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It is with great pleasure that I help inaugurate this new publication from the Graduate School and the Offlce of Research Services. For many years The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has published a biennial edition of Reseorch: A Record of Scholorship and Pub-
What I often tell people who misunder-
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stand the nature of a research university is that we have a faculty here whose number is based on an established student: teacher ratio and almost all of us are heavily engaged in formal instruction of students at all levels from first-year undergraduates to adranced postdoctoral fellows. In addition, however, those same
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licotion which listed the publications, theses, and dissertations completed during the previous two-year period. With the
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use for the less timely Research, but there
remains a rapidly growing need to inform ourselves and the public as to the extent and significance of the research effort of our faculty and students. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hitl has had an illustrious scholarly history especially since the beginning of the twentieth century. However, it was after World War II that we began our rapid development as one of the country's premier research universities. This term has been used with rarious meanings, but it is now generally accepted to include those 75-100 American universities which conduct the great malori$ of the basic studies in those disciplines common to large institutions. This university, by any method of accounting, stands high in that list. All research universities have three major components: a dedicated, motirated faculty with unusual commitment and creativity; a fair share of the most promising student scholars from around the world; and superior facilities including libraries and laboratories in which to work. From all indications arailable to me, I believe we have witnessed a continuous growth in excellence in all three of these components during the past 30 years and have reached a point where The University at Chapel Hill is not only a state and regional resource of
or so faculty members and their
students conduct an increasingly great amount of scholarly basic research, and
arailability of school and departmental annual reports, there appeared to be little G. Philip Manire, Ph.D., Vice Choncellor and Dean of the Groduote School. Dr. Manire is Kenan Professor of M icrobiology
ond lmmunology.
great ralue but is also a resource of
national importance. However, the story of research and graduate education is not an easy one to
tell. The constituency with whom
a
scholar communicates regularly may not be local but international and such scholars are often better known in Berkeley or Oxford or Kyoto than they are in their own community. Thus the essential scholarly activities of the faculties of a research university such as ours are almost invisible to the general public. There is a reasonablyaccurate public perception of undergraduate education and of some of the graduate professional schools such as law medicine, and dentistry since almost everyone has significant experience with college graduates and with members of these professions, but few in the general public have similar insight into the activities of an expert in medieral literature or molecular genetics or economic theory. Even so, the basic research conducted in these professional schools is subiect to the same effect of public misconceptions.
I
would estimate that the total expenditure for that research on this campus must approach $100 million per year, including libraries, laboratories, faculty time, graduate student efforts and funds from grants, contracts, and gifts. But not only have these research efforts become unrecognized by the general public, our scholarly community has become increasingly unaware of the efforts of colleagues in diverse disciplines. For example, during the decade of the 1950's the Etisha Mitchell Scientific Society was a regular forum for the discussion of a wide rariety of scientifrc studies with facully and students from numerous disciplines attending each session. As we grew larger and more specialized, these meetings ceased and were replaced by departmental or group seminars. This phenomenon has been repeated in every discipline in the University, and as we grow larger, we gro\,v more isolated. Obviously, we cannot solve this dilemma by publication of a journal which features a dozen or so research programs each year, but we hope lhal Endeauors will serve to inform our faculty, trustees, legislators, and other friends of the University of the range and the excellence of these examples of the programs which are cu rre ntly underway at th ti
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ttsmartklsD Design of VIJI special purpose chips by researchers in Computer Science improves speed
and efficiency of computer graphics applications
tion. One is the rosler scan display sys-
Henn litch.s. Professor of Crnryuter Science In the University's Department of Computer Science, researchers are using Very Large Scale Integrated (VISI) computer circuitry to present information with pictures. "The VLSI enhancement of integrated circuit technology is radically different enough that entirely new kinds of computers are possible," says Henry Fuchs, professor of Computer Science and a driving force in experimental design work leading to special graphics applications. The VLSI approach to problem solving has many challenges, not the least of which is devising the algorithms, or formulas, for repetitive mathematical operations that make the computer do its intended work conectly-the frrst time and forever after. Then comes the task of designing circuits that keep information flowing properly-all this on tiny computer chips. This research in computer graphics is dependent on two types of image produc-
tem, the method used to produce the picture on a television screen, which systematically sends electronic impulses to the screen line-by-line. The second method of image production, lhe random display scan, lights the tiny points on a display screen with no pre-defined order. Both of these systems allow for the production of realistic three-dimensional images. An example of the way this technology is cunently being used is the flight simulator, which in pilot-training exercises simulates a plane's sunoundings. As the pilot operates the plane's controls, the computer responds by generating the new "view." Fuchs, his colleagues, and their students have become interested in how computer graphics applications can improve medical imaging and molecular modeling. In working on these applications, the Chapel Hill researchers have an eye toward decreasing the cost of performing interactive (fraction-of-a-second) image-generative tasks and increasing the speed of information processing for the graphics system.
Ihe Pixel-Planes Chip The work in VLSI design currently being done in the UNC-Chapel Hill computer
graphics laboratories is largely the result of an idea Fuchs introduced to his stu-
dents in 1980 for a new chip that would serve as a "graphics engine." One of his students, John Poulton, norrrr' on the faculty in Computer Science, did the actual design for the flrst Pixel-planes chip. 'A pixel," Poulton explains, "is a picture element-the smallest dot you can put on the screen." The Pixel-planes chip, which resulted from the work of Poulton and others, for the flrst time made "smart pixels" possible. The saga of the Pixel-planes chip is still unfolding. Poulton's first chip, which now seems very crude, held only four pixels, each with only four bits of intensity information. The second generation came in l98l and was largely a product of Fuch's and Poulton's collaboration with Alan Paeth and Alan Bell of the Xerox Research Center in Palo Alto, California. It contained 64 pixels, each with t6 bits, so it packed considerably more memory and functionality into a smaller space. Work on improving that design, which began almost immediately, was taken up by graduate student Scott Hennes and has resulted in the cunent model, what the researchers call the "third generation" Pixel-planes chip. The newer version still holds 64 pixels, but the size of memory has doubled. An added adrantage, though, has to do with the mechanism employed to get the data out of the memory and through the circuits that are required to put an image onto the screen. With the second-genera-
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tion chip, the image processing had to be interrupted while information was being sifted and stored. In the new design the processes can happen simultaneously and asynchronously. This improvement gets a picture onto the screen more rapidly and eliminates some of the complex circuitry that was necessary for temporary storage.
Another improvement in the third generation chip allows the little processors for each pixel to be even smaller. This was the result of an architectural change in the binary tree multiplier, a fundamentalelement in the Pixel-planes chip. A very sparse structure, the binary tree multiplier does most of the calculations and simultaneously distributes the appropriate ralues out to the pixels. Poulton describes it as an "inverted tree," with the root at the top and all the leaves falling out at the bottom of two branches. Information is fed in at the root point; it trickles down and falls out the leaves. If there are 64 pixels on a chip, there are 64 leaves to this tree and the data that fall out the leaves are automatically the right data for each pixel. In the third-generation chip a design improvement was made on the binary tree multiplier that would allow identity among all the chips in a system and still provide some uniqueness for each chip. Tlie version{hree chip has a builtin mechanism which allows a module within a chip to be turned off in case of
failure. Wth very large chips which have several models each containing 64 pixels, the probabilig of failure of one module is fairly high. This module elimination mechanism and other improvements in the latest chip give great promise that the Pixel-planes technology will soon become a full-scale system suitable for commercial production. According to Poulton, these chips have "arrived" as far as maior architectural design; its just a matter of refining them and making them into practical products. Basically a memory chip enhanced with little processors, the Pixel-planes chip allows simultaneous calculations for every pixel on the screen. "When we are generating images, we're modeling scenes in the real world, including curved surfaces, with polygons," explains Mary Ranade, a mathematician enrolled in the department's master's program. "The smallest polygon is a triangle, and the images are stored as the set of vertices of these polygons, together with the color intensities at each vertex." In the Pixel-planes system, the screen image is generated from the graphics data base in two steps. First, the "world coordinates" giving position and color intensity at each vertex must be transformed to reflect the point of view of the viewer and "clipped" to include only those objects visible to the viewer; then lighting and perspective calculations are performed to provide a scene in "screen
coordinates." Secondly, the color intensity at each pixel must be found from the colors at the vertices, after determining which polygon is visible at each pixel and not hidden by another closer polygon. The first set of calculations depends only on the number of polygons to be processed and can be accomplished in realtime (i.e., with no apparent delay), by many currently arailable systems. However, the remaining calculations must be performed at each pixel, forming a computational bottleneck as there are over 1,000,000 pixels in a high-resolution graphics image. Pixel-planes addresses this problem by performing these calculations at all pixels simultaneously. It is possible, then, to decide at the pixel level for each polygon whether a pixel is inside the polygon, whether it is visible, and what its color intensity ralues are, if visible. As the ralues are processed, the design of the chips causes the pixels that are not within a polygon to turn off. lf the pixel is within the current polygon, the next calculation for the site determines whether it is visible. Then the color lalues are sent down the line. As the calculations are done at each pixel, if the pixel is "on," the mlues are stored. After the standard raster graphics host has done the geometric manipulations and lighting calculations for each polygon, the Pixel-planes VISI circuit design goes to work.
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Bira"y Partitioning Building on the Pixel-planes technology, doctoral student Greg Abram is focusing on custom design in computer organization to modiff the need for memory and calculation in accomplishing image-generation tasks within interactive time frames. Even in a moderate resolution image of 512 x 512 pixels, there are 250,000 pixels to calculate 30 times a second, each with red, green, and blue components; 22 million ralues must be calculated in a second, or about 50 nanoseconds (billionths of a second) per ralue. Abram has found that by distributing the task of generating images among
many processing units, using customdesigned integrated circuits that include some processing circuitry at each pixel, the production of the image can be speeded substantially.
Abram and doctoral student Eric Grant have explored the use of these specially designed computers for displaying rigid objects and scenes that can be manipu-
lated for different views by the user. The novelty of the design they propose is that it can run on a general purpose raster system without any "handturning" of the object's computer description required by previous similar approaches. 'Achieving near real{ime shaded display requires that the objects being examined remain relatively static and the update rate to the display be slowed, while the viewpoint of the user becomes the focus of interactive processing power," Abram says. Whatever the angle of view chosen by the user, the polygons that make up the image of the obiect must be oriented to that angle; e.g., in a frontal view, no portions of the back of the object should be visible. The information that describes the obiect to the computer is preprocessed once into a device he calls a "binary space partitioning tree structure" (BSP); then an image generation step processes the structure to generate the polygons that make up the image in a back{o-front equiralent, based on the viewpoint. Polygons in front of others are
encountered later in this process and when "painted" into the image buffer overwrite and thus obscure previously painted polygons that are farther behind them. The novel feature of the BSP tree algorithm is its virtual elimination of the sorting of polygons that is usually needed to get a back{o-front ordering from each particular viewing position. In doing his work, Abram uses an enhancement devised by Professor Stephen M. Pizer of the Department of Computer Science, a recognized leader in medical imaging applications. The focus in processing is on the edges, with subsequent calculation to color the pixels based on the local change in intensity in each part of the picture. Abram is now working on removing some of the limits of the static world model seen in the rigid objects work. He is looking at the effect of a known range of motion on imaging for moving objects; this would allow a regional construction with BSP trees that would then be more defined in function and faster still.
Another goal in the evolution of computerized graphics has been to provide realtime, three-dimensional imaging that allows the user to move through the image in an open environment. Gary Bishop, a doctoral student working with Professor Fuchs, together with computer science faculty members, Vernon Chi and John Poulton, has developed a device which achieves that goal. "The driving problem has been trying to track the user's head," Fuchs notes, explaining that as one's head moves in normalactivity, the changes in light and stereoscopic angle on the obiect being examined provide the clues that the brain interprets as a three-dimensional view. Their solution has been the "self{racker," which uses VIJI circuits that combine light detection and processing circuitry in such a way that speed of performance replaces much of the earlier version's number-crunching power and memory. [n their design, sphere-mounted tracking circuits relay partially processed information to a central processing unit which then returns the processor-manipulated two-dimensional image to the user to be perceived as a three-dimensional image. Earlier work in this area has largely been based on looking in toward the user from fixed points in what is usually a very restricted environment. ln the Chapel Hill version, information flows from the user; the VI-SI chips record changes external to the user that deflne the user's relative position. According to Bishop the core idea for the self-tracker involves fabricating on one chip the "camera" and circuitry for processing the measurements that define the users movement. "Through the lenses, we can see the shiftine scene," Bishop explains. "Behind each lens, it's as though there were a TV camera operating at 1,000 frames per second instead of the usual 30 frames per second. This allows a very simple image motion analysis through high-speed comparison of sequential frames." The flrst challenge Bishop and his group faced in designing the system was developing Iight sensors sensitive enough to operate in ordinary light, and feasible for a standard chip-making process. They followed the lead of the creator of the "Optical Mouse," Richard Lyons of Xerox.
The next task was designing the circuits that could compare sequential frames and send that information to a central processor. Both the photosensors and circuitry are on a single VLSI chip for each of the cluster's viewpoints. Each array of sensors provides many small slices of the picture, permitting comparisons for changes in each tiny slice. Already the researchers have designed the microcircuitry chips for the selftracker, have had them made, and have tested them. When the project is finished, the VLSI chips will be mounted in a baseball-size cluster, which can function much like the multi-directional lens of a
flys eye. The novel design for a pixel-planes computer chip, flrst conceived as a flash in the mind of Henry Fuchs, grew and grew with the help of Fuchs' colleagues in the department and of other scientists, but especially with the originality and industry of graduate students in computer science. This impressive collegialig continues to be apparent in the new projects
surrounding Henry Fuchs. One observes a sense of fervor as he describes the work of his students and fellow faculty toward still more advanced display devices which they hope will make computers easier and less expensive for all of us. Betty Mushak ond Phyllis Lewis
Electord An analysis of presidential elections from lgM to 1980 may influence selection of party candidates and guide
campaign spending George B. RabinctLt:itz, Ph.D.,
Associate Professor of Politicol Science.
Political scientists are concerned with identifuing the primary components which determine the electorate's voting behavior. In seeking to optimize their vote-getting effectiveness, politicians tailor their campaigns to take adrantage of the publics expected voting patterns. Dr. George Rabinowitz, associate professor in the political science department, has developed a theoretical model of contemporary presidential elections which will assist the efforts of both students and practitioners of politics. Two key characteristics of the elections emerge from Rabinowitz' analysis. First, there has been a distinct shift from partisanship to ideology as the major element structuring the electorate's voting decisions. Party afflliation was the primary factor structuring the results of presidential elections from 19,14 to 1956. However,
the major structuring agent in elections since 1964 has been the voters'ideological assessment of the issues. Rabinowitz concludes that this trend will continue into the near future. Rabinowitz has also determined that the extent to which a particular state can influence the election outcome depends on the degree of competition existing in that state. Certainly the number of electoral votes allotted to a state is important, but Rabinowitz shows that a states effectiue electoralvote count will increase or decrease according to the state's tradition of competitiveness. He quantifies this notion and charts the effective electoral power of each state. A key part of Rabinowitz'analysis is summarized in the figure shown on the next page. The analysis is based on the spatial, or unfolding, model which is widely used in political science and psy-
chology as a tool to identiff individual choice patterns. The state-level model was developed from the individual unfolding model by Rabinowitz and his research assistant, Paul-Henri Gurian, and presented in their paper, "The Structure of Presidential Elections, 1944 to l980." The researchers first hypothesized that parly
and ideology would be the components most likely to account for the structure of voting in the presidentialelections since 1944. The two major political parties in the United States are important because of the fundamental role they play in candidate selection and also because some voters do develop clear loplties to the parties. This party component is simply defined in terms of Republican or Democratic vote. The researchers defined the ideology dimension as liberal on one end of the
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spectrum and conseMative on the other. The notion here was that while the specifrc campaign issues change over time, the liberal and consermtive side of issues remains clear. National political debate is often cast in ideologicalterms as politicians stake out their positions to the left or the right of the opposition. Thus this
long{erm, ideological positioning be comes an essential element in influencing the voter decision. The data used in constructing the election component model were the percentages of votes in each election that the Democrats received. The position of each state on the model represents a composite, or best approximation, of that state s voting record in the presidential elections from 1944 to 1980. Simultaneously, the individual election vectors were generated such that the projections of each state
along each election line gives an ordering of the states for that election from most to least support for the Democrats. It is important to realize that this ordering does not predict a winner; it only indicates the relative percentage of Democratic vote by each state. Also, no single election line is perfectly accurate. Any line could be adjusted slightly or the positions of the states could be changed a bit to produce a more accurate ordering for any single election. However, the state positioning and the election lines as shown represent the best possible compromise in attempting to chart the results of all ten elections. Each election line actually extends in each direction. In the model they are shown as vectors and positioned with a common origin simply to make it easier to recognize trends. The arrowhead indi-
cates the Democratic side of each election line. Consider the election of 1960 as an example. Projections on the Republican end suggest that the order of states showing least support for the Democrats was Nebraska-ldaho-Kansas. Actually, Nebraska uos the least Democratic state, but it was followed by Kansas and then Oklahoma. On the most Democratic end of the line, state projections will yield a predicted order of Georgia-Rhode IslandMassachusetts as the top three pro-Democratic states. The actual results produced a Rhode Island-Georgia-Massachusetts
order. Clearly the model is not perfectly reflective of the results of each election. However, no changes in the confrguration will produce greater agreement with the actual outcomes of all the elections. Up to this point, the model shows the relative clusterings of the states over
the sequence of elections. For instance, the several Southern states in the lower right of the model voted similarly---and strongly Democratic-in the elections from 1944 to 1956. The model also indicates that lhe noture of elections has changed since those four. In 1944 and again in 1964, the Democratic candidate won the election handily. However, the model suggests that a different factor was at work in influencing the two votes. Since the researchers had hypothesized that ideology and parly were the two major elements structuring voter behavior, they sought to test this by introducing explicit extemal criteria. To produce the PARIYaxis in the model, they used Davids Composite B index figures from 1942 to 1978, which is a standard measure of partisanship in each state. The IDEOLOGYaxis was developed from ratings of congressmen by Americans for Democratic Action and by Americans for Constitutional Action, the liberal and conserrative measurement groups. These axes were placed in the model in the positions that best matched the already produced state locations. The fits are impressive as they produce a high level of statistical conelation. Rabinowitz'model points to three findings concerning the structure of elections: (l) the components of PARIYand IDEOLOGYaTe the most significant factors in structuring recent, national voter behavior; (2) there has been a marked shift from party politics to elections driven by ideological assessments; and (3) the hend suggests that ideology will continue to be at the very least a significant determinant.
State Power
Georqe B. Robinouitz, Associote Professor of Politicnl Science, ond his uife Stuort Eloine Robinoutitz. lnstructor in lhe Deoortment of
each and A has only one vote. At flrst glance it might appear that B and C are more powerful than A, but if we consider the six possible orders, ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA, we will note that whoever is in the middle position is pivotal, and that the three actors are equally powerful, each occupying the crucial pivotal position two-sixths of the time. For example, in the first ABC order A has one vote, and when B's five votes are added, they have a winning coalition. In this case B was in the pivotal position, because its five votes were enough to make the coalition a winning one. Exactly the same logic would show C the pivotal player in the ACB order and A the pivotal player in the BAC order. Overall, Ab one vote is every bit as effective as the five
votesBandChave. The structure of elections has direct implications for the power of the states in determining the winner of presidential elections. The most widely used measure of power in weighted voting situations is the Shapley mlue, which defines the power of each actor in a multiperson game as the number of permutations, or orderings, in which that actor occupies the pivotal position, divided by the total number of orderings. The idea can be illustrated with a simple example. Suppose we have three actors A, B, and C; B and C have five votes
The electoral college contest is a weighted voting game where the states' electoral votes determine their ralues as players. Going back to the three-actor example, suppose that A, B, and C were states, and that Awas liberal and Democratic, B was consenative and Republican, and C was moderate and balanced between the parties. Further, suppose that in election after election the order of states from most Democratic to most Republican was, as we might expect, ACB. In this case, state C always occupies the pivotal position. ln no election in which
Politicol Science, exomine dato for of electorol pouer.
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this ACB order prerailed could C be on the losing side. In landslides, all three states may vote for one or the other candidate, but Cs choice would always win. In effect, C has all the power, not just one third of it because the contest for its votes is competitive. Professor Rabinowitz uses this argument to suggest that the Shapley lalue would be considerably improved if some attention were given to the expected order of states in elections rather than to assume equal probabilig. In their paper, "The Power of the States in Presidential Elections," Rabinowitz and Stuart Rabinowitz, also on the faculty of the Department of Political Science, construct a measure of each state's real power. They rely on the idea of the pivotal player but recognize that this pivotal player is more likely to be a competitive than a non-competitive state. The implications of the elections model is that any line drawn through the origin will simulate an election and generate a predicted ordering of the states. Beginning at one end of the ordering, the electoral votes of each successive state along the line can be added up until the necessary 269 electoral votes (one-half of the total 538) is reached. Whichever state finally puts the count over the 269 level becomes the pivotal state for this election. In general, Rabinowitz and his colleagues note that these predicted order-
on will be a good but imperfect indicator of which state will fall in the pivotal position. Using the elections model again, the researchers divide it into several sections, the most important being the modern sector. This sector is bounded by the 1964 election line and the 1976 line. Their state power measures are then based on the assumption that new election lines are likely to lie in this sector. The researchers simulate a set of new elections in the modern sector by locating an election vector in the most counterclockwise position of the sector and then by altering its orientation by two-degree increments until the most clockwise boundary is reached. At each position, the researchers add random normal perturbations which represent potential idiosyncratic effects. For each orientation, 10,000 different sets of simulated elections are generated, with each one yielding a most-to-least Democratic ordering as well as a predicted pivotal state. OveraII,470,000 simulated elections in the modern sector are constructed. From these, Rabinowitz ascertains the number of times a state might occupy the pivotal position and thus figures the real power rating of each state. The results of the ten most powerful states are shown in the chart, "Power of the States in the Modern ings
Sector."
Rccultg Not surprisingly, the three most powerful states in the modern sector are California, Texas, and New York. These are the states with the largest populations and the largest number of electoral votes. The simple order, however, does not reveal the extent to which competitiveness influences the distribution of power. California's electoral vote of 47 is estimated to be a very robust 64.6-equirralent to a gain of almost 18 electoral units. Texas, the second on the list and significantly less powerful, is also quite adrantaged by its spatial position, as it picks up eight electoral units. New York's strength stays about the same. Of the others among the ten most powerful states, Illinois, Ohio, and New Jersey realize substantial gains in effective electoral weight. At the bottom of Rabinowitz' list showing voting power in the modern sector are
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the least powerful states. As one would expect, these states tend to be small or politically predictable. Massachusetts, while not small, is very predictable and is far and away the biggest loser in voting strength. The state drops from 13 electoral votes to a power rating of less than two. This leaves Massachusetts with less than one-seventh of its original voting strength.
Rabinowitz notes that this analysis can be used in planning campaign tactics. Both in the allocation of funds and the choosing of party candidates, an appreciation of the real power of the states will enhance the strategy. Over the 1944-1980 time frame the Republican party has selected candidates from strong and powerful states far more frequently than has the Democratic party. Indeed, in every election in the period except for 1944 and 1964 the Republican party has nominated the candidate from the stronger state, and in 1944 both were New Yorkers. The Republican sensitivity to California is also impressive; a Republican presidential or vice presidentialnominee has come from California in every election in the period except for 1944, 1964, and 1976. The 1980 Reagan-Bush ticket was optimum from the perspective of state power, with the presidential candidate representing the most powerful state and the vice presidential candidate the second most powerful. And what about the 1984 election? "lf you look at it abstractly," says Rabinowitz, "Glenn seems like the preferable choice over Mondale. He is from a strong, Midwestern state and he is likely to reduce the ideological differentiation between the Democrats and the Republicans." This
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second point is important. Rabinowitz notes that even though the Democrats have a two-to-one edge over the Republicans in voter registration, they seem to be having little success in selling their more liberal positioning to the national electorate. In elections where ideology is the signiflcant determining factor, Republicans appear to have an adrantage. Recognition of this might lead the Democrats to choose the candidate whose platform will be somewhat closer ideologically to the traditional Republican position. In doing this, the Democrats will be hoping to force a party-oriented election.
-Merle
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George Robinouilz ot LDOrk in o fouctrile positictn on his ctffice fktor.
Reinforcingthe LivingTladition
Doniel W Polterson, Ph.D., Professor of
Erl lish. serDes os Choirmon of the Cun.iculum in Folkk-tre.
Rich and distinctive traditions thrive in our society; yet for a rariety of reasons they frequently pass unnoticed by the general public. To inform us of these important but unremarked customs and beliefs and to inspire respect for the people who live them are the goals of the University's Curriculum in Folklore. These purposes are especially apparent
in the curriculum's current film-making project, the'American Tiaditional Culture Series." The series has been researched and produced by folklore chairman Dr. Daniel\{ Patterson and his graduate students, in collaboration with Tom Davenport Films. The films, three of which are complete, have been shown at rarious regional festivals, and one has been used for public television programming. For Patterson it is essential that each depiction of folk life be accurate and complete. In making the films, he and his students strive to avoid popular characterizations and to present interpretations that witl not distort their subjects' history or importance. Patterson points out that public exposure for this type of research can have practical and significant effects. "Too of-
Folklore film series provides glimpses of
obscure contemporary culture.
ten," he says, "our policy makers are unfamiliar with the culture of groups affected by their decisions. They may, in fact, rely more upon fantasy and preconceived notions than on fact." Patterson hopes that the films will broaden the perspectives of rarious audiences. "We want
medicine show. The third fllm of the Series, Being o Joines: A Life in the Brushy Mountains, features John E. Joines, a superb Nonh Carolina raconteur whose tales show the integrity and cultural traditions with which mountain people have met hardship and wrenching social
to reinforce the living tradition," he says. The frlm series will also promote the curriculum's collection of educational resources in Southern culture. Tb accompany each film, Patterson and his students have prepared a study guide, which
changes.
provides background information on the content, an overview of the research methodology, and a transcription of the soundtrack with commentary notes. The outtakes-footage frlmed but not shown in the flnal version-will become part of the University's Southern Non-print Folklore fuchives, to be housed as a special collection in the Louis R. Wilson Library. In addition, many still photographs and tape recordings will be included in the collection. The first frlm, The Shokers, presents a historical review of the 200-year-old American religious sect, with interviews and song performances by present-day Shakers. Born for Hord Luch, the Series' second film, portrays a Southern black musician named Mhur "Peg Leg Sam" Jackson. "Peg Leg Sam" plays the harmonica, sings, and performs in a live
The fourth frlm will focus on The Golden Echoes, a gospel quartet made up primarily of members of the Landis family of Granville County, North Carolina. Originally formed 25 years ago, the group is representative of a flourishing contemporary tradition, an example of what Patterson calls "the cutting edge of folklore." This black singing group has offered rich insights into the ways folk music both serves and symbolizes the rise of this black family from tenantfarming status into economic success and community leadership. This blend of scholarship and art in a form capable of being communicated to the public has been the goal of the Series' contributors.
--Ltlerle Thorpe Contributors to the frlm series include the follor,ving: National Endonment lor the Humanities, National Endowment for the Arts, North Carolina Arts Council, Man'DLike Biddle Foundation, Hillsdale Fund, and .lohn \\i and Anna H. Hanes Foundation.
Students in the folklore curriculum houe cop tured on film The Golden Echoes' twenty-fifth 'Annioersary Concert," which the group per formed in 1983 for an oudience in Creedmoor. North Corolino. The filrning of the concert uos the culminotion of rnonths of uork by Dr. Doniel Pcttterson and his students aith members of The Golden Echoes and thei fomilies.
foran Energy-horState Universi[z researchers explore potential for converting North Carolinas rast peatlands into an energy resource.
North Carolina is not energy independent. That statement may surprise many citizens, but it is a fact that no signiflcant supply of native fossil fuel currently contributes to the state's power needs. Rivers within state borders do provide hydroelectricity; wood, wind, and sunlight furnish other forms of energy. But clearly North Carolinians rely heavily on exogenous resources to power their lives. Another arailable resource, however, with the potential to put a considerable dent in the state's negative balance of energy, is peat. Primarily used in the United States as a garden fertilizer, peat is a raluable fuel in a number of countries lacking energy sources. ln lreland peat-supplied power plants generate one-fourth of the country's electricity. Finland uses local peat-fired facilities to produce both electricity and home heating. In l9l4 Russia built the world's first electric power plant fueled exclusively by peat. Today the Soviet Union operates about 100 peat-powered stations which generate five percent of the nation's total electrical output. These countries and others have developed the technology for putting peat to work. Physically unattractive, peat is muddy, partly decomposed plant matter that accumulates in murlry bogs. But in the 1970's, recognized as a potential alternative fuel source, peat began to look rather appealing. Peat reserves in the United States were estimated to exceed in energy potential the total of all other native fossil fuels excluding coal. To tap this previously unexploited resource, scientists have begun research that will reveal the
quantig and location of peat in the United States. In 1979 the North Carolina Energy lnstitute with $100,000 of seed money funded Dr. Roy L. Ingram, professor in the Department of Geology, to inventory the quantity, quality, and location of peat resources in North Carolina. The U.S. Department of Energy followed with an additional $350,000 to support the project. Lee J. Otte, then a Ph.D. candidate in geology at the University and now an assistant professor at East Carolina University, was lngram's main research associate. Last year, Thomas W. Witner, a master's student in geology, became the project's research assistant. Each summer since 1979, ten to fifteen geology students have participated in the laborious field work, which has involved trudging through swamps, using machetes to make paths through overgrown thickets, and taking carefully controlled samples of peat10,000 in all. The field work was concluded in 1983. During the proiect, five reports were issued, each summarizing the flndings of a particular geographic area. A comprehensive statement for the DOE and the Energy Institute is now in progress. The researchers used soil maps as guides in locating potential peat deposits. All regions of the state distinguished on these maps as histosols were studied. A histosol is soil containing greater than 30
percent organic matter; peat itself contains more than 75 percent organic matter. Peat was found to occur in North Carolina in three geologic settings: the coastal swamps, the Carolina Bays, and
the river flood plains. The three are restricted to the easternmost counties of the state. Ingram concentrated most of the proiect's efforts on the coastal swamp deposits since these represent the most commercially viable source of peat. More than 80 percent of the state's peat is located in these swamplands. The proiect team also developed estimates of the peat deposits contained in the 500 Carolina Bays that are 100 acres or larger in size. These elliptical swamps account for about five percent of the peat deposits. The river flood plains would tikely be the least fruitful harvest areas. Ingrams study made only rough estimates of their potential, though Wtner's master's thesis presents an investigation of one such area, the Chowan River flood plain. Ingram's task was to locate and map fuel-grade deposits suitable for commercialreclamation. In doing so, he focused on peat possessing two characteristics. First, for it to be commercially feasible to harvest peat by the current excamting technologies-either by the sod peat or the milled peat harvesting method-the peat must extend down from the flelds surface a minimum of four feet. In charting the location of the state's peatlands, Ingram produced isopach maps of each region investigated. These maps mark the peat deposits with lines indicating successive thickness intenals of two feet. The second feature of concern to Ingram was that the heating ralue of the peat exceed 8,000 Btu per moisture-free pound. This determination was made through laboratory analysis of the gathered peat samples.
Samples were collected at one-foot in-
tenals using a Macauley peat sampler which extracts from the ground a l2-inch cylindrical core with diameter of one and frve-eighths inches. The depth and loca-
tion of each sample were charted. In the Universitys geology laboratories, the moisture content of the peat was determined by weighing the sample, heating it at 105" C until dry and then weighing what was left. The percentage of ash in the peat compositon was found by heating the moisture-free substance at 550" C until all organic material was burned off. Alt that remained was inorganic ash. Peat with ash content of greater than 25 percent is considered unsuitable for fuel because of its low heating value. The majority of peat samples analyzed contained about 10 percent or less ash. Sample Btu values were determined by the DOE taboratories in Pittsburgh. The preliminary flndings of the research project indicate that North Carolina has about 460 square miles of peat reserves greater than four feet in thickness. These could yield some 329 million tons of moisture-free peat. "This is considerably less," says lngram, "than the initial government estimates, but still represents a vast resource." With current technological efficiencies, it is estimated that this peat resource could fuel each of flve 800 megawatt electric power plants for more than twenty years. lngram estimates that North Carolina's peat deposits, estimated to be two percent of this country's total, could cover all of North
Carolina's electrical power needs for eight to ten years. Peat can also be used to synthesize
methanol. This liquid fuel is increasingly being used to directly power converted automobiles and trucks. Methanol is also used to boost octane ratings and the resulting fuel burns cleaner than leaded gasoline. lngram warns that environmental problems can result from the harvesting of peatlands. For example, drainage of swamplands, which is necessary for peat mining, can contaminate other waters, promote erosion, or significantly change the natural ecosystem. Harvesting of the peat, especially if the milled peat method is utilized, can be detrimental to air quality. Dried, airborne dust particles will be difflcult to control. In addition, peat combustion emits sulfur dioxide and carbon
dioxide in ways similar to the burning of coal or oil. The side effects of using peat as fuel may, in fact, contribute to the formation of acid rain or augment the dangerous "greenhouse effect" which threatens to alter the earth's environment. Ingram, however, is optimistic that careful research and applied technological solutions will signiflcantly decrease the likelihood of harmful effects. The United States probably holds l5 percent of the world's peat reserves. Certainty the first step in a reasoned approach to developing this new energy po-
tential for the future is a comprehensive, physical emluation of the supply of that resource. In North Carolina this job has now been done.
-Merle
Thorpe
t2
W Pruetl, Ph.D., Prc-tfessor and Chainnon of the Deportment of Music
Bto@toChapelHilt Permanent addition of large prirate collection adds new dimension to resources
of Universitys Music Library. A major collection of over 4,000 Italian librettos-"the biggest and best" collection of scripts and programs of opera presentations to be offered for sale to the international music world in several decades-has been acquired by the Music Library unit of the University's Academic Affairs Library. "With this addition, we now have one ofthe largest collections in the world of scores and librettos," says Dr. James Pruett, professor and chairman of the Department of Music. "There aren't many places with collections this size or of this special character." The trail of the collection of ltalian librettos began in 1982 while Pruett was stalng in Paris during a research leave. A long{ime acquaintance, rare book dealer Richard Macnutt of Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England, contacted Pruett to alert him to the possibility that such a collection could be coming on the market. The owner was not identifled, as is often the case when major prirate collections are
brought forward. Pruett points out that such collections come up only rarely, and when they do, they become arailable through a very few select dealers around the world, one of whom is Macnutt. After Macnutt's call, Pruett contacted Music Librarian Margaret E Lospinuso back in Chapel Hill to request that she begin trying to secure the funds. As a result of much creative effort by a number of University people, the price of the collection was found from a combination of sources, namely the Music Department, the University Library System, the Chancellor's Offlce, and the Offrce of the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. "This was the first time we've bought anything like this---a large prirate collection of operatic materials---and it was very exciting to bring home," Pruett says. The collection of 4,183 ltalian librettos includes 54 from the seventeenth century 265 from the eighteenth century, 3,046 from the nineteenth century and 818
items from the early twentieth century. A catalog that is part of the collection lists 2,558 of the librettos in chronological order and gives details of performances, including names of theaters and performers. Of the 2,558 cataloged librettos, at least 1,054 are first editions, including first editions of the works generally accepted as the frrst operas, Dofne and L'Euridice,
both published in Florence in 1600. Pruett explains that music had been used extensively with dramatic presentations before that time, but about that date music became the sustaining and amplifying element of presentations that came to be known as operas. The collection also turned up a number of previously unknown operas and some anomalies, such as a libretto titled "ll Tiaviato," a didactic satire possibly based on Lo Trouioto ("The Fallen Woman"), that was presented for an audience of Naples school boys. Among 47
EA
editions of the operas from the seventeenth century only sixteen were listed in Sonneck's comprehensive Cotologue of Opero Librettos printed before 1800, a fact which gives some measure of the scholarly ralue of the Music Library addition. Twenty-six premieres and 25 revirals of operas, seven oratorios, and two miscellaneous works are among the seventeenth-century group. Composers of the premieres include Peri, Kapsberger, Sacrati, Luccio, and Alessandra Scarlatti; the revimls include four by Caralli and three by M. A. Ziani. Librettists include Rinuccini,'lionsarelli, Badoaro, Sbarra, Minato, and Stampiglia. Some 156 premieres and 93 revirals of operas from the eighteenth century are in the collection. Premiere composers represented in the group include Alessandro Scarlatti, Pollarolo, Perti, Domenico, Scarlatti, Predieri, Orlandini, Gasparini, Man-
cini, Viraldi, Porpora, Porta, Leonardo Vinci, Leo, Feo, Constanzi, Pescetti, Giacomelli, Sarro, Hasse, Galuppi, Rinaldo da Capua, Logroscino, Latilla, Reutten, Giuseppe Scarlatti, Jommelli, Lampugnani, Cocchi, Perez, Sarti, Anfossi, and Bertoni. Librettists represented are Salvi, Capeci, Zeno, Silrani, Pariati, Lalli, Metastasio, Barlocci, and Roccaforte. In Macnutts summary description of the eighteenth-century items, he notes that Metastasio, one of the most important of all librettists, is represented by 25 librettos of the premieres of operas set to his texts, including the first settings of three editions of his texts and early settings of ten later editions. An additional facet of interest from the period is the inclusion in the cast lists for the Roman settings of names of many great caslroti, women having been banned from the Roman stage throughout the eighteenth century. The bulk of the librettos, 3,046 items, are from the nineteenth century and include 872 world premieres. Among the composers are Rossini, Donizetti, Valentino Fioralanti, Nicolini, Zingarelli, Mayr, Cimarosa, Paer, Pavesi, Generali, Weigl, Coccia, Carafa, Pacini, Winter, Morlacchi, Mercadante, Puccini, Verdi, Lauro Rossi, Catalani, Franchetti, and Leoncamllo. First editions include Rosinni's "'lurco in Italia," Boito's "Mefi stofele," Ponchielli's "Gioconda," Mascagnis "Caralliera Rusticana," and Leoncarallo's "Pagliacci." The
l3
Verdi group has premieres of "Un giorno di regno," "Lombardi," "l due Foscari,"
"Gioranna de'fuco," "Battagilia di Legnano," "Simon Boccanegra," "Otello," and "Falstaff." Some of the many early editions appear under other titles because of political or censorship considerations. Some 746 of the nineteenth-century pieces were printed for performances in the numerous opera houses of Milan, where La Scala, perhaps the most famous opera house of them all, was by then frrmly established. The emphasis on opera in the Music Library which this recent acquisition enhances, reflects the importance of this genre to the study of Western culture. Opera brings together the cultural, political, and sglistic forms of its time, and for this reason, it is one of the best mediums for studying the past. The libretto collection, with its documentation of information sought by scholars in other fields, has importance beyond the fleld of musicology. For students of literature, the collection shows the interrelationship of language and music in the opera form. Since many of the materials in the collection describe performers and revisions as the operas were taken from place to place, the collection can be useful in studying historical developments. Furthermore, synopses of ballets for the operas found with 145 of the nineteenth-century librettos provide an important source for the study of the ltalian ballet. The ltalian librettos ioin another important recent addition to the Music Library's resources, a microfilm of the Library of Congress' Schatz Collection, which was once the prirate collection of a music store owner with a grand passion for opera. The Schatz materials contain more than 12,000 librettos. The notebooks accompanying the collection, considered an essential starting point for scholars of opera history list performers for thousands of performances. Pruett explains the reasons for these recent acquisitions: "ln a large research library such as ours, we try to predict the course of research. In the 1960's we thought it might be going to opera and that has come true. In fact, over the past ten to fifteen years, a number of students have written their dissertations on the history of opera." Pruett and the music faculty believe that it is not enough to train
Music Librctriarr Margoret Lospirtusrt cotalogs one of the 4,lB.i ltolion librettos recentlt, oc quired by the Uniucrsitv.s Departrnent ol Music. Monou,ing such ct qroutinq resour(( in ttntes ol tiQht personnel bttdqets is a siqnificont prctblem; vet Dr. Lospinuso and her staff ctqrce thot it is sr-tmethinq etf o "hctppt, pxhlcnt."
graduate students on microfilm; primary materials are necessary both for teaching and for faculty research. Pruett also points out that a research library collects all kinds of materials not merely on hunches but on the clear expectation that they will have research \alue. "You're never sure how it will be used," he says. "We don't buy iust for our faculty; we buy for the fleld. Such a collection of material evolves, and over the long run the goal is to frll gaps in the collection, frequently in response to scholars' requests. Furthermore," he adds, "the
acquisition of the collection of ltalian librettos will make it easier to increase our holdings. When the next collection comes up, they will think of us and we
will decide whether we want it. Having such a collection acts also as a magnet for talented students and faculg." 'A number of factors are important in assembling such a scholarly resource," Lospinuso observes. "The elements that come together at UNC-Chapel Hill are those that make the difference between a good and a great library."
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The laboratory of Professor Geoffrey Haughton of the Department of Microbiology and lmmunology has recently yielded several important findings about the immune response which adlance scientifrc inquiry into the nature and cause of cancer. Perhaps as important as the research findings, however, are the tools for study which Haughton and his assistants are making alailable for other researchers.
An essential element in these contributions began nearly ten years ago when Peter Wettstein, then a doctoral student in Haughton's laboratory, developed an inbred strain of mice (BIO U-Za H4DpAMts or'2a4b"). These carefully pedigreed mice, all as closely related to one another as identicaltwins, provide a unique model for the study of lymphomas, or tumors of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Eighty percent of these mice develop lymphomas after stimulation of the immune system. Most other animal models for this gpe of cancer depend on infection with cancer-causing viruses or administration of chemical carcinogens, which usually affect only a specialized type of cell and result only in tumors derived from that cell type. By using this
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special strain of mice, Haughton, his associates, and graduate students have generated far more primary tumors than was originally expected-indeed far more than they have been able to transplant and characterize. Cells from nearly 1,000 tumors have been stored under liquid nitrogen for future research. Haughton's work also demonstrates the ralue of another UNC-Chapel Hill research aid, the fluorescent-actimted cell sorter located in the Flow Cytometry Facility. Using two lasers and two computers, the facility can rapidly analyze and sort particles ranging in size from less than one micrometer to at least eighg micrometers. Haughton and his students use it to study receptors and other markers found on the surfaces of cells, and to sort mixed-cell populations. Wth the adrantage of this unique mouse modeland the Flow Cytometry Facility, researchers under Haughton's direction study the mrious lymphomas produced in the mice. These are a varied group of tumors, derived from specialized types of lymphocytes called Tcells and B cells. Lymphomas have been found which represent several different stages along the pathway to development from
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"stem" cells to mature Tor B cells. A small minority of the tumors are derived from another type of white blood cell called a macrophage. These "accessory" cells are present in normal lymphoid tissues and participate together with Tcells and B cells in the development of normal immune responses. The model system used in this research has a number of particularly appealing features. Because these tumors originate in an inbred strain, they can be propagated indeflnitely by serial transplantation to other 2a4b mice and thus studied repeatedly. Many of them can also be propagated in tissue culture. Because the rarious tumors occur in genetically identical individuals, the factor of genetic influence on tumor type and tumor cell properties is eliminated. Another adrantage of this lymphoma system is that the many different types of lymphomas occur without deliberate application of any obviously noxious stimulus, a distinction that makes the disease these researchers study more similar to human lymphoma than other experimental models. By studying these lymphocyte malignancies, Haughton expects to be able to
l5
learn more about normal lymphocytes, especially about the sequential changes which occur as the cell matures or "differentiates." Some of these tumors are not irretrierably "frozen" at a particular stage of development but can be pushed down the differentiation pathway just like the normal cells which they represent. This adrantage makes it possible for Haughton's group to study under controlled conditions the changes in lymphocytes as they mature and to apply the results to understanding the way in which these cells participate in development and control of the normal immune response.
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Exploring the Caucec of Cancer Haughton's research with the 2a4b mice has enabled him to recognize certain inherited susceptibilities to cancer. Observing that 2a4b mice, but not any of several other genetically related strains develop the disease, Haughton used what he knew about the differences between the mouse strains to identiff two small groups of genes which seem to determine susceptibility to lymphogenesis. One of these sets of genes, the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), plays an important role in regulating and controlling the normal immune response. This fact implies that some sort of aberration in the control mechanism is at the root of the peculiar susceptibility to lymphoma development displayed by 2a4b mice. Haughton's research has shor,vn further that conditions that disturb the control mechanisms of the normal immune response also favor development of lymphomas. These include frndings that treatment of the recipient mouse with immuno-suppressive drugs, irradiation, or surgical remoml of the thymus-each calculated to further depress regulatory mechanisms-increases the incidence and speeds the development of lymphoma. Aging, he has found, also plays a role in lymphoma induction. By rarying the age of the donor mouse, Haughton has been able to show that there is a markedly greater susceptibility during transition from youth to middle age, denoting probably an increase in the number or arailability of pre-cancerous or "preneoplastic" cells. This phenomenon, which occurs well before there is any significant
number of spontaneous lymphomas in the mice, provides a means for studying the relationship between incidence of the disease and the aging process, with its simultaneous deterioration and change of the immune response. Forty of these tumors have been characterized as B-cell lymphomas, which represent the most extensive experimental model of this disease. Chris Pennell, a Ph.D. candidate in the genetics curiculum working under the direction of Dr. Haughton, has discovered that those B cells which become malignant in 2a4b mice represent only a small subset of the total number of B cells present in the mice. Therefore, it appears that only a very restricted number of normal B cells are at risk of becoming malignant. This subset is defined by the use of a particular group of genes by these B cells. Pennell has learned of this restriction through study of both the genes and their products. When expressed on the surface of the cells, the gene products bear markers which can be used to identiff and classiff these tumors. Pennell has made special reagents, called anti-idiotype sera, which recognize and bind these markers. His studies have also shown similarities in the B-cell lymphomas at the DNA level. An exciting possibilig raised by Pennells work is that human B-cell lymphomas may also represent just a small subset of B cells. If this is so, Pennell predicts that a panel of reagents can be pro-
duced and used to type and quickly treat a large number of B-cell tumors.
Experimenting to Find a Cure Professor Haughton and others working
with him have had some success in eradicating B-celltumors in the mice. The experiments have involved the preparation of the specific reagent, or antiidiotype sera, against the markers born on the surface of two tumors of the B-cell type. These antisera were then adminis-
tered to 2a4b mice which had been inoculated with lethal doses of the two tumors. This procedure resulted in total destruction of every tumor cell in the body and effected a permanent cure of the disease without in any way damaging the normal tissues of the animal. By studying rariables such as the tumor burden at the time of treatment, the dose of the reagent used, and the timing of its administration, Haughton has been able to define the limited conditions under which this treatment can be effective and to provide some insight into the mechanisms by which it works. For example, he is now able to show that this treatment can handle only a relatively small tumor burden, although the effect of the treatment can be extended when it is combined with subcurative doses of chemotherapeutic drugs. Haughton was the first to demonstrate this form of therapy. Since the publication
Dr. Lony Arnokl, reseorch os.s/-slanl prriessor, checks the inner section of one of the losers on thc floa cvloilrcln equiprnent retr:ntly oc quin:d bv the I.tNC-Chopel llill Medkol School
of Dr. Haughton's findings, his approach has found some limited application in the treatment of human disease, although substantial scientific and logistic problems must be overcome before it can be widely used.
StEdyirg Cell Difrerentietion Induced differentiation of a B-cell tumor normal Tcells is the subiect of a dissertation project now undenray by Nicki LoCascio, a doctoral student in the genetics cuniculum. LoCascio explains that 'differentiation" is the term used to describe the maturation process whereby the B-cell lymphocyte becomes a plasma cell, which produces an antibody. LoCascio is examining the signals which bring about this transformation. Her work involves one of the forty B-cell tumors alailable in Professor Haughton's laboratory. Hers is very special since, as she explains, "We have been able to identiff the antigen that this tumor was pre-programmed to recognize prior to becoming malignant. This antigen can be found on the red blood cells from sheep." Normal B cells move to the active state of secreting antibody under the influence of othet lymphocytes---the Tcells. This occurs after antigen has entered the body and is identified as being a foreign substance. The antigen binds to the antibody on the surface of a specific B cell and is identical to the antibody that is eventually
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secreted. This secretion is triggered by differentiative signals sent by the Tcell, but as yet details of this process remain unclear. Wth the discovery that sheep
erythrocytes can bind to the tumor cells, LoCascio has a single population of cells which she can move from a frozen state to a differentiated state in a controlled physiological manner. With this, LoCascio is able to ask how the cell communicates with other cells, how they "chat among themselves." She has found that the B cell needs a specific antigen to bind its antibody and that T cells, in order to induce the B cell to secrete, need to be able to recognize antigen on the B cell's surface. LoCascio explains that problems in communication between Tcells and B cells can lead to disease. Her work promises to be a particularly powerful tool for investigating regulatory mechanisms operative in the immune response. The work in Haughton's laboratory focusing on cell differentiation demonstrates that tumors are analogs for normal cells. In fact, there are admntages in using tumor cells for studying normal cells because with tumor cells a single clone is arailable in large numbers and thus experiments can be repeated precisely. The Flor,v Cytometry Facility is an especially helpful tool for this type of study. It has provided detailed analyses of cell-surface markers of different tumors in ways that help to define differentiative pathways of normal lymphocytes. 'lu-
mors, as these researchers have found, may be uniform populations of cells arrested at a stage of differentiation which may be expressed only transiently by normal cells. They have also found that application of differentiative signals to tumor cells results in changes in function and of expressed cell-surface markers. Obsenation of these changes establishes sequence patterns and permits conelation between cell structure and function, all of which may have counterparts in normal cells. To date Haughton and his group have concentrated their efforts on those tumors consisting of uniform populations of cells which are derived from and retain the characteristics of normal B cells, T cells, or macrophages. More recently, they have begun to turn attention to the large number of tumors which are more difflcult to classiff either because they do not display the particular features characteristic of mature Tcells, B cells, or macrophages or because they contain more than one of these cell types (a "mixed-cell" tumor). Some of these probably represent earlier stages in the differentiative pathways of B cells and T cells; others may represent tumors of the lymphocytic stem cells which retain the ability to differentiate along either pathway.
Thus the 2a4b mouse strain, the result of a UNC-Chapel Hill doctoral research project, has become an inraluable model for the study of the genetics of cancer. Although only a small percentage of the lymphomas arising in these mice have been investigated in detail, important ad\ances have been made. The wied research proiects ongoing in Professor Haughton's laboratory are all directed to adrancing a better understanding of the relationship between aging, the immune response, and susceptibility to cancer. There is a wealth of information to be gained from this mouse{umor system. The described proiects are only the beginning and this laboratory will be producing respected research for many years to come. Lewis
-Phyllis
'Ihis project has recerved [unding friim the Nalional Cancer Institute of the National lnstitutes of Health. r{rant nurnber CA23770.
demic year plus tuition and fees. It is expected that recipients will accept the stipends during their first two years of study, then resewe the third par of the award for their dissertation year. This will allow each to spend one or two years as teaching or research assistants in the intenal, this being a highly desirable training period for future faculty members.
C.rollnr lllnorlty
Crreduetc $chool Fectr
Foetdoctord Scholen Applications for admission to the GraduThe Graduate School has announced that funds are arailable to initiate a new program, "Carolina Minorig Postdoctoral Scholars,'beginning in 1984. Five recent minority doctoral degree recipients will be selected each par in a nationwide competition for two-),ear appointments as postdoctoral research scholars, with some priority given to applicants in those disciplines where such appointments are rare. Stipends of $21,000 per annum for one- or two-year periods are arailable in addition to some travel and research funds. Scholars will be expected to participate in mrious activities in their home departments, but will spend the majority of their efforts in research. It is expected that eight to ten scholars will be in residence in any one year.
norcl$Afdrt Associate Dean Henry Dearman spent three weeks in West Germany in November as a guest of the German Academic Exchange Service (DMD) in seminars relating to intemational exchange of graduate students. DMD is supported by the German government to oversee an extensive program of exchange of faculty and students in countries around the world. For some time now one or two German students have studied at Chapel Hill each par while one or two of our graduate students have spent an academic year in a German university, mostly at the expense of DMD. This represents one of a number of exchange programs recently negotiated the Graduate School in its attempt to renew attention and efforts touard increasing the international student presence at Chapel Hill.
I
ate School for 1983-84 totaled 9,547, rep-
resenting a 15 percent drop from the 1976 level, but this is almost the same number as in 1981 and 1982. It is noteworthy that enrollment levels have remained steady over this period without diminution of quality of those students accepted and enrolled. applicants for Fall 1983 totaled 7,384, of whom 34 percent were offered admission; 1,609 residents of North Carolina applied and 46 percent were offered admission.
-Non-resident registration
the 1982-83 academic year ap-
-During proximately
2,800 graduate students received stipends from the University, including 2,150 service appointments as teaching and research assistants, graduate assistants, etc., and about 650 were awarded nonservice fellowships. Stipends for graduate students from all sources totaled $12,500,000 for the fiscal year. Graduate School is nearing com-
-The pletion of its l0-year cycle of review of all graduate programs on campus. This process, begun in 1974 by Dean Lyle Jones, requires an intensive self study each program, follorved with a two-day visit by a team of experts invited from outstanding institutions across the country who write a critical report. This report then becomes the subiect of a program response and subsequent review the Program Review Committee of the Administrative Board of the Graduate School.
I
I
Pogue Fellor,vships Program has 1984-85 and subsequent years since the Morehead Foundation has changed its priorities and Graduate Morehead Fellornships
-The been changed significantly for
will no longer be awarded. Under the new plan, graduate programs will submit names of nominees for Graduate School awards, and the most promising of these will be awarded three-year Pogue Fellor,vships with stipends of $8,000 per aca-
Professor G. Philip Manire has and Dean for the period 1984-89.
-Kenan been reappointed Vice Chancellor
Hoover, formerly Assistant to the
-Renee Vice Chancellor and Dean, was named
Assistant Dean of the Graduate School in May. In this position, her principal responsibilities are in the areas of graduate programs, program review, and minority affairs.
Endeevorr Research and Graduate Education at The Universitu of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Winter t984 Volume I Number I Endeouors is a magazine published three times a par by the Office of Research Services, a division of the Graduate School of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Each issue ofEndeouors describes only a few of the many research projects undertaken faculty and students of the Universig.
I
Requests for permission to reprint material, readers'
comments, and requests for extra copies should be sent to the Edilor, Endeauorc, OIfice of Research Services, 300 Bynum Hall 008A, The University of North Grolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 (telephone 919/966-5625). Chancellor: Christopher C. Fordham, III Vice Chancellor and Dean of the Graduate School: G. Philip Manire Director, Offrce of Research Services: Donald M. Wood Editor: Phyllis H. Lewis Assistant Editor: Merle Thorpe Editorial Assistant: Stephanie Ben Photographer: Will Owens Designer: Richard Hendel Cover: Third-generation Pixel-planes chip developed
in Universityb Department of Computer Science. Pro fessor Henry Fuchs, originator of the concept, and Research Assistant Professor John Poulton with a prototype display produced by the Pixel-planes system. Story begins on page l. Front cover photography by Jerry Markatos.
O
[
The Universig of North Carolina at Chapel States. All rights resewed. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the consent of The University of North Carolina at Chapel 1984
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