £116m, is angry that the latest proposals would see it lose two regular visitors that it regards as “jewels”: Opera North and Birmingham Royal Ballet.

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All Saints Primary School, Bradford All Saints Primary School was a commission from Bradford Council to develop a new 2 form entry (420 place primary and a 60 piece nursery); upon a new site adjacent to existing “live” school on land formely belonging to St Luke’s Hospital. This new build school is a two storey building compromising 12 classrooms, 2 reception classes and nursery, with 2 school halls, kitchen, library, IT and admin areas. The classrooms are arranged around an atrium, which is used for access and ventilation, and there is also a green roof for occassional external teaching. Work commenced upon site in January 2008, and was completed in March 2009. Delivering a radically planned Primary School with Nursery, located with the circular drum located at the end of the main school wing. Internally the plan provides an open internal “street” within the school, allowing light to penetrate the depth of the building while providing visual connection between teaching, learning and communication facilities.

Architect Robinson Design Ltd 1-2 Merchantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Quay Ashley Lane Shipley BD17 7DB t 01274 532 500 f 01274 534 000

Contact Sheila Lynes Client Bradford City Council Main Contractor ISG

NewMillenium Architecture

The £43m building was completed in July 2007, and was designed by architects Sheppard Robson. It consists of three “fingers”, each of which are four stories high. The building is of steel frame construction, with reinforced concrete stair wells, and grey zinc exterior cladding.

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The northern two fingers are joined by an atrium, which is spanned by a series of bridges. The southernmost finger was designed to hold low vibration laboratories, and is joined by a glazed bridge at third floor level to the middle finger. An ‘over-sailing’ roof structure connects the three fingers acting as a suspension system for a photovoltaic array/solar shading using thin film technology. This photovoltaic array is designed to produce nearly 41 megawatt hours per annum, a saving of 17,000 kilograms of carbon dioxide each year. At the time of completion this was the largest photovoltaic array in North West England, and helped the architects to win an award for “Business Commitment to the Environment”.

One condition for planning approval was that the project included corridors for pedestrian access and visual transparency between Upper Brook Street and Oxford Road. This was to counter complaints by the residents of Brunswick, on the other side of Upper Brook Street, that previous university developments seemed to be creating a wall to them. The pedestrian walkway between the second and third finger, and the transparent atrium met these demands. This follows the line of an earlier street, when the site was a residential area, and when reopened will run from Upper Brook Street to Oxford Road and is called “Wilton Street”, as it was historically. The roof structure was also required by the planning authorities so that the development is regarded as one building. The atrium looking down from the 3rd floor

Alan Turing Building,

NewMillenium Architecture

In the 1960s many mathematics departments were housed in high-rise buildings including the Mathematics Tower at the Victoria University of Manchester, and the Maths and Social Sciences Building at UMIST. These proved completely unsuited to the activities of a mathematics department (and arguably any academic department) as travel between floors in lifts (and uninviting stairways) discourages interaction between mathematicians resulting from chance encounter. Buildings such as the Mathematics Institute at Warwick (at East Site and later the Zeeman Building) and the Isaac Newton Institute at Cambridge are deliberately low-rise and designed to encourage chance encounter. [citation needed] The Alan Turing Building was designed with substantial input from the mathematicians[citation needed] and the design reflects this including a large open plan common room on the atrium bridge, open corridors and walkways and the relocation of the best traditional blackboards from the old buildings. 91

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NewMillenium Architecture

No.1 Deansgate occupies part of the redeveloped Shambles Square in Manchester City Centre. The scheme comprises 14 storeys of steel framed residential superstructure. Long span composite concrete decking is supported by a grillage of 3 metre high steel trusses bearing onto a raking column transfer arrangement. The steelwork at the base of the columns is cast into a reinforced concrete substructure of five levels, which transfers the superstructure loads and acts to restrain the retaining wall around the perimeter of the site. The substructure has two levels of car park, two levels of retail and a podium acting as an entrance for the residential floor areas above. The project was completed on site in spring 2002 and has won several awards including the Commendation for Most Innovative Project in the IStructE North West Regional Structural Awards 2003, a RIBA Award 2003 and a Civic Trust Award 2004. 93

The new ISS building at Lancaster University has been developed to accommodate the Information Systems Services department which is responsible for the University IT infrastructure. The department also has a commercial outreach function to the Lancashire Community at large including internet provision to Lancashire and Cumbria schools.

The building achieved a BREEAM Excellent post completion rating.

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The striking building design is immediately recognisable and appropriately reinforces the Lancaster University brand in this prominent campus location. The attractive accommodation achieves a step change in quality required to maintain and attract high calibre staff. At the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s core are environmentally controlled server suites, surrounded by support offices where the use of natural light and ventillation is maximised through the use of a light shaft which surrounds the main computer block.

To address the brief requirement to provide flexibility and possible expansion, the design solution groups the machine rooms together in one block in dependant of the office areas. This makes it possible to respond to changing data centre needs by extending this block westwards without affecting the offices or the integrity of the architecture. Raised floors are used throughout the building. These act as a plenum for the distribution routes, maximising flexibility whilst minimising disruption during reconfiguration.

NewMillenium Architecture

Information System Services (ISS) Building

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NewMillenium Architecture

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Liverpool Science Park NewMillenium Architecture

Liverpool Science Park, launched in 2006, is currently the second fastest growing science park in the UK, second only to Cambridge Science Park. The Park was created to develop and support Liverpool’s Commercial Knowledge Economy and has proved a huge success to date. It provides the ideal home for developing science and knowledge based companies through the provision of: Flexible, bespoke fit-for-purpose accommodation Versatile leasing arrangements Specialist business support Life Science laboratory compatible accommodation Links to the region’s specialist experts Access to the academic research base Located in Liverpool City Centre, in the heart of the Knowledge Quarter, at the foot of the steps of the Metropolitan Cathedral, Liverpool Science Park currently comprises two buildings, Innovation Centre 1 (ic1) and Innovation Centre 2 (ic2) offering 80,000 sq ft of high-specification grade A accommodation. The Park operates a gateway policy to ensure it targets and supports companies within the Knowledge Economy. Its occupants span a wide range of exciting knowledge-based sectors including the creative industries, pharmaceuticals, life sciences, ICT, software development and genetics - all on the cutting edge of new technology.

The unique facility is not only retaining home grown talent, but is attracting companies from outside the region and abroad, from as far afield as Finland and Canada. Liverpool Science Park is an award-winning centre, which has twice collected the “Best Science Based Incubator” award at the International Annual Incubator Conference & Awards. It is estimated that with the development of further phases, the Park could support as many as 7,000 local jobs within the next ten years. The Liverpool Science Park is a joint venture between Liverpool City Council, John Moores University and the University of Liverpool and is part financed by the European Union under Merseyside’s Objective One ERDF programme, and the North West Regional Development Agency. 99

A 2004 local area review of post-16 education in Rochdale concluded that the Borough would greatly benefit from the establishment of a Sixth Form College to prevent a ‘brain drain’ to institutions outside the Borough. This in turn led to the Learning and Skills Council instigating a competition in 2006/07 for the establishment of a new Institution.

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Building upon strategic work already undertaken with education providers in the area, Seven were appointed by the preferred consortium, Rochdale Education Partnership, and the Learning and Skills Council to undertake detailed curriculum modeling exercises and prepare proposals for the first new Sixth Form College to be established in England since Longley Park in 2004. Working closely with the LSC, Rochdale Local Education Authority and Hopwood Hall College, Seven assisted in reviewing siting, phasing and capacity studies for the 1,000 place new college, resulting in a preferred location on the banks of the River Roch just outside Rochdale Town Centre, forming a focused Learning Quarter with the adjacent Hopwood Hall College. It’s location offers significant presence on the townscape and forms an important ‘gateway’ into Rochdale from the south. In formulating the scheme brief and subsequent design, Seven instigated a wide ranging consultation exercise integrating input from, among others, the LEA, the Sixth Form Colleges Forum, the Environment Agency and the Local Authority and joined the multiple client bodies on visits to Colleges across the country to learn from best practice. The £19m, 6 storey building provides over 8,000m2 of general and specialist accommodation including a stateof-the-art science lab suite, a 160 seat theatre, dance and drama studios, art studios and media labs and a wide variety of flexible, teaching and learning environments, all supported by the latest in collaborative technology.

Rochdale Sixth Form College

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Rochdale Sixth Form College is a sixth form college opened in September 2010 under the Building Schools for the Future program. The sixth form college campus is situated next to Hopwood Hall College in Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England, forming a further education quarter in the town. Rochdale is the first sixth form college to be opened in the UK since 2004, and the 94th sixth form college in the country.

NewMillenium Architecture

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Liverpool University Laboratory 102

light is able to enter the building while high summer sun is excluded and so does not adversely alter the environmental conditions within the building. The reeds also appear as a thicket of material that gives The design uses a series of anodized alu- the building a striking appearance that minium fins suspended from tensile rods changes dramatically depending on the on all four faces of the building. position of the viewer. Moxon won a RIBA competition last year “The roundabout and the three dimento design the office for an unnamed Jer- sional nature of the cladding system comsey-based developer. bine to create animation as one moves towards the building obliquely along the Subject to planning, the landmark office approach roads. By turns the building apwill occupy an acre next to a roundabout pears solid and then transparent dependat the corner of Oliver’s Place and East- ing on the viewers position: it reveals the way, close to J32 of the M6 and J1 of the interior as one moves around it.” M55, north of Preston. The RIBA judges included Nick JohnBen Addy of Moxon said: “The alumin- son of Urban Splash and architects Ian ium fins, or reeds, are all oriented in the Simpson and Nazar Sayigh. The judges same direction. On the South West facade said the Moxon scheme was a “potentially they act as a large-scale brise soleil and unique design rain screen, but that offered good appear more vissimple spaces, ually permeable intriguing views on the SE facade. out, and an exEarly morning traordinary qualand winter sunity of light.”

The design uses a series of anodized aluminium fins suspended from tensile rods 103

NewMillenium Architecture

London-based architectural firm Moxon has submitted a planning application for a striking new 40,000 sq ft office building north of Preston.

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NewMillenium Architecture

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Listings

manchester

North West

alan turning building The University of Mancheste, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL

Blackburn Blackburn technical school Feilden Street Blackburn BB2 1LH t: 01254 292929 Blackpool st john’s c.e. Primary school Architect: aedas architects ltd parsonage Chambers Dawson Lane, Bierley, Bradford BD4 6JF t: 01274 681959

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Bradford all saints primary school Architect: Robinson design ltd 1-2 merchant’s quay ashley lane shipley bd17 7db t: 01274 532 500 chester 29-31 Lower Bridge Street City Centre Chester CH1 1RS t: 01244 318100 oldham chadderton wellbeing centre blue sky architects building 1000 kings reach yew street stockport sk4 2hg t: 0161 475 0220 F: 0161 475 1748

cis tower Miller Street Manchester Lancashire M60 0AL T: 0161 832 8686 Manchester cathedral Exchange Station Approach Victoria Street Manchester M3 1SX T: 0161 833 2220 mosi great western warehouse architect: buttress fuller alsop williams 31-33 princes street manchester m2 4bf T: 0161 236 3303 F: 0161 236 3603 New islington Timber Wharf 16-22 Worsley Street Castlefield Manchester M15 4LD T: 0333 666 9999 F: 0161 839 8999 no1 deansgate 1 Central Street City Centre Manchester M2 5WR t: 0161 211 9000 people’s history museum architect: austin-smith:lord llp port of liverpool building pier head liverpool l3 1by T: 0151 227 1083 F: 0151 258 1685

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travis street substation architect: walker simpson architects ltd 33 piccadilly manchester m1 1lq T: 0161 228 7406 F: 0161 228 7406 The beetham tower 303 Deansgate Manchester M3 4LQ T: 0161 870 1688 urbis Manchester T: 0161 605 8200 Victoria baths Hathersage Road Manchester M13 0FE T: 0161 224 2020 victoria station Manchester Greater Manchester M3 1WY United Kingdom merseyside merseyside primary school Harthill Road Allerton, Liverpool L18 3HS t: 0151 724 2087 morecambe The midland hotel Marine Road West, Morecambe, Lancashire LA4 4BU 0845 850 1240 oldham wellbeing centre Burnley St Chadderton Oldham OL9 0JW 0161 770 5656

Lancaster Information Systems Services, ISS Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4WA Tel: 01524 510190 Fax: 01524 510530 Liverpool albert docks Unit 22 Albert Dock Liverpool Merseyside L3 4AF 0151 708 7334 blue bell health centre architect: jm architects 9a st jamesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; building 79 oxford street manchester m1 6fq t: 0161 200 6300 F: 0161 200 6301

halewood centre for learning Architect: Aedas architects ltd parsonage chambers 3 the parsonage manchester m3 2hw 0161 828 7900 lime street gateway Lime Street Liverpool 0845 711 4141 liverpool science park 131 Mount Pleasant Liverpool L3 5TF 0151 705 3400

Liverpool tower Floor 11 The Plaza 100 Old Hall Street Liverpool Merseyside L3 9QJ paradise street bridge 7A Croxteth Rd Liverpool L8 3SE 0151 727 2140 Park Brow La Casita Acrefield Road Liverpool Merseyside L32 6QH 0151 477 8540 royal liver building Pier Head Liverpool LS 1HT 0151 236 2748 the beetham tower 111 Old Hall Street L3 9BD 0151 426 9100 the gargantuan warehouse Liverpool Anglican Cathedral St James Mount Liverpool L1 7AZ 0151 709 6271 tom reilly building architect: austin-smith:lord llp port of liverpool building pier head liverpool l3 1by 0151 227 1083 0151 258 1685

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william brown library Horseshoe Gallery World Museum William Brown Street Liverpool Merseyside L3 8EN 0151 233 5835 preston hedgehog office Olivers Place Preston Lancashire England rochdale Sixth Form College, Rochdale 6HY College Road Rochdale OL12 6 01706 769800 town hall The Esplanade Town Centre Rochdale OL16 1AB 01706 924775 salford the lowry centre Pier 8 Salford Quays M50 3AZ t: 0843 208 6000

Modern Architecture

c-rmz widnes architect: austin smith:lord llp port of liverpool building pier head liverpool l3 1by T: 0151 227 1083 F: 0151 258 1685

liverpool university laboratory Rankin Hall Elmswood Road Liverpool L18 8DN t: 0151 794 6451

#1 THE NORTHWEST ARCHITECT The North West Architecture is a handbook to achieving design excellence in the Northwest of England.