FARMIN PARIS 2030
2
FARMIN PARIS 2030
shaping the city by open space ZHANG, Qinyi Mentors: Prof. Bernardo Secchi, IUAV Ir. Daan Zandbelt, TU Delft Prof.ir. Henco Bekkering, TU Delft Readers: Prof. Joaquim Sabate, UPC Dhr. K. Van Acker, K.U.Leuven
3
Acknowledgement I am at most grateful to my mentors, Prof. Bernardo Secchi, Daan Zandbelt and Prof. Henco Bekkering. Without their valuable inspiration, guidance and comments this thesis would not exist. My gratitude goes to Vivienne Chiu-Yuan Wang (TU delft), Yu Han (The Chinese University of Hong Kong), and Andrew Hsu (The University of Hong Kong) who have helped me with useful information and suggestions. I would like to thank my reader Prof. Joaquin Sabate, Dhr. Maarten Van Acker for their constructive comments. Above all, special thanks to my parent Zhang Yuhan and Zhan Yan, and my closest friend Dai Min. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement in those years.
4
CONTENT 1. Voidpolis comparison of open space in Paris and HK 1.1 void metropolises 1.2 Paris = HK, Paris ≠HK 1.3 size and distribution of open space 1.4 life style 1.5 open space shapes the city 1.6 social segregation 1.7 hypothesis 1.8 concept
6 8 15 19 20 22 27 28
2. Material Brown field as transformation zone
30
2.1 focus on in-between zone 2.2 in the middle of NO-land
32 40
3. Strategy Learning from HK + make 2 km cities
42
3.1 project, ParisX2 3.2 playfield 3.3 patches + linear city 3.4 patches principles 3.5 linear city principles 3.6 project plan 3.7 patches design 3.8 patches+linear city design
44 46 48 54 58 68 69 88
4. Conclusion
104
Reference
106
5
Population (million)
Metropolitan Area (sq km)
TOKYO-YOKOHAMA NEW YORK SEOUL-INCHEON MUMBAI MEXICO CITY LOS ANGELES SHANGHAI LONDON RHINE-RUHR ILE-DE-FRANCE CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO RANDSTAD(AMS) HONG KONG SINGAPORE
CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO NEW YORK LONDON LOS ANGELES ILE-DE-FRANCE MEXICO CITY TOKYO-YOKOHAMA SHANGHAI RANDSTAD(AMS) RHINE-RUHR SEOUL-INCHEON HONG KONG MUMBAI SINGAPORE 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
35
Built-up Area (sq km)
Void (sq km)
NEW YORK CHICAGO LOS ANGELES TOKYO-YOKOHAMA LONDON ILE-DE-FRANCE SHANGHAI MEXICO CITY SAN FRANCISCO SEOUL-INCHEON MUMBAI RHINE-RUHR RANDSTAD(AMS) SINGAPORE HONG KONG
CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO LONDON ILE-DE-FRANCE LOS ANGELES NEW YORK MEXICO CITY RANDSTAD(AMS) SHANGHAI TOKYO-YOKOHAMA RHINE-RUHR HONG KONG SEOUL-INCHEON SINGAPORE MUMBAI 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000 12000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
VOIDPOLIS
Comparison of open space in Paris and HK It is an era of metropolis. The typologies of metropolises are defined by their patterns of built-up, demographic scale and density, etc. For instance, Paris and Randstad are comparable in population and GDP. But the amount of open space is actually comparable as well. Surprisingly if we concentrate all the open space in the center of Paris, we could get the green heart. Building as a material to shape even build cities will be less and less. We are running out of materials. The city of future is the city of void. In the light of the growth of individualization and leisure, void space, especially nature, will be a more and more important part of city. Leisure is one main function in the cities. If open space has the same importance as transportation, living and working, could we compare and define metropolises by their open space? Picture: a bird-view of Hong Kong from one of its country parks. Hong Kong is famous for its high density but it also has enormous amount of open space.
6
7
Los Angeles San Francisco Mexico City Tokyo
Chicago Seoul Shanghai
New York
Hong Kong
Singapore
Randstad Rhine-ruhr
Mumbai
Zandbelt&vandenBerg
Š 2007
London Ile de France
HONG KONG
ILE-DE-FRANCE LONDON
0
RHINE-RUHR SAN FRANCISCO
100 km
88% HONG KONG
66% SHANGHAI
79% SAN FRANCISCO
55% SINGAPORE
77% LONDON
77% ILE-DE-FRANCE
77% RHINE-RUHR
73% CHICAGO
53% LOS ANGELES
39% SEOUL-INCHEON
34% NEW YORK
33% TOKYO-YOKOHAMA
In a lot of metropolises, the biggest part of the territory is un-built. Formed by differnet reasons, those metropolises are located all over the world, west and east. Both Paris and Hong Kong are in this category.
8
PARIS
HK
9
PARIS 50X50KM 2,500 sq km 8.5 M
10
HONG KONG 2,800 sq km 7.0 M
PARIS = HK 120% NEW YORK
COST OF LIVING
120% NEW YORK
50,000 USD
GDP PER CAPITA
50,000 USD
5000 BILLION USD 30,000 KWH/PER CAPITA
STOCK EXCHANGE
10 MILLION
VISITOR
250 KM
METRO
120% NEW YORK
5000 BILLION USD
ENERGY COMSUMPTION
30,000 KWH/PER CAPITA 10 MILLION 250 KM
LIVING QUALITY
120% NEW YORK
PARIS ≠ HK 7000/SQ KM 3500 100% 1000 T/SQ KM 150,000 KM/SQU KM % 120% NEW YORK 40 SQM 150/1000 CAPITA 200
DENSITY HIGH RISE PUBLIC TRANSPORT POLLUTION VEHICLE DENSITY GREEN+BLUE HEALTH+SANITATION DWELLING PER CAPITA CRIME RATE MUSEUMS
7000/SQ KM 3500 100% 1000 T/SQ KM 150,000 KM/SQU KM % 120% NEW YORK 40 SQM 150/1000 CAPITA 200
Paris and Hong Kong are samiliar and strong in many ways, which make them both important on a global level. Both of them are high in living quality, most visited cities over the world, developed in metro system. On the other hand, Hong Kong leads in use of public transport, amount of green and blue, while Paris has bigger dwelling size per capita and more culture facilities. Can we link those similarity and difference in quality and quantity with the forms of the two cities?
11
PARIS
HK
All open space in Paris and HK
HK
PARIS
749
72
1679
PARIS 173
57 2489
HONG KONG
built-up infrastructure open space
Open spaces categorized by their properties
HK
PARIS
821
113
445
19 658
PARIS 230
24 241
238
326
29 1611
HONG KONG
12
built-up
cemetery
agriculture+grass
leisure+culture
forest
water
barren land
bush
sea
427
40%
40%
10%
10%
40% and 10% In Paris, 40% of the territory is built-up, while in Hong Kong only 10%. Having similar quality, Hong Kong concentrates all the urban area in a relatively small area, and leaves the rest as open space for leisure and activities. Is this different way of arrangement of open space gives the two voidpolises such different characteristics? Can we have conditions of Paris and Hong Kong together in one city by create open spaces conditions of both Paris and Hong Kong in it?
13
H
PAR
14
HK
RIS
Size and distribution Size is an important property of open space. The open spaces in Paris and Hong Kong can be categorized as: S (small size), 0-1.5 ha, a typical area of a Parisian block and a neighborhood park in Hong Kong; M (medium size), 1.5-5 ha, district parks like Palais-Royal in Paris and Harcourt Garden in Hong Kong; L (large size), 5-50 ha, city parks like Jardin du Luxembourg and Victoria Park; XL (extra large), larger than 50 ha, like Bois de Vincennes and country parks in Hong Kong.
15
0.25 ha Westlake lane Park
0.95 ha Southorn Playground
1.3 ha
0.25 ha Park in Alfortville
King George V Memorial Park
S
0-1.5ha
neighborhood 0
300 m
0.9 ha
0.7 ha
0.8 ha
1.2 ha
Statue Square
Statue Square
Notre Dame de Paris
13e arrondissement
4.5 ha
3.7 ha
1.9 ha
2.9 ha
Palais-Royal
Lok Fu Recreation Ground
Shan Shui Po Sports Ground
Park in Gonesse
M
1.5-5ha district
0
500 m
16
1.9 ha
4.0 ha
3.1 ha
4.1 ha
Harcourt Garden
Repulse Bay
Bibliothèque nationale de France
Tsim Sha Tsui Promenade
5.7 ha
9.1 ha
9.1 ha
Kowloon Park
Kowloon Walled City Park
19 ha
7.6 ha
38 ha
21.7 ha
Victoria Park
Hong Kong Park
Golf course Arnouville-lès-Gonesse
Jardin du Luxembourg
HK Zoological & Botanical Gardens
28 ha Park in Vigneux-sur-Seine
L
5-50ha city
0
1 km
XL
>50ha region 0
3 km 739 ha
995 ha
Aberdeen Country Park
Bois de Vincennes
17
Park in Gonesse
Kowloon Park Shan Shui Po Sports Ground
Harcourt Garden
Golf course Arnouville-lès-Gonesse
HK Zoological & Botanical Gardens
Statue Square Westlake lane Park
Jardin du Luxembourg King George V Memorial Park
SAMPLES
Repulse Bay
Hong Kong Park
Lok Fu Recreation Ground
0.25 ha
Bois de Vincennes
Southorn Playground
Park in Alfortville
Palais-Royal
Park in Vigneux-sur-Seine
Bibliothèque nationale de France
Victoria Park Aberdeen Country Park
Notre Dame de Paris
0
Tsim Sha Tsui Promenade
1
Statue Square
Kowloon Walled City Park
5
25
50
1000 ha
SIZE S
M
L
XL
ACTIVITES Passing
Park in Gonesse
Demonstration Kowloon Park
Meeting Collective sports
Golf course Arnouville-lès-Gonesse
HK Zoological & Botanical Gardens
Westlake lane Park
Tourim
Jardin du Luxembourg King George V Memorial Park
SAMPLES
Shopping
Repulse Bay
Hong Kong Park
Lok Fu Recreation Ground
Big Events
0.25 ha
Bois de Vincennes
Southorn Playground
Park in Alfortville
Education
Palais-Royal
Picnic/BBQ
Park in Vigneux-sur-Seine
Bibliothèque nationale de France
Victoria Park Aberdeen Country Park
Notre Dame de Paris
Biking Camping
Shan Shui Po Sports Ground
Harcourt Garden Statue Square
0
Statue Square
Tsim Sha Tsui Promenade
1
Kowloon Walled City Park
5
25
50
1000 ha
Hiking
SIZE Jogging Birds observatoin Golf
ACTIVITES Rural landscape Passing Demonstration Meeting Collective sports Tourim Shopping Big Events Education Picnic/BBQ Biking Camping Hiking Jogging Birds observatoin Golf Rural landscape
18
S
M
L
XL
LIFE STYLE ACTIVITES Passing Demonstration Meeting Collective sports Tourim Shopping Big Events Education Picnic/BBQ Biking Camping Hiking Jogging Birds observatoin Golf Rural landscape
Life style The process of individualization is demonstrated by the new identity of an individual: from what one owns, what his/her job is, how big his/her house is, to what one does (can do) in spare time, his/her lifestyle, from what one is doing to what one can do.Certain activities call for certain size of open space. More individual activities, hiking, cross country walking, fishing for instance, need more space than the urban public activities like sports, shopping. Therefore, living within the service range of certain sizes of open spaces brings opportunity to join certain activities, or life styles. It also means that an area having all sizes of open spaces can provide opportunities for people to organize their own lives.
19
Paris
Hong kong
Open space used for culture and leisure activities in Paris and Hong Kong categrized by their sizes S
1.5ha
M
5ha
L
50ha
XL
Paris: a round city with a center
HK: a linear city
Open space shapes the city The open spaces used for culture and leisure in Paris and Hong Kong are different both in size and distribution. Paris has all sizes of open spaces but relatively few the XL-sized open spaces. In Hong Kong there are huge amount of small open spaces and XL open spaces. The XL open spaces (including those are not used for culture and leisure) are almost all located on the outskirt of Paris, the city therefore shaped as a round with heart and periphery. In Hong Kong, however, those XL open space are located parallel with the city, which shapes the city linear zones.
20
10 km
5
0
centre
pĂŠriphĂŠrique
CBD
suburbia
PARIS section
HK section
0
bay centre
1
luxury housing 15 km city / 2 km city
2 km
suburbia
As a result, Pairs become a 15 km city: from city center to the banlieue, form classic Parisian blocks and boulevards to the CBD and further the Pavillionare, it takes 15 km; while in Hong Kong, a 2 km city can be experienced: from the CBD and normal housing the city center, to the luxury and suburbia-like housing on the mountain, it takes 2 21 km only.
ZUS A Sensible Urban Zone (or ZUS) is a sub-urban area defined by the French government to be the priority target of the policy of the city. ZUS are defined as: Areas of urban renewal (ZRU) are characterized by high unemployment, a large proportion of non-graduates and low fiscal capacity. Urban zones (ZFU) ZRU are of a size greater than 10 000 people who need help the most important. Companies that locate there are incentives.
22
XL open spaces and their service range
built-up XL ( town parks ) 1 km service range
Out-of-service area : in the heart of Paris, on the outskirt of Hong Kong
ZUS and built-up / ZUS and XL open space ZUS + Built-ups
ZUS + XL open space + service range (r=3km)
XL open space and social segregation In the opposite of Hong Kong where each inch of built-up, especially the city center, is close to large open space, Paris has a lot of area far from any large open spaces. ZUS, which are somehow representing poor, unemployment, nongraduates... are mostly located in this out-of-service area. Can lack of access to large open space which provides an alternative and leisure oriented life style generate social segregation ?
23
Neuilly-sur-Seine
Vincennes XL open space and the rich Along the Boulevard Périphérique, the only three departments where the yearly income per capita is higher than 24,000 Euro are Neuilly-sur-Seine, Saint-Mandé and Vincennes. All of them are located next to the only two XL open space within the city of Paris: Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes
2500m
0
Picture: Housing at Neuilly-sur-Seine and Bois de Boulogne
24
Saint-Mandé
24,000 plus 21,400 - 24,000 18,900 - 21,400 16,500 - 18,900 less than 16,500 green space
yearly income + green (2004)
21,400 plus
18,900 - 21,400
16,500 - 18,900
less than 16,500
XL open space and social segregation Open green space is a kind of programmatic space providing clean air, nature scenery and space for leisure and sports. The accessibility for poor and immigrants to this kind of service is being deprived especially in banlieue.
25
Picture: HSBC headquarter, HK Philippinian use public space in HK city center
On the contrary, the 2 km city condition in Hong Kong keeps people who are getting richer live in the city by the unique condition that together with other sizes of open spaces, extra large open spaces are also located very close to the city. It mixes all kinds of people in a short distance, rich and poor, native and foreigners. It offers opportunities for everybody to use all kinds of open space in the city, from small ones to the extra large, therefore to join all kinds of activities. In this sense, the distribution of open space can be crucial to overcome social segregation.
26
2 km
15 km
open space distribution defines city form
+
15 km
0
0
2 km
city form and social segregation
HYPOTHESIS: open space and social segregation City forms could be strongly influenced (or defined) by the composition and distribution of open space. The accessibility to different sizes of open spaces provides the opportunity for different life styles. The individualization of way of living makes large open spaces, usually nature and wild supporting activities like camping, hiking, fishing…and so on, become attractive area. When those large open spaces are located in the outskirt, the conditions in different areas of the city is polarized: for example in Paris, outskirt of the city with accessibility to the forest has attractiveness to the rich, and the banlieue where there are merely no large open spaces only occupied by the poor and immigrants. Could we link the distribution of open space (especially the large ones) and the distribution of groups of people in the territory? If we can create a more porous and isotropic city in the term of open space, which means all of the city (or the banlieue) have sufficient and equal accessibility to all kinds of open space, can we expect a more equally distributed and mixed society? Could then open space be a tool to union and mix people?
27
Paris and its large open spaces
HK 2 km
15 km
Paris + HK
CONCEPT: HKs in Paris HK’s 2-km-city condition leads to a more sustainable and integrated society. Can we create similar situations in Paris, especially in banlieue where the society is high polarized? Can we insert large open spaces in those areas in order to insert a totally different condition, a nature, suburb-like condition, in order to provide opportunity for alternative ways of living? Can we in this way attract different people to the banlieue Can we create this 2-km-city in the banlieue where one can move to a new house around big green which is less than 2 km away to his former community instead of in the far away suburbia when he or she get rich? Further more, can we finally have a metropolis with a Paris city center, and tiny HKs around it? Could it be the new Paris 2030?
28
0
PARIS
0
29
MATERIAL
Brown field as transformation zone
30
31
10km-CITY Reinforce the green network: Boulevards, city parks, canals...
30km-BANLIEU Save and develop green belt: Separate the Ville Nouvelles
ILE-DE-FRANCE preserve and upgrade the yellow and green: regional park, large scale agriculture
borders of different policy of green space
The rural frame work to embed the urban program is defined for three different scale levels. The borders are set related to urban conditions, which is strongly represented by the policy of green space in between banlieue: on one hand the green spaces have to accommodate the increasing leisure activities and on the other hand it should separates the Ville Noucelles from the banlieu and each other.
32
historic pre 1858
historic 1858-1909
historic 1909-1960
historic post 1960
33
34
Grand Ensemble 1953-1960
Grand Ensemble Post 1960
ZUS
Pavillionare pre 1909
Industrial pre 1960
Industrial post 1960
Pavillionare 1909-1960
Pavillionare post 1960
35
OUT
Historic post 1960 Grand Ensemble Post 1960 Pavillionare post 1960 Pavillionare post 1960 Industrial post 1960
36
IN
Historic 1858-1909 Industrial pre 1960
BETWEEN Pavillionare pre 1909 Industrial pre 1960 Grand Ensemble 1953-1960 ZUS
Focus on in-between zone By mapping the distribution of building categorized by their age and function and overlapping it with the green space policy borders, a more porous Paris in the future can be imagined. According to the age and function, the buildings which need to be transformed or removed, industrial buildings built before 1960s for example, are mostly located between the inner city and the preserved agriculture and forest, where the green network should be reinforced. Consequently, in this transforming zone, a great opportunity is emerging to achieve a balance of the center and periphery in the term of green and activities.
37
5,200 ha
old industrial area (pre 1960s)
38
Brown Field Paris has 5,200 ha old (pre 1960s) industrial area which are being removed or transformd. Most of them are located in this IN-BETWEEN area, around the city of Paris : Plaine St-Denis-le-Bourget, Seine-Amont and the former Renault factory site at Billancourt.
39
40
forest + brown field
NO forest
cycleway+ brown field
NO cycleway system
agriculture + brown field
NO agriculture area
high-income + brown field
NO rich
reached or reaching average income level
NO opportunity
immigrants + brown field
NO social-mixure
In the middle of NO-land
41
STRATEGY Learning from HK + make 2 km cities
42
43
PARIS
PARIS URBAN
PARIS NATURE
PARIS URBAN (PROPOSAL)
PARIS NATURE (PROPOSAL)
PROJECT
Project Paris is famous for its historical city center and beautiful forest and agriculture in the countryside. Both of them are highly attractive, leaving the area in between a “void” of quality. The project is a combination of a group of large-size green spaces which bring nature and leisure spaces into the city and creates new centralities, and a mixed network of urban and nature spaces which can deliver the energy of both urban and green centers to the rest.
44
PARIS Centrality CBD / Ville nouvelle
Public Transport
PARIS
XL open space
TGV / RER / Metro
Tramway / Bus
Nodes Social housing / Local facilities
Monuments / Regional facilities
Mobility
PARIS URBAN Automobiles
Cyclists / Pedestrians
Boulevards
Streets
Axies
PARIS NATURE PARIS X 2
There are two Paris can be percived : one with the city center and new CBDs as centralities, spectacular monuments and grand public buildings as landmarks, public transport like TGV, RER and metros which are fast but long from point to point, and boulevards as axis connecting defferent parts of the city ; the PARIS URBAN (PROPOSAL) other Paris is hiden around the corner, with large sized open space as leisure centers and attractiveness for living, social housing (often Grands ensembles) as landmarks, public transport like buses and trams which are less fast but have more stations, and streets system connection neighbourhoods.
PARIS NATURE (PROPOSAL) XL open space
Tramway / Bus
Social housing / Local facilities
Cyclists / Pedestrians
Streets
PROJECT Centrality and base In the light of limited investment in Paris, the strategy is to plan agriculture, water purification, experimental forest, agriculture and biofuel production, which are large in a amount of square meters, cheap and making money, as centralities for alternative ways of living ; and concentrate the most of investment into a network to create a solid base including tram, bike routes, social housing, public space and temporary program.
45
46
Play field A play field of 55,600,000 sqm is made out of the 52,000,000 old industrial brown fields their surroundings. Public buildings and ZUS remains, which will benefit from the new quality brought by transformation of old industrial area, and become part of the 2nd Paris.
47
PROJECT
48
brown fields
define patches
interface
connection
Define the project First of all, big patches of open spaces are defined out of the brown fields. The leftovers are used in two ways: some of them are organized as borders of those patches as an interface to enhance the communication and movement across the borders, and the rest are organized into corridors to connect all the patches.
=
+
[
+
]
=
+
[
+
]
project
patches
linear city
interface
connection
Project = Patches + Linear City As a result, the project could be re-defined as patches and a linear city. The patches contain big open spaces as top-down interventions inserted to banlieue, while the linear city plays as a interface and the connection for the big patches.
=
+=
[ XL
11,100,000 sqm
[=
+
+
+ L
12,900,000 sqm
] M
10,800,000 sqm
]
S
20,800,000 sqm
XL+L+M+S
49
50
In the middle of banlieue The project, which is a group of varied organized voids, will be located in the middle of banlieue. It changes the whole image in the banlieue, in order to create a totally different part of Paris, where the city will grow by following nature, instead of occupying or being defended by nature.
51
52
In the middle of green The project could also play an important role in the term of connecting the nature on the outskirt and those in the city. By evolving the existing green into this patches and connection system, the original green system will not only be enlarged and strengthened, but also become more equally distributed to eliminate the imbalances in the city in terms of open space.
53
PATCHES 94% of open spaces in Paris are either forest or agricultureal land. XL scale (over 300 ha) open spaces are planned as forests and L (from 30 ha to 300 ha) are planned as agricultural land. M (from 3 ha to 30 ha) is planned as either forest or agriculture according to the properties of larger patches to enhance the biodiversity.
54
Avenue du Président Wilson
Boulevard Périphérique Avenue de la Porte la Chapelle Rue Marx Dormoy Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis Boulevard de Magenta Boulevard de Strasbourg Boulevard de Sébastopol
Boulevard Saint-Michel
+ Three roles of PATCHES 1.The city of Paris is prisoned not by the Boulevard Périphérique which is always lifted where the boulevards starting from the city center crossing it, but by the brown field surrounding the city without good-quality housing and places for leisure and culture activities. The big patches which are transformed into green parks can change the image of the border condition and extend the inner city to the outside in terms of image, activities and quality. 2.The patches should be connected to local public space system and become part of it, in order to benefit local inhabitants and make the surrounding area attractive. 3.The parches should play as step stones which connect the large open space on the out skirt and the small patches in the innercity, in the terms of both nature and human activities.
55
PATCHES design
existing forest existing agriculture new forest new agriculture
56
temporary open space
Parisian forest and new forest patches
extending the existing forest network
Parisian agriculture and new agriculture patches
extending the existing agriculture system
57
LINEAR CITY
58
[
+
]
curvilinear border enhances communication
grids
program
full-urban
full-nature
INTERFACE The part of linear city which in between open space patchs and city is planned as a curved border between them in order to play as a interface to enhance the intersectiona and communication. 1/3 of this part of the linear city is planned as permanent open space, 1/3 as social housing, and 1/3 as temporary open spaces which can be changed into urban area. In this way, the curvilinear border could be guaranteed no matter the temporaty park is transformed into nature or urban area in the future.
+
]
S S XL
grids and tramway
L
M
XL
M
permanent open spaces
activities
connection A ecological principle applied in urban condition: coridors, nodes and stepstons as conncetions
CONNECTION The part of linear city which in between open space patchs is planned as a connection between them. Most of them are planned as permanent open space which guaranteed the connection open space high way which intergrated with tramways and bike routes as mobilities and all kind of open space with a great variety of activities.
59
the playfield of the linear city.
social housing.
permanent nature to build up the interface.
60
permanent nature to build up the connection.
+
+
permanent part of the inear city
the rest are planned as open space with temporary programs, which could be transformed into built-up easily.
61
THE LINEAR CITY
62
public service ( schools + hospitals )
social housing
temporary open space
permanent open space
patches
existing nature
Programs in the linear city
public service
110 ha
social housing
340 ha
open space temporary
850 ha
open space as connection
450 ha
open space as interface
330 ha
Land-use 850 ha of the linear city are planned as temporary open spaces. The quality and image of the city can be shifting between more open or more urban. When all the temporary part is transformed into built-up, the whole system still has a curved border as an interface and continuous open space corridors connecting the paths.
63
Tramway
64
existing and planned tram lines
new tram lines based on linearcity
connecting the inner city and periphery
connecting public space
65
Bike routes
66
existing cyclable routes system
new cyclable routes based on linearcity
connecting the inner city and periphery
connecting public space
67
PROJECT PLAN
existing forest
public service
tramway
existing agriculture
social housing
bike routs
new forest
temporary open space
new agriculture
permanent open space
temporary open space
water
PATCHES DESIGN
+
[
+
PATCH PILOT
70
PRINCIPLES FOR OPEN SPACE
S
M
L
XL
soccer field
100m S neighbourhood playground
200m
L M,L,XL
baseball field
XL
wetland + bird-watching towers
coffee
S,M
1000m
museum restaurant forest + service stations
400m hostel + camping
culture center + temporary exhibition field
Gradient change from urban grid to natural curved network
Plot size: from S to XL
Distance of bifercation 100m: walking 200m: basic jogging 400m: jogging, cycling 1000m: cross country jogging, hiking, cycling
Gradient change of programs from urban to nature, big to large, local to regional
From curvilinear border to gradient activities Due to the fact that human beings and animals are different in activities and living evironments the ecologic principle about a curvilinear border enhancing communications and movements accoss the border has to be addapted into urban environment, instead of copied. 4 steps are showed above about how to plan a curvilinear border and programs within this border zone, in order to evoke a group of activities of different scale gradually penetrating from the built-up to the wild.
71
1/3 of the linear city around the XL open space is defined as nature as the extention of the XL.
use the “linear city“ as a transition zone in order to extend urban grids to a park path system.
introduce finger-like topology to create small patches on the periphery and large patchs in the center, aslo to lead people to the center.
72
create a lake in the center as an extention of existing canal, combined with wetland. A forest is located in the center with its fingers stretching into the “linear city“ and from there penetrating into urban environment.
neighbourhood center
coffee
soccer field
coffee
bird-watching towers
hostel + camping
museum
pedestrian bridge
neighbourhood playground
neighbourhood library
baseball field
waterbus stop soccer field restaurant service stations neighbourhood playground
culture center + temporary exhibition field
program the park from periphery to the center with a sequece of functions from urban to nature, big to large, local to regional.
neighbourhood center
coffee
soccer field
coffee
bird-watching towers
hostel + camping
museum
pedestrian bridge
neighbourhood playground
neighbourhood library
baseball field
waterbus stop soccer field restaurant service stations neighbourhood playground
culture center + temporary exhibition field
program.
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SITEPLAN_OPEN SPACE
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social housing in need (2030) 450 550
450
1000
7,350 x 20 = 147,000 total area
800
1000
147,000 x 100 = 14.7 million sqm to build locally
14.7 x 64% = 9.4 million sqm
100
linear city for social housing
750 450 500
650
650
3.4 million sqm
FAR = 2.8
4.1 million sqm
FAR = 0.3
0.4 million sqm
FAR = 2.8
Density and concentration A huge amount of social housing is in need in Paris. If all of them are located in the entire brown field, the density (Floor Area Ratio) will be 0.3, which is exactly the banlieue condition in Paris: low rise and single family houses as the background with social housing standing in between. But if they are concentrated on the border of the brown field, huge patch will be left over which can be then transformed into XL open space with leisure and culture activities.
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TESTS
1,200,000 Social Housing
TOWER Floor area: 25m x 25m = 625 sqm 192 floors x 10 Total area: 1,200,000 sqm
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HK
PARIS
Floor area: 625 x 80 = 50,000 sqm 24 floors x 80 Total area: 1,200,000 sqm
Width: 12m Floor area: 150,000 sqm 7 floors Total area: 1,050,000 sqm
CHINA TOWN
MIXED
Width: 12m Floor area: 80,000 sqm 18 floors Total area: 1,440,000 sqm
Floor area: 65,000 sqm 7-24 floors Total area: 1,300,000 sqm
or
BOARD Width: 12m Length: 1430m 7 floors x 10 Total area: 1,200,000 sqm
++ + +
+
+
Bring views to Paris The concept for housing typology is combining the Parisian 7-floor classical blocks with HK towers, which bring the city to the frontier of the nature, and create housing with great views towards the nature.
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XL
L
MS
M
S
L XL
The logic of the principle is always using smaller sized spaces as the border of the bigger ones, in order to maximize the intersection.
The design in street block level gives the opportunity to push this principle into a micro scale. By defining micro sized open space on the border, the length of the border between open space and urban area is again enlarged, thus the intersection is maximized.
Scale jump from regional to local.
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1/3 of the linear city around the XL open space is planned for social housing. The first step is to define micro open space along the border.
Those micro open spaces create a even more curvilinear border, which is thus longer in intersection.
Towers + blocks
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15 f 4750 sqm
7f 8400 sqm
24 f 15000 sqm
4 -15 f 13800 sqm
6-7f 13350 sqm
5 - 15 f 5650 sqm
4 - 10 f 19800 sqm
+ 80750 sqm FAR = 2.8 80
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SITEPLAN
soccer field
wetland info center
coffee shop
bird-watching tower
wetland bike shop restaurant
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bird-watching tower
water storage/ purification
sports center
T recreational water
bar
T tree square
square/ open market
bbq/lunch
neighborhood library
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MASTERPLAN sports
public service open market
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primary road
tramways vegetable gardens bicycle routes
bush
grass field
forest
waterstorage/ purification
85
86
87
PATCHES+LINEARCITY DESIGN
[ 88
+
]
SITE
89
MASTERPLAN
90
91
+ PATCHES
92
+ LINEARCITY
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linear city intergrated in existing street system
linear city combined with main road, tramways and bike routs
linear city connecting ZUS and their open spaces inside
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The street system in the LINEAR CITY extends and repairs the existing fragmented one in the banlieue.
95
patches
program the pathches with wild nature
possible activities in patches
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linear city
possible activities in linear city
connecting activities with activities
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FULLY URBANIZED SCENARIO
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Fully urbanized scenario: In this scenario the temporary part of the linear city is development into built-ups like single family houses, social housing and public buildings.
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temporary program
fixed program
possible activities in patches
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temporary program The border of the city remains curvilinear in the fully urbanized scenario.
The open space system remains continuous in the fully urbanized scenario.
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2nd PARIS It is a Paris growing form the city to the Banlieue and outskirt. It is a Paris with XL open spaces as centers which provide quality for the surrounding social housing and existing city. It is a Paris with a linear zone which integrates trams, bike routs, and paths, together with social housing, sports fields, water surface, wetland, open markets‌all kinds of activities, stretching and connecting all parts of the city. It is the 2nd Paris, a solid base and complement for the 1st one with Eiffel tower and La DÊfense.
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103
+
Social Segregation
Hypothesis Characteristics of open space City Forms
ecological principle
Concepts 2nd Paris
HK
HK as reference
District scale
Tools and scales Territorial scale
Neighborhood scale
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CONCLUSION: The project “FARMIN” stands for minimized density. It is about using open space to shape the city. The open space plays a significant role from the hypothesis, concepts to the design. The hypothesis is to link the form of open space to the form of city, then the society. First of all, the link between the size and characteristics of open spaces and types of lifestyle which can be organized around are highlighted. Secondly, open spaces as recourse and attractiveness are distributed and organized in different ways in cities, which has a great influence to the urban form. 2-km city and 15-km city concepts are innovated to describe the city forms by both the distance from the city center to the XL open space and the distance between different urban compositions such as CBD, single family houses and social housing. These city forms which are defined by open space can be finally linked to the society. Social segregation can be attributed to a lack of accessibility to the XL open space, while social mixitie can be attributed to a city form which provides all kinds of open space everywhere, especially those XL ones. The concepts are built up from a target, a model and a principle. The target is the 2nd Paris, which is a Paris behind and backing up the 1st one with Eiffel Towers, boulevards and La Défense, in order to develop a light and flexible strategy to fix the problem in a “micro” scale. Hong Kong is simplified as a 2-km city which has XL open space in the center and taken as an ideal model to be inserted into Paris. And the ecologic principles are interpreted into an urban version and used to guide the organization and design of the open spaces. The design is to use open space as a backbone of urban development. Open space is used in different ways as centralities, connections, interfaces…in all scale from territory, district to neighborhood. The design also shows how this open space system can provide opportunity for urban and infrastructure development. It is an extremely flexible design, in the sense that it addresses several strategic key concepts which are illustrated through designs in different scales, rather than build up a fixed master plan for construction. Instead of building something more, concrete and heavy in the problematic area itself, open space is used as a main tool to solve social problems, which is itself light, flexible and providing qualities for its surroundings. Moreover, the open space is not considered as defensive voids against urban growth, but connected to it by programming the activities, maximizing their intersection, planning infrastructure…The open space is not anymore like the sea with freestanding high rises in Le Corbusier’s plan voisin pour Paris, but embraced by its users and providing them with collective identity and distinguish image; it is not anymore the Central Park in New York enclosed by concrete cliffs, but really surrounded by a changing matrix which delivers the energy of open space into the city.
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REFERENCE: [1] Territori della nuova modernità by Paola Viganó (editor) [2] Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning by Wenche Dramstad (Author), James D. Olson (Author), Richard T.T. Forman (Author) [3] a+u 2000.05 OMA@WORK [4] FARMAX by Winy Mass, MVRDV [5] Atlas of perspectives by Daan Zandbelt, Gepke Heum [6] Paris L’histoire se répète Zandbelt&vendenBerg, Rotterdam [7] Wikipedia.org [8] Demographia.com [9] Sigr.iau-idf.fr Institut d’amenagement et d’urbanisme, Île-de-France [10] Le Schéma Directeur de la Région le-de-France (SDRIF) [11] Metropolitan World Atlas by Arjen Van Susteren [12] Mutations by Rem Koolhaas, Stefano Boeri, Sanford Kwinter, and Nadia Tazi [13] CASE: Downsview Park Toronto by Julia Czerniak [14] oma.nl [15] CASE: Downsview Park Toronto by Julia Czerniak [16] The Landscape Urbanism Reader by Charles Waldheim
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