Spring 1988 by Endeavors

One of the best kept secrets on almost every university campus is the innovative and informative research of its gnduate students. Most individuals tend to think of a university campus within the contort of an undergraduate education, one which com/eys an image of

the transmission of information, ideas, and interpretations. Within this contort the classroom becomes if not the nison d'etre ol the unirarsity, then at least the primary rationale for the existence of higher leaming. This issue of Endeavors celebrates another aspect of unirarsity life-the research activities of its gnduate students. It is largely by the efforts of these individuals that our understanding of the phpical and cultural aspects of our current and historical worlds are expanded or corrected. Graduate education

in America traces

Chapel Hill campus, the 1876 catalog announced the requirements for the master's degree and the subsequent issue carried an announcement of regulations governing the

of Master of Arts, Master of Sciencg and Doctor of Philosophy. The first Ph.D. was awarded at Chapel Hill in 1883 to William Battle Phillips for his dissertation in chemistry entitled lie Pa,te of Rarersion in degrees

Superphosphates

fron

Graduate education

its

origin to the 0erman academic apprenticeship of the mid-nineteenth century. This qntem of education in which individuals partook of extended study and research into specific disciplines was particularly well suited for education in the natural sciences. Yale Uni' versity holds the distinction of having been the first to award an American Ph.D. degree in 1861; yet graduate education as we know it today first became engrained as part of a unircrsity mision at the Johns Hopkins Uniwrsity, established in 1876. In North Carolina following the reopening of the

Red Nauasn Rrck.

is or should be an

ortremely personal experience in which the scholarly requirements of a discipline are incorporated into an individual's intellectual interests and pursuits. Graduate education is

-h

Dennis 7'Connor, Vice Chancellor

for Rexarch and Gnduate Eduation and Dean of the Gnduate

in these

School

projects

or should be an experience born of curiosity

graduate students involrad

and sustained by the satisfaction inherent in the orploration of new arenas of thought. The history of graduate education in the United States is the history of research. Perhaps the obsenration which most emphatically under' scores that statement is that hom 1901 to

are attempting to further our understanding of the world and our place in it. Some of these efforts are of proximate moment and

1941, seventeen Nobel prizes were presented

interpret or understand a particular part of our world. Moreorcr, these research efforts are important in that the understanding and insight resulting from them will soon be found as part of classroom instruction. It is perhaps this synergism between research and instruc' tion that is the hallmuk of an outstanding unirersity. It is certainly the hallmark of the campus at Chapel Hill.

to Americans, whereas in the intenal of to 1986, which was the era of rapid crpansion 1941

graduate education, one hundred se\tnteen Americans received this distinguished award. This issue ol Enduvors contains a crosssection of graduate student ruearch currently in progrus on the Chapel Hill campus. Included is a diverse group of interests consciously

to present the rich intellectual and scholarly environment of our campus. The selected

are regarded with national attention while others may seem more esoteric. All, howerrer, are impo(ant in that they change the way we

*J.

Dennis 0'Connor

AVORS

Humanities Studies

of Communication Through the Arts

Each role that Whalen undertakes requires extensive research before rehearsal time. He spent about ten weels, for example, just researching the character of Ben Gant in Thomas Wolfes autobiographical play Look Homeward, Angel, which ran in September of 1986. ln the play, Ben Gant is Eugene Gant's

(Wolfel) brother. To get a better sense of Wolfe, Whalen read all of his bools. He visited the Wolfe family home in Asheville, North Carolina, and spent extra time in the kitchen and Ben's bedroom, where important scenes in the play take place. "l tried to look at the house as Ben would have looked at itl'Whalen says. "And I got a sense of how it must've been to live in that house. It seemed very sectioned,

E E

d -b 6 David Whalen a.s Corkr' )beilander rn Lu Ann Hampton Laverty Oberlander at PlayMakers Conpan.r'.

]le

shared

lii,s .rcene trith fellotl .student

In Dramatic Art, Acting

More Than PIay

The lights dim, a hush settles over the audience, and David Whalen strides on stage in a PlayMakers Repertory Company production. Whether portraying Benvolio in Roneo and Juliet, Cornelius Hackl in The Matchmaker, or Ben Gant in Look Homeward, Angel, his performance is the result of months of research and rehearsal.

"l don't think people realize how much work is involvedl' says Whalen, who is in his third and final year of graduate training in the Department of Dramatic Art. "My life right now is completely devoted to my workl' He spends fourteen hours a day, six days a

Repertor.t

lvlelissa Proctor.

week either in classes, researching roles, or rehearsing upcoming PlayMakers' productions. The department's graduate curriculum, called The Professional Actor ftaining Program, trains students in acting, voice and speech, scene study, movement, and dance. lt culminates in a Master of Fine Arts degree. Whalen's supervisers are David Hammond, head of the graduate training program, Carol Pendergrast, head of voice and speech, and Craig lhrner, head of movement.

As students progress through the program, they take on more demanding roles in PIayMakers' productions. "This program is truly amazingl' Whalen erplains. "You're a student and a professional. You learn not just in the classroom, but also

in front of an

audiencel'

almost cell-likel' Whalen utilized campus libraries to find photographs of Asheville and Chapel Hill

from Wolfe's time, the early twentieth century. He studied the buildings, the clothes, the people's faces. He worked with a dialect coach to mask his native northern accent with a convincing southern one, and he lost fifteen pounds to present a lithe, almost delicate, Ben Gant. Although he completely immerses himself in his characters, Whalen says it is important for actors never t0 lose sight of who they really are. "You have to have an amazing sense

of self to do this kind of workl'

notes. The rigors of live performance demand a clear head and quick thinking, especially when something goes wrong.

ln Lu Ann Hampton Laverty )berlander last spring, for example, Whalen choked on a potato chip just as it was time for his lines. He gulped at his fake beer and tried to make the choking work in the scene. ln A Doll's House, performed in January of 1987, he pretended to play a piano but the piano tape didn't play. He started clapping instead, and the other actors followed his lead. "You strive for perfection, but you're humanl' he explains. "Things are going to pop up and you have to be there, you have

AYO

to be with it-that's the challenge of live

occasionally couples,

performancesi'

tages

After graduation Whalen plans to head to Los Angeles and pursue film work. Eventually, he'd like to perform both repertory theater and film, which is a distinct possibility for actors like himself who are classically trained. 'Acting is emotionally and psychologically drainingl' he says, "but rewarding. You have about two hours to take people t0 a completely different world, where they can think about new things. It's my job to help create that -Iracey J. Maxweil

too-in their own cot-

or apartments, I was struck by their frankness, their willingness to be open with me about the things they've done and felt, the places they've beenl' says Credle. Sometimes a story would become quite personal; inviting that person's assistance in the editing was therefore especially important so that he or she could exercise control over what eventually becomes public. Several of

worldl'

facial expressions, postures, speech patterns, and erven dialects. She will also use slides

Shelby Credle's thesis, like those of most

taken during her interviews in order to "place" the audience more effectively into the mind and heart of each person-whose real name, incidentally, Credle will retain. "These men and women have earned the right to be where they are, to be the unique, important

other UNC master's candidates, is destined for the typed if not necessarily the printed page. Unlike many theses, however, hers will not be fully realized until she "performs" it,

for her committee and for the University community but most important, for the special group of people whose very lives have been the focus of Credle's "researchl'

human beings they harie becomel' Credle orplains. Moreover, she believes that they have earned the right to share that experience with

Credle brought to her graduate work in the Department of Speech Communications a particular interest in the stories people hara to

the rest of

bring together portions of the life stories she has been gathering from volunteers living at Carol Woods. In Spring of 1987, she sent letters to more than fifty residents whose names she kneu, through her husband's parents, themselves Carol Woods residents and participants in this study. About half that number of interviews then transpired during

the summer and early autumn; after transcribing hours of tape and allowing her intervieuaes a hand in the editing of their stories, Credle has begun to condense her material into a onehour show "While talking

with these people-usually individuals, but

us.

-Allison Bulsterbaun

tell, especially people who have lived long and varied lives spanning decades of history. The elderly are much like the rest of us, she says, but by virtue of their wide and deep operience they form a kind of subculture. Because the separation between their culture and ours needs to be bridged, Credle devised

person Martha Nell Hardy, Credle is working on a onlwoman stage performance that will

members of this elderty subculture can reach those of us who might otherwise never know them for the "pathfindersl' as Credle calls them, that they have been. Ideally, as narrator of other peoples oral histories, she will manipulate her material as little as possible, aiming for realistic-neither sentimental, nor stereotypical, nor glamorized-portraits 0f these lives and the wisdom contained therein. Although she will not be in costume during her performance, Credle will nevertheless step into and out of various "charactersj' which will involve the assumption of a mriety of

Bringing the Elderly Out of "Retirementtt

a proiect involving the Carol Woods Retirement Community in an effort to narrow somewhat those gaps right here in Chapel Hill. Under the direction of department chair-

cept of "moral mappingl' Based on Victor Thrner's The Anthropologlt of Performance, which addresses the implications of cultural boundaries and of attempts to cross them, Conquergood's idea has taught Credle to be little more than a vehicle through whom

Nepalese Balladeers

Unite a lllation The government never sees, and Shelby Credle dranatizing the stories tlld to het bv a Carol lloods Retirenent Conmunity residenl

her interviewees have been willing to let difficult stories stand. One woman, for instance, tells of the bitter experience of having to leave her life as a competent, productive dean in a major university in her native Australia for a nerv life on an American campus. According to Credle, "This was in the 1950s, a time when a woman could not be considered for an administrative post in an American university. This Australian woman could get no farther than teachingl' Other painful stories include the hardships posed by

terminal illness and the loss of loved ones. Providing Credle an ethical orientation from which to work is Dwight Conquergood's con-

the God never The powerful are

speal<s,

uploiting the poor,

They enjoy the people's suffering. Now where can these people go? The powerful

take Aw'ake

ue uploiting

us, we have to

seriously.

with clurage 0! Nepalese people,

One who break the law let us punish, We have the right. Why do we feel hesitation? We

should count all their wrongdoings.

Awake! Awake! Nepalese pwple. We have

to smash the uploiters. A broadside ballad written and performed by ballader Dhanaraj Sigdel

In the busy cities and towns of Nepal,

unique group of men sing, and sometimes

1986

DEA

on printers in the towns to produce their newsprint ballad booklets, or gregate. They rely chapboola.

In 1987 Bhattarai spent a summer as a Smithsonian Fellow in Washington, D.C., studying Nepalese festivals, and is currently involved, as an Asian representative, in UNESC0I long-term plan to preserve the non-phpical heritage of the world. His in part by the Asian Cultural Council's Ford Foundation graduate studies have been funded Fellowship.

Bhattarai plans to return to Nepal after completing his Ph.D. research on Nepalese folklore, which is advised by Dr. Judith

Farquhar. He is a faculty member at TYibhuvan University in lhtmandu, Nepal, where he teaches folklore as literature. He hopes to introduce the anthropological aspects of folklore into his teachings there and to continue his work documenting Nepalese ballads and folklore.

A broadside balladeer aninatedlv recites a ballad to

Nepalese villagers. He

ped with Nepalese curencv. signaling to the crowd his intent equivalent of about eiqht cents

gnsps

stack

tie

to large crowds that eagerly gather round. The onlookers are rewarded for their attention by hearing interpretations of Nepalese history myths, social events, and recent news. They support the balladeer by buying crude, printed booklets he sells, which contain that

his master's thesis in the Folklore Department, where he began his UNC graduate studies in 1986. Under the guidance of his adviser, Dr. Daniel W. Patterson, he focused on three main aspects of the ballads: the written text, the metrical structure, and the performance

day's performances. Now extinct in Europe and the United States, these broadside balladeers play a vital communicative role in Nepal, a country with only a 23 percent literacy rate. Harihar Bhattarai, a native of Nepal and now a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Anthropologl, has devoted his graduate research at UNC to

context.

"Ballads help us understand the norms, lalues, and social history of the rural people of Nepall' he explains. Rural dwellers make up 93 percent of Nepal's l7 million people, many of whom live in very remote areas. "Life is very hard for these peoplej' Bhattarai sap. "Because most are illiterate, they are completely bonded with their culture. lf you want to understand the ways of the people, you need to know their customs and traditionsl' Bhattarai documented broadside ballads for

Maxwell

chapbooks top.

sell the booklets. Each chapbook costs

dance,

studying and documenting broadside ballads.

-Ilacq l.

The written text, interestingly, is a common spoken form of Nepalese, rather than the standard written form. Because of this unique feature, current changes in the everyday language, such as the growing inclusion of English words, are quickly reflected in the ballads.

The metrical structure varies greatly from ballad to ballad, and performances range from l5 minutes to an hour. Instruments are never used. The composers, only rarely women, are usually themselves illiterate and so rely heavily on universal themes for ballad material. Unlike other types of Nepalese ballads that have caste restrictions, broadside ballads can

be performed by men from any caste. The balladeen wander from town to town, often singing in the main market or at the town border, places where people are likely to con-

Harihar Bhatlarai, in his Davis Library carrel, translates and transcribes a Nepalese chapbook containing broadside ballads.

ilD

The Pen and Brush of John Dos Passor Many people who know of John Dos Passos as the author of Manhattan Tlusfer 0925) and the U.S.A. trilogy 0930-36) may not be

a prolific painter. Like many other artists and intellectuals of his day, Dos Passos was not only influenced by the rise of modernism as an artistic movement but he also actirrely contributed to its development in both fiction and painting, In the aware that he was also

Department of English, doctoral candidate Lisa Nanney is investigating Dos Passos's evolution as a modernist painter to see what bearing it had on his growth as a modernist writer. Gathering stren$h in the first quarter of this century modernism represented a trend away from traditional ways of perceiving and ordering o<perience. Writers, painters, and other artists began to reject both mimeticism, the attempt to "mimic" life as it is ordinarily lirred or observed, and impressionism, the

late nineteenthtentury focus on feelings engendered by momentary glimpses or im' pressions of experience. 0lder than both of these approaches and overlapping with them was that of romanticism, beyond which modernism also morred. Dos Passos's early writing (poetry and fiction) and painting (watercolors) reveal a preoccupation with romantic approaches

in both subject

matter

and style-landscapes rendered by senti

mental descriptions, for instance. According to Nanney, this early work bears a characteristic stamp of romantic art, "an insistence on the individual consciousness as the most \alid agent for perceiving the worldl' But as Dos Passos and others of his day realized, this stance does not adequately convey "the immediacy of perceptioni' Though still som* what romantic, impressionism is a little more useful than mimeticism in this regard; but modernistic techniques, such as the "stream of consciousness" writing developed by James Joycg are more useful still. Having served as an ambulance driver in Italy after his graduation from Harvard in 1916, Dos Passos thereafter viewed life and experience much less romantically; he was as disillusioned as most of the artists who had seen the entire western world at war. His writing and painting then moved beyond

romanticism, beyond impressionism, toward themes concerned with social forces as they affect the individual and toward styles concerned increasingly with bold colors and nontraditional, dynamic forms. These changes in his approach to artistic representation are evident in Manhattu llansfu, a novel which Nanney calls "a modernist portrait of New York Cit/' and in such paintings as /Yew York Harbor from the Deck of a Boat (c. 1935). She points out thal in Manhattan Tlansfer the city itself is the protagonist, and

that the narrative's "color and rhythm recreate the city's spatiality and ambiencel' Moreover, no single narrator or "consciousness" guides

New York Harbor from the Deck of a Boat, by John Dos Passos. Used by pernission of Mrs. Elizabeth Dos Passos.

the story-rather, several narratives break off abruptly, collide, and overlap with each other. Nanney draws a parallel between these techniques and those of the Cubist style of painting Passos was experimenting: the perspectirres and the breaking down flattened

in which Dos

of figures into their basic geometrical shapes force the viewer to reconstruct the scene for himself. Similarly, Manhattan'ltansfer demands that the reader reconstruct the multiple nar-

to come up with his or her own conception of the vast flux of life in New York. The composition of the [1S.,4. novels further involved the iuxtapositioning or "layeringl' according to Nanney, of larious rhythms and points of view, and she finds it significant ratirres

l,isa Nannev eramines slides of paintines by lohn Dos

Passos

that by the time Dos Passos began writing the trilogy in the late 1920s, he had visited Russia to explore Russian theater and the work of filmmakers V.l. Pudovkin and Sergei Eisenstein. These men were building upon the work of American filmmaker D.W. Griffith to perfect the "filmic collagel' or what is more commonly known as the montage. As in modernist painting, the idea was to break up the traditionally linear sequence of scenes s0 as to suggest 'h sense of simultaneity" among elrents, says Nannry; this was an important artistic goal for Dos Passos, for he hoped to capture the compluity of reality as operienced in American life. With Mnhattan

Tlansfer and the tlS..A. boola he came as close as he ever would to doing sq and it appears clear that his knowledge of and work in other media made this achievement

Magomedova studied

possible. Townsend Ludingon, chairman of the Studies Cuniculun

in her

Nanney

Anerian

in the Departnent of English

and author of a Dos

Passos

biognphy, is dirccting

work.

-Allison Bulsterbaum

symbolists were oploring a lot of different cultures and they were aware of a lot of images from different culturesl'

I{ringing Meaning from a Russian llovelict's Symbols t

Eleonora Magomedova, a Slavic Languages graduate student, is kind of a literary detective. Countless times, she has read passages of The Created Legend, a turnof-thecentury trilogy by Russian writer Fyodor Sologub that

is part fairy tale, part legend, and part socio political criticism. She loola for meaning behind SologuUs intricate network of literary symbols.

"The more I read it-analyze it-the more of symbols is very very rich and is working on many different levelsl' says Magomedova, a UNC-CH Russian teacher who defected with her husband from the Soviet Union to the United States in 1980. "My goal is to interpret them and see what made him use particular imagesl' Sologub, a pseudonym for Fyodor Kuzmich Teternikov 0863-1927), was a minor Russian

-Andy Brack -b

Literature and Modern l)ance

in England: The Early Years Slavic languages graduate student Eleonora Magonedova, who leaches undergraduate Russian at UNC-CH. studies a work by Fyodor Sologub, a turn-ofthecentury Russian symbolist author.

see how his system

symbolist poet and novelist whose acclaimed novel, Petty Demon, is about Peredonov, a schoolteacher who embodies evil. "Peredo novism" eventually became a Russian term

for the moral corruption of minor officials. Magomedova says Sologub considered his trilogy, published between 1907 and 1914, his best work, even though early critics gave it bad reviews. Her challenge is to discover

what is in the work that others missed but Sologub appreciated enough to say it was his best. "There must be some serious substance

to that statementl' In the first part of the trilogy, "Drops of Bloodl' Sologub writes of a Russian poetchemist who escapes the evil he sees around him by creating a legend. Because the hero sees suffering, especially suffering of children, he uses his creativity to try to build a paradise on earth. At the end of part one, the hero's wife experiences parallel

life-she feels as if she lives the life of a queen in an imaginary country.

ln the second part,

"Queen Ortrudal'

a secret name of Queen

0rtruda. She says Sologub created the name-it doesn't exist in Russian-to be made of eight letters. She says he gave the name eight letters for a reason. Analysis of the number eight shows it to be a symbol in theosophy, Christian numerology, and mathematics that fits with images, characters, and the plot in Sologub's tale. "lt could be that I'm absolutely wrong in this, but I dont beliern I'm wrong because it all comes togetherl' Magomedora sap. "Russian

Sologub writes that the queen, who later dies, experiences a feeling of parallel life

with the heros wife. In part three, "Smoke and Ashj' Sologub describes how the Russian in the first part of the nilogy goes to the imaginary environment in the second part. ln short, the hero "decided he's able to create

"ln order for a new artistic genre to come into being, it has to fit somewhere into the uisting artistic and cultural contsrt. It has to be named as art for some reason or reasonsj' asserts Amy Koritz of the English Department. For her doctoral dissertation, directed by Professor William Harmon, Koritz is exploring the treatment of modern dance by high cultural discourse in turnof-the-century England and

its subsequent orrershadowing by the Russian ballet. By "high cultural discourse" Koritz particularly means the attention given dance in the writing of Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, and William Butler Yeats. Although distinguished from ballet, modern

his legend, he wanted to become a king and nothing could stop himl' Magomedora says. And just as the hero created a legend to escape evil, Sologub, an anti-Bolshevik, escapes evil by writing a legend-his trilogy. So far, analysis of The Created Legend has

a short time during the middle nineteenth

forced Magomedom, whose adviser is Pro fessor Paul Debreczeny, to study ancient Egyptian and Grecian cultures, the mystical Jewish cabala, medieral numerology, and

century Koritz explains, the ballet was central to the opera, but as attention focused on the singers, ballet became increasingly relegated to the music halls-places of more popular,

Gnosticism. "The Symbolist movement is interesting especially because it takes a lot of images-ideas-from very different historical periodsj'she says. "Russian writers were fond

Edgar Allen Poe, French symbolism, the German writer Nietzsche, and the writings

and music of Wagner. And they also went back to the early Christian era and enplored

their

images.

"lt is absolutely

clear when you read the novel that the author is playing with a

number symbolismj' she explains. "He uses more than 1,000 numbers, which is very unusual

Russian novelsl' For examplq

dance in England nerrcrtheless grew up alongside this most prestigious of dance forms. For

less 'hrtistic" entertainment. At such halls as the Alhambra and the Empire theatres, one found a mix of entertainment which easily accommodated the dance, from extended, story+elling, dramatic productions performed

by a corps de ballet to simpler, five to twenty-minute "turns" performed by an autonomous dancer between other acts. These music hall turns were especially important to the rise of modern dance as separate from ballet, because such performances allowed a single dancer, often a woman, the creative license to choreograph her own act.

Koritz finds

intriguing that although this

E.il.D

AYO

work as this, one could "pull out of the 'erotic ghettol " as Koritz oplains, "by associating ones dance with a cultural idea or image already established in religion or mytholog/' Koritz further cites the work of St. Denig whose famous student Martha Gnham began performing in New York in the 1920s. St. Denis consciously drew on Eastern tradition to create a religious dancg one that em' phasized religious values despite the erotic connotations associated with dance Besides Shaw and Wilde British poet WB'

also interested in dance. Koritz is beginning to eramine the four plays he wrote for dancers in coniunction with the career of Isadora Duncan. Throughout her study of these writers' worh and of the dance in British cultural history Koritz is focusing on the dialectic among the arts and among the Yeats was

lsadora Dunan attncted nuch attention fron gnphic artists as well as sketches by Abnhan Wglkowitz arc reproduced lrom Isadora Duncan: These poeis, uitics and audiences. Her Life, Her Art, Her Legacy, by Walter Terry (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1963).

Early twentieth+enlury dancer

these reasons, Ifuritz believes. She sees his reaction as part of his more general concern that dramatic performers often took too many liberties "interpreting" a playwright's work.

freedom made the music hall turn especially suitable for the dorelopment of a new and individualized art-all the more fascinating

for its being chiefly womens art-its reputation among critia worked against artists' aspirations. Music hall dancing was widely thought to be spectacular and sensational, due to brilliant costumes, elaborate lighting, and to the fact that the dances themselves

His argument for the dramatic integrity of a work as a whole, one that would not emphasize the achieraments of individual performers, came out of an aesthetic stance which Koritz sees as antagonistic to the autonomous music

hall dance but well suited to the largescale, dramatic productions of the Russian ballet, which in fact did enjoy enormous success in England in the second decade of this century. Koritz is uploring the careers of such early

sometimes approached the erotic, all of which prevented music hall dancing from being accepted as high art. George Bernard Shaw was among the drama critics who denigrated such dancing, but not only for

modern dancers as Isadora Duncan, Maud Allan, and Ruth St. Denis, all of whom were either Canadian or American but who per' formed in London at about the same time in 1908. 0f these women Duncan was considered

Any Koritz, Ph.D. undidate English

the Departnent

preralent ideas of the day in order to show that a new genre does not arise-and certainly does not dorelop-in a \acuum.

the more classical dancer, insofar as her costumes and postures associated her with Greek art-and in fact she is the only one who managed to remain detached from the music hall while attempting to work as a solo dancer, building her art out of high society recitals. Maud Allan's more than two hundied performances of 'A Vision of SalomE' helped to popularize that dance in England, so Koritz is comparing reviewers' responses to Allan and her dance with the dance's place in the literary contert provided by the play Salon| written by Oscar Wilde. The idea is to see whether the same themes or motifs dancer as an -such as the notion of the idealized figure of woman-are being tapped by differenirrcrsions of the Salomd dance. Although it derives from the Biblical story about a young dancer who asls Herod Antipas "of John the Baptist, the Salomd for ttre heaO dance carries some of the same erotic over' tones that tended to keep music hall dancing out of the realm of high art. But with such a

-Allison

Bulsterbaum

IDocumendng Garollna

Fllmmaklng For his master's thesis in Radiq Television, and Motion Pictures (RTVMP), David Gregory will soon be writing up the results of months of work on a thirty'minute documentary called "Hollywood, NCI' Although this documentary is not an exhaustive study, with it Gregory probably comes closer than anyone before him to compiling a film history of the North Carolina motion picture industry. Movies hare been made in this state periodically since the early part of this century but the business here has particularly exploded in the last decade-in 198?, for instance, sixteen films were made in North Carolina. "Currently we rank in the top five states for number of movies produced per yearl' sap Gregory "along with California, New York, Florida, and Texasl' A North Carolina resident as well as an amateur filmmaker, GrEory began early last year to put together a docu' mentary on the subiect in order to learn more about it and to inform the public in turn.

0n film he

spoke

with a number of

regional government officials and studio heads responsible for attracting motion picture business to the state and developing it. These included former governor Jim Hunt, creator in 1980 of the North Carolina Film 0ffice;

well as strictly literary sources of information, especially when inscriptions carved into stone or other durable materials offer insight into the lives and culture of the non-senatorial, nonJiterary classes.'[ko doctoral candidates in UNC's Department of Classics are investigating epigraphical remains: Jane Bailey is interested in the narrative epitaphs found on tombstones inscribed between the first and fourth centuries lu. in Spain, France, and

t'?d

â&#x201A;Ź;

,t. ,d --,

'Sr''*l*' At a

li "

video editing bench, David Gregory selects the shots and scenes

of DEG (De Laurentiis Entertainment Group) Studios

in Wilmington; Jake Froelich,

owner

of the newest regional company, Carolina Atlantic Studios in High Point; and independent filmmakers William 0lsen and Phil Smoot, among numerous others. Interviewing each one, Gregory asked how he or she happened to get into the industry which films he or she has made or is making here, and what the outlook seems to be for filmmaking in the state. Partly for the purpose of including familiar faces that will enhance his presentation, Gregory also interviewed Kelly McGillis and Kurt Russell; they are the stars of Ted Kotcheffs Winter People, made in western North Carolina and due to be released this year.

Besides interviews Gregory hopes

to include

clips from various films shot or entirely made in North Carolina. He may choose to highlight, for example, Being There (Hal Ashby, 1979), Crines of the Heart (Bruce Beresford, 1986), 8/ue luelvef @avid Lynch, 1986), or Brainstorm (Douglas Tlumbull, 1983); this last movie is often remembered by North Carolinians for featuring the futuristic Burroughs Wellcome building in Research

Iiiangle Park. Gregory has also been collecting footage of filmmakers themselves in action as well as "copy stand work'-publicity still photos, news articles, a map of the state, and the like. Rarely is any film, even a short documentary the work of one person. Gregory has been fortunate in having the help of people

or suspected thierres, tablets which also date from the first through the fourth centuries A.D.

Ionbrtono ilenedver he

intends

use

his

docunentarv.

current governor James Martin; William Arnold, North Carolina Film Commissioner; Earl Owensby, president of a studio in Shelby named for him; Martha Schumacher, president

Northern ltaly; and Elizabeth Forbis has studied ancient curse tablets aimed at thieves

like Jon Phelps, director of Duke University's Bryan Center, which administered a non-profit corporate grant that helped to fund the project; local professionals Neil Beard and Sandy Freeman (cinematography) and John Santa (sound); and RTVMP Department Chairman Gorham A. Kindem, Gregory's adviser. Gregory initially intended to work entirely in video tapq which is easier t0 edit than film but

more expensive to shoot. The need to cut costs thus forced him to shoot in film and then have his footage transferred to video, a process in which he has had the assistance

of the UNC Center for Public Television. "The Center may also help with final editing and with the addition of a few final effects, such as titlesl' says Gregory. ln exchange the Center would acquire the final documentary and have the freedom to air it for local audiences if the Center directors so choose. Having gathered most of his material, Gregory is currently at the editing stage, where he will transform his roughly seven

hours of footage into a hal[hour synthesis of

all that he has learned about "Hollywoodl' North Carolina.

-Allison Bulsterbaun

Clasricc Students Focus on Inscriptione Much of our knowledge of life and customs

in early Roman society derives from the works of its writers, such as Livy, Virgil, Cicerq and Petronius. Modern Latin scholarship, however, recognizes the importance of epigraphical as

Jane Bailey points out that people of different classes within the Roman Empire tended t0 compose the texts of their sepulchral inscriptions differently. Whereas those for deceased members of the senatorial class often listed a cursus honorum (a series of offices held in life by the deceased) or a laudatio (eulogy), inscriptions for people of other classes might deviate from such formulae

while still retaining evidence of their influence. Rather than a straight list of offices, for instancg one might find on the tombstone of a tradesman a narrative description of the significant events that marked his life, which may include but not be limited to the civic roles he fulfilled. "Some epitaphs focus on

the deceased's characterl' iap'Bailey, "some on his relationship to society or to his family. Often we find focus on the manner of his death to the exclusion of other biographical informationl' Curiously, some inscriptions draw attention

to apparently mundane information. Bailey cites the case of a certain goldsmith whose epitaph mentions that he had been in the habit of bathing twice daily. If the goldsmith himself ordered the inscription, why would

he want to be thus remembered, or if others had it written, what were they trying to convey about him? "Perhaps frequent bathing indicated some extra measure of sophisticationl'Bailey muses, "or perhaps to be seen and known around the baths, for which our modern equivalent might be the health spa, was a sign of social statusl' The questions posed by other inscriptions are equally

intriguing: Why do those for women often record two lifespans, one from birth and one from marriage? Why do some women's epitaphs stress the virtues of their husbands? Why do s0 many epitaphs emphasize names, even to the point of punning? What literary influences from classical pagan lore and Christian

better understanding of the Roman world through non-literary sources, chiefly because the poets and historians were associated with the senatorial or aristocratic class and there-

fore held values and a world view which may not have been shared by other classes of people.

Curse tablets offer a case in point. Those found at such Roman archeological digs as the one conducted at Bath, England, in the late 1970s and early 1980s tend to support the hypothesis that the lower classes of the Empire were generally a more superstitious lot than were the noblemen, likely to rely on the power of invocations to the gods for the redress

of wrongs rather than on civic legal

proceedings.

"0r it

may be that the makers

of curse tablets could not afford to take legal

Jane Bailet' studies transcriptions of tontbstone narralives.

scripture does the language of the epitaphs bear? Bailey hopes that her search for answers to such questions will help her to understand

the social, philosophical, and literary contexts out of which these tombstone narratives evolved.

Many of the several hundred epitaphs Bailey is sorting by computer were gathered from transcriptions preserved in sixteenth' and seventeenth-century texts, for a number of the tombstones themselves no longer exist.

The transcriptions pose a few problems: Bailey must be careful of epitaphs in which the transcriber may have made silent emen' dations to "clean uy'' the original Latin, which may have been non-standard or colloquial;

and there is even the possibility that some inscriptions are forgeries. She is also weighing the problem of authorship involved in the original epitaphs, for it is difficult to know whether individuals wrote their own or whether the stonemasons who did the chiseling had also done the actual composing, possibly deriving stock concepts or phrases from some sort of tombstone "anthologyl' Bailey is writing this dissertation on tomb stone narratives under the direction of Dr. George Houston.

Gurrc lLbletr Related

to her training as a

classical

epigrapher is a study Elizabeth Forbis has done of ancient curse tablets, small pieces of lead inscribed with threats or invective aimed, in the case of this study, at thieves or suspected thieves. Again, the idea is to seek a

actionl' Forbis explains. [n any case, the Bath excavation turned up a number of small lead tablets, known as tabellae defixionum in fures "tablets fixed against thievesl' -literally, though the phrase is used more generally to include other curse tablets which were not necessarily "fixed" anywhere. The inscriptions on these tablets suggest a variety of possible scenarios.

Forbis poses one such scenario and a few

of its potential outcomes: at the baths, a

man

Elizabeth Forbis. doctoral student in tlre

Cias.sics

DepartrnenI

curse tablet would have been to deposit it in the tomb of someone recently deceased, for the dead person's spirit might act as a "messengerl' transporting the request directly

to the gods invoked.

discorcrs that he has been robbed of his money while he was undressed and his possessions were left unattended. He does not know who is responsible, but he has his suspicions, for he thinks he saw in the

Forbis bases her claim that these tabellae were an alternative to legal proceedings on the striking parallels evident between the forms of the curses and the civic laws of the day. Just as a judge could acquit the accused

vicinity earlier that day another man he knows but has never liked. If he simply wants t0 scare the thief into returning the money, this man might go to a professional sorcerer or magician and commission a curse tablet, or he might himself inscribe a lead tablet about the size of a small book with a threat or an avowal that dire consequences will befall the thief 0n account of the aid of a particular god-'Perhaps Ceres Ultrixl' says

if he

Forbis, "since legend has it that she herself was robbed of her daughter Proserpinal' The tablet would then be displayed with a nail in a public place where the thief would be likely

returned the stolen property, says Forbis, several tablets indicate that "the god invoked will absolve the thief by abandoning the curse if he returns the stolen objectl' Furthermore, the fact that a solid court case required a detailed description of the missing goods may account for the specificity of the tabel/ae-one would not refer simply to stolen containers, for example, but rather t0 ten pewter drinking cups. There are still other reasons these curses may have been an attractive option to a plaintiff. Because a strong legal suit required one to have caught the thief in the act or in possession

of the obiect before he took it

to see it.

elsewhere, curse tablets were useful when the

robbed man wants instead to be sure his antagonist suffers for his deed, he might fold the tablet and pierce it through with an iron spike, as though he means to pierce the

victim could not be sure who had wronged him. Finally, that element of magic associated with the curse made it a potent "insurance policy" in the minds of a superstitious

soul of the thief which he has "contained" in his inscription. Adds Forbis, "Several of the Bath tablets were found rolled up and buried

people.

lf the

suggesting another element to the magic: you submerged your curse in water though to wish a similar fate for your victiml' Still another way of disposing of the

in wells,

Forbis is continuing her study of epigraphical remains by writing her dissertation under the direction of Dr. Houston on the language of praise found in honorary inscriptions.

-Allison

Bulsterbaum

Science and Medicine Student Researchers Contribute

to Significant

Exploring the Role of Calcium in Phytochrome Responsee lVithin Plant Cells

What remains to be discovered is whether calcium changes (and if sq what concentration

of it) in response to the changes of light sensed by phytochromel'

In UNC's Biology Department, doctoral candidate Shubo Zhou is trying to determine whether there is a relationship between calcium and phytochrome responses in plants. "Phytochrome is a pigmented, light-sensitive

-Advising Zhou professor of

damaging the cell. He is instead trying to introduce certain enzymes that can dissolrre

the cell wall, to see whether the resulting protoplast can absorb the dye. Yet another

biologr'

Scott,

Bursterbaum

Reducing the Ricks of Exercise lluring Pregnancy Many women who become pregnant want to exercise to maintain or improve their fitness levels. But there may be clrtain risks asso

adjust its orientation to varying sources of

Microinjction might have been a possible means, but as Zhou points out, it is rery difficult to get a needle into a cell without

his work are Drs. Alan Jones,

of biologlt, and Ton K.

-Attison

involved in a number of phpiological responses in plant cells-for instance, it is necessary in the rotation of the chloroplast of a mougeotia cell (a kind of green algae), enabling it to

ous conditions, such as changes of light in the environment. The first problem to be overcome lies in getting Fura-2 into the cell.

assistant professor

proteinl' he explains, "which controls many physiological processes in plants, like seed germination and floweringl' Calcium is also

light. Whereas calcium is known to be one of the second messengers in animal cells-that is, it somehow receives signals from hormones, then in turn trigers certain intra*ellular responses-it is not yet clear whether calcium also receives signals from some source in plant cells. Zhou is investigating the possibility that calcium functions as a second messenger in phytochrome responses within plant cells. Zhou is experimenting with yarious means of inserting into plant cells a calcium-sensitive dye called Fura-2, for the purpose of locating the calcium. He hopes orentually to use the digital fluorescence microscope developed by Dr. Brian Herman, assistant professor of anatomy at UNC{H. This instrument will allow Zhou to focus on one section of the cell's cytoplasm in order to measure the exact amount of calcium present under rari-

Advances

ciated with exercise during pregnancy that could lead to fetal distress and lower birthweight babies. Wendy Meyer-Goodwin researched

5hubo Zhou exanttnes a protlplast t'or viabilitv

and flourescence.

ways to avoid these risks for her master's degree in the Physical Education Department. "As an exercise physiologist and a person interested in fitness, I know that a lot of pregnant women think exercise is unsafe," she explains. "But they can get in better shape during pregnancy or at least maintain

their current level. lVithout exercise, their possibility to be considered is a procedure called electroporation: employed in genetic engineering to introduce foreign DNA into a cell, this technique involves the use of electric pulses which make the cell more permeable but which nevertheless allow the

cell to return to its normal

state.

Once he solves the problem of getting the dye into the plant cells he is studying-chiefly those from the leaves and mesocotyl of etiolated corn seedlings (seedlings which have been deprived of light)-Zhou can move on

to study the interaction of calcium and phyto chrome. Sap Zhou, "We know that calcium acts in the cytosol and certain organelles [the material within the cytoplasm] of plant cells to bring about particular phpiological reactions.

fitness level will probably decline." But some studies indicate that intense exercise can result in hyperthermia, causing blood to leave the uterus and go to the periphery

of the body to help cool it. Decreased uterine blood flow, in turn, can lead to fetal distress. Meyer-Goodwin set out to determine if exercising in water, which has a greater cooling effect than air, would keep the mother cooler than exercising out of water. "lt may seem like an obvious question," she noted, "but in science you need data. Assumptions without proof can be dangerous." She and her adviser, Dr. Robert G. McMurray,

a study that compared the physiological results of exercise on land and in water. Seven women, between 25 and 30 designed and ran

R.S

Reading Chalcogenide Glacrer Before starting daily experiments into the internal structure of a compound that looks like mica, John Mikrut has to wait almost an

hour for a laser to warm up. Mikrut, a firstyear doctoral student in physics who received a master's degree in 1987 from UNC-CH, uses the laser to scatter light on kernel-sized samples of chalcogenide glasses, which are disordered compounds containing selenium or sulfur. He is one of four students working with Dr. Laurie McNeil in an effort to under' stand the glasses, long known for their ability to photodarken, or become darker like film

when light hits them. By using the Raman scattering technique with the laser in his laboratory in a first-floor corner of Phillips Hall, Mikrut probes the intermediate energy states between atoms that make up the glass. ln the chalcogenide glass germanium diselenidq four selenium atoms vibrate like a Slinky around every germanium atom. When light from the laser hits those atoms, they become "excited" as vibrations change. lVendy Meyer-Goodwin

ennines

data

fron an EK0

nonitor. which recorded the heartrate of pregnanl women as they exercised on land and

water.

weeks pregnant, exercised for a stationary bicycle at approximately 70 percent of their maximum level, measured by oxygen consumption. One trial was on land, and one in water, where they pedalled on a

20 minutes on

changes correspond to changes in structure, which occur when glasses photodarken. "Certain wavelengths will normally pass through a

sample if we take a laser with a certain amount of energy and shine it through the

samplel' Mikrut says. ln the process, he notes, "we change the property of the solid so it no longer transmits certain wavelengths of light and that makes the sample appear

darkl' Such photodarkening, while it might seem merely an interesting phenomenon, is important because it could lead to strides in computer optical memory. Computers operate like a long series of on-off switches. A group of "ons" and "offs"

a code, which translates into a command, letter, or sequence. Chalcogenide glasses, because they photodarken, might be able to be used in a similar way. Already in the recording industry compact disls use Iight to translate "ons" and "offs" into music. And perhaps, Mikrut says, photodarkened chalcogenide glasses could be transformed into a laser disk similar to a compact disk. As in compact disls, a laser may be able

becomes

what I'm

send a certain wavelength and looking at is another wavelength

coming outl' Mikrut says. "The difference (in wavelength energy) is taken up or given off

by the substance l'm shining the light intoi' Using funds provided by the U.S. Army Research Office and the Research Corporation, Mikrut is studying changes in vibrations, or energy changes, in chalcogenide glasses. Those

to "read" chalcogenide glass disls for patterns of photodarkened areas, in which light does not go through, mixed with clear areas that allow light to pass through. Clear areas would be "on" switches, while dark segments would be

"off'

switches.

in such a manner, they would harre an advantage over today's compact disla: properties of chalcogenide If

glasses can be used

specially adapted bicycle. Meyer-Goodwin used cycling because it is a non-weight-bearing activity. She selected 25-30 week gestation because the fetus is strongly influencing the mother physiologically, but has conpleted critical neurological development. Water temperature was kept at 30 degrees Centigrade because at that temperature

it is basically

thermoneutral for exercise.

Meyer-Goodwin compared four variables: heart rate, skin temperature, core temperature, and mean body temperature. All

four were lower during the water trials than during the land trials. "Our study strongly indicates that water exercise keeps body temperature down, and so the risk of fetal problems may be reduced," she explains. "Pregnant women are concerned about

their health, and they should bel' she says. "But exercise doesn't have to be unsafe, and I want them to know thatl' Physics graduate student lohn

-Ilacq

J. Maxunll

chalcogenide glasses.

Mikrut

adjusts

laser used

his

uperinents to probe the structure of

glasses allow coded patterns

to be erased, much like a cassette tape. That means chalcogenide glass disks could be "read" from, as in the compact disk, and "written" onto to record data. Using his samples, Mikrut is experimenting with the process on a basic level. "What makes this interesting is you can reverse itl' he says. "lf I take the photodarkened sample, I can heat it up thermally and erase it. "The big $64 question in all our research is that nobody understands what happens when something is photodarkenedl' Mikrut says. For now, Mikrut and the other researchers on McNeil's team continue work to answer that big question.

9f)

= e B

-Andy Brack

Brain Mouitoring Technique Aimed at Enhancing Patient Safety

a heart palienr at North carolina lr,lenorial Hospital. Dr. lttichael lsle.r' L'linital the lntraoperative Brain Monitorinq progran. stands to the ni riqht ne.Y[ to tltt: hraiit the foreground is a heart-lunq nachine.

,1 nedical team aperates on cctLtrdinatitr

ntonitor.

fuenty to 40 percent of patients who undergo serious heart surgery develop neurological problems postoperatively due to complications during surgery and anesthesia. The Department

of Anesthesiology, with collaboration from the Department of Psychology, is working to reduce these numbers.

The researchers involved form the Intraoperative Brain Monitoring Program. They are developing computer systems and protocols to monitor during surgery the gross electrical brain activity, or EEG, of cardiac patients at

professor and director of neuroanesthesiology. Zech collects relevant data from heart-patient subjects during their preoperative preparation, throughout their surgery, and into their recovery phase-a process that has taken as long as 28 hours. During the preoperative phase, the patient is premedicated to insure sedation and is

fitted with a special cap that contains up to l9 electrodes, which rest on the patient's

scalp. The electrode cap

is connected to a computerized brain monitor, and the patient's baseline brain wave activity is measured in this relaxed state. 0ther baseline data, including heart rate, blood pressure, muscle movement, blood oxygen level, and blood acid/base concentration, are obtained using a variety of measuring techniques. The patient is then rolled into the operating

room. While the anesthesiologist induces

risk of developing neurological complications, such as patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass or a valve replacement. The results of the intraoperative monitoring should facilitate anesthesiologists' interpretation of both the depth of anesthesia and any potential neuro logical complications. The research group is also using their new monitoring techniques to teach medical and graduate students, as well as faculty, about anesthesia in general. Beth Zech, a second-year Ph.D. student in the Psychology Department's experimental and biological program, is devoting her degree research

to this project.

think we're work-

ing for the patient, for what's best for the patient;' she explains. 'And that's excitingl' Her adviser is Dr. Paul Shinkman, director of the experimental psychology training program. As a member of the Intraoperative Brain Monitoring Program, Zech works closely with Dr. Michael Isley, a research scientist in the Anesthesiology Department and clinical coordinator of the program, and Dr. Enid lGfer,

.\eated at the multi{hannel brain ntonitor Beth Zech erzlu.rle.s the l ()ntluterpfticesslrl. ntaps ol a cardiac surqeff patient.

co1r,,r-.sr:a

led tirain

anesthesia and paralysis with standard drugs, Zech, Isley, and their colleagues closely watch the brain monitor's computer screen where

the patient's electrical brain activity is displayed as color-scaled graphs. When significant clinical changes occur in the patient's brain wave activity, a member of the brain monitor' ing team informs the phPicians. 0n the monitor's screen appear circular, color-scaled schematic maps of the brain, characterizing the type and amount of elec-

trical brain waves at the electrode recording sites. Blue signifies beta waves, indicating the subiect is awake, alert, and active. Green

signifies alpha waves, indicating wakefulness but not much activity. Yellow, the theta waves, indicates the subject is drowsy and not alert.

-5

Red, delta waves, tells the researchers that

the subject is sleeping and very behaviorally

S\\- --)

depressed.

"The circles change as the patient's lwel of consciousness changesl' Zech says. "Circle size tells you the power of the signal; color tells you the typei' As the patient goes under, for example, the circles get larger and redder.

i5 Above. the Reeb Foliation of a four-dinensional sphere or "torus,' the leaves of which are planes. As one these elastic planes is pushed through its nidd]e (without being punctured), it appears to collapse and forn the tail of a snake,'leaving an open end or "mouth." As the tail continuously circles the torus, it is

These same data are also displayed on the screen as topographic brain maps (see back

cover).

"swallowed"

Zech and her colleagues collect the data continuously throughout surgery and then make off-line topographic maps of the patient's brain activity. They are looking to correlate the maps with neurological complications and

looks like a snake forever swallowing its own lail. Below, to the Reeb Foliation surface corresponding Sandi Shietds diagrans the branch

by the nouth. The foliation thus

anesthetic management. Anesthesiologists could then use the monitoring technique themselves to recognize brain activity that suggests the patient

is at risk of developing

such complications. The program is still very much in its infancy, and Zech's research goals include fur-

ther data quantification and more stringent measures of patients' cognitive functions before and after surgery.

-Tlacey J. Maxwell

foliationc and Branch Surfaces ln the field of geometric topology, mathematics student Sandi Shields is writing her doctoral dissertation on foliations and branch surfaces, and her work may be of use to those who

type of "foliation" composed of one-dimensional

study dynamical sptems. In physics, "dynamical system" generally refers to the flow of particles through a given space; such a system can be described mathematically by a

this example concerns the foliation of a plane, Shields uses an example of a multi-

paths made through space by the continuous movement of particles from one point to the next over a given period of time. Whereas

dimensional foliation concept.

in order to illustrate

the

Shields pictures an empty box being filled

with sheets of paper-'leaves" or "foliage'one sheet at a time. Theoretically, each sheet represents a twodimensional slice or "mani fold" of the threedimensional space contained by the parameters of the box. Because geo

metric topology makes no distinction between theoretical shapes as long as they have the

same number of holes, one could "squeeze" the box into some other configuration (without

puncturing it, for that would be to add a hole), and the properties of the original box and the new shape would be one and the same; foliation would be one such property. The same holds true for many other shapes, again with the restriction that for any two different shapes to share the same properties, they must harre the same number of holes-for example, Shields sap, "There is no difference topologically between a doughnut and a col fee cupl' Shields is particularly exploring the idea of branch surfacing, which she defines as "a way of contracting leaves to get a simple description of the foliationl' In effect, a branch surface is a skeletal representation of

the original foliation. Because of the mathe matical process by which this "skeleton" is obtained, leaves appear to "branch" into one another. 0ften the branch surfaces of very different foliations will be equilalent, so understanding a particular branch surface can help one to know something about all the foliations deriving from it, wen when one does not know what systems are ultimately

Low-Level Radiation Exposure: f,Iearuring Doce-f,lck

Relafionchlp Exposure to high levels of radiation from nuclear materials can cause burns, cataracts, cancer, leukemia, and death-health risls tragically discovered and monitored after the atomic bombings in World War IL The degree

of risk associated with low-level radiation exposure, however,

is less clearly established.

Lih-Jenn Shyr and David Hamby, graduate students working with Dr. Douglas CrawfordBrown in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, are combining theoretical and experimental research to help establish these risks. Both researchers are studying the physical properties of radiation interactions and how these properties relate to the probability of biological damage.

"There are many approaches to studying the effects of radiationl' Shyr explains. "One approach is biological; another is chemical. Our approach is more from a physicist's point of view. It's very fundamental researchl' Evidence points to DNA molecules or chromosomes as the most likely targets of cell-damaging radiation. Shyr and Hamby are investigating the transfer of energy from radiation to these structures, a process that

ultimately causes abnormal cell mutations leading to cancer and other illnesses. Energy transfer occurs randomly when a radioactive proton bombards a cell and ionizes it by knocking electrons off DNA molecules and chromosomes. This process cannot be measured directly, however, because DNA molecules and chromosomes are too small.

Shyr utilizes mathematical theories and a computer modeling technique to study energy

involved.

Branch surfacing allows for the simplification and categorization of properties of rarious foliations, but it may simplify them too much -properties are lost somehow in the process of reducing foliations to their branch surfaces. Sometimes, for instance, it is impossible to tell from the branch surface whether a given foliation-or in physical terms, a dynamical system-carries a compact leaf, one that closes up to form a compact submanifold of

the larger manifold. Shields hopes to identify the conditions on a branch surface that determine whether all the foliations it carries will each have a compact leaf. Knowing how to determine these conditions mathematically will then enable Shields to categorize foliations. "lnstead of having to go through a lot

of work to figure out the foliation in every instancel' says Shields, "you would have a

shortrut, a table of categorized foliations that would indicate which ones carry a compact leafl' Such a shorttut would in turn be useful to those studying dynamical systems, for the presence of compact leaves indicates closure

-that is, predictability, or recurrence of properties through time. -Dircaing

Shields

in her work is

Sue Goodnan,

professor of mathenatia.

-Altison Butsterbaun

t'l',r:;itl;;;:;'i#t;and

David Hambv

the Department or Environnentat sciences and Engineering

depositions in DNA molecules. The modeling technique, called the Monte Carlo computer random simulation, was developed by Dr. Walter E. Wilson, at the Pacific Northwest Laboratories in Richland, Washington, and Dr. Herwig G. Paretzke, at the Institut fiir Strahlenschutz in Germany. Shyr also worls with mathematical methods, including linear and non-linear regression analpes, transformation of probability functions, parametric statistics, probability theory and theories for advanced integration. He is nearing completion of his study and is currently writing up his doctoral dissertation. Shyr's work is funded in part by a University Dissertation Award. Hamby, for his Ph.D., is experimentally measuring the cell ionizations caused by a radioactive proton as

moves through a

tissueequivalent gas. In the gas, protons act as they would in real tissue. He has dweloped a special device to make his measurements and uses it in conjunction with a proton accelerator at TUNL, the Tiiangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory located at Duke University. At TUNL, Hamby reduces the air pressure to approximately 1000 times less than atmo

In mid-February

1987, Gibbons figured out

that tetraplatin, an anticancer drug, slightly alters its structure when it enters the bloodstream. Tetraplatin loses two chlorine atoms to become a structurally similar drug, which is known as the platinum-2 form, or reduced form, of tetraplatin. Dr. Stephen G. Chaney, the associate pro fessor of biochemistry at UNC-CH who leads the research team with which Gibbons is involved, says the student's work was an important first step in understanding platinum drugs.

"By studying the metabolism of these platinum compounds in the body, what we're trying to do is determine why they're affecting the tumor tissue and why they're toxic to various other tissues in the body and see if there is any way we can increase the efficiency to the cancer tissue without also increasing the toxicity to normal tissuel' Chaney explains. "Without what Greg has done, we couldn't proceed to the next step:' Gibbons's discovery may be more important than it seems. Because the platinum-2 form of the cancer drug is insoluble, it cannot be

administered effectively to patients as a possible cancer treatment. But tetraplatin, which is soluble, solves the problem because it changes into the platinum-2 form. Doctors have been using platinum drugs for

two decades to treat cancer. Tetraplatin and its reduced form are versions of the widely used drug cis-platin, which is used most effectively to treat testicular and ovarian cancers. But cis-platin has powerful side effects, according to Gibbons. "lt s debilitating to the kidneys and nervous tissuel' he notes.

'And alsq sometimes people show resistance to this drug and it doesn't do anything to stop their cancerl' When tetraplatin enters the body and becomes its platinum-2 form, it shows anticancer effects, but apparently does less damage to the kidnep and nervous system, Gibbons says. While tests continue to probe the effectiveness of tetraplatin, results so far show that it may be more effective than cisplatin. "They both have the same general effect on cancer cellsl' Gibbons says, adding that tetraplatin is effective on cell groups that are resistant to cis-platin. "Those that are

spheric pressurg which results in a simulated tissue volume on the order of l0 nanometers, about the size of a DNA molecule. He then studies the pattern of ionizations resulting from proton bombardment. A Health Physia Fellowship from the federal Department of Energy has allowed him to pursue this research.

The results of these two projects will add to the understanding of ionization patterns in cells orposed to low-level radiation. This understanding, in turn, is crucia[ for determining how radiation acts on cells to cause cancer and other illnesses. "We're trying to establish the unique dose

risk relationship for low-level radiation

exposurel' Hamby says. Shyr adds, "lf cancer risls could then be determined, public safety standards and standards set for workers in

the nuclear industry could be strengthenedl'

-TlacE J. Maxwell

A Nudge forvard for a Chemotherapy Trcatment About the same time Greg Gibbons decided to switch hom UNC-CH's Biology Department to the Biochemistry Department to do graduate

work, he made an important cancer research

Greg Gibbons, a biochenistry graduate student, works to identify the netabolic conposition of a tetraplatin

discovery.

sanple.

DEA

resistant to tetraplatin are not resistant to cis-platinl' Thanla to Gibbons's research, Chaney's team can move ahead in their work, which is being supported by the American Cancer Society and National Cancer Institute. "What we're going t0 try to determine next is what happens to platinum-2, what it is metabolized

to, and what the effect of each of those metabolites is t0 target tissues in the bodyj'

}! P6&.+ Rl

:nt

psi--+

F3{

a b

I]EI

tGr-=-5 i3-.

-*=-

+* Rt p{d +* ar psi

--> +* int

p3,{

to be an integral part of Chaney's team. His nar research assignment is to study how platinum-2 binds to DNA in cells and how the drug affects resistant and non-resistant

Western blot (gel analysis) of individual AIDS protease mutants, nunbered at the botton of the diagran. The pattern of the vertical bands tells Loeb whether ot not the nutant form of the protein is funitioning properly. Nunber 18, for uanple, is a nutanl that doesn't function properly; lg is a mutant that does.

cells.

-Andy Brack

Bacteria Do the Work: Safer Technique for AIDS Ylrus Repllcafion Ph.D. candidate Dan Loeb, along with his adviser Dr. Clyde A. Hutchison and other col leagues in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, has developed a technique to make bacteria produce a key protein from

the virus that causes AIDS. This development could significantly speed research on drugs to combat the as yet incurable disease. "We found that the protein worked in the bacteria like it did in the host organisml' Loeb explains. "We can now study the protein

detaill'

Using standard genetic engineering techniques, Loeb takes a gene, the pol gene, from the AIDS virus, and puts that gene into a

culture of the common bacteria Escherichia coli (8. coli). The bacteria assimilates the gene's genetic message and so begins to pro duce the gene. The pol gene contains instructions to make several viral proteins, including reverse transcriptase and protease. Both proteins are thought to be essential for AIDS virus repl! cation. Retrovir, the only drug currently arailable to slow the deadly effects of the AIDS virus, is directed against reverse transcriptase. Loeb and his colleagues are studying the action of the protease protein. Ttaditional approaches to obtaining viral proteins for study invoh,e growing large quantities of the virus, purifying them, and then purifying the particular protein of interest. Using this approach to study proteins

-b

Chaney says. Gibbons, whose discovery should be pub Iished in the first part of 1988, will continue

Dan Loeb reads an autoradiograph to determine the nucleotide sequences of individual pol gene nutants He types the sequences, which he will analyze later, into a portable computet.

in the AIDS virus adds a significant element of danger to an already time consuming, difficult, and erpensive technique. "0ur technique is at least ten times quicker than the traditional one-and saferj' Loeb explains. "ln one or two days, not several weels, we have all the protease we needi' Right now Loeb is trying to understand the basic biology of the AIDS protease and exactly how it worls. He is in the process of making mutations of it using standard genetic engi neering techniques. He changes the nucleic

acid sequence (the building block of the gene), which changes the amino acid sequence (the building blocls of the protein), which in turn changes the nature of the protein itself.

Loeb's research goal

is to mutate all 99

amino acids comprising the AIDS protease. So far, he has studied 50 of the amino acids and produced more than 200 mutations, whose effects have ranged from completely blocking the action of the protease to making

no difference at all. "l hope to wentually come up with a model of how the protease worlsl' Loeb explains. "This research may not directly lead to.a cure for AIDS, but this information combined with information from other studies mayl'

-Ilacey J. Maxwell

Social Sciences Examining Social Systems and Human Behavior

later than earthenware, is much stronger, but more difficult to make. Carnes is particularly interested in elucidating and documenting the cultural change and adaptation that occurred during this time. "Study of the pottery-making transition will produce a broader picture of the economic, political, technological, and social variables

in this industry' she saYs. is looking at changes in various Carnes

embedded

pottery-making technologies, such as the extraction of different clays, kiln structure, vessel forms, and glazes and decorative ele ments used in the production of each type of ware. Socioeconomic variables she is studying

the Anlhropolog.v Departmen|s ceranics laboratory, Linda Carne-s exanines the tctp ttf an earthenware at the Solonon Loy sile in Alantance Count.y. She is surrounded bt' other artifacts t'ron the Loy site, includinq ve.ssels kiln furniture. and architectural fraqnenls

bottle lound

f,istorical Pottery Sitec Reveal Unique Regional Traditionc Linda Carnes, petite and soft-spoken, eagerly dons blue jeans and boots to dig in the North Carolina dirt-eight hours a day, seven dap a week, for weels at a time. As a Ph.D. student in the Department of Anthropology, Carnes is studying early nine teenth+ntury pottery production in North Carolina. With the help of her advisers, Dr. Carole Crumley and Dr. Charles Zug, she has developed needed skills in cartography, photography, and sketching, as well as gentle digging. "lt's extremely labor intensivei' she says, "Really, a lot of hard workl'

But Carnes is determined to shed some light on this relatively unexplored area in North Carolina history. "This state has an incredibly rich pottery tradition, but very little historical archeology about itl' she explains.

'A lot of research into North Carolina pottery has been done by folklorists because it is a folk craft. lt's only very recently that arche ologists have come into the picture to enhance our perspective of this cottage industryl'

For her dissertation, Carnes has selected two historical pottery sites to investigate: one in Alamance County, in western North Carolina; and one in Lincoln County, in eastern North Carolina. She chose these particular sites because each represents a unique regional pottery tradition. ln addition, both potters were master craftsmen who worked in the early 1800s, a period of transition in North

O I

Carolina pottery making.

At that time, traditional potters gradually changed from earthenware to stone$are ceramic

The exposed t'ountlation of lhe cirr:ular kiln found the 1,0\'site. The kiln wall is 2.5 feet wide and

pottery. Earthenware is made from reddishtan clay, which is relatively easy to find and collect. lt produces softer pottery pieces that are good for baking, but are porous and not

very durable. Stoneware, which developed

pottery during firing

the kiln itself is 2a fuet in diameter. The doughnut like objects on the floor of the ki]n are- kiln lurniture in silu thal were used t0 support the

E.A

include changes in the market q6tem in rural communities, development of rail, water, and road systems that affected distribution of the pottery and rising health concerns about lead poisoning from the earthenware glaze. She has nearly finished her excalations of the Alamance County sitg where a potter named Solomon Loy worked for many years. Loy, believed to be of English origin, was trained in earthenware production and later became a versatile potter in the stoneware tradition. Like other potters in eastern North

Cuolina, Loy used salt glaze on his stoneunre. Carnes has unearthed two large kilns, one of which is circular, and thousands of pottery sherds. She has also found kiln furniture, firing debris, and other by-products of ceramic production. Work at the Lincoln County site is also nearing completion. Daniel Seagle, a potter of German extraction, worked at this site and produced high-quality earthenware and stone ware. Unlike Loy, Seagle and other potters in western North Carolina used alkaline glaze on stonevrdre. Carnes has uncovered Seagle's rectangular kiln and many pottery pieces, some of which are signed. She has also uncovered intact smoking pipeg an item Seagle was not known to have made. A proponent of public archeology, Carnes

invites amateur archeology enthusiasts to join her on her digs, which last about five weeh. The volunteers provide her with companionship and much-appreciated labor. Sercral are pictured on the back correr. When she has finished analyzing the artifacts collected from the sites, Carnes plans to return them to the local communities. "lt's their community and their heritagej' she says. 'Archeologists are just technicians trained to o(cayatg document, and interpret. The information we uncover belongs to everyonei'

-hacE J. Marwell

North Carolina native Bill Aunan, a history doctoral student, leafs through Civil

torth

Garollna Neighbors Fight in the Civtl War Bill Auman is in the final stages of a history doctoral dissertation that contradicts the view most Southerners have of the Civil War. He claims that people in parts of the South were against the confederacy of states started in 186l after secessionist troops fired on Fort Sumter, South Carolina. "The South was by no means unanimous

in its support of the Confederac/'

Auman

says. "Historians know there was a great deal of disaffection in the Confederacy, but the popular mind still pretty well thinl$ of the Confederacy as being one solid block of people fighting for a causel' Auman, who read scores of manuscripts,

llar

docunents.

court records, and newspapers, concludes that a prime example of an area with a significant population that wanted to stay in the Union was in the central counties of North Carolina, which happens to be the area in which he was raised. "This area I'm talking about is a good erample of the 'other Southl which is a term coined by a noted historian, Carl Degler, who argues that the South has never been the monolithic South depicted by manyl'

The central counties include Chatham, Moore, Montgomery Randolph, Guilford, Forsyth, Davidson, Daviq Yadkin, Surry Wilkes, Iredell, Ale$nder, and Rouan. Auman, whose adviser is Professor William Barney, says these counties were different from the rest of the state in the mid 1800s for a number

reasons.

Most of the people in the state's central area were Whigs, a party favoring strong federal government, while Southerners generally were Democrats who leaned toward

a weaker central government, Auman explains.

Many of the residents of central North Carolina were against slavery and were pacifists, primarily because of influences of early settlers-Quakers and Moravians, and later, Wesleyan Methodists, Auman says. The central counties

of North Carolina differed

enthnoculturally. politically and agriculturally

lhe rest of the

state

in the

1860s.

Aunan

lron

savs.

And while much of the South depended on slave labor to tend crops, central North Caro linians owned few slaves because the land was not the best for growing labor-intensive

tobacco and cofton. "They didn't produce much of either one and there was no need

for a lot of slarresl' Auman

says.

"They were ethnoculturally different and politically different, they didn't want to leave the Union, they were dead set against secession, and then the war camel' Many people in the central counties initially supported the war because of "war feverl' Auman sap. They figured it would soon be

over. Some however, became members of a secret Unionist organization, the Heroes of America, or Red Strings, who regularly drilled

-armed-under the Union

flag.

When the Confederacy passed its first con' scription law in spring 1862, those of draft age against the Confederacy were forced into

the open, Auman says. While not necessarily militant Unionists, these "outliers" dodged the draft. "The draft forced people to fight or go

out in the woods, where they were nearby to protect their familiesi' Auman adds. Another group against the Confederacy in the central counties were deserters, who Auman says started returning home in the thousands in summer 1862. From then until the end of the war in 1865, Auman says the militant Unionistq outliers, and deserters hid from Confederate troops, carried out a guerrilla war, and stole from secessionists t0 support themselves and their families.

-Andy Brack

Eltciting Legal Tectimony from Ghildren: f,ow Accurate Are Their lllemoriec?

Deanna Braddy

the Psychology Departnenl infant labontory

When a local attornE contacted a professor in the UNC-CH Psychology Department for information about childrens ability to remem' ber personal events, he had no idea his inquiry

these guidelines would help others to know the best way to elicit accurate and consistent testimonies from children. But there is a lot to be done before we can relate our findings

olds was drawn, with parental approval, from the patient rolls of children normally seen at

would lead to a maior research project. The attorney wanted information that could help iudges interpret children's court testi' mony about personal o<periences, particularly sexual abuse. Realizing that very little data existed on the topic, Deanna Braddy, a Ph.D. student in the department's developmental psychology branch, with her advisers Dr. Peter Ornstein and Dr. Betty Gordon, designed and implemented an experimental paradigm to study young children's memory for salient, penonally experienced events. "ln the long run, we would like to develop

directly to child abusel' Right now the researchers are approaching the topic at a fundamental level, hoping to elucidate the children's basic memory mechanisms and patterns. The paradigm in their study involves asking 3- and &yearolds to describe the details of a visit to the doctor's office for a physical examination. A doctor visit was selected as the targeted memory event because it is a situation that in some respects is similar to instances of sexual abuse: an adult has bodily contact with a child who is in varying states of undress, and not all aspects of the experience are pleasant. The sample of 25 3-year-olds and 22 6-year-

Braddy with information about what went 0n in each examination. Tlpical events included:

child interviewing guidelines for use in the legal processl' Braddy explains. "Ultimately,

Chapel Hill Pediahics, a private pediatric practice. The nurses and doctors provided

weighing and measuring the child; drawing blood; obtaining a urine specimen; looking in the child's mouth, eyes, and ears; checking genitalia; listening to the heart and lungs; palpating the stomach; and checking joints and refleres. Each sram lasted about 45 minutes.

Braddy and another female interviewer asked

the children questions about their experience immediately after their araminations and then again at home one week later and three weela later. This intervievring process took serreral months. "lt's really very challengingj'

Braddy says. "l know that sounds funny, but getting a &yearold to talk to you is very dif-

relations.

In fact, the MCC amicably settled 22,000 claims involving about $200 million before reaching an impasse on a specific group of claims of special interest to Van \{yk the sabotage cases, allegations that German agents in 1916 and 1917 set off massive orplosions of war materiel in the United

ficult!" The interviovs followed a structured format that involved a general-tospecific mode of questioning. The children were initially asked open+nded questions, such as "Can you tell me what happened during your check-up?" After thry were prompted for additional information, less openrnded questions were asked, such as, "Did the doctor check your eyes?" All interviovs were tape recorded and later

States.

"Nent

transcribed for coding. Results from the immediate interviews indicate that recall memory is surprisingly good

research the effects the sabotage claims had

on German-American relations.

for children in both age groups. The &yearolds remember about 9l percent of the examination events, and the 3-year-olds remember about 8l percent of the events. The data also suggest that the older children are better able to produce information in response to general,

prompts.

memory.

"We're testing out the paradigm right now,

trying to see how it worls bestl' uplains Braddy, whose work is funded in part by a Sigma Xi research grant. She and her advisers are encouraged that their design will be a useful vehicle for exploring the long-term retention of autobiographical information and for providing-eventually-some assistance to those people primarily concerned with the court testimony of children.

-IlacE

J. Maxwell

The munitions explosions occurred in New killing only one person but causing millions of dollars of damage. The United States had not yet entered the war, and the explosions sparked claims of German sabotage. Some historians assert that in addition to German submarine warfarg the belief that the Germans sabotaged U.S. property during a period of U.S. neutrality eased the United States tor,rard its declaration of war in the spring of 1917. When, after the war, the sabotage cases came before the MCC, that body could find no concrete evidence of German sabotage and in 1930 ruled that Germany could not be held responsible for these explosions. "When I started this proiect I figured that the Germans Jersey,

open-ended probes, whereas the younger children tended to require more specific

Consistent with performance at the imme diate interview, the 6-par-olds remembered more than the 3-yearolds at both the oneweek and threeweek delay, consistently recalling about 90 percent of the events. But the 3-yearolds remembered surprisingly well, only dropping from 8l percent to 7l percent at the oneweek intenal, and then a bit more to 67 percent at the threeweek interyal. Braddy and her advisers are impressed with the children's ability to remember their doctor visit, even weeh after it occurred. "Parents say that children have excellent memoriesl' Braddy notes, "and now we can say, 'Yes, they do; and back it up with datal' The next step in their study is to extend the delay intenal and o<amine retention over several months. The next design will also include a group of subjects who will not be intervierued immediately after their check-up, to eliminate any possible effects these initial interviews may have on the children's

to nothing has been done on this

topicl'Van Wyk notes. He and his adviser, Dr. Gerhard Weinberg, felt it important to

Russel Van Wyk has exanined hundreds ol docu for his historical research focusing on

ments

Gernan-American relalions between World War War ll.

and World

German-Amcrican Relations Between the World Waru: Alleged German Sabotage Kindled Mistrust For the last five years, Russel Van Wyk, a Ph.D. student in the History Department, has immersed himself in a world of German spies, forged documents, secret codes, and sabotage. He has emerged from his research with strong evidence indicating that GermanAmerican relations between World War I and World War II were fraught with misperception, competition, and deceit-facts contrary to accepted historical belief.

Van Wyk has focused his research on the German-American Mixed Claims Commission (MCC), an independent body established by both governments in 1922 t0 litigate U.S. disputes originating during World War I. Because the German government desired eco

nomic aid from the United States, and the United States wanted to restore trade with Germany, both countries hoped to settle all war claims and move on to normal diplomatic

Kurl Jahnke. head of the Aernan secret service in Anerica during World lVar l. U.S. lawyers believed him to be the nastermind behind the munitions explosions thal brlught on the sabotage uses. Photo, circa 1925, hom the Records of the Depart-

nent of State, National Archives, Washinqton,

D.C.

BERLIN V.

8 WII,HELMSTRASSE 69.

Amerlkanlechen

Sabotage-Proze ss

I JAGER ?4II

German relations.

25..Udvenber 1955

./{)

DEN AUSLANDSPRESSECHEF

,/ L,'Herrn Staatssekretaer Dr. Hans-Helnr1ch Lamneys \iJ

RelchskanzIel.

,,\ /,*{.,{

Sehr geehrter Eerr Stsatesekretaer!

dle Wlederholung des Tel-egramns' Anbel des nAnexlkanlscben Sabotage-Prozessesn

d.as

heute an S1e 1n

abEegangen

lst:

Sachen

"Eabe soeben lm Auswaertl8en ABt neuestes A.ktenDaterlalnlcb "ueber amerlkanlsche Sabolage-Prozesse elngesehen und

seltE.nlt transpareltesten

"e;;;; ;ffi

"Faels-cloulgen uid'bestettten Me{nelgen arbeltet. go1-e 1. de-r go1f, wai?E5-Kll4-e-r eEGiEf,rlka tl onen 1 s t e1n wahiEE-Kl! dl eEGi-FaIrlka " d1

Dle w{qefl9J5Ung

ecTer AEerlkanl eche Anerlkanl "gauptzeuge, James trarkln, extrenlstls6hiir RadikaLsozlallst aue angelJ'tcbe d), erneueri emeueri seine Aussagen ueber melne an6eU'tcbe "Dubitn (Iriana), nMltwlrkung e tkrl e8e 3 r l-n Aroer Aroerlka waehrend des Veltkrleg belI'Satrotaee-Akten Sabota6e-Akten ln nDlesd Ausdagen sintl v5n AnfanE bis Enae ebenso frel.wle llunp -. -L

: n

i;HS:";.

pair of unfortunate industrial accidents, in Van Wyk's opinion, grew into a maior divisive force in AmericanGermans. What began as a

REICHSLEITUNc DER NSDAp Betrlfft:

sl*m*m+PffiE3irffi#b'

amerlkanlscben Sacbwaltern und

sslonsJaegeln

6erissenen in Wlener und Eerll-ner "5luffen l-assen. D1e Materlallen, wonachSchuld aufgedunden sel'en, Seweisaokumente fuer deritsehe "Archlven nsl.nd voelll-g apoEryph. D1e betreffend'en wlener ArchlvbeaEteB dokunentarlscher Feh1en Vernehmrng liramtll.cher chin " haben inzwli KorDryr'l

"Bewelse zuge8eben.

Selte der Tatsache, dass 1ch von amerlkanlscher "An8esl-chts nln-dle Sabota8e-Sache s6tt 1915 1n Semelnste! yJelse verwlckelt nwurde, und zw61na1, Anfang Junl 19]4 (ver61. Intervlew vor der namer.lkarl.schen Presse bel-der Landung 1n New York) untl.lsl n Gerlcbtssaal l,ondon (Beaverbrook-Prozess Dezember 19J5) ausEesagt 'habe. 19t es sehr betlauerflch. dass man mlch l-n elner so vrichtigen "Angeiegenhelt, be1 dETs slcti un?0-filTftonen Do1lar deutschen "Nallonifvermoegens ln Geldr und rur das Vlelhundertfache d'leser . " Sunme an deu t 3 6h em An s ehen' hande t t' b19L gI.-11?_F*9*3-c.!3J,L:-13.t "31tte gehorsamst nlch sofort ln der Sache anhoeren zu woIIen. Hanfstaengl. " Ich bln Jederzelt lmstande, den Verlauf, sorvle den augenbllckllchen Stand des fuer uns guenstlB verlaufenen Prozesses darzulegen.

"The sabotage cases were one of the maior bilateral issues facing these two countries at the timel' Van Wyk explains. "Relations were good as long as Germany agreed to follow the U.S. line and accept war guilt. When they tried to challenge us, trouble began:' But when Hitler took power in 1933, he desperately wanted raw materials from the United States, and Cermany's reluctance to accept responsibility for the sabotage cases was, he believed, an obstacle to trading with America. Not really caring if the government before him was implicated in the sabotage cases, he came close in 1936 to accepting German responsibility. At the last minute, though, he backed out. The MCC decided to keep the cases active and in 1939, on the eve of another war, the Americans unilaterally pronounced the Germans guilty. As a result, the post-World War ll German government actually paid $20-30 million to the United States.

In all, the

sabotage cases stayed on the

MCC agenda for ten years. During those years, Germany and the United States iockeyed for position. In a diary belonging to the MCC's leading German official, for example, Van Wyk $udied a copy of an unpublished article containing details of alleged forged documents that the U.S. government presented to the MCC as evidence against the Germans. The German official also wrote of alleged blackmail

by a U.S. senator. 0n the American side, lawyers contended that the Germans forged documents and went so far as to scrawl secret messages with invisible ink. To research this complicated interplay This docunent, which Van Wyk used in his research, is a letler fron the foreign press direclor for the Nazi partv the Gernan secrctary of state in the state chancery. In it, the press director refers to evidence presented against Germany by the LI.S. government in the sabotage cases as "most tnnsparent forgeries and contrived perjuries." He also claims that the "testinonies given are, from beginning to end, conplete and Ltude labrication." Fron the Federal Archive of Aermany, Koblenz, West Cernany

were responsiblel' Van Wyk says. "But now I don't really think so. I just haven't been able

to find any hard evidence against theml' The cases for many years were attributed to industrial accident. Eight years later, though, lacking new evidence but overflowing with determination, legal representatives for the munitions companies formally charged Germany with conspiracy against U.S. neutrality. "Prilate

interests came to play a major role in the cases;'Van Wyk notes. "l want to know who was really determining policy, the government

lawyers?"

involving international laq intelligence operations, diplomacy, economics, and the role of government and private industry Van Wyk has combed through thousands of pages written on the commission in both the United States and Germany. He often works in Washington, D.C., where he studies information at the National Archives and the Library of Congress. Although Van Wyk submitted a request to examine FBI records nearly two years ago, he still awaits permission to do so. His travels to Washington are funded in part

The Germans refused to accept responsibility for the explosions: to do so would be at least a partial admission of war guilt. But the Americans also refused to back down: U.S.

by an R.J. Reynolds Dissertation Fellowship from the UNC Graduate School. While living in West Germany for a year, supported in part by the German Academic

companies and law firms had made sizable investments to reach a settlement against the

Exchange Service, Van Wyk searched through

government records

Bonn and Koblenz, as

well as in the German foreign office. He also interviewed a retired bank executive who gave him personal accounts of the Germans in-

in the sabotage dispute. "lt's been a very difficult project, a lot

volved

more so than says.

had anticipatedl' Van Wyk

"But it's fascinatingl'

-hacey J. Maxwell

Predicting the Likelihood of Corporate Crime More whitecollar, corporate crime is in the news these days. There are stories in the media on insider trading, collusion, and environmental, tax, health, safety, and customs violations. Cathy Zimmer says it is possible that her sociology dissertation could help federal regulatory agencies guess the likelihood that a corporation will break federal laws. Zimmer is applying sociological causal models

to her investigation of why some corporations break federal laws, and others do not dirty their corporate hands. "l think it could tell the agencies which industries to investigatel' she says. Under the tutelage 0f adviser Richard L. Simpson, a Kenan professor in the Sociology Department, Zimmer is studying crimes in Fortune 500 companies that employees commit,

not for individual gain, but for their corporation. "l'm not talking about embezzlement, or crimes people commit for themselvesl' she says. 'A lot of the business press assigns causes of corporate crime to individuals; as a sociologist, I'm not going to look at it that way, but at the corporate level. "What I'm trying to do is-by using two sociological theories, one being differential association and the other resource dependence -test these theories and see if the incidence of corporate crime can be predicted. Differential association says if you associate with people who commit crimes, you're more likely to commit crimes. I think that corporations that are in industries with high crime rates will be more likely to commit crimesl' Resource dependence is more complicated. Zimmer says because corporations exist in markets, they have to buy resources to produce goods, which sellers purchase. And each corporation, t0 some degree, is dependent on its suppliers and buyers. The more suppliers and buyers, the less dependent because

can buy

petitive price

a corporation

or sell at the most

in a rariety of

places.

com-

"ln

terms

lt.t Frtrtune .50(i t'anpantet 1o sr;i;rt,ir,{riril theolie,s.

of competitors, the more control of the market you have, the less dependent you arel' she says. "The most dependent corporation is one in a highly competitive marker with highly concentrated (few) buyen and suppliersi' When testing these theories, Zimmer also lools at each corporation's internal organization because she says organizations' environments can encourage or discourage corporate misconduct. "l believe there are some organizations that care about this-their chief executive officer is a stickler with high ethical values-and others are not. I think the environment is going to have an influence, but

s going to be filtered through the corporationl' it

Zimmer's data, drawn from an earlier study by criminologist Marshall Clinard, includes information on 461 of the Fortune 500 companies in 1975 and 1976. More than half the companies in the data set committed no federal violations in the study period, while 23 percent had one violation and a similar percentage had between two and fourteen violations. Preliminary analysis of the data seems to validate the resource dependency theory. "There seems to be evidence for the number of violations being related to the level of dependencel' Zimmer says. "l am get-

ting what I expected-the more dependent the corporation, the more violationsl' She

of differential association and resource dependence should predict the incidence of corporate crime. says theories

-Andy

Brack

Childhood Sexual Trauma and Psychological llistress in lllew Mothere How do new mothers with childhood experiences of sexual trauma fare on standard psychological tests compared t0 postpartum women with no such childhood experience? Not well at all, according to Ann Evans, doctoral candidate in the Departments of Maternal and Child Health and Epidemiology

in the School of Public Health. Currently

she

is analyzing data gathered from more than 700 women who were interviewed within three months of childbirth; her findings suggest a strong correlation between traumatic sexual encounters in early life and depression, anxiety, and low selfesteem during the post-

partum period. Erans first developed a strong concern for

2')

prestigious National Research Service Award Fellowship from the Public Health Service's National Center for Nursing Research. She was also a recent Fellow in the Bush lnstitute

for Child and Family Policy. Cunently

FNP in the Adult Health Care Practice at NCMH and a Clinical Instructor in UNC's School of Nursing, Evans is glad for the opportunities she has to share the outcome

of her research with undergraduate and graduate nursing students. "lt's good to be able to show them that important research can evolve from clinical experiencesl' says Evans, "and to be able to provide students with information that can improve the care

we give our patientsl'

-Allison

Bulsterbaum

Wading Through Governmentts

Flood Control Regulationr

4nn Erans

,,elierr.s

dala collecled lron inlen'iew's o/ netr'

sexually traumatized youngsters about ten years ago, while serving as a Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) in Prospect Hill, North Carolina. Her work in the 0rangeChatham Comprehensive Health Service rural clinic included caring for preschool and grammar school victims of rape and disease transmitted

by sexually abusive family members. Few resources were available at the time to help these children and their families. According to Evans, "The issue of child sexual abuse has finally begun to command attention, and some of the steps being taken concern pre ventionl' as when school programs are devetoped to teach children to recognize and avoid potentially abusive situations. "This is important, but I'm also concerned about people who have already had childhood sexual experiences and are still upset by theml' she adds. It is the long-term, psychological impact

of sexual "trauma' that is the focus of her research.

The data she is analyzing belong to a larger study on social supports, stresses, and parenting being conducted by Dr. Jonathan Kotch, who also serves as chairman of Etans's dissertation committee. The questions that Evans wrote for Kotch's investigation asked

In the mid 1960s, the federal government got into the flood insurance business when the National Flood lnsurance Act became law, according to graduate student Jim Holway. The new business rtlollte,rs

mothers whether they had had a sexual experience before age eighteen which they would call traumatic. The meaning of "sexual" was left up to each woman. She was also asked whether the experience involved some one who was supposed to take care of her or who was old enough to do so, and whether she gave in sarually because that person was bigger, older, or stronger. For the purposes of her study, Evans defined "sexual trauma" as

a positive response t0 one or more of these three questions. Before answering the sorual trauma ques' tions, these women responded to three sets

allowed the government a way t0 reduce the amount of flood damages without having to build dams and levees. "There are a couple of problems with structuresl' he sap. "They're very expensive and even when you build them, occasionally you

get a flood that's larger than you built forl' So flood insurance, rarely available from the private sector, became a non-structurally oriented way to deal with floods, but it came with a catch. The federal gorcrnment defined the l0Gyear flood plain-the highest reach of flood waters on

in a lO&year period-in communities throughout the nation. For communities to qualify for flood insurance, they had to have regulations on building in the 100-year flood average

plain.

of questions measuring their psychological health. The results pointed to a clear connection: sexually traumatized mothers were much

Holway, who is working on his doctorate in City and Regional Planning, explains that communities had to require that structures be raised a certain level above the flood plain

more depressed, more anxious, and had lower self+steem than the other mothers. This re mained true even after controlling for such factors as race, income, education, and

to build in the flood plain. He has been studying the impact of these regulations to find out whether they have encouraged or

marital status. Euans emphasizes that these traumatized and currently troubled women are the mothers of infants in need of considerable attention during the early months of life, care which depressed or anxious mothers may have great difficulty providing. For this study Ann Evans was awarded

or, as in some communities, make

illegal

slowed development, and how land values have been affected. Holway hopes his research can say some

thing on how flood plain regulations affect the land market so local officials can use the knowledge to design regulations to meet their community objectives. 'At a national level, it

might have relevance t0 the design of minimum requirements for local governments to be eligible to participate in the flood insurance program;' he explains. Using a grant from the National Science Foundation, Holway and a Chicago environmental engineering firm looked at 1,008 parcels of land which were vacant in 1976 in

flood plains in ten cities across the United States. They compared the use of the land in 1976 to its use ten years later. They found that 773 plots, or 77 percent, remained vacant in 1986. But 17 percent developed residentially, 5 percent commercially, and 1 percent industrially. Using regression analysis, they tested the impact of the regula-

tions on the value and dwelopment of the Iand. But so far, according to Holway, conclusions are tentative.

Above. the 100-rcar lloodplain exlends a channel s nornal llooding area, the floodwav. to the channe1s highest reach-on average-per 100 vears. Below'. Jin Holway. a citv and regional plannint graduate studenl charts development in a New Jersel flood plain.

"The change in the eleration requirement does affect the likelihood of developmentj' Holway says. "The more stringent the regulations, as in the more they require you to elerate, the less likely dwelopment

will

occur

in that flood plain. In terms of land yalue,

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we didn't find that these regulations were affecting land ralue. "Thus if the goal is to stop development in the flood plain, what you need to be doing is having an effect on the people who own the land in the flood plainl' he says. If regulators want to reduce flood plain dwelopment, Holway adds, they should use regulations to

lower landowners' expectations of the ways they can develop their land. Holway's work is part of a project headed by Professor Raymond J. Bur[ of the Department of City and Regional Planning. Information gathered in the project should be published

in late 1988 by the Natural Hazards Research Applications and Information Center. -Andy

Brack

IDecicion Making: Worde or llumbers Say you want to make a bet, and you want expert advice-the kind of advice that would help you make the best decision. Research by Brent Cohen and ldo Erev, psychology graduate students in the L.L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory could help you in your decision making. They want to know if you prefer that advice to be in absolute,

numerical odds or in vague, verbal terms, such as whether the chance an event will

other gambles. Because player names were coded, student raters had to rely on expert advice, half of which was in numerical terms and half of which was \ague. 'lhice in the experiment, Cohen and Erev asked subiects which type of information they preferred. After rating the gambles, students were paid according to their decisions and results of the basketball game. Following payment, students served as experts to give advice for other decision makers in the experiment. Results confirmed the preference paradox, Cohen says. While 87 percent of the decision makers in the experiment preferred to get numerical information, 68 percent conveyed verbal, nonspecific information when they acted as experts. "People really do act paradoxically in terms of giving and receiving information about chance wentsl' Cohen says. But other results surprised the researchers. Erev says he and Cohen found no difference in their subjects' performance when they used "ls!

ldo Erev, left. and Brent Cohen, psychology'graduate students, discuss whether people prefer to rely vague or specific infornation in decision making.

verbal and numerical expert advice. They orpected subjects to perform better when basing hypothetical gambles on numerical information. "When you rely on vague information, it seems numerical is not better, but rather

what the person prefers spontaneouslyl' Erev sap. For most people, that means they com' municate in vague terms when considering vague information. But when they want to get good advice, they want to get information in the form they sometimes incorrectly deem more reliable-in numerical terms.

-Andy Brack occur is "doubtful" or "likelyl' 'An often-made claim in the business decision-making literature is that numerical probability estimates are always better than non-numerical, linguistic estimates, and we wanted to test this claim to see what people actually preferl' Cohen says. Erev adds that they want to be able to suggest improvements for communication by experts and to learn more about how people make decisions when given vague information.

describes the two ways

of communicating

information as the preference paradox. "lf you think the best advice is numerical, you should give numerical and ask for numericall' he says. To study the probability information prob lems, Cohen and Erev, who are being advised

by Professor Thomas S. Wallsten, designed an experiment to study people's behavior. They asked four local sportswriters or broadcasters to predict the likelihood of events in Atlantic

has been suggested that people prefer to gira vague information in verbal terms, but that they prefer to gef information on chance events in numerical termsl' Cohen explains. For eramplq he says instead of hearing a weatherman say, "There's a pretty good

Coast Conference basketball games. "We con' sidered them to have high name recognition and assumed that people here would believe their advicel' Cohen says. Cohen and Erev split a list of 80 gambles, or decisions, which were given odds by experts,

chance of rain Fridayl' it is claimed

into l0 lists. Thirty-six students then were asked to rate the attractiveness of the eight gambles on each list. For example, they had to rate one gamble, such as whether player A72 (who might happen to be Kenny Smith) would score more than 16 points in a particular basketball game, in relation to seven

"lt

that

most people prefer hearing, "There's a 70 percent chance of rain Fridayl' Cohen continues: "lt doesn't make sense for people to give verbal advice but prefer to receive numerical advice if they want the best decisions to be made in both casesl' Erev

Endeavors is pleased to publish for the second time an issue devoted to research

conducted by graduate students at UNC'CH. We welcome the opportuni$ to share the work of some two dozen students, and will nake it a practice each acadenic year There seems no better way to increase awareness of

the significant work being done by

these

in'

di spen s able colleagues.

-Tom K. Scott

Director, Office of Research Services

Coning

the FaII 1988 Endeavow, ,

Keeping the faith India

modern, industralized

aaa New conputer science

building boasts sophisticated intemal communiations systen

aaa Astronomers make nav predictions about the size and age of our galaxy and the uniwrse

aaa Life without light: Chenosynthetic organisns contribute to erosion of West Florida esurpnent Although the gnduate school shuffle rarely learrs the typical graduate student time or energy t0 plan a year ahead for the direction his or her program of study will take, that extra effort just may translate into fellorrchip dollars that will open doors in a chosen field eran as they ease the pain in a student's pocketbook. Word is getting around among Chapel Hill graduate students that Bynum Hall houses a valuable library under the auspices

of the Office of Research Services (ORS). In Room 304 Dottie Baker and her assistants David Singleton and Sylvia Zack can be found ready to provide background information and application materials to graduate students seeking funds, whether for specific ruearch projects to be explored in the

United States or abroad or even just for a year of intensirc onrampus study free of teaching or other service demands. A couple of hours spent in the ORS library will introduce a graduate student to special foundation- and disciplinerelated directories

to funding sources, a large hallway bulletin board advertising research and study opportunities, and an electronic bulletin board providing similar information (now accessible through most campus departments and computer labs as well as 0RS). The libnry also offers a series of "how-to' video tapes and several booh on writing grant proposals, some of which provide sample successful proposals.

Furthermorq Baker points to two on-line database s5ntems at the disposal of graduate students. The sole purpose of The Awards Database (a computer seuch service operated by Stanford University) is to match individual students and their projects with funding sources ayailable uound the country. Because eligibility requirements differ hom source to source, a computer search is a quick means of identifying those scholarships

and fellovrships for which a giran person may apply. For instancg one search con-

ducted for a black woman from North Caro lina planning to work in the United States in the field of classics yielded a list of 76 potential sources of financial support. The Stanford computer search service, which includes approximately 1600 listings, is currently free of charge to UNC-CH graduate students, as is the lllinois Researcher Information System (lRlS) service, which can sometimes turn up possibilities overlooked

by the Stanford system. The ORS library staff can complete a computer search within 24 hours, but eventually, sap Baker, students will be able to walk in and conduct searches on their own. Although more money is currently "out there" for research in medicine and the hard sciences than in the humanitieq funds are available in all fields for virtually any type of proposal. Competition for grants and awards is generally stiff in the lesser funded areas, according to Singleton. Thus a well written and carefully planned proposal, which includes attention to such details as deadlines and required signatures, stands the best chance of succeeding. No matter what stage a graduate student has reached in his studies-whether he is an entering student, or taking courses, 0r planning a thesis or dissertation, or looking beyond graduation to postdoctoral workprograms orist to help him with travel, purchasing materials, or ercn just paying

the rent. The more specific he can be about his scholastic and research goals when visiting the ORS library the more help its staff can be, but thry offer counselling,

toq if a student

needs

narrowing his aims. Because some application proceduru take from six to nine months to completg students assistance

should drop by the third floor of Bynum

Hall long before they actually need funds.

-Allinn

Bulsterbaum

Endeavore Research and Graduate Education

at the University

of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Spring 1988 Volume Y Number 3 Endeawrc is a magazine published three times a year by the 0ffice of Research Services, a division of the Cnduate School of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Each issue of Endeavors describes only a few of the many research projects undertaken by faculty and students of the University. Requests for permission to reprint material, rcaders' comments, and requests for extra copies should be

sent to Editor, Endeavors,0ffice of Research Services, CB# 4100, 300 Bynum Hatl, The University of North Carolina a Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 275994100 (tetephone 919/966-5625). Chancellor: Christopher C. Fordham, Ill Vic+Chancellor for Research and Graduate Studies and Dean of the Gnduate School J. Dennis 0'Connor Director, 0ffice of Research Services: Tom K. Scott

Editor-in{hief: Tom K.

Scott

Managing Editor: Suzanne Appelbaum

ksistant Editors: Andy Bnck Allison Bulsterbaum Tncey J. Maxwell Photographer: Will 0wens Designer: Lynn Kenney

1988 by The University of North Carolina at

Hill in the United States. All rights ruerrcd. No part of this publication may be reproducd without the consent of the Uni\â&#x201A;Źrsity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel

Corcr: David Whalen is a graduate student in the Department of Dramatic Art's Professional Actor Ttining Program. In February, he played a leading role in Eugene 0'Neill's Mourarag Becomes Electn, presented by PlayMakers Repertory Company.

Whalen portrayed 0rin Mannon, a troubled Union soldier returning home after the Civil War. Photograph by Rich Beckman. Story on page l.

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