EnergetikaNET, št./No. 14, Maj/May 2014 by Alenka Žumbar

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Brezplačna revija za naročnike portala Energetika.NET / For the subscribers of Energetika.NET, the Magazine is free of charge

št. 14 / No. 14 Maj 2014 / May 2014

Energetika.NET • št. 14 / No. 14, maj 2014 / May 2014

FOKUS: TRGOVANJE

FOCUS: TRADING

• Na Balkanu kljub zmedi trgovci iščejo svoje priložnosti • Izzivi trgovcev z energijo v regiji jugovzhodne Evrope

• Despite a Confusion in the Balkans, Traders Looking for Opportunities • Challenges of Energy traders in South East Europe

Repo, Šrptaanijžee, iz BiH Italije, Poljske

Intervjuji / Interviews: Maria van der Hoeven, IEA Sanja Božinovska, Rudnap Bo Palmgren, Danske Commodities Branko Žibret, A.T. Kearney, Frédéric Hug, Euroheat & Power Thomas Henningsen, Greenpeace Jeroen Schuppers, EK/EC

RepmoBiHrt,aSpgaine,s fro Italy, Poland

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O Energetiki.NET so povedali … Others about Energetika.NET ... Energetika.NET je skoraj edini, vsekakor pa najtemeljitejši medij za pregled dogodkov na energetskem področju v JV Evropi. Energetsko skupnost, katere sekretariat zdaj vodim, pokriva praktično v celoti, tako da je skoraj naše »uradno glasilo«. Vsekakor sem njen pravi domet spoznal šele na Dunaju, kjer je v krogih Energetske skupnosti cenjen in spoštovan medij, tako da sem zmeraj ponosen, da prihaja iz Slovenije. Energetika.NET is nearly the only, but definitely the most thorough medium providing coverage of energy-related news in the Southeast Europe. It has been covering the Energy Community, the Secretariat of which I am currently head of, almost entirely so we consider the portal almost our “official newsletter”. I definitely recognised its reach only in Vienna where it is a widely appreciated and respected medium within the Energy Community sphere, so I am always proud that it is based in Slovenia. Mag. Janez Kopač, direktor Sekretariata Energetske skupnosti / MSc; Director of the Energy Community Secretariat

Energetika.NET predstavi vse pomembne informacije o energetiki, zlasti trajnostni, hitro in primerno poglobljeno. Z novinarskega stališča pa so izjemno koristni dogodki, ki jih pripravlja ekipa Energetike.NET, saj uspe vedno znova za mizo spraviti najbolj kompetentne govorce iz Slovenije in tujine. Dobrodošla novost so tudi okoljevarstveno obarvane knjige za otroke, saj je bila prej izbira čtiva za eko bralno značko v šolah precej borna. Energetika.NET provides all the relevant news on energy, especially sustainable energy, up-to-date and in an aptly thorough way. For a journalist, something very useful is the events organised by the Energetika.NET team, who manage time and again to bring together the most competent speakers from Slovenia and abroad. Their environmentally-themed children’s books are also a welcome change from the previously rather poor selection of eco literature in schools. Borut Tavčar, novinar Dela / journalist with Slovenian Daily Delo

Energetika.NET? Cenim in priporočam. Redno berem spletno izdajo Energetike.NET, ki je zelo koristna, vsebuje vsestranske in ažurne informacije. Prispevki so raznoliki, verjamem, da vsakdo najde kakšnega, ki ga posebno zanima. Poleg celovite slike dogajanja v Sloveniji in izbranih aktualnosti iz EU so na voljo zbrane tudi informacije o dogajanju v soseščini. Energetika.NET? I appreciate and recommend it. I regularly read the online issue of Energetika.NET, which is very useful, and contains comprehensive and up-to-date information. The articles are diverse, and I believe that everyone can find one of special interest to them. In addition to a comprehensive picture of events in Slovenia and selected topical issues from the EU it provides information on the affairs in the neighbourhood. Marko Senčar, Evropska agencija za sodelovanje energetskih regulatorjev - ACER / European Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER)

Spletni portal Energetika.NET je zagotovo medij, ki mu v Sloveniji upravičeno rečemo »energetski portal«. Pod eno streho združevati vse vsebine pestrega energetskega trga, ki so hkrati dovolj poglobljene, pa še vedno dovolj razumljive vsem obiskovalcem portala, je izziv sam po sebi. Priznam, da mi portal Energetika.NET velikokrat pomeni vir informacij in vsebin zunaj elektrogospodarstva, tako doma kot tudi v tujini. Ekipi čestitam za trud in dobro delo in se priporočam še za nadaljnje branje in nova znanja. The Energetika.NET web portal is definitely a medium that in Slovenia can legitimately be called an “energy portal”. Bringing together a variety of subjects from a varied energy market, which are covered sufficiently indepth but remain understandable to all web portal readers, is a challenge in and of itself. I admit that the Energetika.NET web portal is often my source of information and topics outside of the power industry sphere, both locally and abroad. I congratulate Energetika.NET team for their efforts and excellent job and I look forward to further reading and new insights. Mag. Bojan Luskovec, predsednik uprave Elektra Gorenjska / MSc; President of the Management Board at Elektro Gorenjska

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EnErgEtika.nEt št. 14 / no. 14, Maj 2014 / May 2014

UVODnik / EDitOr'S LEttEr

Ilustracija na naslovnici / Cover illustration: Roman Peklaj

kazalo 1 Danes trgujemo! Trade, trader, trading! 2 Slovenska daljinska energetika se mora dvigniti iz povprečja Slovenian District Energy Should Rise Above Mediocrity 6 Na Montelovi konferenci o rušenju evropskih trgov zaradi obnovljivih virov energije At Montel's Conference about Undermining Markets across Europe because of Renewable Energy 12 Srbija je naravno vozlišče v trgovini z električno energijo JV regije! Serbia is a natural hub for electricity trade in South East Europe! 16 Evropa potrebuje likviden in učinkovit znotraj-dnevni trg Europe needs a liquid and efficient intraday market 18 Na Balkanu kljub zmedi trgovci iščejo svoje priložnosti Despite a Confusion in the Balkans, Traders Looking for Opportunities 22 Poleg krize zdaj investicije v omrežje upočasnil še žled Ice Joins Ailing Economy in Slowing Down Investment in Slovenia’s Power Grid 26 Google v prihodnje ponudnik celovite oskrbe z energijo? Could Google Manage Your Entire Energy Needs? 28 Ukrajinska kriza piše novo plinsko zgodbo Ukraine Crisis Puts Gas Back in Spotlight 31 Utekočinjeni zemeljski plin priložnost tudi za Slovenijo Liquefied Natural Gas – An Opportunity for Slovenia 34 Če želi EU zmanjšati odvisnost od uvoza plina,

mora izkoriščati tudi nekonvencionalni plin in nafto If EU wants to decrease its dependence on imports of gas it has to use also its unconventional gas and oil 38 IEA: Postaja energetika čedalje bolj žejna panoga? IEA: Is Energy Becoming a Thirstier Resource? 43 Brez zajemanja in shranjevanja ogljika bo boj s posledicami izpustov CO2 dražji Without CCS, CO2 emissions would be more expensive to fight 50 Države v regiji so premalo povezane pri energetskih vprašanjih Countries in the region should work together much more closely in resolving energy issues 52 Toplota je decentralizirana in je za ogromnimi energetskimi naložbami ne opazimo The heat is decentralised and we don’t see it behind the huge energy investments 56 Politiki so lažnivci Politicians are liars 61 Izkoriščanje virov na Jadranu realno šele po 2019 –20 Croatia to See First Exploitation Activities in the Adriatic in 2019 –20 64 Kako so v Španiji politiki praktično uničili industrijo OVE How Politicians in Spain Paralyzed Renewables Industry 68 Kitajski delavci na gradbišču največje energetske investicije v JV Evropi Chinese Labourers Working on Construction Site of Biggest Energy Investment in SE Europe 72 Mislimo na mlade We Care about the Young

Izdajatelj / Publisher: Energetika.NET d.o.o. Direktorica in glavna urednica / Director and Editor-in-chief: Alenka Žumbar Klopčič Izvršna urednica / Executive Editor: Ana Vučina Vršnak Uredništvo / Editorial Board: Tanja Srnovršnik Volarič, Simona Drevenšek, Andreja Šalamun, Mateja Kegel Kozlevčar, Valerija Hozjan Kovač, Barbara Škrinjar Trženje / Advertising: Matjaž Vrhovnik, trzenje@energetika.net Marketing: Mateja Kegel Kozlevčar Naslov / Address: Energetika.NET d.o.o., Šmartinska cesta 152, 1000 Ljubljana E-pošta / Email: urednistvo@energetika.net / marketing@energetika.net Lektorice / Linguistic Review: Nataša Štefanac, Tatjana Hosta, Christina Martin Gabbard Prevajalke / Translators: Maja Ropret, Andreja Krašna Oblikovanje / Design: Maja Rostohar, Roman Peklaj Ilustracije / Graphic Illustration: Roman Peklaj Spletni portali / Web Portals: www.energetika.net • www.energetika.net/see • www.energijadoma.si • www.energetika.net/montel

Danes trgujemo! Po uspešni mednarodni konferenci o trgovanju z energijo v Zagrebu na Hrvaškem pred natanko letom dni sedaj Energetika.NET v partnerstvu z nor veškim Montelom organizira konferenco o trgovanju v Beogradu v Srbiji! Vabljeni, da se nam pridružite 28. maja na konferenci En.trading 014! V tej številki revije, ki je prvič doslej dvojezična, pa najdete nekaj obveznega branja o tej zelo aktualni temi. Barbara Škrinjar v fokusnem članku piše, da v JV Evropi marsikdo piše svoje zakone, v praksi pa še vedno ni nič tako, kot določajo ti zakoni. Temo nadgrajujemo, saj vas bo v teh dneh na portalu Energetika.NET pričakala še nova rubrika Trgovanje/Trading – za vse trgovce! Da je Energetika.NET povsod tam, kjer se dogaja, na naslednjih straneh pričajo članki z Dunaja, iz Milana, Varšave, Barcelone. Prav tam je Tanja Srnovršnik Volarič »ujela« prvo damo Mednarodne agencije za energijo (IEA). Ukrajina je še vedno v ospredju (energetskih) medijev, Simona Drevenšek pa piše o krizi in novi plinski zgodbi. Predana ekipa Energetike.NET, vodilne medijsko-založniške hiše v Sloveniji in JV Evropi ter seveda izstopajoč organizator dogodkov na področju energetike in ekologije, bo tako kot doslej tudi v prihodnje skrbela, da najrazličnejših energetskih zgodb nikakor ne bo zmanjkalo!

Trade, trader, trading! After a successful international conference on energy trading exactly one year ago in Zagreb, Croatia, Energetika.NET is now organising in partnership with Norway’s Montel a conference on trading in Belgrade, Serbia! You are welcome to join us for the En.trading 014 event on 28 May! For the first time in a bilingual format, this issue of the magazine brings some essential reading on this pressing subject. In Focus, Barbara Škrinjar discusses South East Europe, where many are writing their own laws, while the reality is far from what these laws stipulate. To enhance the subject even further, we are adding a new section to our Energetika.NET website in the coming days entitled Trgovanje/Trading – for all energy traders! Additionally, Energetika.NET is closely following all other energy-related events around the globe – see the following pages for features from Vienna, Milan, Warsaw, and Barcelona. In was in Barcelona where Tanja Srno všnik Volarič interviewed the head of the International Energy Agency. Ukraine is back on the front pages of the (energy) media and, as observed by Simona Drevenšek, Ukraine is writing a new story in relation to gas. A dedicated team at Energetika.NET, the leading media and publishing house in Slovenia and South East Europe and a notable organizer of events in the fields of energy and ecology, will continue to see that there is no end to varied energy-related stories! Ana Vučina Vršnak

@Energetika_SLO @Energetika_SEE Energetika.nEt Energetika.NET

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MEDnarODna kOnfErEnca DaLjinSkE EnErgEtikE

Slovenska daljinska energetika se mora dvigniti iz povprečja Slovenska daljinska energetika je v dobrem stanju, a se mora dvigniti iz povprečja in izkoristiti potenciale, ki jih še ima, je marca na 17. Mednarodni konferenci daljinske energetike v Portorožu ocenil predsednik Slovenskega društva za daljinsko energetiko (SDDE) prof. dr. alojz Poredoš. Med temi potenciali je omenil daljinsko hlajenje in lesno biomaso, ki zaradi žleda leži v naših gozdovih.

Tanja Srnovršnik Volarič, Barbara Škrinjar, Alenka Žumbar Klopčič Foto / Photo: Barbara Reya

Zakaj ne bi za ogrevanje uporabili energije, ki jo zavržemo? Petrol se je začel s sistemom daljinskega ogrevanja aktivneje ukvarjati leta 2010. A ta sektor v Petrolovem delovanju trenutno predstavlja zelo majhen delež, kar pa ne pomeni, da mu v prihodnje ne bodo posve»tili več pozornosti, je dejal vodja področja energetike v Petrolu mag. Janez Grošelj. Pojasnil je, da velik potencial vidijo v večjih mestih. So pa sistemi stari že več kot 45 let in jih bo treba nadgraditi, je opozoril. »Jedro sistemov je distribucijska mreža. Sisteme je treba bolj učinkovito upravljati. Nato lahko na osnovi tega postavimo pametno politiko prenove, potem pa so tukaj priložnosti za uvajanje novih energentov itd. V tem vidimo neko dolgoročno naložbo,« je dodal. Da imata daljinsko ogrevanje in hlajenje velik potencial za rast predvsem v gosto naseljenih področjih, v mestih, je menil tudi Frederic Hug, predsednik evropskega

snovni moto letošnje konference je bil »energetska učinkovitost od proizvodnje do končne rabe energije«. »Tudi mi moramo v delovanje našega društva vključevati vse člene energetske verige,« je poudaril Poredoš. Društvo sicer pokriva osrednji člen te verige – distribu cijo. »Če hočemo, da bo veriga učinkovita, mora biti učinkovit vsak njen člen. Naša naloga pa je, da bo močan srednji člen,« je dejal. Spomnil je, da se raba energije sicer zmanjšuje, a je treba kljub temu poiskati nove priložnosti, kot je daljinsko hlajenje.

izziv: kako naj daljinsko ogrevanje ostane konkurenčno? Državni sekretar na ministrstvu za infrastrukturo in prostor (MzIP) mag. Bojan Kumer pa je zbranim pojasnil, da sta daljinsko ogrevanje in hlajenje z novim 2

Energetika.NET

Energetskim zakonom (EZ-1), ki je začel veljati 22. marca, prvič dobila svoj prostor v energetski zakonodaji. Kaj konkretno pa prinaša EZ-1? »Ponovno uvajamo, da se bodo lahko občine same odločile, ali bodo šle v sistem daljinskega ogrevanja in hlajenja po principu javne gospodarske službe ali pa bo to tržna dejavnost. Zapi sali smo, da morajo biti sistemi daljin skega ogrevanja učinkoviti in da bo moral biti delež obnovljivih virov energije (OVE) v proizvodnji toplote večji od 50 od stotkov ...,« je omenil. »Zadnja leta se vsi sistemi daljinskega ogrevanja soočajo z upadanjem količine distribuirane toplote. Dolgoročno bo to ogrevanje zaradi svojih fiksnih stroškov vedno težje konkuriralo ostalim možnostim zagotavljanja toplote. In to prinaša izziv,« je še ocenil Kumer, ki sicer na po dročju daljinskega ogrevanja vidi še veliko priložnosti.

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intErnatiOnaL cOnfErEncE On DiStrict EnErgy

Slovenian District Energy Should rise above Mediocrity Slovenian district energy is in good shape, but it should rise above mediocrity and use its potential, according to the President of the Slovene District Energy association (SDDE), Prof Dr alojz Poredoš, one of the speakers at the 17th international conference on District Energy in Portorož, Slovenia. among these potentials, Dr Poredoš mentioned district cooling and biomass that lies in our forests because of glaze ice.

he motto of this year's conference was Energy Efficiency from Production to consumption. “Our association has to make sure that our activities comprise all the steps of the energy chain,” Poredoš emphasised. The association mainly focuses on its central element, i.e., distribution. “For a chain to be efficient, all its links must be efficient. Our job is to strengthen the central link,” he said. Even though energy consumption is declining, according to Poredoš, it is vital to seek new possibilities such as district heating.

tial Planning, Bojan Kumer. What does the Energy Act bring specifically? Municipalities are getting back their power to decide whether to organise district heating and cooling as public utility services or leave it to the market; district heating systems will have to be efficient, and renewable-energy sources will have to account for at least 50 percent in heat production..., Kumer advised. “In recent years, all district heating systems are facing a decline in the volume of the distributed heat. In the long run, due to its fixed costs they will find it increasingly difficult to compete with other ways of providing heat. This is a challenge,” Kumer estimates. That said, the field of district heating still provides ample opportunity, according to Kumer.

the challenge: How should district heating stay competitive? Put into effect on 22 March 2014, the new Energy Act was Slovenia’s first piece of energy legislation to include district heating and cooling, explained State Secretary Why not use waste energy for heating? at the Ministry of Infrastructure and Spa - Petrol started to be more actively engaged

in district heating in 2010. Although this sector still holds a very small share in Petrol’s current operations, this does not mean it will not gain in significance in the years to come, said Janez Grošelj, head of the Energy Department at Petrol. According to Grošelj, Petrol recognises much of the potential in this field in cities. But systems are now more than 45 years old and need to be upgraded, he warned. “The distribution network lies at the core of systems. These have to be managed efficien tly. Only then can we implement a smart renovation policy, and this opens up the opportunity for introducing new energy sources. We see this as a long-term investment,” he said. Frederic Hug, President of Euroheat & Power, a European association with members from 30 European countries, also thinks that district heating and cooling have a large potential for growth in densely Energetika.NET

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MEDnarODna kOnfErEnca DaLjinSkE EnErgEtikE

na konferenco v Portorož je prišlo več kot 150 udeležencev. / More than 150 participants attended the conference in Portorož, Slovenia.

združenja Euroheat & Power, ki združuje člane iz 30 evropskih držav. Spomnil je, da se lahko za ogrevanje in hlajenje uporablja odpadno energijo. »Izkoristiti je treba čim več te odpadne toplote, ki je poceni oziroma brezplačna. Zakaj se ne bi ogrevali z energijo, ki jo sicer zavržemo?« se je spraševal Hug. Menil je še, da izkoriščanje odpadne energije ni samo energetsko zelo učinkovito ob nižjih stroških, pač pa zagotavlja tudi večjo porabo OVE. In ravno tukaj ima področje daljinske energetike, ki največjo rast sistemov beleži v Aziji, samo na Stari celini pa danes zajema skoraj 6000 sistemov daljinskega ogrevanja in hlajenja, energijo pa zagotavlja 62 milijonom odjemalcem, nadaljnje potenciale, so menili strokovnjaki. Strinjali so se tudi, da ni mogoče več ločeno govoriti o večjem izkoriščanju obnovljivih virov, ampak je nujen predpogoj tudi učinkovita raba energije, in to v vseh segmentih energetske verige.

Brez sodelovanja ne bo šlo! Potrošniki so občutljivi tako na cene kot na raven storitev, ki jih dobijo, pa je poudaril Branko Žibret iz družbe A. T. Kearney. Po njegovih besedah je v Sloveniji izziv vedno predstavljala ekonomija obsega. In tukaj je ključnega pomena sodelovanje na različnih ravneh – tako med lokalnimi skupnostmi pri zagotavlja nju virov za financiranje izgradnje omre žij kot med različnimi igralci v energetski industriji. »Do sprejemljive in konkurenčne cene lahko pridemo zgolj z ustrezno ekonomijo obsega, te pa brez sodelovanja različnih dejavnikov v Sloveniji ne bomo mogli doseči.«

Energetika.NET

»Izkoristiti je treba čim več te odpadne toplote, ki je poceni oziroma brezplačna. Zakaj se ne bi ogrevali z energijo, ki jo sicer zavržemo?« se je spraševal Frederic Hug. “District heating and cooling systems can use waste energy. Coming at low or no costs, as much of this waste heat as possible should be used. Why not heat our homes with the energy that would otherwise go to waste?” Frederic Hug wondered.

populated areas, such as cities. He reminded that district heating and cooling systems can use waste energy. “Coming at low or no costs, as much of this waste heat as possible should be used. Why not heat our homes with the energy that would otherwise go to waste?” Hug wondered. He added that using waste energy is not just very energy efficient and cost efficient, but also increases the use of renewables. And right here the district energy industry, which marks the fastest growth in the number of district systems with nearly 6000 district heating and district cooling systems on the old continent, supplying some 62 million consumers, has considerable potential, according to the attending experts. They agreed, among other things, that boosting the use of renewables could no longer be treated separately, but should go hand in hand with energy efficiency, the latter being a prerequisite for succeeding in all of the segments of the energy chain.

cooperation is the key! Customers pay attention both to prices and the quality of services they get, emphasised Branko Žibret of A. T. Kearney. According to Žibret, Slovenia is constantly faced with the challenge of the economy of scale. The solution is cooperation at various levels – both between various local communities in finding sources of finance for construction of networks, and between various players present in the energy industry. “The only way to arrive at an acceptable and competitive price is with a large enough economy of scale, but in Slovenia this is impossible without participation of the entire range of stakeholders.”

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OGLASNO SPOROÄ&#x152;ILO

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En.trading 014

Na Montelovi konferenci o rušenju evropskih trgov zaradi obnovljivih virov energije

At Montel's Conference about Undermining Markets across Europe because of Renewable Energy

Barbara Škrinjar & Alenka Žumbar Klopčič, Varšava, Poljska / Warsaw, Poland

Da energija iz obnovljivih virov ruši trge po Evropi, pa o prednostih jedrske energije in prihodnosti premoga so slišali udeleženci konference o priložnostih in izzivih na poljskem trgu z električno energijo, ki sta jo v Varšavi 3. aprila organizirala Poljska gospodarska zbornica v Franciji in norveški Montel. Ključno vprašanje, ki pesti poljski trg z električno energijo, pa je, kako zagotoviti potrebno transparentnost, je med drugim priznal Grzegorz Szpecht s poljske borze z električno energijo (Polish Power Exchange).

“Renewable Energy is Undermining Markets across Europe,” the advantages of nuclear energy, as well as the future of coal were the topics at the conference on opportunities and challenges of the Polish electricity market organised in Warsaw on the 3rd of April by the Polish Chamber of Commerce and Industry in France, and Norway's Montel. The key question challenging also for Poland’s electricity market is how to ensure market transparency, admitted Grzegorz Szpecht of the Polish Power Exchange.

nano je, da električna energija iz obnovljivih virov, ki je poceni, skoraj brezplačna, v zadnjem času močno vpliva na cene električne energije na energetskih borzah po Evropi. »To rušilno vpliva na trge, še posebej v Nemčiji,« je bil na Montelovi konferenci neposreden direktor za mednarodno povezovanje poljske borze Polpx (Towarowa Giełda Energii – TGE) Jacek Brandt. »Na Poljskem je bila marca denimo cena elektrike na borzi za sedem evrov višja od cene v Nemčiji,« je povedal. Ne zdi se mu prav, da energija iz obnovljivih virov ni vključena v izravnalni trg, saj je tako po njegovem postavljena v privilegiran položaj, kar potem države korigirajo na svoje načine. Nekatere, Poljska denimo, z višjimi cenami za prenosne zmogljivostmi. Poljski sistemski operater naj bi zelo omejil prenosne zmogljivosti na meji z Nemčijo, je bilo slišati pritožbe udeležencev konference, a Brandt se je odgovoru izognil, saj pravi, da za to ni odgovorna borza. Je pa povedal, da je uvoz energije na Polj sko marca letos znašal 3 TWh na vseh mejah, vključno s Švedsko, s katero je poljski trg spojen od leta 2010.

eing very low priced, nearly cost free, renewable electricity is known to have lately had a substantial impact on electricity prices in power exchanges across Europe. “This is undermining markets, especially in Germany,” Jacek Brandt, Director of International Cooperation and Regulations at the Polish Power Exchange PolPx (Towarowa Giełda Energii - TGE) said bluntly. “In March, for instance, the price of electricity at the Polish exchange was 7 euros higher than in Germany,” he said. Brandt is critical of the fact that renewable energy is exempted from the balancing market, as this supposedly puts it in a privileged position. States then use their own ways to compensate. Some of them, for instance Poland, introduce higher rates for transmission capacity. The Polish system operator has apparently strictly limited the transmission capacity on the border with Germany, participants of the conference complained. Brandt

Energetika.NET

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u Novice o trgovanju najdete na Energetika.NET & Montel.no!

u More trading

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news at Energetika.NET & Montel.no!

O spojitvah na ostalih mejah in o trgih ter borzah v JV Evropi Kako daleč pa je Poljska od tega, da postane del skupnega evropskega trga, ki nastaja? »Do konca prihodnjega leta bomo spojili trg z Latvijo, do konca leta 2016 pa še s Češko in Slovaško,« pravi Brandt. Za rešitev nastalih zapletov z energijo iz obnovljivih virov Brandt predlaga striktno ureditev izravnalnih trgov. Dokler obnovljiva energija ne bo vključena v izravnalni trg, bo sesuvala trg, še posebej v Nemčiji, rasle pa bodo cene za prenosne zmogljivosti, pravi. Pojasni še, da se denimo cena za odstopanja od tržne cene na Poljskem razlikuje samo za sedem odstotkov, in to je velika težava. »Kako zagotoviti transparenten trg? To je ključno vprašanje, ki pesti tudi poljski trg z električno energijo,« je na Montelovi konferenci o priložnostih poljskega energetskega trga v Varšavi priznal Grzegorz Szpecht s poljske borze z električno energijo (Polish Power Exchange). »V tem delu Evrope je nekaj energetskih borz in napovedujejo nastajanje novih, v Srbiji in na Hrvaškem. A za veliko število borz na tako majhnem območju prostora ne bo. Namesto tega bi se morale borze bolj povezovati. Za BSP SouthPool menim, da je zelo dobro, da ima za lastnika Borzen, ki upravlja izravnalni trg v Sloveniji,« je pokomentiral za Energetiko.NET. Brandt je povedal še, da je borza Polpx nastala leta 1999 v okviru liberalizacije poljskega energetskega trga. Danes imajo 61 članov, od tega šest brokerskih hiš, celotna količina sklenjenih transakcij na trgu z električno energijo pa je lani dosegla več kot 176 TWh. Trgovalne količine na dnevnem trgu z elektriko od leta 2009 letno zrastejo za 20 do 30 odstotkov. Likviden pa je tudi terminski trg z elektriko. V letu 2012 so vzpostavili tudi trg s plinom, in sicer trgovanje za dan vnaprej in terminski trg, ki pa v primerjavi s trgom z elektriko še ni v celoti zaživel. Poljska je četrta najbolj zaželena država za tuje investicije na svetu, je ob odprtju Montelove konference v Varšavi povedala direktorica za tuje investicije pri poljski agenciji za informacije in tuje investicije Iwona Chojnowska - Haponik. V luči razvoja poljskega gospodarstva se želijo v državi osredotočiti na ključna področja, ki so jeziček na tehtnici za tuje investitorje. In na prvem mestu so prav konkurenčne cene energije in stabilna energetska oskrba. Med letoma 2008 in 2013, ko je EU zabeležila 1,3-odstotni padec BDP, je Poljska zrasla za 14,2 odstotka. Država z 38,5 milijona prebivalce v se lahko pohvali tudi s hitro rastočim in zdravim finančnim sektorjem.

avoided any comments on this issue, saying this was not within the competence of the power exchange. He did, however, say that energy imports to Poland amounted to 3 TWh this March on all Polish borders including the one with Sweden, which underwent market coupling in 2010.

Market coupling on other borders, power markets, and exchanges in SE Europe How far is Poland from becoming part of the integrated European market in the making? “The market coupling process will have been completed with Latvia by the end of 2015, and with the Czech Republic and Slovakia by the end of 2016,” Brandt said. To resolve the problems with renewable energy, Brandt proposes a strict scheme for balancing markets. Until renewable energy is included, it will continue to undermine the markets, especially in Germany, while the prices for transmission capacity will continue to go up, Brandt said. According to him, the difference between the imbalanced price and market rates in Poland was just 7 percent, which is a problem. This is a big problem, he emphasised. How to ensure market transparency? This is a key question, one that is challenging also for Poland’s electricity market, Grzegorz Szpecht of the Polish Power Exchange said at Montel’s conference on the opportunities of the Polish energy market, organised in Warsaw. “In this part of Europe, there are some energy exchanges, and some plans for new ones in Serbia and Croatia. But this is a small region, unable to accommodate a large number of exchanges. Instead, the existing ones should become more integrated. As regards BSP SouthPool, I think it is a very good thing they are owned by Borzen, the company which manages the balancing market in Slovenia,” Brandt commented for Energetika.NET. He also said the PolPx power exchange had been set up in 1999 as part of the liberalisation process in the Polish electricity market. Today, they have 61 members, including 6 brokers. Last year, their volume of trading in the electricity market amounted to more than 176 TWh. Volumes in the spot market have been growing by 20 to 30 percent per year since 2009. The forward instruments market for electricity also has good liquidity. In 2012, the day-ahead and forward instruments market was introduced for gas, but compared with the electricity market it is not yet fully operational.

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Areva: »Jedrska energija nima skritih stroškov!« Celotna Evropa se sooča z izzivi zanesljive oskrbe z energijo, pa je nadaljeval Jean-André Barbosa iz Areve. V prid jedrski energiji je poudaril, da tovrstna tehnologija ne prinaša nobenih skritih stroškov, investicijski stroški pa predstavljajo 70 odstotkov cene jedrske energije, medtem ko naj bi obratovalni oz. vzdrževalni stroški znašali le preostalih 30 odstotkov. »Ko zgradimo jedrsko elektrarno, ki bo diverzificirala energetsko mešanico države – kot je to primer na Poljskem – imamo tako povsem predvidljive stroške, ki jih takšna investicija prinaša.« Kot je dodal, pa denimo gradnja reaktorja EPR zagotavlja tudi 12.000 delovnih mest, kar je po njegovem zelo dobro tudi zaradi lokalizacije, saj so nuklearke navadno umeščene na obrobja, »kjer pa lahko potem s takšnim objektom zrasejo tudi univerze«. Kot prednost jedrske energije je predstavnik Areve izpostavil še dostopnost urana, ki naj bi ga bilo še v obilju, in zmanjšanje emisij ogljikovega dioksida – na račun ene nuklearke naj bi letno prihranili okrog 2000 milijonov ton ogljikovega dioksida, ki bi jih sicer proizvedli s termoelektrarno na premog. Jean-André Barbosa, Areva: »Položaj jedrske tehnologije se po Fukušimi ni zamajal, niti na področju javne sprejemljivosti ne. Velik jedrski program ima tudi sicer naftna Savdska Arabija, jedrske kapacitete v svetu pa se bodo do leta 2030 povečale za kar 54 odstotkov. Diana Bacila iz meteorološke agencije Nena je v nadaljevanju opozorila prav na podnebne spremembe, ki jih povzročajo toplogredni plini, ki v veliki meri prihajajo prav iz energetike. »Tako lahko pričakujemo vpliv na hidrologijo in nasploh oskrbo z vodo v Indiji, kjer sicer znatno naraščajo tudi potrebe po energiji, ki pa prihaja večinoma iz premoga. Nekaj premoga, ki ga izvaža velika Kitajska, lahko tako pristane tudi v Indiji, in če se bo to zgodilo, lahko Indijci resnično pričakujejo nadaljnje okoljske spremembe.« Podobno se lahko zgodi tudi Evropi, ki prav tako še vedno skuri ogromno premoga, vse večje povpraševanje po tem energentu pa prihaja tudi iz Kolumbije in Rusije, medtem ko so velike dobičke iz premoga do lanskega leta kovale Združene države Amerike. A to naj se ne bi več ponovilo, saj cene premoga padajo, in to kljub velikemu povpraševanju Indije pa tudi Japonske, saj po drugi strani naraščajo tudi davčne bremenitve premoga, na primer v Južni Koreji, je sklenila Bacila.

V JV Evropi za veliko število borz prostora ne bo. Obstoječe borze se bodo morale bolj povezovati. SE Europe is unable to accommodate a large number of exchanges. Instead, the existing ones should become more integrated. 8

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Poland is the world’s fourth most attractive country for foreign investment, said Iwona ChojnowskaHaponik, Director for Foreign Investment with the Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency, at the opening of Montel’s conference in Warsaw. In light of Poland’s economic development, the country wants to focus on the key areas that can be decisive for foreign investors – first and foremost on competitive energy prices and stability of energy supply. In the period from 2008 to 2013, when GDP at EU level dropped by 1.3 percent, Poland’s economy grew by 14.2 percent. The country with 38.5 million people also boasts a booming financial sector.

Areva: “Nuclear power has no hidden costs!” All of Europe is facing challenges related to the security of energy supply, Jean-Andre Barbosa of Areva said to start his talk at the Conference. In favour of nuclear power, Barbosa emphasised that this technology involved no hidden costs. The cost of investment accounts for 70 percent of the price of nuclear power, while the operating or maintenance cost apparently accounts for just 30 percent, Barbosa said. “When building a nuclear power plant to diversify the energy mix of a country – for instance Poland – the costs which such a project involves are perfectly predictable.” Construction of an EPR reactor, for instance, means 12,000 new jobs, continued Mr Barbosa, adding that this also was positive in terms of localisation – nuclear power plants usually being located on the periphery, where such a facility can give rise to universities. According to the representative of Areva, further benefits of nuclear power include the availability of uranium, the deposits of which are said to be abundant, and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Annual carbon dioxide savings made by generating electricity in nuclear power plants instead of coal-fired thermal power plants could reach about 2,000 million tonnes per power plant. Jean-Andre Barbosa, Areva: “The aftermath of the Fukushima accident did not compromise the status of nuclear technology, not even its public acceptance. One of the countries with an extensive nuclear programme is the oil-dominated Saudi Arabia. Globally, nuclear capacity is expected to grow by as much as 54 percent by 2030.” Meanwhile, Diana Bacila, Energy Analyst with Nena, drew attention to climate change, which is brought about by greenhouse gasses, largely those produced in the energy sector. In India we can expect this to affect water levels and water supply in general, Bacila said. Energy needs in this country are growing rapidly, with coal now accounting for most of them. Some of the coal exported by China could end up in India. If this happens, India can really expect further changing of the climate, she added. Something similar may happen in Europe, where large volumes of coal are still being burnt. The demand for this energy source is also growing in Columbia and Russia, while the United States had been making huge profits from it until just last year. This is now expected to stop forever with coal prices going down, despite substantial demand in India as well as Japan, and with the growing tax burden for coal, for instance in South Korea, Ms Bacila concluded.

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OGLASNO SPOROČILO

Frapol: Zgolj redno vzdrèvanje zagotavlja dolgotrajnost daljnovodnega omre`ja @led, ki je v za~etku leta prizadel Slovenijo in na elektroenergetskem omre`ju povzro~il ogromno {kodo, je poleg udara strele, vetra in snega najpogostej{i vzrok za po{kodbe daljnovodov, pojasnjujejo v podjetju Frapol. Udar strele je denimo zelo pogost dejavnik po{kodbe daljnovodov, po{koduje pa izolacijo in vodnike, medtem ko sneg in `led postaneta dodatno breme za vodnike in podporne stebre, ki se ob tem pojavu pretrgajo ali poru{ijo. Ob vsem tem lahko na daljnovodih pride do okvar, ki se pojavijo zaradi dotrajanih materialov, predvsem na izolaciji iz izku{enj tudi povedo v Frapolu. Franci Ir{i~ direktor Frapola, podjetja za za elektro gradnje in storitve - podjetje je bilo ustanovljeno è leta 1990 za potrebe izgradnje in vzdrèvanja elektroenergetskih objektov – je pojasnil, da je vzdrèvanje daljnovodov kombinacija vseh tehni~nih in administrativnih del, ki vklju~ujejo tudi nadzor – z namenom, da se ohrani ali povrne napravo v stanje, ko je sposobna izvajati funkcije, zaradi katerih je vgrajena. Po Ir{i~evih besedah lo~imo preventivno in korektivno vzdrèvanje. Kot è ime nakazuje, se preventivno vzdrèvanje izvaja pred nastankom okvare, pri korektivnem vzdrèvanju pa se vzdrèvalna dela izvajajo po nastali okvari. Preventivno vzdrèvanje Podjetje Frapol preventivne preglede na visoko- in srednjenapetostnih vodih izvaja vsaj dvakrat na leto, preventivno vzdrèvanje pa se tehnolo{ko deli na: • preglede – gre za dela, ki se izvajajo pred nastankom okvare na elementih postroja ali voda z namenom, da se ohrani ìvljenjska doba naprave. Pri tem je obseg del minimalen, izvaja pa se med normalnim obratovanjem elementa postroja ali voda; • revizije – gre za dela na elementih postroja ali voda, ki se izvajajo periodi~no po navodilih proizvajalca naprave pred nastankom okvare z namenom, da se ohrani ìvljenjska doba naprave. Pri tem

so obseg del in stro{ki srednje veliki, naprava ali del postroja pa sta pri opravljanju revizijskih del v breznapetostnem stanju; • remonte – gre za dela na elementih postroja ali voda, ki se izvajajo na podlagi stanja naprave pred nastankom okvare z namenom, da se ohrani ìvljenjska doba naprave. Praviloma so obseg del in stro{ki sorazmerno veliki, naprava ali del postroja pa sta pri opravljanju remontnih del v breznapetostnem stanju. Vrste daljnovodov Daljnovodi se delijo glede na napetostni nivo in uporabo. Poznamo 10-, 20- in 35-kilovoltne daljnovode, ki se uporabljajo za distribucijo elektri~ne energije, ter 110-, 220- in 380-kilovoltne, ki se uporabljajo za prenos elektri~ne energije. Podzemni daljnovodi oziroma kablovodi se gradijo do napetostnega nivoja 110 kilovoltov in sluìjo distribuciji elektri~ne energije. Kot pravi Ir{i~, je njihova gradnja najpogostej{a v mestih in obmo~jih z gostej{o poselitvijo, kjer prostorska stiska onemogo~a gradnjo nadzemnih daljnovodov. Prenosni daljnovodi napetostnega nivoja nad 110 kilovoltov pa se gradijo v prostozra~ni izvedbi za prenos elektri~ne energije. Kot je povedal Ir{i~, so ti nemalokrat mote~i za naravo, vendar druge izbire za prenos elektrike ni. Smiselnost gradnje podzemnih daljnovodov se pokaè na obmo~jih, kjer èlimo ~im manj obremenjevati okolje, in tam, kjer ni mogo~e graditi prostozra~nih daljnovodov. Izpostavil je, da je odlo~itev pogosto sprejeta {ele na podlagi finan~nega poro~ila. Okolju prijazni materiali za gradnjo daljnovodov Ume{~anje daljnovodov v prostor je zelo teàvno, je {e povedal Ir{i~. Pri posameznikih, ki gradnji nasprotujejo, se pojavlja zelo velik odpor. Razlogi so na eni strani estetski, saj jih moti videz daljnovodov, poleg tega pa jih skrbi tudi elektromagnetno sevanje. Kar zadeva nove tehnologije pri gradnji daljnovodov, pa je Ir{i~ v ospredje postavil izbiro materialov, saj se danes uporabljajo okolju bolj prijazni materiali, najve~ji napredek je viden predvsem pri izola ciji. Sogovornik je razloìl, da so danes uveljavljeni silikonski izolatorji, medtem ko so pri starej{ih daljnovodih uporabljali keramiko in steklo, poleg tega pa se je tudi velikost izolatorjev precej zmanj{ala. Pri projektiranju daljnovodov se po Ir{i~evih besedah kaj bistvenega ni spremenilo, razen pri izbiri materialov in ve~ji poslu{nosti glede ume{~anja daljnovoda v prostor.

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Izzivi trgovcev z energijo v regiji jugovzhodne Evrope Kaj lahko pričakujejo trgovci z energijo od regije jugovzhodne Evrope in s kakšnimi izzivi se bodo soočili morebitni »novinci« pred prednostmi, so na aprilski konferenci o trgovanju z energijo na Dunaju slikovito prikazali številni govorci, ki so začeli pri Sloveniji, značilno predstavljeni kot most med delujočimi in nedelujočimi trgi z energijo oziroma med centralno in jugovzhodno Evropo. Most, ki povezuje, območje, ki razdeljuje SlovenijajevstopnatočkadoregijejugovzhodneEvrope,jeuvodomadejalAndrea SiriizbolgarskepodružnicedružbeEdison Trading in kot primer dobre prakse povezovanja trgov izpostavil slovenskoitalijansko spojitev trgov. »Žal pa ima v temdeluEvropeševednovseprevečteže pri delovanju trgov politika,« je dodal,

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TanjaČukJerajizdružbeElektroEnergija pa je v nadaljevanju povedala, da tudi slovenskitrgzenergijošenidovoljtransparenten.Sicerjetudiponjenemspajanje trgov vselej pozitivno za razvoj trgov z energijo,pričemerjedodala,dajevprihodnjepričakovatitudispajanjemedHrvaškoinMadžarskotermedSlovenijoin Hrvaško,obetapasetudipovezavazELES inmadžarskimMavirjem. MatejWagnerizdružbeGEN-Ijenadaljepristavil,dajenajvečjiizzivzatrgovce z energijo, kot so sami, to, da države v regiji jugovzhodne Evrope na svoj način ščitijonacionalneintereseintakojemed množicotveganjlepeščicapriložnosti,ki jihjetrebasplohdobrozaznati.»Vokoljih, kjervladajonestabilnecene,priveleprodajivisokavolatilnostnaspottrgih,naraščajočepotrebepostalnemtrgovanjuznotraj dneva,nenadzorovanipretokienergije,ne-

Alenka Žumbar Klopčič, Dunaj, Avstrija / Vienna, Austria

u Novice o energetiki v JV Evropi najdete na: Energetika.NET/SEE

delujočashematrgovanjazemisijamiter znatnepodporeobnovljivimviromenergije, ki vnašajo še dodatno nestabilnost v sistem,pajetošetolikotežje,«jeprikazal.

Tveganja, tveganja, tveganja »Vdoločenemtrenutkusmoimelinatrgu jugovzhodneEvropedobrokorelacijozdelujočimnemškimtrgomzenergijo,spetv drugemtrenutkupaotejkorelacijinine duhanesluha,«jeponazorilindodal,dav JVEvropiže500MWpovzročiogromno spremembostanjanatrgu.Kotjeprikazal, tveganja na omenjenem trgu še dodatno povečuje nezmožnosti plačevanja obveznosti–mednjimitudidobavoenergije– velikih,celodržavnih,podjetij.»Čeželitena omenjenemtrgutrgovatizenergijo,morate bitipripravljeninato,dabodoproizvajalci odvasželelicelopredujme,medtemkosi bodovašiodjemalciželeliizboritičimvečje zamikeplačil.« PodrugistranipatudiWagnerpričakuje,dasebostanjenaregionalnemtrguv prihodnješespremenilo,sajjedenimoBolgarijavfazisprejemanovezakonodajena področjutrgovanjazenergijo,samostojno trgovalnoobmočjepostajatudiKosovo,medtemkoimaTurčija,kiimaševednoregulirane cene, pred vrati vzpostavitev lastne borze,Romunija,kizaenkratnedopušča bilateralnegatrgovanjainjeznanapotveganihpogodbahzdržavnimiproizvajalcienergije,pasiželetosjeseniobetaspajanjetrgov.LokalneborzenajbidobiletudiHrvaška, Srbija, Makedonija in Srbija, liberalizacijatrgovpabosledilatudivČrnigoriin Albaniji.Takojevendarlesčasomapričakovatinapredekvrazvojuomenjenihtrgovz energijo,vmesničaspadenimoGEN-I,ki najbibilnajboljaktiventrgoveczenergijo vregiji,premoščazdelovanjemnadelujočihtrgihzenergijo. »Zatopajenujno,daimamoneledober vpogledvdogajanjenalokalnihtrgih,kijih moramorazumeti,ampaktudimočnoinfrastrukturo,«jesklenilMatejWagner.

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Challenges of Energy traders in South East Europe What energy traders can expect from the SEE region and what challenges "newcomers" will have to deal with ahead of their priorities were two of the issues discussed, very illustratively, by many speakers during conference on energy trading held in April in Vienna. They started with Slovenia which is typically represented as a bridge between functioning and non-functioning energy markets, that is, between the Central and South East Europe. Bridge that connects, region that divides Slovenia was the entry point to South Eastern European region, noted Andrea Siri of the Bulgarian subsidiary of the company Edison Trading in the introduction, referring to Slovenian-Italian market coupling as a goodpractice example. “Unfortunately, the role of the politics in the functioning of markets is still too great,” he added, while Tanja Čuk Jeraj of Elektro Energija noted that Slovenian energy market was still not transparent enough. She does believe that market coupling is always a positive thing in light of energy market development, but added that what could be expected in the future was market coupling between Croatia and Hungary and between Slovenia and Croatia, mentioning also an upcoming partnership between ELES and Hungary's Mavir.

Matej Wagner of GEN-I said that the biggest challenge facing energy traders such as themselves was the fact that the countries in the SEE region each in its own way protected their national interests, so among a bunch of risks, there was merely a handful of opportunities which had to be identified first. “In an environment with unstable wholesale prices and extreme volatility in the spot markets, combined with a growing demand for intra-day trading and uncontrolled energy flows, not properly functioning emissions trading scheme with considerable incentives for renewable energy sources which are the cause of additional instability within the system, that is even more difficult,” he noted.

Risks, risks, risks “At one time, South Eastern European market had a good correlation with the functioning German energy market, but then there was no sign of any correlation,” Wagner noted, adding that in SEE, 500 MW were enough to change the situation on the market considerably. He further said that the risks on the respective market were that much greater owing to the inability to meet financial liabilities – including energy supply – by large, even state-owned companies. “If you wish to trade with energy on the said market you need to expect producers to want advanced payments

u More on REGIONAL

ENERGY NEWS at: Energetika.NET/SEE

from you, while your customers will want to delay their payments as much as possible.” On the other hand, Wagner also expects the situation on the regional market to change in the future, as Bulgaria, for example, is in the process of passing new legislation in energy trading, Kosovo has been turning into an independent trading zone, while Turkey, where the prices are still being regulated, is about to open its own exchange. Romania which currently does not permit bilateral trading and is known for risky contracts with state energy producers is to undergo market coupling this autumn. Local exchanges are to be established in Croatia, Serbia, and Macedonia, while market liberalisation is to take place in Montenegro and Albania as well. So we can actually expect gradual development of the respective energy markets, while GEN-I – which should be the most active among energy traders – tries to gap the time in between by trading on the functioning energy markets. “To do that we do not only need a better insight into the developments in local markets which we have to understand but also a strong infrastructure,” Matej Wagner noted in conclusion.

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INTERVJU: SANJA BOŽINOVSKA, Rudnap

Srbija je naravno vozlišče v trgovini z električno energijo JV regije!

Serbia is a natural hub for electricity trade in South East Europe!

Barbara Škrinjar & Alenka Žumbar Klopčič Foto / Photo: osebni arhiv / Personal archive

Sanja Božinovska, vodja prodaje in trgovanja iz Rudnapa, je izredna poznavalka razvoja balkanskih trgov z električno energijo, iz rokava stresa aktualne zakonodajne spremembe, ki se ponekod tudi dnevno spreminjajo, in pričakovana dogajanja na njih. Božinovska pravi, da JV regija sicer teži k sprejemanju filozofije zahoda, a razlike v proizvodnih zmogljivostih med državami, odvisnost od hidrometeorologije pa tudi birokratski postopki zavirajo popoln sprejem zahodnega modela poslovanja. Na jugovzhodno Evropo bi po njenem mnenju morali v elektroenergetskem smislu gledati kot na velik in močan trg z različnimi cenovnimi conami. Sicer pa kot naravno vozlišče v trgovini z električno energijo vidi Srbijo, državo z osmimi mejami in največjo proizvodnjo, a tudi največjo porabo v regiji. Rudnap ima pomembno vlogo na trgu z energijo v regiji jugovzhodne Evrope, delujete pa tudi v zahodni Evropi. Kako bi lahko primerjali ta dva energetska trga? u Ti dve regiji se precej razlikujeta, in to tako po svojih temeljnih načelih kot po regulativi. Kar zadeva zadnjo, se vsaka država trudi po svoje prilagoditi in sprejeti sistem, ki – bolj ali manj uspešno – deluje v zahodni Evropi. Kljub vsemu pa še naprej ostajajo velika cokla prevelika birokracija in postopki, ki se uvajajo za nemoteno trgovanje z električno energijo. Za primer naj povem, da je treba za poslovanje v balkanski regiji nujno imeti v vsaki državi odprto podjetje, ki mora imeti licenco za trgovanje, medtem ko je na zahodu lahko eno podjetje registrirano recimo na Češkem in lahko prosto trguje v vseh državah srednje in zahodne Evrope. Na primer v Makedoniji sta potrebni celo dve različni licenci: ena za veleprodajni trg in druga za maloprodajni trg, medtem ko v Grčiji ne morete trgovati dvostransko, ampak mora trgovanje v celoti potekati prek borze, in tako naprej. Pri cenovni politiki na zahodu vse poteka po tržnih načelih; določeni so pač različni tehnični in ekonomski temelji, ki generirajo ne le splošno gospodarsko stanje, ampak konkretno cene plina, nafte, premoga in kuponov CO2, kar so tudi glavni elementi za obli kovanje cene električne energije. Naša regija teži k sprejemanju filozofije zahoda, a glavna razlika v proizvodnih zmogljivostih ob splošni odvisnosti od hidrometeorologije pa tudi od birokratskih postopkov delno zavira popoln sprejem zahodnega modela poslovanja. 12

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Sanja Božinovska, Director of Energy Trading at Rudnap, is one of the leading experts on the development of power markets in the Balkan region, always up-to-date with, and ready to share, the latest legislative changes, which are sometimes made on a daily basis, and the expected subsequent developments. According to Božinovska, South East Europe is inclined to accept the philosophy of the West, but the differences between countries in production facilities, their dependence on hydrometeorology, as well as red tape, are obstacles for the region to fully embrace the Western business model. In her view, the region should be regarded from the point of view of the power sector as a large and powerful market with different price zones. For Božinovska, Serbia – a country with eight neighbours and the biggest production capacity as well as biggest consumption in the region – is a natural hub for electricity trade. Rudnap plays an important role in the energy market of South East Europe, and is also an active player in Western Europe. How would you compare these two groups of energy markets? u These two regions are quite far apart, both in their basic principles and regulation. As regards the latter, each country tries its best to harmonize and transpose the system which is more or less effective in Western Europe. Still, some major hurdles remain, such as red tape and the procedures introduced for those who want to trade in electricity. Let me give you an example: to be able to do business in the Balkan region, you must necessarily register your business and have a trading licence in each of the countries. In the West, however, by registering in the Czech Republic, for instance, a company can trade freely in all the countries of Central and Western Europe. In Macedonia, you even need two different licences: one for the wholesale market and one for the retail market. In Greece, you are not allowed bilateral trade – all trading should be done through the power exchange, and so on. As regards pricing policy, Western countries follow the market principles: various technical and economic concepts apply which generate not only the economic situation in general, but more

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INTERVIEW: SANJA BOŽINOVSKA, Rudnap

Kako bi lahko ocenili razvoj energetskih trgov v jugovzhodni Evropi? Kateri so za vas najpomembnejši in zakaj? u Vsak trg se razvija s svojim tempom in po svoje. Proces je neustavljiv, ker je energetika ena od najpomembnejših gospodarskih dejavnosti in področje, na katerem je Evropa najbolje povezana. V prihodnosti bi morali gledati na jugovzhodno Evropo kot na velik in močan trg z različnimi cenovnimi conami. Rudnap je vselej gledal širše in nismo delali razlike med pomembnimi in manj pomembnimi trgi. Sočasno spremljamo razvoj, spremembe in dogajanja na vsakem od njih. Pričakujemo, da bo v prihodnjem desetletju s približevanjem regije Evropski uniji prišlo do prave male revolucije in tudi ekspanzije obnovljivih virov energije. Pravijo, da bo Srbija kmalu dobila borzo električne energije. Kaj to pomeni za trgovanje z električno energijo v tej regiji? u Države nekdanje Jugoslavije so v energetskem smislu obrnjene druga proti drugi. Srbija kot država z največjo proizvodnjo in tudi porabo, kakor tudi glede na centralno pozicijo med tema dvema, lahko postane naravno vozlišče v trgovini z električno energijo. Spojitev trgov z Madžarsko bi prineslo veliko likvidnosti in stabilnost cen. Nujno pa je, da EPS (Elektroprivreda Srbije) prevzame odgovornost in ima vlogo oblikovalca trga (market maker). Po zadnjih informacijah naj bi bila borza električne energije v Srbiji partnerstvo velike evropske energetske borze EPEX in domačega EMS-a (Elektromreža Srbije), kar bi bilo po našem mnenju zelo dobro tako za Srbijo kot nasploh za trg v tem delu Evrope.

specifically also prices of gas, oil, coal and CO2 – the chief elements in electricity pricing. Our region, South East Europe, is inclined to accept the philosophy of the West, but the differences between countries in production facilities, complete with their dependence on hydrometeorology, as well as red tape, are obstacles for the region to fully embrace the Western business model.

How would you assess the development of energy markets in South East Europe? Which of them are important to you, and why? u Each market has its own pace and mode of development. The process cannot be stopped, energy being one of the most important economic activities and a field with the strongest degree of integration in Europe. In the future, South East Europe should be regarded as a large and powerful market with different price zones. Rudnap has always kept a wider perspective, making no distinction between more or less important markets. We keep track of each of them at the same time, their development and progress. In the coming decade, with the region moving closer to the EU, we expect nothing less than a small revolution as well as an expansion of renewables. A power exchange is said to be established in Serbia shortly. What does this mean for power trade in the region? u Energy-wise, countries of the former Yugoslavia are turning towards one another. As a country with both the biggest output and the biggest consumption, as well as a country with a central posi-

V prihodnosti bi morali gledati na JV Evropo kot na velik in močan trg z različnimi cenovnimi conami. In the future, SE Europe should be regarded as a large and powerful market with different price zones. Borzo vzpostavljajo na Hrvaškem, tudi v Sloveniji imamo že nekaj let BSP SouthPool. Ali lahko v tako mali regiji likvidno delujejo vse tri borze? u Veliki evropski borzi EEX in Powernext sta se združili. Evropski model, h kateremu se teži, je enoten trg z več tržnimi conami. Ta proces se je začel že z NordPoolom in se nadaljuje tudi v drugih delih Evrope. Borze bodo delale enotno, edino vprašanje je, kako se bodo imenovale in kje bodo imele sedeže. Srbija ima osem meja. Kaj to pomeni za trg z električno energijo in na kaj morajo biti glede na to trgovci z energijo pozorni? u Osem meja za enega sistemskega operaterja (TSO) je ogromna prednost pa tudi obveznost. Potreben je stalen razvoj omrežja interkonekcijskih daljnovodov in vlaganj v infrastrukturo prenosnih zmogljivosti, ki ima v naši državi veliko prostora, a tudi potreb za nadalji razvoj. Srbija je pomemben tranzitni trg in kot tak mora zagotoviti potrebna vlaganja v energetsko infrastrukturo ter prenosne zmogljivosti. Tudi zato, ker bo s tem omogočila priključitev novih proizvodnih zmogljivosti na omrežje. Prav iz-

tion, Serbia can become a natural hub for electricity trade. Market coupling with Hungary would result in greater liquidity and price stability. But it is essential for EPS (Elektroprivreda Srbije) to assume responsibility and take on the role of the market maker. According to the latest information, Serbia’s power exchange will be a partnership between EPEX, a large European energy exchange, and Serbia-based EMS (Elektromreža Srbije). We believe this would be a very good thing for Serbia as well as market in general in this part of Europe.

An energy exchange is also being set up in Croatia, while Slovenia has long had BSP SouthPool. Can there be three liquid energy exchanges in such a small region? u EEX and Powernext, two large European energy exchanges, have combined markets. The preferred European model is a single market with different trading zones. The process started with NordPool and continues in other parts of Europe. Energy exchanges will follow uniform procedures, the only question is how they call themselves and where they are based.

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INTERVJU: SANJA BOŽINOVSKA, Rudnap

Države nekdanje Jugoslavije so v energetskem smislu obrnjene druga proti drugi. Energy-wise, countries of the former Yugoslavia are turning towards one another. gradnja novih proizvodnih zmogljivosti je ena od pomembnih nalog za prihodnost.

Kaj bi se moralo spremeniti, da bi lahko EPS-u na maloprodajnem trgu v Srbiji konkurirali tudi drugi ponudniki? u EPS mora nasploh začeti delati po tržnih načelih, svojo energijo mora ponuditi vsem udeležencem na trgu pod istimi pogoji. Podjetje EPS Snabdevanje (EPS Oskrba), ne glede na to, da je bilo formalno ločeno iz EPS-a, nabavlja energijo za svoje odjemalce po pooblaščenih cenah in zato ostaja v Srbiji monopolist. Za davčne zavezance in tudi za državo pa je nujno, da vsa EPS-ova podjetja poslujejo transparentno in dobičkonosno. Od številnih licenciranih dobaviteljev se nas je samo nekaj odločilo, da pošljemo ponudbe potencialnim odjemalcem. Pod trenutnimi pogoji namreč večina na maloprodajni segment gleda kot na posel, kar se ne izplača. Kakšna je trenutna situacija na meji s Kosovom in kaj je mogoče tu pričakovati v prihodnosti? u Dvanajstega februarja letos je bil podpisan okvirni sporazum med EMS-om in KOSTT-om, ki je pravno zavezujoč in predvideva podpis novih sporazumov – tehničnega, sporazuma o sodelovanju in sporazuma o tehničnih vprašanjih (prihodki od zamašitev čezmejnih zmogljivosti, EMS-ova nadomestila za ohranjanje zanesljivosti in varnosti omrežja). S sporazumom so sistemi razmejeni, se pa z njim ne definira lastništvo. Pomembno pa je, da bomo imeli od januarja 2015 v regiji z dvema interkonekcijskima mejama (Srbija–Kosovo in Kosovo–Makedonija) še enega operaterja prenosnega sistema. O tem, kdo in kako bo skrbel za avkcije čezmejnih zmogljivosti, pa še nimamo informacij.

Serbia borders on eight neighbours. What does this mean for the electricity market, and for power traders and their business? u Eight borders is a huge advantage for one TSO, as well as an obligation. You need to constantly develop the network of interconnections and invest in the infrastructure for the transmission capacity, which in our country has plenty of room for further development as well as an urgent need for it. Serbia is an important transit market, and as such it should make sure the necessary investment is made in energy infrastructure and the transmission capacity, also because this will enable the connection of new production capacity to the grid. Construction of new facilities is one of the priorities for the coming years. What should change to enable other suppliers to stand a chance against EPS in Serbia’s retail market? u In general, EPS should start following market principles, offer its energy under the same terms and conditions for all market participants. The company EPS Snabdevanje (EPS Supply) buys energy for its customers at special prices even though it was formally separated from EPS. This is why it remains Serbia’s monopoly. For taxpayers and the state, it is essential that all EPS companies are transparent and profitable businesses. We were one of the few licenced suppliers – out of many in business – who decided to send out offers to potential customers. Under the current terms, most of them regard retail as unprofitable business. What is the current situation on the border with Kosovo, and what developments can be expected there? u A framework agreement was signed on 12 February by EMS and KOSTT. This is a legally binding agreement, envisaging further new agreements – a technical agreement, a cooperation agreement, and an agreement on technical issues (revenues from cross-border transmission capacity congestion, EMS allowances for maintaining network reliability and security). The agreement defines the boundaries of the systems, but not their ownership. The important thing is that as of January 2015 the region with two interconnection borders (Serbia-Kosovo, and Kosovo-Macedonia) will have another transmission system operator. We are still waiting to see how allocation of the cross-border transmission capacity is organised in auctions, and by whom.

Kako pomemben je za Rudnap madžarski trg? u Madžarska, čeprav geografsko pripada državam srednje Evro pe, je cenovno bliže jugovzhodni Evropi in je referenčen trg za celo regijo. Od vseh držav v regiji je madžarski trg najlikvidnejši in edini referenčen za terminske produkte, kar je pomembno za „hedge“ mehanizem v trgovini z elektriko. Čeprav je borza HUPX manj stabilna od BSP SouthPoola, pa lokacijsko igra pomembno vlogo v vsakodnevnem poslovanju Rudnapa. Kako pomemben je madžarski trg, kaže tudi to, da se borze okoliških držav – Romunija in Srbija – skozi spajanje trgov povezujejo z madžarskim HUPX-om. Tako pričakujemo tudi, da bo za bodočo srbsko borzo SEEPEX strateški parter prav HUPX.

How important is Hungary’s market for Rudnap? u Although geographically in Central Europe, Hungary is closer to South East Europe as regards its prices, and is a reference market for the entire region. Of all the countries in the region, Hungary is the market with the highest liquidity and the only reference market for futures; this is important as a hedge mechanism in power trade. Although the HUPX exchange is less stable than BSP SouthPool, thanks to its location it plays an important role in Rudnap's day-to-day business. The importance of Hungary's market is also clear from close relations the exchanges based in the neighbouring countries, such as Romania and Serbia, have established with Hungary's HUPX through market coupling. HUPX is also expected to be the strategic partner of the coming Serbian exchange SEEPEX.

Celoten intervju preberite na portalu Energetika.NET.

The entire interview is available at www.energetika.net/see.

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OGLASNO SPOROČILO

SODO zagotavlja električno energijo – za in do vsakogar!

Distribucijsko omrežje električne energije je eden izmed ključnih členov v verigi oskrbe z električno energijo, saj povezuje prenosno omrežje električne energije s končnimi uporabniki. Distribucijsko omrežje je sistem povezanih naprav, ki ga sestavljajo omrežje nazivne napetosti 110 kV, srednjenapetostno omrežje nazivne napetosti 10, 20 in 35 kV (35 kV omrežje je v ukinjanju) ter nizkonapetostno omrežje nazivne napetosti 0,4 kV (230/400 V).

Družba SODO d. o. o. izvaja gospodarsko javno službo distribucijskega operaterja električne energije na ozemlju Slovenije. Skupaj s pogodbenimi izvajalci (elektrodistribucijskimi podjetji) zagotavlja varno in učinkovito distribucijo električne energije več kot 925.000 uporabnikom distribucijskega omrežja. Naša dejavnost je ekonomsko regulirana za zaščito odjemalcev in drugih zainteresiranih subjektov, s čimer Agencija za energijo s svojimi posegi nadomešča normalne konkurenčne vplive. g. Vladimir Mauko, direktor tehničnega sektorja SODO

Staranje infrastrukture je eno izmed ključnih perečih področij gospodarjenja s sredstvi in problematika, s katero se danes soočajo vsi elektrodistribucijski operaterji v Evropi. Največje težave z neustrezno starostno strukturo infrastrukture v državi se kažejo na področju nizkonapetostnih in srednjenapetostnih naprav. Še posebej je to vidno pri srednjenapetostnih nadzemnih vodih in energetskih transformatorjih, saj z obstoječimi vlaganji evropski elektrodistribucijski operaterji ne uspejo slediti staranju naprav. Vsak uporabnik distribucijskega omrežja pa pričakuje, da bo na njegovem prevzemno-predajnem mestu električna energija ustrezne kakovosti na razpolago v zahtevani količini in v vsakem trenutku. Primerjava ravni neprekinjenosti napajanja s podatki evropskih držav kaže, da se Slovenija uvršča v srednji kakovostni razred. Dejstvo pa je, da ima Slovenija tudi določene nacionalne posebnosti, kot je denimo razpršena poselitev in s tem povezani veliki stroški zagotavljanja primerljive kakovosti distribucije električne energije vsem uporabnikom. Drži, da se v zadnjih letih soočamo z gospodarsko krizo, ki se odraža tudi v nekoliko nižji porabi električne energije, vendar pa se zahteve po zagotavljanju ustreznih kapacitet električne moči v omrežju ne zmanjšujejo. Na eni strani imamo v Sloveniji tako veliko potrebo po širitvi in okrepitvi omrežja, medtem ko na drugi strani obstaja vedno večja problematika umeščanja infrastrukture v prostor z vidika sprejemljivosti v javnosti. V luči odprtega trga z električno energijo in zastavljenih ciljev na področju energetske in podnebne politike v smislu prehoda na nizkoogljično družbo je elektrodistribucijsko omrežje izpostavljeno novim prelomnim izzivom. Že danes se soočamo z izzivi integracije večje količine energije iz razpršenih proizvodnih naprav električne energije, priključenih na distribucijsko omrežje. V prihodnosti pa je zato pričakovati več aktivnega sodelovanja med posameznimi udeleženci na trgu z električno energijo, predvsem z vidika upravljanja z energijo, ter postopno prestrukturiranje uporabe energentov v smislu prehoda na večjo uporabo električne energije. Za zagotavljanje kakovostne oskrbe z električno energijo je treba najprej zagotoviti ustrezno osnovno infrastrukturo, katero nadgrajujemo z novimi tehnologijami. Pri vlaganjih v elektroenergetsko distribucijsko omrežje sledimo načelom najboljše dosegljive tehnologije. Uporabljajo se take gradbene in tehnične rešitve, ki v največji možni meri zagotavljajo varnost in zanesljivost delovanja elektrodistribucijskega omrežja ob upoštevanju tehničnih, zanesljivostnih, ekonomskih in ekoloških kriterijev. V obdobju 2013 do 2022 smo ocenili, da so potrebna vlaganja v omrežje v višini 1,6 milijarde evrov. Učinki, ki jih želimo doseči z vlaganji, so predvsem v zagotavljanju ustreznih kapacitet omrežja, tudi zaradi priključevanja uporabnikov, v zagotavljanju ustreznega stanja infrastrukture in ustreznega nivoja kakovosti oskrbe z električno energijo. Investicije, ki so finančno najobsežnejše in imajo največji vpliv v omrežju, so predvsem v posamezne 110 kV objekte, s katerimi zajamemo največje število uporabnikov.

Če želimo z omenjenimi vlaganji doseči svoj namen, je treba zagotoviti tudi ustrezno razvejano omrežje do samega uporabnika. Tako za investicije na 110 kV napetostnem nivoju namenjamo 28 odstotkov vseh sredstev, za srednjenapetostno omrežje 31 odstotkov in za nizkonapetostno omrežje 12 odstotkov. Hkrati pa vlagamo v napredne tehnologije, saj to od nas zahteva okolje, v katerem delujemo. Gre predvsem za področje tako imenovane sekundarne opreme, ki zajema vodenje in zaščito, avtomatizacijo omrežja, merilne sisteme in področje informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologij (IKT), katerih finančni delež dosega približno 17 odstotkov vseh vlaganj v elektrodistribucijsko omrežje.

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INTERVJU: BO PALMGREN, Danske Commodities

Evropa potrebuje likviden in učinkovit znotraj-dnevni trg Europe needs a liquid and efficient intraday market Barbara Škrinjar Foto / Photo: arhiv Danske Commodities / Danske Commodities archive

Danske Commodities je konec leta 2008 postal član borze BSP SouthPool. Kako pomemben je za vas slovenski trg in kje vidite možnosti za nadaljnji razvoj? u Slovenski trg je pomembno vozlišče za povezave med Vzhodno Evropo ter Srednjo in Zahodno Evropo tako pri trgovanju za dan vnaprej kot znotraj dneva. Trgovanje znotraj dneva se v Sloveniji še razvija in tu vidimo priložnost, da lokalni proizvajalci in veliki odjemalci okrepijo likvidnost trga. Proizvodnja iz obnovljivih virov še raste. Mislite, da se bo z integracijo trgov likvidnost od trgovanja za dan vnaprej preselila k trgovanju znotraj dneva? u Da. Rast zmogljivosti za obnovljivo energijo v Evropi podaljšuje obdobja nestanovitnih cen. Število ur z negativno ceno na borzi EPEX Spot v Nemčiji se je med letoma 2010 in 2013 povečalo z 12 ur na 64 ur. Če želijo tradicionalni proizvajalci ostati konkurenčni, ne morejo več delovati samo na podlagi načrtovanja za dan vnaprej. Odzivati se morajo tudi na dejavnike z vplivom na cene tik pred dobavo v teku istega dne. Tako se povečuje povpraševanje po dostopu do trgovanja znotraj dneva, s čimer proizvajalci uravnavajo to nestanovitnost. Da bi Evropa to podprla, potrebuje likviden in učinkovit trg za trgovanje znotraj dneva. Aktivno sodelujete na trgih jugovzhodne Evrope. Kako razviti so trgi električne energije v tej regiji in kako daleč so še od Evropske unije? u Na trgih jugovzhodne Evrope, ki so zdaj vsi začeli proces liberalizacije, vidimo velik potencial. Nekateri so pri prehodu k odprtemu trgu dlje, drugi na začetku. Prevladujoča smer razvoja vključuje vzpostavitev energetske borze, večjo transparentnost in likvidnost. Od tega bodo imeli koristi vsi udeleženci na trgu in vsa gospodarstva jugovzhodne Evrope. 16

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S katerimi ovirami ste se kot trgovec soočili, ko ste vstopili na trge jugovzhodne Evrope, in katere so največje priložnosti za trgovce v tej regiji? u V primerjavi s Srednjo in Zahodno Evropo je tu manjši poudarek na trgovanju na borzi in večji na dvostranskem trgovanju (OTC). Zato je zelo pomembno vzpostaviti tesne odnose in zaupanje s poslovnimi partnerji v regiji. Kaj pričakujete od novih energetskih borz v Srbiji in na Hrvaškem, ki bosta zdaj zdaj odprli svoja vrata? u Danske Commodities je zelo naklonjen novim energetskim borzam in veselimo se aktivnega delovanja v njihovem okviru. Poleg tega je to zelo pozitiven korak za regijo, saj je z dvema novima borzama več možnosti za povezovanje domačih proizvajalcev in odjemalcev z vseevropskim energetskim trgom. Kateri dejavniki trenutno v regiji jugovzhodne Evrope najbolj vplivajo na cene? u Trenutno imajo največji vpliv majhna poraba in obnovljivi viri energije. Največji evropski energetski giganti, kot je RWE, imajo veliko težav. Ali to kakorkoli vpliva na trgovanje v Evropi? Je po drugi strani lahko tudi priložnost za trgovce, kot ste vi? Včasih je bil na energetskih trgih poudarek na lastništvu sredstev in dolgoročnem trgovanju z energijo. Danes je najpomembnejša naložba poznavanje nestanovitnih trgov, z energijo pa se večinoma trguje na kratki rok. V tem smo najbolje podkovani. Malo materialnih naložb, specializiranost za kratkoročno trgovanje z energijo ter hiter in prilagodljiv pristop k poslovanju – vse to nam torej daje dobro izhodišče za pomoč strankam pri optimizaciji njihovih energetskih naložb.

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INTERVIEW: BO PALMGREN, Head of Intraday Trading at Danske Commodities

Danske Commodities became a member of BSP SouthPool at the end of 2008. How important is the Slovenian market for you, and where do you see possibilities for further development? u The Slovenian market is an important hub for linking Eastern Europe with Central and Western Europe both in day-ahead and intraday markets. The intraday market in Slovenia is still developing, and we see opportunities for local producers and large consumers to provide it with more liquidity. Production from renewables is increasing. Do you think that with integration of markets liquidity from day-ahead will move on to the Intraday-trading segment? u Yes. The growth in installed renewables capacity in Europe is driving ongoing price volatility. For example, the number of hours with negative prices in Germany on the EPEX Spot is increasing from 12 hours in 2010 to 64 hours in 2013. To remain competitive, traditional producers can no longer operate solely on the basis of day-ahead planning. They also need to respond to price-changing factors shortly before delivery during the course of the day. As a result, there is increasing demand to access the intraday markets so they can manage that volatility. To support this, Europe needs a liquid and efficient intraday market. You are an active market participant on SEE markets. How developed are power markets in the SEE region, and how far are they from the EU? We see a lot potential in the SEE markets that have all now begun the transition towards market liberalisation. Some of them are further ahead than others. The trend is towards introduction of power exchanges, greater transparency, and liquidity. And this will result in benefits for all market participants and the economies of SEE.

What barriers have you experienced as a trader when entering SEE markets, and which are the greatest traderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opportunities in this region? u Compared to Central and Western Europe, there is less focus on exchange-based trading and more on OTC. This makes it very important to build strong relationships and trust with counterparties in the region. What are you expecting from new power exchanges, which are just about to launch in Serbia and Croatia? u Danske Commodities is very positive about the new power exchanges, and we look forward to being an active participant on them. It's also very positive for the region as the addition of two exchanges increases the opportunity to link local producers and consumers with the Pan-European energy market. What are the key price drivers in the SEE region at the moment? u Low consumption and renewables are the key drivers at the moment. The largest European energy giants, such as RWE, are facing many problems. Is this in any way affecting trading in the European region? Can it also be an opportunity for traders such as you? u In the past, the energy markets used to focus on ownership of assets and long-term energy trading. Today, the most important asset is knowledge of volatile markets, and most energy is traded short-term. This is our core expertise. So, our asset-light position, our core expertise in short-term energy markets, and our fast and agile business approach all position us well to help our customers optimise their energy assets. Energetika.NET

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Na Balkanu kljub zmedi trgovci iščejo svoje priložnosti Barbara Škrinjar

Do konca letošnjega leta bo Hrvaška dobila svojo borzo z električno energijo, je pred prvomajskimi prazniki napovedal hrvaški minister za gospodarstvo Ivan Vrdoljak. Kmalu naj bi jo dobila tudi Srbija, obljubljajo pristojni v Srbiji. Postavlja se vprašanje, s kom se bodo pri vzpostavljanju borz povezovala lokalna podjetja in kateri trgi v jugovzhodni Evropi se bodo povezali naslednji. Katerim trgovcem bo uspelo uspešno usposobiti ekipe za trgovanje znotraj dneva in pri tem pobrati največji kos pogače? Komu bo uspelo uspešno prodreti na drobnoprodajni trg v Srbiji? Poiskali smo odgovore na nekaj naštetih vprašanj, na druga pa bomo odgovorili na mednarodni konferenci o trgovanju z električno energijo, En.trading 014, ki bo 28. maja v Beogradu. edtem ko so v zahodni, severni in srednji Evropi države združile svoje trge, na jugu stare celine vsaka država še vedno igra svojo igro in piše svoje zakone. Tržni udeleženci se poskušajo kar se da prilagajati posamezni nacionalni zakonodaji, vendar morajo še vedno odpirati podjetja v vsaki posamezni državi v regiji, da lahko dobijo licenco za delovanje na trgu. Trgovci večinoma ugotavljajo, da v praksi še vedno ni nič tako, kot določajo zakoni, in da je še vedno odprtih veliko vprašanj. Po drugi strani pa se z razvojem enotnega evropskega trga z električno energijo zaradi naraščajočega trgovanja znotraj dneva in motenj, ki jih na trg vnašajo obnovljivi viri energije, vloga trgovcev v zahodni Evropi zmanjšuje. Ti poskušajo zato svoje poslovanje razširiti tudi na bolj odmaknjene evropske trge, denimo na območje Balkana, saj jim ti trgi še omogočajo ustvarjati zadovoljive donose ob sprejemljivem tveganju. Vodja trgovanja v družbi GEN-I Matej Wagner, ki veliko dela tudi na Balkanu, pravi, da je v tej regiji največji izziv za trgovce z energijo ščitenje posameznih nacionalnih interesov. Med množico tveganj je tako le peščica priložnosti, ki jih je treba prepoznati. »V okoljih, kjer vladajo nestabilne cene, nenadzorovani pretoki energije, kjer shema trgovanja z emisijami ne deluje, kjer precejšnje podpore obnovljivim virom energije vnašajo še dodatno nestabilnost v sistem, kjer je pri veleprodaji visoka nihajnost na dnevnih trgih in kjer naraščajo potrebe po stalnem trgovanju znotraj dneva, pa je to še toliko težje,« nam je povedal na konferenci Energy Week na Dunaju. Vodja prodaje in trgovanja iz trgovske družbe Rudnap Sanja Božinovska (intervju z njo preberite na strani 12), pravi, da JV Evropa sicer teži k sprejemanju filozofije zahoda, a razlike v proizvodnih zmogljivostih med državami, odvisnost od hidrom-

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eteorologije pa tudi birokratski postopki zavirajo popoln sprejem zahodnega modela poslovanja. Na JV Evropo bi po njenem morali v elektroenergetskem smislu gledati kot na velik in močan trg z različnimi cenovnimi conami.

Vsi se zgledujejo po Madžarski Da je Madžarska referenčni trg za celotno regijo in torej hkrati najmočnejši cenovni signal za JV regijo, se strinjajo vsi naši sogovorniki. Vsi udeleženci trga namreč zelo pozorno spremljajo gibanje cen na Madžarskem: zanima jih dnevni trg HUPX in tudi istoimenski trg z izvedenimi instrumenti ter tako imenovani trg OTC (over the counter market). Med slednjimi prednjači posrednik TFS, ki vsak dan ponuja različne produkte, od dneva vnaprej do letnih produktov, pravi direktor OE Trgovina na debelo pri podjetju Elektro energija mag. Nikola Krečar. Krečar pa ob tem poudarja, da je tudi na Madžarskem razpoložljivost energije omejena, trg pa ni tako likviden kot nemški, zato lahko večji premiki povpraševalcev ali odjemalcev povzročijo šum v gibanju cene električne energije. Cena se, kot pravi Krečar, lahko dvigne ali spusti bolj, kot bi bilo realno pričakovati. Pri cenovnih signalih zato pridejo v poštev tudi razpisi, ki sproti dajejo informacijo za dvostranske dogovore pri trgovanju z električno energijo. Če na cene energije v zahodni in srednji Evropi, predvsem v Nemčiji, trenutno močno vplivajo obnovljivi viri, pa v JV Evropi na ceno močno vpliva tudi lokalna hidrologija in morebitni izpadi večjih proizvajalcev, pravi Krečar. »Aprila letos sta veliko razhajanje med nemškimi in madžarskimi cenami povzročila zaostritev razmer v Ukrajini in omejitev prenosnih zmogljivosti na avstrijski meji. Prostih dnevnih prenosnih zmogljivosti niso dodelili, kar je povzročilo veliko razliko v cenah. Če je bila februarja in marca ta razlika med nemškimi in madžarskimi cenami dva evra, je zdaj že 12 evrov. Za posamezne dni znaša razlika celo do 30 evrov,« pojasni. Čakajoč na borzo v Srbiji … Srbija je bila vedno »malo čuden trg«, pravi Rade Ristić iz mednarodnega trgovskega podjetja Green. »Ko lahko prodaš energijo, jo lahko vedno prodajaš pod madžarsko ceno. Ko jo hočeš kupiti, jo moraš kupiti nad madžarsko ceno,« je Ristič pojasnil ravnanje trgovcev v Srbiji. Dodal je, da je seveda vse odvisno od največjega proizvajalca elektrike v Srbiji, Elektroprivrede Srbije (EPS). Ta po njegovem narekuje dogajanje na trgu. »Če ima EPS ogromne presežke, bo prodal energijo po nižji ceni od madžarske, če pa mu je ni treba nujno prodati, potem je cena enaka

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Despite a Confusion in the Balkans, Traders Looking for Opportunities By end of 2014, Croatia will have its own power exchange, noted Croatian Energy Minister Ivan Vrdoljak just before Labour Day holiday. According to Serbian authorities, a power exchange is to be established shortly in Serbia as well. The question is who local companies will turn to when establishing energy exchanges, and which of the Southeast European markets will be coupled next. Which traders will be able to properly train their teams for intraday trading and grab the largest piece of the pie? Who will succeed in entering the retail market in Serbia? We have managed to find the answers to some of the above questions. As for the rest, we will try to provide the answers at the international conference on electricity trading En.trading 014 which will be held on 28 May 2014 in Belgrade. hile the countries in the Western, Northern, and Central Europe have already coupled their markets, the countries in the South of the old continent continue to play each its own game and write its own laws. Market participants have been trying to adapt to the national laws of each country, but they still need to establish companies in each country in the region, so as to be able to obtain the licence to operate in the market. Most of the traders generally recognize that in practice, nothing is really as it should be according to respective laws, and that many questions remain open. On the other hand, the development of a single European electricity market has diminished the role of retailers in Western Europe due to increased intra-day trading and disruptions on the market caused by renewable energy sources. Hence, these traders seek to expand their business onto more distant European markets, such as the Balkans, as the latter still allow satisfactory returns at acceptable risks. Head of Trading at GEN-I Matej Wagner who does a lot of trading in the Balkans noted that the greatest challenge of electricity traders is the countries protecting each its own national interests. A multitude of risks includes only a handful of opportunities that need to be identified. “In an environment with unstable wholesale prices and extreme volatility in the spot markets, combined with a growing demand for intra-day trading and uncontrolled energy flows, not properly functioning emissions trading scheme with considerable incentives for renewable energy sources which are the cause of additional instability within the system, that is even more difficult,” Wagner told during the Energy Week conference in Vienna. Head of Sales and Trading of the company Rudnap, Sanja Božinovska (read an interview with her on page 12) noted that while Southeast Europe did aspire to adopt the philosophy of the West, the differences in production capacities among the countries, combined with dependence on hydrometeorological conditions and bureaucratic procedures were a major obstacle in fully adopting the Western business model. She believes that in

terms of power industry, Southeast Europe should be regarded as one large and powerful market with different price zones.

Everyone following Hungary Everyone we have talked to agreed that Hungary was a reference market for the entire region and also the strongest price signal for the SEE region. All entities on the market follow price fluctuation in Hungary very carefully. They are interested in HUPX daily market, HUPX derivative instruments, as well as the so-called over the counter (OTC) market. The one that leads the way among the latter is TFS which brokers a whole array of products on a daily basis, from day-ahead to yearly products, according to Director of Wholesale Trading at Elektro energija Nikola Krečar, MSc. Krečar emphasised that in Hungary also energy availability was limited, while the market was not as liquid as in Germany, so any major migration of customers or consumers could cause noise in electricity price fluctuation. According to Krečar, the price can increase or drop more than it is realistic to expect. As regards price signals, it is also good to take into account calls for bids whic provide timely information on bilateral electricity trading agreements. If energy prices in Western and Central Europe, particularly in Germany, were at the time heavily influenced by renewable sources, the prices in Southeast Europe were largely affected by local hydrology and possible outages of major producers, Krečar noted. “A considerable difference between the German and the Hungarian prices this past April was caused by the tensions in Ukraine and limitations of transmission capacity on the Austrian border. Free daily capacity was not allocated which in turn created a large disparity in the prices. While the difference between the prices in Germany and Hungary was only two Euros in February and March, it has now jumped to 12 Euros. On a given day, the difference can be as much as 30 Euros,” he elaborated. Waiting for an exchange in Serbia … Serbian market had always been somewhat odd, noted Rade Ri stić of the international company Green Energy Trading. “When you can sell energy, you can always sell it at the price that is below the one in Hungary. When you want to purchase it, you need to buy it at the price that is above the one in Hungary,” Ristić noted, explaining the behaviour of Serbian energy traders. He added that naturally, everything depended on the largest electricity producer in Serbia, namely, Elektroprivreda Srbije (EPS). The latter, as he sees it, dictates market developments. “If EPS generates a huge surplus, they will sell energy at a lower price compared to the one in Hungary, whereas if they do not need to sell it urgently, the price will be equal to the Hungarian one. Otherwise the price is influenced by weather due to extensive hydro production,” he noted further. The participants on the Serbian market believe that the much anticipated and long-predicted exchange would bring greater transparency to the market, and it has been regarded – even before its establishment – as a paramount energy hub in Southeast

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madžarski. Sicer pa na ceno seveda vpliva vreme zaradi obsežne hidroproizvodnje,« še pojasni. Udeleženci na srbskem trgu verjamejo, da bo tako težko pri čakovana in dalj časa napovedovana borza na trg prinesla večjo preglednost in tej borzi že pred njeno ustanovitvijo pripisujejo vlogo enega pomembnejših energetskih vozlišč v JV Evropi. Božinovska in Krečar pravita, da lahko Srbija kot država z največjo proizvodnjo in tudi porabo postane naravno vozlišče v trgovini z električno energijo. »Združitev srbskega trga z madžarskim bi prinesla veliko likvidnosti in stabilnost cen. Nujno pa je, da EPS prevzame odgovornost in ima vlogo oblikovalca trga (market maker),« pravi Božinovska. Po zadnjih informacijah naj bi bila borza električne energije v Srbiji partnerstvo velike evropske energetske borze EPEX in domače Elektromreže Srbije (EMS), kar bi bilo po njenem zelo dobro tako za Srbijo kot širše za trg v tem delu Evrope. V EMS pa kljub temu, da so borzo v partnerstvu z EPEX napovedali, o podrobnostih molčijo.

… in na Hrvaškem Na drugi strani pa je, kot omenjeno, prav pred prvomajskimi prazniki na slovesnosti ob odprtju dispečerskega centra hrvaškega operaterja prenosnega omrežja (Hrvatski operater prijenosnog sustava – HOPS) oblikovanje borze z električno energijo v tretjem letošnjem četrtletju javno napovedal hrvaški minister Vrdoljak. Kljub temu pa za zdaj ostaja skrivnost, kdo bo pri tem partner HOPS-a in HROTE-ja (Hrvatski operator tržišta energije). Med najverjetnejšimi se omenjata slovenska borza BSP SouthPool ali madžarski HUPX. V prihodnosti boj za prevlado Magično vprašanje, na katero bi vsakdo rad vedel odgovor, je se veda, za kolikšno število borz na Balkanu je sploh prostora. Najverjetneje bo boj za JV vozlišče potekal med Srbijo in Hrvaško, pravijo naši sogovorniki. »Zaradi boljše geografske lege in osmih meja več možnosti pripisujem Srbiji, kjer že poteka tranzit za Bolgarijo, Turčijo, Romunijo. Medtem pa se mora BSP SouthPool zavedati svojih prednosti in ne biti boja za JV vozlišče, temveč izkoristiti dejstvo, da meji na dve energetsko pomembni državi, in sicer na Italijo in Avstrijo,« je ocenil Krečar. »Dolgoročno bi se v regiji verjetno najbolje obnesla ena večja skupna regionalna borza, na kateri bi bila skoncentrirana celotna likvidnost regije z več signali trgov, a bo verjetno preteklo še kar nekaj vode, da se to uresniči. In sicer, vsaj pet let. Do takrat pa bodo nove borze bolj podaljšek državnih elektrogospodarstev, kjer se bo po preglednejši poti prodajala in kupovala električna energija za pokrivanje presežkov in primanjkljajev za dan vnaprej,« je še pojasnil. Mnogi trgovci borze vidijo le kot orodje pri povezovanju trgov. Božinovska ob tem poudarja, da sta se veliki evropski borzi, nemČeprav se je na papirju srbski drobnoprodajni trg odprl, ima EPS še vedno skoraj 100-odstotni tržni delež. Tiste, ki so zamenjali dobavitelja, bi lahko prešteli na prste ene roke, pravijo poznavalci.

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• V Makedoniji se odpira drobnoprodajni trg z energijo. • Bolgarija je v fazi sprejemanja nove trgovalne zakonodaje. • Kosovo postaja samostojno trgovalno območje. • Turčija ima še vedno regulirane cene, pred vrati pa je vzpostavitev lastne borze. • Romunija si že letos jeseni obeta povezovanje trgov.

ška EEX in francoska Powernext, pred časom združili. Evropski model, h kateremu se teži, je po njenem enoten trg z več tržnimi conami. Ta proces se je začel že s severnoevropsko borzo NordPool in se nadaljuje tudi v drugih delih Evrope. Borze bodo po njenem delovale enotno, edino vprašanje pa je, kako se bodo imenovale in kje bodo imele sedeže. Ker pa je v JV Evropi madžarski trg najlikvidnejši in edini referenčni za terminske produkte, se bodo borze denimo v Romuniji in Srbiji skozi združevanjem trgov po njenem povezovale prav z madžarskim HUPX-om.

Nad vsem bo bedela EU Vodja trgovanja iz slovenske družbe Elektro Energija Tanja Čuk Jeran je na konferenci Energy Week na Dunaju povedala, da združevanje trgov vselej pozitivno vpliva za razvoj trgov z energijo, pri čemer je dodala, da je v prihodnje pričakovati tudi povezovanje med Hrvaško in Madžarsko ter med Slovenijo in Hrvaško. Po drugi strani Ristić pravi, da imajo trgovci zaradi povezovanja trgov vse manj priložnosti. Del dnevnega trgovanja se bo bolj preselil na dolgoročno trgovanje, mesečno in letno, del pa na trgovanje znotraj dneva. Kot trgovec ne boš imel druge možnosti, kot da boš izkoriščal razlike v cenah med posameznimi državami, pravi Ristić. »Priložnosti bo treba iskati v trgovanju znotraj dneva. Tisto, kar je prej trgovec zaslužil, po združitvi trgov poberejo sistemski operaterji,« pravi. Kljub različnim mnenjem o koristih in pomanjkljivostih združevanja trgov pa je transparentnost na prvem mestu in povezovanje trgov pod taktirko EU neizogibno. »Izvedba povezovanja trgov na podlagi pretokov (flow-based market coupling) v regiji bi morala zagotoviti učinkovito oblikovanje veleprodajne cene električne energije s povezovanjem omenjenih trgov za dan vnaprej ter dati bolj natančno oceno o razpoložljivih omrežnih zmogljivostih na posameznih elementih prenosnega omrežja,« je jasno stališče evropske Agencije za sodelovanje energetskih regulatorjev (ACER) s sedežem v Ljubljani. Ta je tudi koordinator regijskih spodbud in sporazumov med upravljavci prenosnih elektroenergetskih omrežij, borzami električne energije in nacionalnimi regulatorji držav. Končni cilj združevanja trgov je oblikovanje enotnega evropskega trga z električno energijo, ki že poteka v precejšnjem delu Evropske unije in bo postopoma vključil tudi JV evropsko regijo. In če se enotni evropski trg za zdaj JV regije dotika le na slovenski zahodni meji z Italijo, se bo ta počasi zagotovo pomikala tudi navzdol. Morda že prav kmalu na slovensko-hrvaško mejo, sploh če bo do konca leta Hrvaška vzpostavila borzo z električno energijo.

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Europe. Božinovska and Krečar noted that being a country with the largest production and consumption volumes, Serbia could become a natural electricity trading hub. “Serbian-Hungarian market coupling could lead to improved liquidity and price stability. It is urgent, however, that EPS takes on the responsibility and plays the role of a market maker,” noted Božinovska. According to the latest information, Serbian power exchange is supposedly a joint project of two partners, namely, the large European Power Exchange (EPEX) and the local TSO Elektromreža Srbije (EMS), which, according to Božinovska, would be a good thing for both Serbia and the wider market in this part of Europe. Despite having announced the exchange as a joint venture with EPEX, EMS does not disclose any further details.

… and in Croatia On the other hand, Croatian Minister Vrdoljak – as mentioned above – publicly announced the development of an electricity exchange in Croatia in the third quarter of 2014 just before the May 1st holiday, during the inauguration ceremony of the dispatching centre of the Croatian transmission system operator (HOPS). Nevertheless, a possible partner of HOPS and HROTE's (Croatian Energy Market Operator) is still a dark horse. The one that is most likely to assume that role is the Slovenian energy exchange BSP SouthPool or the Hungarian HUPX. Fight for supremacy on the horizon The magic question everyone would like to know the answer to is, of course, how many exchanges can coexist in the Balkans? Most likely, the battle for the SEE hub will be held between Serbia and Croatia, according to the people we spoke to. “Owing to better geographical location and eight borders I would say that Serbia has a better chance at winning, as it already is a transit country to Bulgaria, Turkey, Romania. Meanwhile, BSP SouthPool must be aware of their strengths and not fight for the SEE hub, but rather take advantage of the fact that it shares borders with two important energy countries, namely, Italy and Austria,” noted Krečar. “In the long run, a large regional exchange would be the most effective option, concentrating overall liquidity of the region, with several market signals, but there is still a long way to go to make that happen. In fact, five years at least. Until then, the new stock exchanges will serve more as an extension of national power industries, where electricity will be sold and purchased in a more transparent way to meet surpluses and shortages for the day ahead,” he explained. Many traders see the exchange as a tool for market coupling. Božinovska noted that two major European exchanges, the German EEX and the French Powernext, merged as well. The European model they aspire to is a single market with several market zones. This Despite the fact that the Serbian retail market is open on paper, EPS is still holds a nearly 100 per cent market share. According to connoisseurs, consumers that have switched suppliers can in fact be counted on the fingers of one hand.

• Retail energy market has been opening in Macedonia. • Adoption of new trading legislation is under way in Bulgaria. • Kosovo is becoming an independent trading range. • Prices are still regulated in Turkey, with an energy exchange at their doorstep. • Romania anticipates market coupling this autumn.

process has already started with the Northern European exchange NordPool and continues in other parts of Europe as well. She believes that the exchanges will in fact operate uniformly, but the question remains what will they be called and where will they be based. Since Hungary is the most liquid market in Southeast Europe as well as the only reference market for futures products, she believes that the exchanges in Romania and Serbia, for example, would merge, through market coupling, with the Hungarian HUPX.

EU to watch over everything Head of Trading in the Slovenian company Elektro Energija, Tanja Čuk Jeran noted during Energy Week in Vienna that market coupling always had a positive effect on the development of energy markets, adding that what could be expected in the future was market coupling between Croatia and Hungary, and between Slovenia and Croatia. On the other hand, Ristić says that traders have fewer opportunities due to market coupling. A segment of the daily trading will be moved to long-term trading, monthly and annual, and another segment to intra-day trading. As a trader you would have no other option but to make use of the differences in prices in individual countries, noted Ristić. “One will have to look for opportunities within intra-day trading. What used to be traders’ earnings, will from now on – after the market coupling – be collected by system operators,” he added. Despite differing opinions on the benefits and drawbacks of market coupling, transparency is in the first place, and market coupling guided by the EU inevitable. “Flow-based market coupling within the region should ensure effective wholesale pricing for electricity, by coupling the aforementioned markets for day-ahead, and give a more accurate estimate of the available network capacity in individual elements of the transmission system,” is the viewpoint of the Ljubljana-based European Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER). The latter also functions as the coordinator of regional incentives and agreements among transmission system operators for electricity, power exchanges, and national regulators. The ultimate goal of market coupling is the formation of a single European electricity market, which is already functioning in a distinctive part of the European Union, and will gradually include the SEE region as well. And even though the single European market currently boarders the SEE region only along the western Slovenian border with Italy, that will certainly and gradually move downwards. Perhaps we will see it shortly on the Slovenian-Croatian border, in particular if Croatia will have indeed established their electricity exchange by year end. Energetika.NET

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Poleg krize zdaj investicije v omrežje upočasnil še žled Tanja Srnovršnik Volarič Foto / Photo: Roman Peklaj Elektro distribucije že dlje časa opozarjajo, da je kriza povzročila razkorak med 10-letnimi načrti razvoja elektrodistribucijskega omrežja in letnimi načrti investicij. Zdaj pa je dodatne zamude povzročil še žled. A kljub temu bo letos nekaj denarja šlo tudi v izgradnjo novih povezav in ne samo v sanacijo nastale škode.

Elektru Ljubljana so za letos načrtovali investicije v višini 24,5 milijona evrov, a jim je nato načrte prekrižal žled. Škoda, ki jo je na njihovem omrežju povzročil, presega 20 milijonov evrov, zaradi česar v družbi pripravljajo rebalans načrta investicij. Ob tem opozarjajo, da bo, če se lastnik ne bo odpovedal dobičku, to povzročilo »dveletni zastoj pri nujnem razvoju distribucijskega omrežja in temu primeren negativen vpliv na konkurenčnost in razvoj gospodarstva«, opozarjajo. Tako bo za Elektro Ljubljana letos ključna sanacija poškodovanega distribucijskega omrežja. »Poleg tega je zelo pomembna tudi izgradnja nove razdelilne transformatorske postaje (RTP) 110/20 kV Men geš in dokončanje nekaterih 20 kV kablovodov, ki smo jih začeli graditi lani, vendar je njihova izvedba odvisna od višine sredstev, ki jih bomo pridobili za odpravljanje posledic naravne ujme,« pravijo. Med temi kablovodi omenjajo 2 x 20 kV kabelsko povezavo RTP Grosuplje–OIC Škofljica, 20 kV ka blovod RP 20 kV Kozarje–TP Gmajnice in 2 × 20 kV kabelsko povezavo med RTP Črnomelj in RP Semič na relaciji RTP Črnomelj–Ručetna vas.

sinergiji z ukrepi preventive ter aktivnostmi razvoja in nadgradnje omrežja. To pa pomeni temu primerno kratkoročno in dolgoročno višji strošek dela.« Dokončna sanacija omrežja na območju Elektra Maribor bo sicer najverjetneje potekala do naslednjega leta.

Do dodatnega denarja z izločitvijo nekaterih investicij Elektro Celje je letos za investicije v obnovo omrežja nameraval nameniti 19,5 milijona evrov. A ker jim je žled povzročil za 10,8 milijona evrov škode, bodo nekatere investicije in obnove distribucijskega omrežja, predvidene za letos, zamaknili za do dve leti. Tako bo Elektro Celje večino sredstev namenil sanaciji stanja vodov in naprav po februarski vremenski ujmi. Ob tem v družbi poudarjajo, da so bili poškodovani srednjein nizkonapetostni vodi, ki jim namenjajo okoli 14 milijonov evrov. Poleg tega so v fazi pridobivanja dodatnih finančnih sredstev v višini 5,3 milijona evrov za potrebe sanacije žledoloma. »Sredstva bomo zagotovili z izločitvijo nekaterih investicij, ki niso bila dovolj visoko na prednostni listi letnega načrta,« dodajajo.

Na Gorenjskem letos masovna implementacija pametnih števcev V Elektru Gorenjska bodo letos za investicije v omrežje namenili približno 11 milijonov evrov, a tudi na njihovem območju bo leto zaznamovano predvsem z odpravljanjem posledic škode, ki jo je na distribucijskem omrežju povzročil februarski žled. Tako bo glavnina sredstev namenjena za obnovo srednjein nizkonapetostnega omrežja (predvsem 20 kilovoltni kablovodi: po dolini Kokre, RTP Kranjska Gora−TP Rateče, RP Kurativa in preventiva Elektro Maribor je letos nameraval v srednjein nizko- Žiganja vas−TP Duplje, TP Podvin−TP Črnivec). napetostno omrežje investirali 12,7 milijona evrov, zdaj Načrtujejo, da bodo morali zamenjati 15 stolpnih in pa zaradi posledic letošnje februarske ujme − višina jamborskih transformatorskih postaj s kabelskimi škode na njihovem omrežju je 12 milijonov evrov − iz- betonskimi postajami ter obnoviti in zamenjati okoli vajajo prestrukturiranje investicij. »Popravilo poškodo- 50 kilometrov nizkonapetostnega omrežja. A kot poudarjajo v družbi, bodo kljub katastrofi in vanega omrežja bo vsekakor imelo prednost, poleg aktivnosti, povezanih z zagotovitvijo nepretrganega ra - izjemnim vlaganjem, ki so potrebna za sanacijo omre zvoja, sprotne sanacije morebitnih novonastalih škod, žja, nadaljevali tudi z ostalimi investicijskimi projekti. pogodbenih obveznosti in nujnih investicij. Na ob - Kot enega izmed pomembnejših projektov izpostavmočjih, ki jih je ujma najbolj prizadela, uvajamo tudi ljajo izgradnjo 110-kilovoltne distribucijske povezave dodatne ukrepe, da bi bila čim manjša možnost pono- med Bohinjem in Železniki. Za to bodo letos predvitve stanja, ki ga je povzročil žled,« pojasnjujejo v družbi. vidoma namenili 4,5 milijona evrov in zaključili poPoudarjajo, da za njihovo omrežje odprava posle- seke, pripravili dostopne poti ter postavili približno dic žleda pomeni še več kurative oziroma aktivnosti, dve tretjini vseh stojnih mest, v letu 2015 pa bodo namenjenih odpravi napak. »Pomemben izziv je v zgradili še preostali del daljnovodnih stebrov z obes22

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ELECTRIC POWER GRID DEVELOPMENT

Ice Joins Ailing Economy in Slowing Down Investment in Slovenia’s Power Grid Power distribution companies have long been warning about the gap which the economic crisis caused between 10-year plans for the electric power grid development on the one hand and annual investment plans on the other. Recently, ice which paralysed Slovenia in February has been causing additional delays. That said, not everything will be spent on cleaning up the damage; some of the funds will still be allocated for construction of new connections.

n 2014, Elektro Ljubljana planned investments worth EUR 24.5 million until the ice storm made them change their plans. The damage done to their grid exceeds EUR 20 million, reason enough for the company to revise their investment plan. If their owner fails to waive the right to profit, this will lead to a “two-year delay in the muchneeded development of the distribution grid, resulting in a negative effect on the competitiveness and growth of the economy,” Elektro Ljubljana warns. Repairing the damage to the distribution grid is this year’s essential task for Elektro Ljubljana. “Two other very important projects are construction of a new substation (RTP) 110/20 kV Mengeš and completion of some 20 kV power cables we started building last year, but their implementation depends on the amount of funds we manage to obtain for the disaster clean-up and restoration,” they say. The cables they mention include the 2 x 20 kV cable connection between substation Grosuplje and industrial business zone Škofljica, the 20 kV power cable between 20 kV switching substation Kozarje and transformer Gmajnice, and the 2 x 20 kV cable connection between substation Črnomelj and switching substation Semič on the route Črnomelj-Ručetna vas.

Remediation and prevention Elektro Maribor intended to invest EUR 12.7 million in the medium- and low-voltage networks this year, but its investment plan is also being revised after the February ice storm caused damage to their network, worth EUR 12 million. “The repairs of the damaged grid are a priority, in addition to the activities related to ensuring continuous development, timely restoration of any new damage, contractual obligations, and the essential investment. We are introducing additional measures in the areas most severely hit by the ice

storm, in order to prevent any similar situations from happening again,” the company explains. They emphasize that for their network, the damage clean-up and restoration mean additional remediation, i.e. activities aimed at fixing faults. “One of the important challenges is the synergy with preventive measures and the activities related to grid development and upgrade. This means a proportionally higher short- and long-term labour cost.” In Elektro Maribor, the long-term restoration of the grid seems likely to continue into next year.

Getting additional funds by abandoning investment Elektro Celje planned to invest EUR 19.5 million this year in the restoration of the grid. But after the ice storm in February had caused EUR 10.8 million worth of damage, some of the investment into restoring the distribution grid scheduled for this year now had to be delayed by up to two years. This way, Elektro Celje can spend most of the funds on repairs of their power lines and equipment. The company say the damage was done to the medium- and low-voltage power lines, where repairs will be worth about EUR 14 million. In addition to this, they are now working on obtaining an additional EUR 5.3 million for the disaster clean-up and restoration. “We will provide these funds by abandoning some of the investments which were not high up on our list of priorities in our annual plan,” Elektro Celje said. In Gorenjska region, mass-scale smart metering programme Elektro Gorenjska’s 2014 investment plan for the grid is worth about EUR 11 million, but their territory is yet another area where the top priority is to repair the damage caused to the distribution grid by the ice storm in February. Thus, the majority of these funds will be spent on the restoration of the medium- and low-voltage networks (especially 20 kV power cables: the Kokra valley, substation Kranjska Gora – transformer Rateče, transformer Žiganja vas – transformer Duplje, transformer Podvin – transformer Črnivec). They estimated they would have to replace 15 of their wood pole and metal tower substations with cable substations made of concrete, and restore and replace about 50 kilometres of the low-voltage network. Despite the disaster and the massive investment needed to repair the grid, Elektro Gorenjska intends Energetika.NET

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no opremo in daljnovodnimi vrvmi ter izpeljali izgradnjo priključnih 110 kV kablovodov. Elektro Gorenjska bo letos prav tako začel z masovno implementacijo interoperabilnih AMI števcev, posebej pa se bodo posvetili tudi nadgraditvi (kablitvam) predvsem tistih odsekov daljnovodov, ki so pogosto izpostavljeni različnim vremenskim spremembam in posledično tudi poškodbam ter prekinitvam na omrežju. Ocenjujejo, da bodo na teh področjih zgradili skupaj več kot 30 kilometrov novih 20-kilovoltnih dalj novodnih povezav v podzemni kabelski izvedbi.

Časovni zamik vse večji Žled je veliko škode povzročil tudi na območju Elektra Primorska, kar za 18,8 milijona evrov. V družbi sicer letos za investicije v izgradnjo in obnovo distribucijskega elektroenergetskega sistema namenjajo 11 milijonov evrov, a bo večina teh sredstev šla v odpravo posledic žleda. V načrtu imajo obnovo poškodovanih nadzemnih vodov na območju Pivke, Postojne, Črnega Vrha, Idrijsko- Cerkljanskega hribovja. Do zdaj so izvedli približno 52 odstotkov končne sanacije srednjein nizkonapetostnega omrežja, končna sanacija preostalega dela omrežja bo potekala v tem letu in v naslednjem. S sanacijo 110 kV daljnovoda pa še niso začeli, saj so v fazi izbiranja izvajalca. Načrtujejo, da bodo to sanacijo izvedli do letošnjega septembra. »Kriza nam je precej upočasnila načrtovane investicije, saj se nam že od začetka krize do danes pojavlja velik razkorak med 10-letnimi načrti razvoja distribucijskega elektroenergetskega sistema in letnimi oziroma triletnimi načrti investicijskih vla-

ganj. Naravna nesreča je skoraj popolnoma zaustavila načrtovano nadgradnjo in rekonstrukcijo distribucijskega elektroenergetskega sistema. To pomeni, da bomo morali obratovati z dotrajanimi elektroenergetskimi napravami, kar pa lahko povzroči poslabšanje kakovosti dobave električne energije odjemalcem. Tako smo zaustavili večino investicij za posodobitev razdelilno transformatorskih postaj, razdelilnih postaj, nabavo opreme in izvedo investicij, ki po naših ocenah ne bodo bistveno poslabšala kakovosti dobave električne energije, oziroma je njihov vpliv posreden. Ves odmik načrtovanih investicij pa se bo odražal kot časovni zamik v prihodnjih investicijskih načrtih,« ob tem še poudarjajo v Elektru Primorska.

ELES največ investira v nadzor in zaščito Preverili smo tudi, kakšni so načrti za investicije v prenosno elektroenergetsko omrežje, za katerega skrbi ELES. V njem nameravajo letos v omrežje investirali 44 milijonov evrov, temu znesku pa je treba prišteti še okoli osem milijonov evrov, ki jih bodo porabili za sanacijo poškodovanih daljnovodov, pravi direktor družbe Aleksander Mervar. Največ, 15 milijonov evrov, bo ELES namenil za rekonstrukcije in investicije v daljnovode, šest milijonov bo investiral v razdelilne transformatorske postaje, 17 milijonov evrov za podporo daljinskemu nadzoru, zaščitam obratovanju prenosnega omrežja in telekomunikaciji, ostalo pa za različne manjše investicije. Mervar še dodaja, da v ELES investirajo skladno s svojo strategijo, sprejeto leta 2011, ledena ujma pa bo nekatere investicije zamaknila za do šest mesecev.

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ELECTRIC POWER GRID DEVELOPMENT

ELES, sistemski operater prenosnega električnega omrežja Slovenije, namerava letos v omrežje investirati 44 milijonov evrov. Dodatnih osem milijonov evrov bo porabil za sanacijo poškodovanih daljnovodov. ELES, Electricity Transmission System Operator in Slovenia, plans to invest EUR 44 million in the grid in 2014. Further EUR 8 million will be spent on the restoration of the damaged power lines.

to continue other investment projects. One of their key projects is construction of the 110 kV power distribution line between Bohinj and Železniki. The plan is to invest EUR 4.5 million in this project by the end of the year to finish the phase of cleaning the area, arranging access routes and setting up about two thirds of all the sites. In 2015, the project continues with putting up the rest of the power line pillars with the appurtenant equipment and wires, and carrying out the construction of the connecting 110 kV power cables. This year, Elektro Gorenjska will also start massscale implementation of interoperable advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), with special emphasis on upgrading the sections of the long-distance power lines which are often exposed to changing weather and, as a consequence, to damage and disruptions. According to their estimates, more than 30 kilometres of new 20 kV power line connections will be built in these areas as underground cables.

“First our planned investment was slowed down by the economic crisis, which had since its very beginning been causing a huge gap between 10-year plans for the electric power grid development one the one hand and annual or three-year investment plans on the other. Then the planned upgrade and overhaul of the electric power distribution system ground almost to a halt amid severe winter weather. This means we will have to continue to use our dilapidated infrastructure, which could lead to deterioration of the quality of power supply for customers. We have suspended most of the investment in modernising substations, switching stations, equipment purchases and implementation, everything we believe would have only an indirect impact on the quality of power supply without leading to major quality deterioration. But this delay in planned investment will result in new delays in our future investment plans,” representatives of Elektro Primorska emphasize.

Growing delays One of the areas where the ice storm caused the most severe damage – worth as much as EUR 18.8 million – is within the competence of Elektro Primor ska. The 2014 plan of the company was to invest EUR 11 million in construction and restoration of the distribution power grid, but most of these funds will now be spent on damage clean-up and restoration. They plan to restore the damaged power lines in the areas around Pivka, Postojna, Črni Vrh, the Idrija and Cerkno hills. About 52 percent of all the works on the medium- and low-voltage networks have already been carried out, while the rest will be done throughout this year and into 2015. The restoration of the 110 kV power line is still to start, as it is now in the phase of selecting the contractor. The project is scheduled to be completed by September.

ELES to invest in control and protection We also enquired about the investment plan for the power transmission grid, which is operated by ELES. The company plans to invest EUR 44 million in the grid in 2014, and spend a further EUR 8 million on the restoration of the damaged power lines, according to ELES Director Aleksander Mervar. The largest share, EUR 15 million, is allocated for overhaul and investment in power lines, EUR 6 million for substations, EUR 17 million for remote control, protection of the transmission system and telecommunications operation, while the rest will be spent on smaller-scale investment. In making investments, ELES acts in accordance with its strategy adopted in 2011, with the ice storm delaying some of the projects for up to six months, Mervar adds. Energetika.NET

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Ilustracija / Illustration: Roman Peklaj

GLOBALNA ENERGETIKA

Google v prihodnje Could Google ponudnik celovite Manage Your Entire oskrbe z energijo? Energy Needs? Tanja Srnovršnik Volarič

Energetski sektor je zrel za spremembe, je nedavno v svojem blogu pisal novinar Financial Timesa Nick Butler. Spremembe bodo po njegovem geografske – že zdaj je največja rast porabe energije v Aziji –, šle pa bodo tudi v smer uporabe novih tehnologij za oblikovanje popolnoma nove ponudbe za porabnike. In tukaj bi lahko po njegovem veliko vlogo odigral tudi internetni velikan Google. Da bi se to lahko zgodilo, je nedavno v Barceloni za Energetiko.NET potrdil tudi direktor globalnih infrastruktur pri Googlu Francois Sterin.

The energy sector is ripe for change, Nick Butler, a regular contributor to the Financial Times, has recently written in his blog. According to Butler, changes will be partly driven by geography – most of the growth in energy demand is now in Asia – while others will involve the use of new technology to produce completely new ranges of products and services for consumers. This is where web giant Google® might become a very big player. As Francois Sterin, Senior Manager of Google's Global Infrastructure Team, told Energetika.NET in Barcelona recently, this is a plausible scenario.

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nternet je zanimiv, saj omogoča, da inovacije v navidezno togih obstoječih tržnih strukturah uspejo v nekaj mesecih. Potrebne kapitalske naložbe so zelo nizke, še posebej za podjetja, ki že imajo visoko razvite tržne dejavnosti in globalne blagovne znamke,« pravi Butler. In kaj bi Google lahko počel? Butler vidi številne možnosti. Novo podjetje, kot bi bilo npr. Google Energy, bi lahko zbralo povpraševanja od milijonov strank, s tem pa bi dobilo pogajalsko moč, da bi za te stranke pridobilo popust na sedanje cene energije. »Če bi ljudje hoteli plačati več za trajnostno ali zeleno energijo, ni problema. Ponudba dobave električne energije bi se prilagajala vsem možnim okusom.« A to je le začetek. Kot pravi Butler, bi lahko Google Energy po nujal pametne števce, ki merijo, koliko energije nekdo porabi, pa tudi kdaj in kako. Pametni sistemi lahko upravljajo termostate in vse druge vidike porabe energije v gospodinjstvih. »Podjetja lahko s podatki iz številnih števcev povečajo učinkovitost dostopnih dobav,« pojasnjuje in dodaja, da takšen poslovni model razvija podjetje Nest Labs, ki ga je letos za 3,2 milijarde dolarjev (2,3 mi lijarde evrov) kupil Google. O ponudniku energetskih storitev novega tipa govori tudi prvi mož finskega podjetja VaasaETT Philip E. Lewis. »Bodo pa seveda imeli tovrstni ponudniki celovite oskrbe z energijo tudi ogromno dodatnih podatkov o svojih odjemalcih oz. strankah,« pravi. Po njegovih besedah je vse več tudi pobud, da bi informacijska podjetja, kot je Google, prevzela nosilno vlogo pri razvoju pametnih omrežij. 26

Energetika.NET

he fascination of the internet is that it allows innova tion to sweep through apparently rigid existing market structures in a matter of months. The capital investment required is very low, particularly for the companies who already have sophisticated marketing operations and global brand names,” said Butler. What would Google do? Butler sees various possibilities. A new company such as Google Energy could aggregate demand from millions of customers and then use this bargaining power to supply them at a discount of the current price. “If people wanted to pay more for sustainable or green energy, power could be supplied to meet any particular taste.” But this is just the beginning. According to Butler, Google Energy could offer smart meters to measure not just how much energy is consumed, but also when and how. Smart meters can manage thermostats and all other aspects of energy use in households. “With the data gathered from a large number of meters, companies could maximise the efficiency of available supplies,” Butler explained, adding that this was the business model now being developed by Nest Labs, a company that Google bought for USD 3.2 billion (EUR 2.3 million) earlier this year. A new type of energy services provider is also what Philip E. Lewis, CEO of Finnish company VaasaETT, talks about. “Of course, these providers of comprehensive energy services will have a lot of additional information about their consumers or customers,” he said. According to Lewis, information technology companies such as Google are more and more often being called to assume the leading role in developing smart grids.

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GLOBAL ENERGY

Google ima ogromno idej Kaj pa na vse to pravijo v Googlu? »Imamo skupino, ki se ukvarja z energetskimi inovacijami. Med drugim, kako lahko lastnikom hiš in stanovanj ponudimo rešitve za boljše upravljanje s porabo energije. Predstavljajte si, da lahko uporabite svoj električni avtomobil kot baterijo, v katero shranjujete električno energijo, proizvedeno s solarnimi paneli na strehi, ali da uporabljate energijsko intenzivne pripomočke samo takrat, ko je na voljo presežek lokalno proizvedene električne energije. Veliko se da storiti v sodelovanju z dobavitelji električne energije in porabniki pri vsesplošnem zmanjšanju potrebe po energiji,« je za Energetiko.NET dejal direktor globalnih infrastruktur pri Googlu Francois Sterin, ki smo ga spoznali v Barceloni. Dodal je, da je omenil le nekaj primerov, saj je v energetiki možnosti za inovacije ogromno. »To je večinoma neizkoriščeno področje,« meni. Vprašali smo ga tudi, kakšni so nameni Googla s podjetjem Nest Labs, kjer delajo terostate. Kot že omenjeno, je namreč Financial Times pisal, da bi se s tem nakupom Google lahko podal na trg pametnih števcev. »Naj še naprej delajo odlične proizvode. Veseli smo, da so postali del naše zgodbe in da bodo še naprej ljudjem zagotavljali, da bodo njihovi domovi udobnejši in bolj učinkoviti,« je skrivnosten Sterin. Na vprašanje, ali bi lahko Google v prihodnje postal tudi dobavitelj energije, pa odgovarja: »Proizvodnja energije, da bi jo nato prodali kot dobavitelj, ni naš osnovni posel. Zato je odgovor: 'V bližnji prihodnosti ne.'«

»V energetiki je ogromno mo`nosti za inovacije. To je ve~inoma neizkori{~eno podro~je,« meni direktor globalnih infrastruktur pri Googlu Francois Sterin. Na poti do 100-odstotne rabe OVE Google je zadnje čase sicer zelo aktiven tudi na področju obnovljivih virov energije (OVE). Investiral je že več kot 1,5 milijarde dolarjev v okoli 2 GW kapacitet OVE, v prihodnje pa si želijo še več projektov, saj bo njihova poraba v prihodnje zelo zrasla. Google namreč s tem dobiva električno energijo za svoje podatkovne centre, ki porabijo ogromno energije. Googlova največja podatkovna centra v Evropi se nahajata v Belgiji in na Finskem. Zaenkrat so investirali v projekte OVE v državah, kjer se nahajajo ti centri, a v prihodnje to morda več ne bo tako. »Naš cilj je vzpostaviti precej močno povezavo med proizvodnjo nove obnovljive energije in našo porabo v naših centrih. Ni nujno, da mora biti proizvodnja točno v državi, v kateri so centri, a potem mora biti električno omrežje med sabo zadostno povezano. V nordijskih državah to zaradi integriranega omrežja in energet skega trga ni problem. Zaradi spajanja trgov in omrežnih povezav bi tako lahko veljalo tudi za velik del zahodne Evrope, vključno za države Beneluksa, Francijo, Nemčijo. Je pa zdaj težje reči, da sta v eno super omrežje vključena Združeno kraljestvo in Vzhodna Evropa. Ko se bo to zgodilo, bomo priložnosti iskali tudi tukaj.« OVE sicer trenutno predstavljajo le 34 odstotkov porabljene energije. A, kot zagotavlja Sterin, je njihov ne tako daljni cilj 100-od stotna uporaba OVE. »Našli bomo načine, da bomo to omogočili. Glavni izziv nam trenutno predstavlja neusklajenost med nestalno naravo OVE, kot sta vetrna in sončna energija, ter med našo precej enakomerno porabo. A delali bomo na rešitvah za to,« pojasnjuje in dodaja, da bodo poskušali zmešati različne tehnologije, tako da se bodo dopolnjevale.

Google has plenty of ideas What does Google say to this? “We have a special group dealing with energy innovation. For instance, how can we help owners of houses or apartments with solutions for better management of their energy consumption? Imagine being able to use your electric car as a battery where you can store the electricity generated by solar panels on your roof, or using energy-intensive appliances only when there is a surplus of locally generated electricity. A lot can be done in collaboration with energy suppliers and consumers to achieve an overall decline in energy demand,” said Francois Sterin, Senior Manager of Google's Global Infrastructure Team, who talked with us in Barcelona. These were just a couple of examples, Sterin said, as energy provides plenty of room for innovation. “This is a sector with a largely untapped potential,” according to Sterin. We also asked about Google’s intentions with Nest Labs, a company producing thermostats. As already mentioned, reports in the Financial Times suggest Google could use the company to enter the smart meters market. “Let them continue to make great products. We are happy they became part of our story and that they will continue to make people’s homes more comfortable and efficient,” Sterin said evasively. When asked whether Google could become an energy supplier, he said: “Production of energy which we would then sell as a supplier is not our core business. So the answer is: Not in the near future.”

“There is plenty of room for innovation in energy. This is a sector with a largely untapped potential,” says Francois Sterin, Google's Director of Global Infrastructure. En route to 100% RES Lately, Google also has been very actively engaged in renewable energy. They have so far invested more than USD 1.5 billion in about 2 GW of renewables capacity, and plan more projects like this in the future, in light of their rapidly growing energy demand. This is a way for Google to get electricity for their data centres, which are large energy consumers. Google’s biggest data centres in Europe are located in Belgium and Finland. So far, they have only invested in renewables projects in the countries where the centres are located, but this might change. “Our aim is to set up a pretty strong link between production of new renewable energy and our consumption in these centres. Energy does not necessarily have to be produced in the same country where the centres are, but in this case the electric power grids have to be connected adequately. In the Nordic countries with an integrated grid and energy market, this is not a problem. With market coupling and interconnections, this could also be said for a large part of Western Europe, including Benelux, France, Germany. It is difficult to say, though, that the UK and Eastern Europe are now part of one super grid. When this is the case, we will seek opportunity there as well.” Renewables now account for just 34 percent of energy consumption. But, according to Sterin, 100-percent RES is their not-so-distant target. “We are going to find ways to make this happen. Our main challenge now is the gap between the intermittency of renewables like wind or solar, and our pretty steady consumption. But we will continue to work on solutions,” he explained, adding that they would try to combine different complementing technologies. Energetika.NET

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GLOBALNA ENERGETIKA

Ukrajinska kriza piše novo plinsko zgodbo Ukraine Crisis Puts Gas Back in Spotlight

Ilustracija / Illustration: Roman Peklaj

Simona Drevenšek

Energetika.NET

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GLOBAL ENERGY

Kako se bo maščevala Moskva, je prvo vprašanje, ki se je mnogim porodilo po tem, ko je Evropska unija uvedla sankcije proti Rusiji zaradi priključitve Krima. Pomemben del sestavljanke, kako do energetske neodvisnosti v Evropi, je postal plin iz skrilavcev. Evropo bi z nekonvencionalnim plinom lahko oskrbovali ZDA in Kanada ter tako izpodrinili Rusijo. Po drugi strani bi lahko Evropa sama izkoriščala plin iz skrilavcev, k čemur pozivajo (nekateri) politiki in industrija. A kot je za Energetiko.NET dejal Jonathan Stern, predstojnik in višji znanstveni sodelavec Programa za raziskave zemeljskega plina pri Oxfordskem inštitutu za energetske študije v Veliki Britaniji, je krimska kriza odraz ukrajinske politične krhkosti. Meni tudi, da razmaha plina iz skrilavcev v Evropi ne bomo videli še najmanj 10 let.

How does Moscow plan to settle the score, was the first question on many people’s minds after Europe had imposed sanctions on Russia for annexing Crimea. Shale gas has become an important piece of the puzzle on Europe’s way towards energy independence. Unconventional gas could be supplied to Europe from the USA and Canada, ousting Russia. On the other hand, Europe could produce its own shale gas, an idea backed by (some) politicians and industry. But according to Jonathan Stern, Chairman of the Natural Gas Research Programme and Senior Research Fellow at the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, UK, the Crimea crisis is a sign of Ukraine’s political fragility. Any considerable growth of shale gas in Europe is at least another 10 years away, Stern told Energetika.NET.

lin iz skrilavcev bi lahko Evropo rešil odvisnosti od ruskega plina. Idejo podpirajo politiki in industrija, a pravega razmaha še nekaj let ne bo. Plin iz skrilavcev je ZDA rešil uvoza plina in pocenil energente, podobnega scenarija se nadejajo tudi nekateri v Evropi. A vse ni tako rožnato. Kot je poročal Financial Times, se je panoga ujela v mehurček: podjetja, ki so začela vlagati v plin iz skrilavcev, beležijo manjše dobičke, veliko denarja je bilo odštetega za nakup zemljišč za raziskovanje, najdenega je bilo manj plina od pričakovanega, investitorji pa so se umaknili, ugotavljajo analitiki. Opozarjajo tudi, da bodo cene plina iz skrilavcev v prihodnjem letu sicer še padale, potem pa se bodo dvigovale. Da bi v Evropi pridobili zadostne količine plina iz skrilavcev, bo potrebnih še nekaj let in veliko denarja, pravi Stern. (Intervju z njim preberite v reviji Energetika.NET, št. 13.)

ith shale gas, Europe could wean itself off Russian gas. But regardless of the support it has from politicians and industry, any considerable growth of shale is still years away.hale gas has helped make the USA independent of gas imports and push energy prices down. Some hope for a similar scenario in Europe. But according to the Financial Times, the shale industry is a bubble: the profits of the companies that invested in shale gas are in decline, a lot was spent on land and exploration only to see actual gas deposits fall short of expectations, investors have started to back out, analysts find. In the coming year, shale gas prices will continue to fall, but will see an upturn afterwards, they emphasize. Europe needs a few more years and a lot of money to achieve the volume of shale gas it needs, Stern says.

Politiki v Veliki Britaniji naklonjeni plinu iz skrilavcev Pozive k izkoriščanju plina iz skrilavcev je v zadnjem času slišati z več koncev. V Veliki Britaniji je glasen zagovornik britanski premier David Cameron, pritrjuje mu tudi finančni minister George Osborne. Slednji je nedavno opozoril, da so stroški energije za industrijo v ZDA pol nižji kot v Veliki Britaniji. »Znižati moramo stroške energije. To lahko dosežemo z investiranjem v nove vire energije: v jedrsko, obnovljive vire energije (OVE) in plin iz skrilavcev,« je dejal Osborne. Svetovalec za energetsko politiko pri Cavendish Laboratory v Cambridgeu (pa tudi gostujoči profesor na londonskem King's College) Nick Butler v blogu na Financial Timesu opozarja, da je izjava zgrešena: »Energija iz novih jedrskih elektrarn bo pri ceni 92,5 funta (111,5 evra) za megavatno uro podvojila veleprodajno ceno električne energije. Elektrika iz vetrnih elektrarn ob obali bo stala več kot 120 funtov za megavatno uro (145 evrov), predvideva Ministrstvo za energijo in podnebne spremembe.« Vprašljivo pa je tudi, ali bi iz skrilavcev sploh lahko pridobivali komercialne količine plina.

UK politicians in favour of shale gas Lately, calls to start shale gas production have been coming from all around. In the UK, David Cameron is a devoted supporter, another is the Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne. The latter has recently warned about US industrial energy costs being half those of the UK. “We need to cut our energy costs. We’re going to do this by investing in new sources of energy: new nuclear power, renewables, and a shale gas revolution,” Osborne said. In his Financial Times blog, Nick Butler, energy policy adviser at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge (and Visiting Professor at King’s College London), deemed this a line bearing absolutely no relationship to reality: “New nuclear at GBP 92.50 (EUR 111.5) a megawatt hour will double the current wholesale price of electricity. New offshore wind on the Department of Energy & Climate Change’s own figures, which many feel are too low, will cost more than GBP 120/Mwhr (EUR 145).” Also, the question is whether shale gas could be produced commercially at all.

Industrija bi plin iz skrilavcev, civilna družba pa ruski plin V EU se za plin iz skrilavcev poleg politične elite zavzema predvsem industrija, ki si po vzoru ZDA obeta nižje cene energentov. V senci krimske krize njihovi glasovi dobivajo na moči. Evropski komisar za energetiko Günther Oettinger sicer že dlje časa kritizira Nemčijo zaradi trdoglavega »ne« plinu iz skrilavcev. Meni, da bi morali pridobivanje plina iz skrilavcev razumeti kot možnost, ki bi lahko v primeru ukrajinsko-ruske krize nadomestila manjkajoči plin. Željo po plinu iz skrilavcev podpira tudi predsednik odbora za gospodarstvo v Bundestagu Peter Ramsauer. In če se bo nemška kanclerka Angela Merkel dejansko zavezala za večje količine uvoza plina iz Severne Amerike, je to signal za plin iz skrilavcev, je prepri čan Ramsauer. »Če bi bil plin iz skrilavcev strup, potem ga ne bi smeli uvažati niti iz drugih držav,« je dejal v intervjuju za Welt am Sonntag. A kot je opozoril Stern, bo moralo preteči desetletje, preden bomo črpali zadostne količine.

Industry wants shale gas, people want Russian gas Besides the political elite, industry is the biggest advocate of shale gas in the EU, hoping for energy price cuts similar to those seen in the USA. In light of the crisis in Crimea, their voice is gaining in power. EU Commissioner Günther Oettinger has repeatedly criticized Germany for its persistent “no” to shale gas. In Oettinger’s view, shale gas production should be considered a way to replace the missing gas volumes in the event of a Ukraine-Russia crisis. The Chair of the Committee on Economics and Energy in German Bundestag, Peter Ramsauer, is another supporter of shale gas. If German Chancellor Angela Merkel actually commits to increasing gas import from North America, this is a signal in favour of shale gas, according to Ramsauer. “If shale gas was toxic, then it should not even be imported from other countries,” Ramsauer said in an interview for Welt am Sontag. But according to Stern, it will take at least a decade before enough gas can be extracted.

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GLOBALNA ENERGETIKA u Več na portalu Energetika.NET: • Sankcije proti Rusiji in njihov negativni vpliv na globalno varnost oskrbe z energijo • EU, Ukrajina in plinska geostrategija Rusije • EU za enotno ceno ruskega plina za vse evropske države

u Further reading at Energetika.net/SEE: • Sanctions against Russia and their negative effec on global energy security • Energy Community Initiates Dispute Settlement Procedure against Ukraine • Ukraine Crisis Puts Gas Back in Spotlight

Tudi direktor Delniške družbe za surovo nafto (RAG) Markus Mitteregger pravi, da je potencial plina iz skrilavcev težko oceniti: »Dejanske količine lahko določimo šele s hidravličnim lomljenjem.« Poleg tega pa v Evropi trenutno tudi cena ne bi bila konkurenčna, je dejal za avstrijski časnik Der Standard. RAG, ki ga ima v več kot polovični lasti ENV (okoli 30 od stotkov pa E.On Ruhrgas), že od leta 2009 plin iz skrilavcev išče na Poljskem. »Razmišljamo, ali bi prenehali, ker se ne izplača,« je dejal Mitteregger. OMV je plin iz skrilavcev želel pridobivati na območju vino rodne ga okoliša. Zaradi protestov prebivalcev in civilne družbe je projekt že od poletja 2012 na hladnem, je za Der Standard dejal tiskovni predstavnik OMV.

CEO of Rohöl-Aufsuchungs Aktiengesellschaft (RAG) Markus Mitteregger says the shale gas potential is difficult to estimate. According to him, true volumes can only be determined by hydraulic fracking. Also, the price of shale gas is Europe would not be competitive, Mitteregger told Austrian daily Standard. RAG, a company owned more than 50 percent by ENV (and about 30 percent by E.On Ruhrgas), has been exploring shale gas in Poland since 2009. As this has proved uneconomical, they are now considering a withdrawal, Mitteregger said. OMV wanted to produce shale gas in an area within a winegrowing region. After protests of locals and the civil society back in the summer of 2012, the project has been at a standstill ever since, OMV spokesperson told Der Standard.

Na pomoč Španci in Norvežani Evropo bi z manjkajočimi količinami plina lahko oskrbovala tudi Španija, norveški minister za energijo Tord Lien pa je za nem ški Handelsblatt dejal, da bi tudi Norveška lahko krat koročno povečala proizvodnjo plina. Do leta 2020 bi lahko proizvodnjo s 110 milijard kubičnih metrov letno dvignili na 130 milijard kubikov. Je pa Lien opomnil, da je bila Rusija do sedaj vedno zanesljiva dobaviteljica plina – na to je v članku »Če zaradi nemirov ne bi bilo plina iz Ukrajine, je Južni tok edina rešitev« za Energetiko.NET opozoril tu-

Help from Spain and Norway Europe could get the missing gas volumes from Spain. Another country which could temporary increase its gas production is Norway, the Norwegian energy minister Tord Lien told German newspaper Handelsblatt. By 2020, production could be raised from 110 billion cubic metres to 130 billion cubic metres per year. However, according to Lier, Russia has so far always been a reliable gas supplier – this is also what General Manager of Plinovodi, Marjan Eberlinc, told Energetika.NET in the article “South Stream is the only solution if

OMV je plin iz skrilavcev želel pridobivati na območju vinorodnega okoliša. Zaradi protestov prebivalcev in civilne družbe je projekt že od poletja 2012 na hladnem. OMV wanted to produce shale gas in an area within a wine-growing region. After protests of locals and the civil society back in the summer of 2012, the project has been at a standstill ever since. di prvi mož Plinovodov Marjan Eberlinc – in da v prihodnje ne bo nič drugače. Strinja se tudi Stern. »Vedno obstaja možnost, da bi Rusija zaprla plinsko pipico, ampak verjetnost, da bi se to dejansko zgo dilo, je nična,« je dejal. Spomnimo, da je Rusija plin Evropi dobavljala tudi v času ukra jinske krize leta 2009. Stern na vprašanje, ali je bila za prekinitev dobave kriva Ukrajina ali Rusija, odgovarja, da sta bili krivi obe. »Vendar je bila bolj kriva Ukrajina, ki je obrnila tok plina v svoje omrežje, zaradi česar ga Evropa ni dobila.« Kaj bi torej morala narediti Evropa, da bi bila neodvisna od ruskega plina? Nič, ker je to skoraj nemogoče, meni Stern. Dodaja, da neodvisnost od energentov tudi ni zaželena. »Evropa je del globalnega energetskega trga in nič v zadnjih mesecih tega ni spremenilo.«

Energetika.NET

Ukraine unrest cuts off gas supplies” – and is going to remain one in the time to come. Stern agrees with this view. “There is always a chance of Russia turning off its gas tap, but the chances of this actually happening are next to none,” Stern said. Remember, Russia continued to supply gas to Europe even during the Ukraine crisis in 2009. When asked whether it was Ukraine or Russia that was to blame for the disruption in supply, Stern said it was both of them. “But more of the blame lies with Ukraine for channelling gas into its own network, which was the reason behind the disruption in Europe.” So what should Europe do to wean itself off Russian gas? Nothing, because this is almost impossible to achieve, Stern holds. Energy independence is not even desired, he added. “Europe is part of a global energy market, and nothing in the last three months has changed this.”

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NATURAL GAS

Utekočinjeni zemeljski plin priložnost tudi za Slovenijo

Liquefied Natural Gas – An Opportunity for Slovenia

Simona Drevenšek, Milano, Italija / Milan, Italy Foto / Photo: Simona Drevenšek and Butan plin

Italijanski Liquigas razmišlja o investicijah v Sloveniji, nadeja se tudi, da bo zgrajen terminal utekočinjenega zemeljskega plina (UZP) na hrvaškem otoku Krk. To bi namreč omogočilo razmah UZP v regiji. Ne glede na slednje pa bo UZP v Sloveniji začela dobavljata družba Butan plin, ki je z Liquigasom strateško povezana znotraj mednarodnega koncerna SHV Energy, največjega distributerja utekočinjenega naftnega plina (UNP) na svetu. kom se v Butan plinu, katerega prihodki od prodaje so lani znašali 33,4 milijona evrov, dogovarjajo za odkup utekočinjenega zemeljskega plina (UZP) in ali so že podpisane kakšne pogodbe, generalni direktor Butan plina Tomaž Grm na sejmu Mostra Convegno Expocomfort 2014 v Milanu ni želel razkriti. Dejal je, da bo več znanega do konca leta in da bo njihova nova energetska rešitev – UZP – predvsem industrijskim uporabnikom že letos zagotovila bistveno nižje stroške energije. Po ocenah naj bi bilo zalog zemeljskega plina vsaj še za 200 let porabe, kakršno poznamo danes. Posel z UZP pa se v Evropi šele začenja. Temu botruje vse manjša poraba zemeljskega plina v ZDA, ki so zaradi plina iz skrilav cev postale neodvisne od uvoza plina. Prednost UZP je, da je lahko dostopen povsod, je dejal Grm. »Predvsem tam, kjer uporabljajo ogromno mazuta in kurilnega olja,« je dodal. »Na svetovnem trgu je ponudba plina večja od povpraševanja. Posledično so cene konkurenčne, predvi -

Liquigas is considering investment in Slovenia and hoping for a successful implementation of the LNG terminal project in the Croatian island of Krk. This would pave way for LNG growth in the region. With or without the project, Butan plin is starting LNG sales in Slovenia. omaž Grm, General Manager of Butan plin, a company which made EUR 33.4 million in sales revenues last year, refused to disclose who the company was negotiating with for future LNG supplies or if any agreements have already been signed. At Mostra Convegno Expocomfort 2014 in Milan, Grm said more information would follow by the end of the year, adding that their new energy solution – LNG – would enable a significant reduction in energy costs, especially for industrial customers, starting this year. At today’s level of consumption, there are enough natural gas reserves for at least another 200 years, according to estimations. In Europe, the trade with LNG is only just starting. This is down to shrinking demand for natural gas in the U.S., where shale gas has reduced the dependence on gas imports. One of the benefits of LNG is that it is easily accessible anywhere, according to Grm. “Especially where mazut and fuel oil are used extensively,” he added.

Energetika.NET

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ZEMELJSKI PLIN

devanja pa kažejo, da se bo sčasoma razlika med UZP in ostalimi energenti povečevala,« pa je povedal komercialni direktor Butan plina Mitja Štoka.

UZP je primarno namenjen industriji, ne gospodinjstvom Utekočinjena različica zemeljskega plina je zaenkrat primerna predvsem za večje industrijske odjemalce. Za industrijske odjemalce, ki niso priključeni na zemeljski plin, je UZP namreč še vedno cenejši kot utekočinjeni naftni plin, ki je vezan na ceno nafte. Štoka pa je ob tem pojasnil, da ponekod v Evropi že potekajo tudi projekti, kjer UZP dobavljajo tudi malim odjemalcem: »Takim, ki porabijo do 25 ton UZP letno.« Kot je pojasnil Grm, podjetjem v tujini to omogoča bližina terminalov, ki pa jih Slovenija nima. Je pa dejal, da bi bila tudi zanje zanimiva gospodinjska mesta oziroma večja naselja. Slednje bi lahko dosegli, ko bo zgrajen terminal na Krku, je dodal. Butan plin pričakuje 50-odstotni tržni delež UZP Grm je dejal tudi, da pričakujejo, da bodo imeli več kot 50odstotni tržni delež pri UZP, saj konkurence pri nas trenutno ni. Tudi drugih dobaviteljev v Sloveniji še ni. »V Sloveniji sicer je ponudnik UZP na Jesenicah, vendar ne delajo velikih projektov. Usposobljeni so za bolj kratkotrajne dobave, ko denimo popravljajo plinovod in morajo ustaviti dobavo plina. Takrat pride to podjetje in omogoči nadomestek zemeljskega plina (z UZP, op. p.),« je pojasnil. Liquigas v pričakovanju UZP terminala na Krku Predsednik uprave Liquigasa Paolo Dal Lago je opomnil, da so glavne proizvajalke UZP Katar, Oman, Alžirija, Indonezija, Malezija, Nigerija, Libija in Avstralija. Dostop do terminalov UZP je možen le za tiste distributerje, ki imajo podpisane večletne odkupne pogodbe. Med slednjimi je tudi Butan plin. Potrdil je tudi vlaganja v Sloveniji (in Italiji), podrobnejših informacij pa ni želel izdati. Prav tako ni želel namigniti, o kolikšni vrednosti projektov govorimo: »Pri vlaganjih v projekte ni omejitve glede denarja, ampak je omejitev povrnitev investicije in dobiček. Slovenija je o UZP debatirala že pred desetimi leti, ko je bil na mizi predlog gradnje terminala UZP na hrvaškem otoku Krk. Slednje bi bilo zanimivo tako za Slovenijo kot tudi za Italijo in Butan plin.« Krimska kriza bi lahko premešala plinske karte Na vprašanje Energetike.NET, ali bi ukrajinsko-ruska

Sejem Mostra Convegno Expocomfort 2014 v Milanu, Italija.

“In the global gas market, supply outstrips demand. As a result, prices are low and projections show that over time, the difference between LNG and other energy sources will grow,” said Sales Manager at Butan plin, Mitja Štoka.

LNG is primarily for industrial consumers, not households The liquefied version of natural gas is, for now, primaMostra rily suited for large industrial consumers. For those of Convegno Expocomfort them without a connection to the gas network, LNG is Fair 2014 in still more cost effective than liquefied petroleum gas, Milan, Italy. the price of which is bound to oil prices. But as Mitja Štoka, explains, projects are emerging across Europe to supply LNG to small users, as well. “Those who use up to 25 tonnes of LNG per year.” Foreign companies can do this because of their proximity to terminals, something which Slovenia lacks, said Grm. Nevertheless, they would be interested in households in residential areas. This could be achieved once a terminal is competed in the Croatian island of Krk, he said. Butan plin expects 50% of LNG market Competition in Slovenia being nearly non-existent, Butan plin expects to dominate the LNG market with more than 50 percent. In addition, Slovenia has no other suppliers. “There is a LNG supplier in Jesenice, but they do not undertake any large-scale projects. They are qualified for short-term supplies, where for instance a pipeline is being repaired and gas supply is cut off. Then this company comes and delivers a substitute for natural gas (i.e. LNG, a/n),” Grm said. Liquigas anticipating LNG terminal on Krk The leading producers of LNG are Qatar, Oman, Algeria, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Libya, and Au stralia, said President of the Management Board of Liquigas, Paolo Dal Lago. Access to LNG terminals is only available for the distributors who have signed multiannual supply contracts. Butan plin is one of them. Dal Lago confirmed their investment in Slovenia (and Italy), but refused to disclose any details or talk about the value of the projects in question. “When investing in projects, money is not the limit; the return on investment and profit are. Slovenia started to discuss

Energetika.NET

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NATURAL GAS

V EU je bilo na papirju veliko projektov gradnje terminalov za utekočinjeni zemeljski plin, več kot 90 odstotkov so jih opustili. The EU had many projects for LNG terminals on the table, but more than 90 percent were abandoned. kriza lahko povečala povpraševanje po UZP, pa je Dal Lago dejal: »Če pogledamo položaj Ukrajine, Evrope in ZDA, ne smemo pozabiti, da imajo ZDA plin iz skrilavcev, v Evropi pa plin kupujemo na vzhodu. Dobava UZP v Evropo – kar zadeva količine – ni problematična, a je soočena z logističnimi težavami. V EU je bilo na papirju veliko projektov gradnje terminalov za utekočinjeni zemeljski plin, več kot 90 odstotkov so jih opustili. Sedaj so v gradnji le trije terminali v Italiji: dva na morju in eden na kopnem. Pomanjkanje terminalov doma pomeni, da moramo UZP nabavljati v Španiji, v Barceloni, ali pa v Franciji.« Dodal je, da UZP ne bo nadomestil plina, ki se k nam steka tudi preko ruskih plinovodov, bo pa v prihodnosti v določenih primerih nadomestil utekočinjeni naftni plin (UNP), vsaj v Italiji. Velja pa opomniti, da si Evropa prizadeva diverzificirati dobavne poti plina, pri čemer je za pomoč prosila tudi Kanado in ZDA. Slednji sta sicer UZP pripravljeni prodajati Evropi, strokovnjaki in dobro obveščeni pa ob tem opozarjajo, da bo tovrstni plin ne le dražji, ampak da ga je v večjih količinah nemogoče dobavljati, saj imamo v Evropi premalo terminalov za UZP.

LNG 10 years ago, when the proposal to build a LNG terminal on the Croatian island of Krk first came on the table. This would be an interesting project for Slovenia as well as Italy and Butan plin.”

Crimea crisis could realign gas business To Energetika.NET’s question as to whether the Ukra ine-Russia crisis could drive the demand for LNG, Dal Lago said: “Looking at the situation in Ukraine, Europe, and the USA, we should bear in mind that the United States have shale gas, while Europe is buying gas from the East. LNG supply to Europe is unproblematic in terms of volumes, but is facing logistic problems. The EU had many projects for LNG terminals on the table, but more than 90 percent were abandoned. Just three terminals are now being constructed in Italy: two offshore and one onshore. The lack of terminals on home ground means we have to buy LNG from Barcelona, Spain, or France.” LNG will not replace the gas which comes through Russian or other pipelines, but will in some instances replace liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), at least in Italy, Dal Lago also said. Europe is striving to diversify its gas supply routes. To this end, it turned to Canada and the USA for assistance. These two countries are ready to sell LNG to Europe, but experts and people in the know warn that this gas would not only be more expensive, but also impossible to get in large volumes because of the lack of LNG terminals in Europe.

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FOKUSNI INTERVJU: MARIA VAN dER HOEVEN, IEA

Če želi EU zmanjšati odvisnost od uvoza plina, mora izkoriščati tudi nekonvencionalni plin in nafto Tanja Srnovršnik Volarič, Barcelona, Španija / Spain Foto / Photo: Tanja Srnovršnik Volarič, Barcelona, Španija / Spain

If EU wants to decrease its dependence on imports of gas it has to use also its unconventional gas and oil

Energetika.NET

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FOCUS INTERVIEW: MARIA VAN dER HOEVEN, IEA

Evropa ima še velik neizrabljen energetski potencial, je prepričana izvršna direktorica Mednarodne agencije za energijo (IEA) Maria van der Hoeven. Potencial vidi tudi v nekonvencionalnih virih plina in nafte. »Če zares želite zmanjšati odvisnost od uvoza plina, se morate usmeriti tudi v lastne vire,« je poudarila v intervjuju za Energetiko.NET ob robu konference, ki jo je Evropsko združenje vetrne energije (EWEA) pripravilo v Barceloni. dodala je, da so na poti k večji energetski varnosti pomembni tudi obnovljivi viri energije in energetska učinkovitost.

Europe has a lot of energy potential still to be used, Executive director of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Maria van der Hoeven is convinced. She sees this potential also in unconventional gas and oil. “If you really want to decrease your dependence on imports of gas you have to look into your own resources as well,” she stressed in the interview with Energetika.NET during the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) conference in Barcelona. She added that renewables and energy efficiency were also important on the road to achieving energy security.

Na dogodku združenja EWEA v Barceloni ste nekajkrat omenili velik pomen energetske varnosti. dejali ste tudi, da jo pomagajo krepiti obnovljivi viri energije (OVE). A z njimi je v Evropi nemalo težav. V Sloveniji smo denimo namestili veliko sončnih elektrarn, zdaj pa vlada pravi, da je bila to napaka. Kakšni bi morali biti nadaljnji koraki Evrope v energetskem sektorju? u Obnovljivi viri so ena ključnih sestavin varnega in zdržnega energetskega sistema. Kadar imamo opravka s pravimi viri in ustreznim političnim okvirom, so lahko stroškovno konkurenčni. Če nimamo ustreznih politik, pa lahko nastopijo težave. Če so spodbude previsoke in sistem preveč tog, lahko postanejo koristi za vlagatelje nadpovprečno privlačne, to pa lahko privede do veliko obsežnejšega izkoriščanja (in tako stroškov za potrošnike), kot smo ga pričakovali – prav to se je v mnogih državah zgodilo s solarnimi fotonapetostnimi sistemi. Politike morajo imeti vgrajene omejitve, da preprečijo to pregrevanje – a nekaterim državam lekcija ni pomagala in še vedno ponavljajo iste napake! Poleg tega nima smisla dovoljevati koncentracije proizvodnje OVE daleč od obremenitve in tam, kjer je omrežje šibko, saj to lahko celo pri manjših količinah ustvari težave z vključevanjem v omrežje. Do takšnih težav prihaja, če se države, ki začenjajo izkoriščati OVE, ne učijo iz izkušenj in zgledov drugih. Potem pa obnovljivo energijo doleti slab sloves, čeprav to ne bi bilo potrebno. S tem pridemo do energetske varnosti. Če zares hočete varno oskrbo z energijo, morate povečati raznolikost virov. Ne gre torej samo za fosilna goriva – vključno z razumno rabo domačih virov –, temveč tudi za obnovljive vire energije in energetsko učinkovitost. V Evropi opažamo, da povpraševanje po električni energiji pravzaprav praktično ne narašča več. To pomeni, da če k virom, ki jih že imate, dodate še obnovljive vire, nastane težava, kaj storiti z obstoječimi proizvodnimi zmogljivostmi. Pomembno je tudi, da se poveča fleksibilnost celotnega sistema, da se lahko kar najbolje izkoristi tako OVE kot druge vire za proizvodnjo električne energije. Večjo fleksibilnost lahko dosežemo z boljšimi medomrežnimi povezavami ali pa s shranjevanjem, kjerkoli je to mogoče, pri čemer je treba gledati tudi na upravljanje rabe energije, ukrepe na strani končnih odjemalcev. Če vse to skrbno upoštevamo, so OVE lahko del rešitve in ne del problema. In to lahko pomaga tudi zmanjšati strošek uvoza.

At EWEA's event in Barcelona you mentioned a couple of times the importance of energy security. You also said that renewables could help improve this. But there were quite a lot of problems with renewables in Europe. For example, in Slovenia we installed a lot of solar power plants but now the government says that this was a mistake. How should Europe proceed with regard to the energy sector? u Renewables are a key component of a secure and sustainable energy system. When resources are right and with the proper policy framework renewables can be costcompetitive. But if the policies are not right then problems can occur. If incentives are too high and the system too rigid then the rewards to investors can become exceptionally attractive and this can lead to much higher deployment levels (and so costs to consumers) than expected – this is what has happened in a number of countries with solar PV. Policies need to have limits built in to prevent this over-heating – but some countries have failed to learn these lessons and still make the same mistakes! And then it makes no sense to allow a concentration of renewables generation far from the load and where the grid is weak – this can lead to integration problems even at low penetration levels. If countries starting to deploy renewables don't take advantage of experience and the lessons learned elsewhere then there can be such problems. And then renewables get a bad reputation. But it doesn't need to be like that. That brings me to energy security. If you really want to have security of supply you have to diversify. So it's not only about fossil fuels – including using your indigenous sources wisely – but also about renewables and energy efficiency. But what we can see in Europe is that there is no real demand growth anymore in power and electricity. So that means that if you add the renewables on top of what is already there, there is a problem with what to do with existing generation assets. The other important thing is that the flexibility of the whole system has to be improved to make best use of both renewables and other generation sources. One means to achieve more flexibility is through improved interconnection, another is to have storage where possible and you also have to look to demand side management, demand side measures. If these things are carefully taken into account renewables can be part of the solution and not the problem. And this can also help to lower the import bills. Probably the problem was that countries just rushed into renewables and... u They didn't look at the system. They were concentrating on renewable power generation. And that is important. But if you generate it and you don't have a place for it beEnergetika.NET

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FOKUSNI INTERVJU: MARIA VAN dER HOEVEN, IEA u Further reading at Energetika.NET:

Težava je bila najbrž v tem, da so se države na vrat na nos zagnale v obnovljive vire energije in ... u Niso gledale na sistem. Vso pozornost so usmerile v proizvodnjo elektrike iz obnovljivih virov. In to je pomembno. A če jo proizvedete, ne da bi jo imeli kam dati, ker vaše omrežje ne zmore tolikšnega bremena ali ker je ne morete izvoziti in prodati, saj notranji evropski trg še ni dokončno vzpostavljen, potem imate težavo. Na trg je torej treba gledati z vidika celotne Evrope – da imate pravi prosti trg električne energije in da poskrbite tudi za prenos in distribucijo ter fleksibilnost omrežja, ne samo za proizvodnjo.

cause your grid cannot cope with that or because you cannot export it and sell it because the internal EU market is not really completed, then you have a problem. So the market has to be considered at a European level – that you have a real free electricity market and that you see to it that it's not only about generation, but it's also about transmission and distribution and flexibility of the grid.

Kaj bi morala storiti Evropa, da pride do tega »pravega notranjega trga«? Ta bi že moral biti vzpostavljen ... u Morali bi zgolj uveljaviti načrte, ki so že pripravljeni. To bi lahko bil ogromen premik naprej. Potem so tu še vse razprave o ciljih do leta 2030. Prejšnji teden (intervju je potekal 10. marca, op. p.) smo bili v svetu energetskih ministrov in na srečanju ministrov, pristojnih za zeleno rast, priča pomanjkanju soglasja v Evropi. Priti morajo do nekakšnega dogovora, da bo industrija imela jasen temelj, na katerem lahko ukrepa dalje.

What should Europe do to complete this “real internal market”? It should already be established... u What they should do is implement the plans that are there. That could be a huge step forward. The other thing is all the discussion about 2030 targets. We have seen the lack of agreement last week (the interview was conducted on 10th March) in Europe during the energy ministers’ council and the green growth ministers’ meeting. They have to agree on something so that industry has a clear basis on which to move forward.

Poslušamo tudi o težavi, da je v delih Evrope, kjer je sonca malo, veliko sončnih elektrarn, tam, kjer je sonca veliko, pa jih ni. Je tudi to ena od stvari, na katere bi Evropska unija morala biti pozorna? u Mi zbiramo podatke, jih analiziramo in pripravimo vrsto priporočil. Potem pa je od oblikovalcev politik odvisno, kaj bodo s tem naredili. IEA ne more predpisati, kaj bi bilo treba ukreniti. V eni od najnovejših publikacij govorimo o tem, kako bolje vključiti OVE v omrežje. In tam med drugim pravimo, da ni pomembna samo proizvodnja električne energije, temveč da je treba tudi poskrbeti, da je omrežje dovolj fleksibilno, da bo vso to elektriko preneslo. Poleg stroška je treba upoštevati tudi vrednost elektrike, ta pa je odvisna od tega, kje in kdaj je elektrika proizvedena. Sončno energijo je morda res najceneje proizvajati na najbolj sončnih in vetrovnih območjih, a morda je njena vrednost večja tam, kjer je blizu odjemalcem. Spet se pokaže, da je treba gledati na celotni sistem. Po našem prepričanju je zelo pomemben tudi veter, predvsem na kopnem, in to tudi v Evropi. Vidimo pa, da so z njim povezane težave z nenaklonjeno javnostjo.

We have also heard about the problem where parts of Europe with little sun have a lot of solar power plants, rather than the parts with a lot of sun. Is this also one of the things the EU should pay attention to? u We collect data, analyse them and come forward with a number of recommendations. But then it is up to policy makers to do something with this. It is not as if the IEA could prescribe what ought to be done. One of our last publications discusses how to have better grid integration for renewables. And one of the things we have mentioned there is that it's not only about generating electricity, it's also about making sure that the grid is flexible enough to accommodate all this electricity. And as well as the cost, the value of the electricity has to be considered and that depends on where and when it's generated. So solar may be cheap to generate in the sunniest and windiest places, but it may be more valuable close to users. So again the whole system needs to be considered. Wind is also very important in our view, also in Europe, especially onshore wind. But we can also see is that there is also a problem with public acceptance.

Paolo Frankl, vodja oddelka za obnovljivo energijo pri IEA »Ni tako preprosto, da bi lahko enostavno rekli, naj sončno energijo izkoriščajo samo v južni Evropi in nikjer drugje. Tudi drugi dejavniki so pomembni. Prvič, zaradi pomanjkanja medomrežnih povezav so učinki sistema bolj lokalne narave. Če bi torej vse zgostili na jug, bi povzročili ogromen problem na omrežju in elektrika še vedno ne bi prišla do severa. Drugi problem so obrestne mere. Večina obnovljivih virov energije je kapitalsko intenzivnih. Velik del stroškov torej nastane zaradi stroškov financiranja. Razlike med obrestnimi merami v Nemčiji in Grčiji lahko pomenijo, da je sončna energija v Nemčiji cenejša kot v Grčiji, kar bi se na prvi pogled zdelo nepredstavljivo. Vendar je dejstvo. Grčija ima dražjo sončno energijo kot Nemčija. Evropa je torej zapleten sistem. Čeprav velja, da vsekakor hočemo enotnejši trg, je treba opraviti še veliko drugih korakov. V vsakem primeru pa je jasno, da potrebujemo več medomrežnih povezav in fleksibilnosti.«

Energetika.NET

Maria van der Hoeven: Europe has learnt a lot from the last Ukrainian-Russian crysis

You said that Europe had a lot of potential still to be used. In this context you also mentioned unconventional gas and oil. Some people say that Europe cannot reach the same level as the USA. What would you say to this? u The U.S. experience cannot be replicated in the same way in Europe and there are a number of reasons for that. First of all, there is the ownership. If you own the property in the USA, you own the resources underground. That is not the case in Europe. Secondly, not all countries in Europe have a mature gas industry. For instance, look at Poland. The other thing is that the geology is different. And, let's not forget, Europe is quite densely populated, but some parts of the USA, especially where the shale gas and oil are, are rather empty. So there are differences. At the same time if you really want to decrease your dependence on imports of gas you have to look into your own resources as well. And as I mentioned we are concerned with energy security and security of supply and that covers a whole range of energy sources. Not only the renewables, but the indigenous gas resources as well. You also mentioned that a renaissance of coal was happening in Europe. But in 2011 the IEA predicted that the golden age

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FOCUS INTERVIEW: MARIA VAN dER HOEVEN, IEA u Dodatno branje na Energetika.NET:

Maria van der Hoeven: Evropa se je veliko naučila od zadnje ukrajinsko-ruske krize

dejali ste, da ima Evropa še veliko neizrabljenega potenciala. Pri tem ste omenili tudi nekonvencionalne vire plina in nafte. Nekateri pravijo, da Evropa ne more doseči takšne ravni, kot so jo ZdA. Kaj pravite na to? u Ameriške izkušnje ni mogoče na enak način ponoviti v Evropi, in sicer zaradi številnih razlogov. Najprej zaradi lastništva. V ZDA velja, da ste lastnik virov pod posestjo, ki jo imate v lasti. V Evropi ni tako. Drugič, nimajo vse evropske države razvite plinske industrije. Poglejte samo Poljsko. Poleg tega se razlikujejo geološke razmere. In ne pozabimo, Evropa je precej gosto poseljena, v ZDA pa imate določena območja, ki so razmeroma prazna – predvsem to velja za območja, kjer so nahajališča plina in nafte iz skrilavcev. Obstajajo torej razlike. Hkrati pa se morate usmeriti tudi v lastne vire, če želite zares zmanjšati odvisnost od uvoza plina. Kot sem omenila, se ukvarjamo z energetsko varnostjo in varnostjo oskrbe, in to zajema celo vrsto virov energije. Ne le obnovljivih, temveč tudi domače vire plina. Omenili ste tudi, da premog v Evropi doživlja preporod. A leta 2011 je IEA napovedala zlato dobo plina. Še vedno menite, da bo v prihodnjem obdobju prišlo do prehoda od premoga k plinu? u Evropa je izjemno zapleten sistem. V ZDA opažamo, da se dogaja prehod od plina k premogu. Tudi v drugih delih sveta se usmerjajo v svoje nekonvencionalne vire plina. Kitajska se preusmerja v plin in obnovljive vire energije, tudi zato da ustavi onesnaževanje, ki ga povzroča premog. Zlata doba je torej za Evropo druga zgodba kot za ZDA, Kanado, Latinsko Ameriko ter dele Afrike in Azije. V Evropi imamo visoke cene plina, visoke cene uvoza, premog pa je na voljo po nizki ceni in v velikih količinah. Elektrarne na premog so v razcvetu, elektrarne na plin pa se zapirajo. Bo pa direktiva o velikih kurilnih napravah veliko starih in umazanih elektrarn na premog prisilila v zaprtje do leta 2016 ali kmalu za tem.

”

Paolo Frankl, IEA's Head of Renewable Energy division: “Things are a little bit more complicated than simply saying that solar should be in Southern Europe and nowhere else. There are other factors. One, because of the lack of interconnections the system impacts are more local. So if you concentrated everything in the south then you would have an enormous grid problem there and still your power would not go to the north. A second problem is the interest rates. Most renewables are capital intensive. So a big part of their cost is due to the cost of financing. The interest rates difference between Germany and Greece may mean that solar is cheaper in Germany than in Greece, which you would not immediately imagine. But it is a fact. Greece has more expensive solar that Germany. So, Europe is a complex system. While it is true that we absolutely want to have a more uniform market there are still many other steps to take. But one thing which is clear is that we need more interconnections and flexibility.”

of gas would happen. do you still think that in the next period there will be a shift from coal to gas? u Europe is a really complex system. What you see in the USA is that there is this transition from coal to gas. And in other parts of the world they are looking into their unconventional gas resources. China is looking into gas and renewables, also to stop the pollution which comes from coal. So the golden age for Europe is a different story than it is for the USA, Canada, Latin America and for parts of Africa and Asia. What we can see in Europe is that gas prices are high, import prices are high and that coal is cheap and abundant. Coal-fired power plants are flourishing and gas-fired power plants are closing. However, the Large Combustion Plant Directive will force many old and dirty coal plants to close by 2016 or soon thereafter.

Bi lahko premog v Uniji ogrozil obnovljive vire energije? u V tem trenutku lahko vidimo, da so v igri premog in OVE. OVE podpirajo subvencije, premog je poceni. Plin je tako izrinjen iz igre. V ZDA je ta slika obrnjena na glavo. Zaradi poceni plina in ukrepov za omejitev izpustov iz elektrarn na premog raba premoga upada in v igro vstopajo obnovljivi viri. To, kar se dogaja v ZDA, je precej drugače od dogajanja v Evropi. In če je v ZDA plin zaveznik OVE, v Evropi ni nujno tako. Seveda pa je plin fosilno gorivo. Je čistejši od premoga, vendar na dolgi rok ne zadostuje za to, da bi svetu omogočil omejitev zvišanja temperature na 2 stopinji. Za to bi morali uporabiti tudi sisteme za zajemanje in shranjevanje ogljika.

But can coal threaten the renewables in the EU? u At this moment we can see that it's about coal and renewables. Renewables are supported by subsidies, coal is cheap. And they squeeze gas out. What we can see in the USA is the other way round. Because of the cheap gas and the measures to put ceiling on coal-fired power plant emissions, coal is less used and renewables are stepping in. What is happening in the USA is quite different than what is happening in Europe. And while gas is an ally of renewables in the USA, in Europe that is not necessarily the case. And of course, gas is a fossil fuel. It is cleaner than coal, but in the long term it is not enough to put the world on a 2 degree temperature increase path. For that, you will need to use Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as well.

IEA bo novembra objavila World Energy Outlook za leto 2014, kjer bo posebno pozornost namenila jedrski energiji. Kaj pričakujete na področju jedrske energije na dolgi rok? Nemčija jedrske elektrarne zapira, na Kitajskem iz vetrnih elektrarn prihaja 22 odstotkov več energije kot iz jedrskih elektrarn ... u Po našem mnenju bo jedrska energija v mnogih državah po svetu še vedno igrala določeno vlogo. Ne sicer povsod; vemo, kaj se je zgodilo v Italiji, Avstriji, Nemčiji ... Na Japonskem zdaj poteka razprava, zato moramo počakati na razplet. Po drugi strani v Emiratih gradijo štiri jedrske elektrarne. Ne kaže, da bi se svet jedrski energiji odpovedal.

In November the IEA will publish the World Energy Outlook for 2014 with a special focus on nuclear energy. So what are your expectations for nuclear energy in the long run? Germany is closing down nuclear power plants, in China there is 22 per cent more energy coming from wind power plants than from nuclear power plants... u In our view nuclear will be part of the energy mix in many countries all over the world. Not in all countries. We know what happened in Italy, Austria, Germany... In Japan the discussion is now moving, so we have to wait what will happen there. On the other hand, the Emirates are building four nuclear power plants. We don't see that the world will be out of nuclear. Energetika.NET

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GLOBALNA ENERGETIKA

IEA: Postaja energetika čedalje bolj žejna panoga? 38

Energetika.NET

IEA: Is Energy Becoming a Thirstier Resource?

Ilustracija / Illustration: Roman Peklaj

Valerija Hozjan Kovač

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GLOBAL ENERGY

Energetski sektor je velik porabnik vode, v poročilu »Voda za energijo« poudarja Mednarodna agencija za energijo (IEA). Ob tem napoveduje, da se bo količina odvzete vode v energetiki v obdobju 2010-2035 povečala za okrog 20 odstotkov, poraba vode, ki ne bo vrnjena vodnemu telesu, pa kar za 85 odstotkov.

Energy sector is a major water consumer, noted the International Energy Agency (IEA) in its report titled Water for Energy, and forecasted that water withdrawals would increase by about 20 per cent between 2010 and 2035, while the volumes of water not returned to its source would rise by as much as 85 per cent.

Za proizvodnjo energije je bilo v letu 2010 odvzetih 583 milijard kubičnih metrov vode, kar znaša okrog 15 odstotkov svetovne rabe vode. Od tega je poraba vode v energetskem sektorju (ki ni bila neposredno vrnjena nazaj v okolje) znašala 66 milijard kubičnih metrov. Raba vode v energetiki pa bo z leti še naraščala, poudarja v poročilu »Voda za energijo« (Water for Energy) Mednarodna agencija za energijo (IEA). Po tako imenovanem scenariju novih politik se bo količina odvzete vode med letoma 2010 in 2035 povečala za okrog 20 odstotkov, poraba vode, ki ne bo vrnjena vodnemu telesu, pa za 85 odstotkov. Razlog za to leži po navedbah agencije v večji proizvodnji biogoriv in bolj učinkovitih elektrarnah z naprednejšimi hladilnimi sistemi, ki sicer zmanjšajo količino odvzete vode, vendar povečajo porabo vode na enoto proizvedene elektrike.

In 2010, global water withdrawals for energy production were estimated at 583 billion cubic metres, which is about 15 per cent of the world’s total water withdrawals. Of that, water consumption in the energy sector (the volume not returned to the environment) amounted to 66 billion cubic metres. As the International Energy Agency (IEA) noted in their report Water for Energy, water consumption in the energy sector would continue to rise. According to the so-called New Policies Scenario, the volume of water withdrawn between 2010 and 2035 would increase by 20 per cent, while the volume of water consumed but not returned to respective water bodies would rise by a dramatic 85 per cent. The reason for that, according to the Agency, is expanding biofuels production and higher efficiency power plants with advanced cooling systems which actually reduce the volume of water withdrawn but increase consumption per unit of electricity produced.

Najmanj vode za elektriko iz sonca in vetra Konvencionalna proizvodnja plina in nafte zahteva v primerjavi s proizvodnjo preostalih fosilnih goriv in biogoriv minimalne količine vode za vrtanje in procesiranje. Več vode je potrebne že za nekonvencionalno proizvodnjo plina in nafte, obenem obstaja pri tem načinu pridobivanja večja nevarnost onesnaženja voda. V procesu proizvodnje premoga je glavnina vode potrebna za rudarske dejavnosti, količina vodnega medija pa je odvisna od značilnosti rudnika, procesiranja in transporta, pojasnjuje IEA. Na enoto proizvedene energije porabijo največ vode termo- in jedrske elektrarne, in sicer za hlajenje (med 75.000 in 450.000 l/MWh). To potrebo po vodi lahko po navedbah IEA precej zmanjšamo z naprednimi hladilnimi sistemi, a ti pomenijo tudi višje stroške kapitala in obenem zmanjšujejo učinkovitost posamezne elektrarne. Med elektrarnami na fosilna goriva potrebujejo najmanj vode za hlajenje plinsko-parne elektrarne s plinsko turbino s kombiniranim ciklom. Po drugi strani so do vodnega vira bolj prizanesljivi obnovljivi viri energije (OVE), zlasti sončne in vetrne elektrarne. A so tudi nizkoogljične tehnologije, med njimi jedrske elektrarne, elektrarne z zajemom in shranjevanjem ogljika (CCS) in določeni tipi koncentriranih sončnih elektrarn lahko veliki porabniki vode, poudarja IEA. Več vode za pridobivanje plina iz skrilavcev, manj iz peščenjakov »Navedba, da proizvodnja nekonvencionalnih virov porabi in onesnažuje ogromne količine vode, ni enoznačna oziroma ne velja za vse primere. To lahko trdimo vsaj za pridobivanje ogljikovodikov, ki se izvaja v Murski depresiji že od leta 1943,« je za Energetiko.NET povedal direktor družbe Geoenergo Miha Valentinčič. Pojasnjuje, da je uporabljena količina vode pri izkoriščanju ogljikovodikov na geoloških slojih peščenjakov, kot je to primer v Murski depresiji, minimalna. Pri mehanski obdelavi slojev posamezne vrtine uporabijo tako okoli 750 m3 vode, kar ustreza povprečni letni porabi vode štirih slovenskih družin (50m3/p. a. na člana družine). Del upo rabljene vode tudi ustrezno prečistijo v čistilni napravi. Po drugi strani je pri pridobivanju ogljikovodikov iz skrilavcev raba vode precej večja. »Voda sicer res pomeni nek strošek, a na našo stroškovno proizvodno ceno ima zanemarljiv vpliv,« je še povedal Valentinčič.

Least water for solar and wind electricity Compared to the production of other fossil fuels and biofuels, conventional natural gas and oil production requires minimal water quantities for drilling and processing. The activities where more water is used include unconventional gas and oil production, which also poses a threat with regard to water pollution. The largest portion of water in coal production was used for mining activities, while the amount of water needed depended on the characteristics of a mine as well as processing and transport, the IEA noted. Water withdrawals per unit of electricity generated are highest for thermal and nuclear power plants, where most of the water is used for cooling (between 75,000 and 450,000 litres per MWh). According to the IEA, such demand could be cut considerably by introducing advanced cooling systems, though that would come at increased cost and reduced plant efficiency. As regards fossil fuel plants, the ones that consume the least water for cooling are steam and gas power plants with combined-cycle gas turbines. On the other hand, renewable energy sources (RES), in particular solar and wind power plants, are the least water-intensive. However, low-carbon energy technologies including nuclear power, power plants fitted with carbon capture and storage (CCS) and certain types of concentrating solar power systems could be major consumers of water, the IEA noted. More water for shale gas production, less for tight gas “The indications that the development of unconventional resources consumes and pollutes huge amounts of water are hardly unambiguous and do not apply in all cases. We can claim that to be true at least with regard to the extraction of hydrocarbons, which has been carried out in the Mura Depression since 1943,” Director of Geoenergo Miha Valentinčič told Energetika.NET. He further noted that the volume of water used in the production of hydrocarbons from the geologic strata of sandstone, such as the ones in the Mura Depression, was minimal. About 750 cubic metres of water was used in mechanical treatment of individual layers of a well bore, which equals the average annual consumption of four families in Slovenia (50m3/p.a. per person). Part of the water used is cleaned in a water treatment plant. On the other hand, production of shale hydrocarbons is considerably more water-intensive. “Water indeed is included in the costs, but has insignificant effect on our cost-of-production price,” Valentinčič noted. Energetika.NET

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GLOBALNA ENERGETIKA

Za proizvodnjo energije je bilo v letu 2010 odvzetih 583 milijard kubičnih metrov vode, kar znaša okrog 15 odstotkov svetovne rabe vode.

In 2010, global water withdrawals for energy production were estima ted at 583 billion cubic metres, which is about 15 per cent of the world’s total water withdrawals.

Za hlajenje NEK se porabi 110 m3 vode na 1 MWh električne energije Z vprašanji o količini porabljene vode za hlajenje jedrske elektrarne v Krškem smo se obrnili tudi na Nuklearno elektrarno Krško (NEK) in GEN energijo. V NEK so nam pojasnili, da je v okolje odprt šele tretji hladilni sistem, pri katerem za hlajenje izkoriščene pare iz turbine uporabljajo vodo iz reke Save. »Segrevanje savske vode lahko vpliva na biološke lastnosti reke Save, zato sta prirastek temperature te vode in delež odvzetega pretoka za hlajenje elektrarne upravno omejena.« Ob neugodnih vremenskih razmerah se po njihovih navedbah uporabljajo hladilni stolpi. »Ta voda se ne porabi, temveč uporabi za hlajenje in se vrača v reko Savo – neonesnažena, le toplotno obremenjena.« Sicer pa po konservativni matematični oceni za hlajenje po membnih sistemov v krški nuklearki porabijo približno 132 m3 vode na 1 MWh električne energije. »Dejansko pa je uporaba vode manjša zaradi recirkulacije vode prek hladilnih stolpov in znaša približno 110 m3 za 1 MWh proizvedene električne energije,« so za Energetiko.NET povedali v NEK. V GEN energiji pa poudarjajo, da so izpusti vode iz jedrskih elektrarn v okolje nenehno nadzorovani in merjeni. »Voda je po izstopu iz elektrarne primerna za enake načine uporabe kot pred vstopom v elektrarno.«

Cooling in Krško nuclear power plant requires 110 cubic metres of water per MWh produced We inquired Nuklearna elektrarna Krško (Krško Nuclear Power Plant; NEK) and GEN energija about the amount of cooling water used by Slovenia’s nuclear power plant. The former noted that it was only for the third time that they were using an open-cycle cooling system which withdrew water, used in cooling the steam from the turbine, from Sava River. “Heating of the water from the Sava might affect its biological properties so the increase in water temperature and the share of withdrawals used for powerplant cooling are administratively restricted.” In less favourable weather conditions, however, they use cooling towers. “The water in question is not consumed but rather used for cooling and discharged back to the Sava – unpolluted, only slightly warmer.” Based on a conservative mathematical estimate, approximately 132 cubic metres of water per MWh of electricity produced are used to cool NEK’s vital systems. “Actually, the amount of water used is smaller, about 110 cubic metres per MWh of electricity produced, as the water recirculates through cooling towers,” NEK spokespeople told Energetika.NET. GEN energija underlined, that water discharged from nuclear power plants into the environment was subject to constant control and metering. “The water discharged from the power plant can be used in the same way as before it had been withdrawn.”

Povezovanje vodnih in energetskih politik »Skoraj vsa voda, uporabljena za proizvodnjo energije, se vrne vodnemu telesu, medtem ko to za večino odvzete vode v kmetijstvu ne velja,« pa je za Energetiko.NET pripomnil mag. Boris Sučić s Centra za energetsko učinkovitost na Institutu Jožefa Stefana (CEU IJS). Površinske vode, kot so jezera in reke, dajejo približno 80 odstotkov vse odvzete sladke vode in so prevladujoč vodni vir za industrijo, energijo (hidroelektrarne) in kmetijstvo. »Danes je težava, da zaradi naših aktivnosti zelo pospešeno onesnažujemo podtalnico, ki je vir javne oskrbe z vodo. Poleg tega javne vodovodne sisteme v nekaterih delih Evrope zaznamujejo velikanske izgube zaradi puščanj, ki presegajo 40 odstotkov skupno načrpane vode,« opozarja sogovornik. V zadnjih dveh letih je pomanjkanje in onesnaženje vode v Združenih državah Amerike (ZDA) in Indiji že omejilo proizvodnjo energije, vplivalo na zanesljivost obstoječih poslov in povzro čilo dodatne stroške. Tudi Kitajsko, predvsem sever in zahod, ogrožata onesnaženje rek in omejena oskrba z vodo podtalnico. Kitajska vlada je zato pripravila reformo, katere cilj je zmanjšati porabo vode za 30 odstotkov do leta 2015, do leta 2050 zgraditi zmogljivosti za razsoljevanje in velike vodne infrastrukturne povezave, ki bodo preusmerjale 45 milijard kubičnih metrov vode iz južnih rek v suh sever. Tudi z vodo bogata Kanada se srečuje z izzivi, ki jih prinaša proizvodnja nafte iz peščenjakov. IEA v poročilu poudarja, da so tovrstne omejitve z vodo povečini obvladljive, vendar zahtevajo uvajanje naprednejših tehnologij ter povezovanje vodnih in energetskih politik.

Energetika.NET

Integration of energy and water policies “Nearly all water used in energy generation is released to the relevant water body, whereas that is not the case with most water used in agriculture,” Boris Sučić, MSc, of the Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute told Energetika.NET. Surface waters, such as lakes and rivers, account for approximately 80 per cent of all freshwater withdrawals, thus being number one water source for industry, energy (hydroelectric power stations), and agriculture. “The problem we are facing today is escalating pollution of groundwater which is the main public water supply source. In addition, public water supply networks in some parts of Europe are marked by giant losses due to leakage, which exceed 40 per cent of water withdrawals,” Sučić noted. Over the past two years, water scarcity and pollution in the United States (US) and India has curtailed energy production, challenging the reliability of existing operations and imposing additional costs. China also, in particular the north and the west of the country, is threatened by river pollution and limited groundwater supply. Chinese government has prepared an action plan, the objective of which is to cut water consumption by 30 per cent by 2015, and to build desalination capacity and develop major water infrastructure which is designed to divert 45 billion cubic metres of water from southern rivers to the dry north. Canada, another water-rich country, has also been facing challenges brought about by oil sands production. The IEA further noted in its report that the respective waterrelated vulnerabilities were “manageable in most cases, but better technology will need to be deployed and energy and water policies better integrated”.

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OGLASNO SPOROČILO

Proizvodnja električne energije v skupini GEN

Jedrska in vodna energija: nizkoogljična vira za proizvodnjo električne energije

Projekt JEK 2 je osrednji strateški razvojni projekt skupine GEN. Kriterije trajnostnega razvoja izpolnjuje v vseh treh njegovih razsežnostih: družbeni, okoljski in ekonomski razsežnosti.

Skupina GEN proizvede v svojih elektrarnah več kot 99,8 odstotka celotne električne energije iz trajnostnih in obnovljivih virov. Največji delež električne energije (84 odstotkov) smo v letu 2013 proizvedli v jedrski elektrarni (Nuklearna elektrarna Krško), 15 odstotkov pa v naših velikih hidroelektrarnah (Savske elektrarne Ljubljana – SEL in Hidroelektrarne na spodnji Savi – HESS). Proizvodnja električne energije iz plinsko-parne elektrarne (Termoelektrarna Brestanica – TEB), ki ne pomeni proi zvodnje iz trajnostnih virov energije, znaša manj kot 0,2 odstotka celotne proizvodnje v skupini GEN in je namenjena pokrivanju izpadov večjih enot v elektroenergetskem sistemu slovenije. Več kot 99,8 odstotka celotne električne energije, proizvedene v elektrarnah skupine GEN, je iz trajnostnih in obnovljivih virov. Pri tem je ključnega pomena jedrska energija iz NEK, ki je v letu 2013 prispevala 84 odstotkov, sledila pa ji je vodna energija s 15 odstotki celotne količine električne energije, proizvedene v skupini GEN. sEL + 15 % HEss

TEB

NEK

Nizki izpusti ogljikovega dioksida na proizvedeno kilovatno uro Primerjava sestave proizvodnih virov električne energije v skupini GEN in v sloveniji (na nacionalni ravni) v letu 2013 kaže, da je proizvodni portfelj skupine GEN v primerjavi z nacionalnim okoljsko sprejemljiv in trajnostno naravnan. To dokazuje tudi primerjava izpustov ogljikovega dioksida na proizvedeno kilovatno uro povprečno v letih 20102013. Največje izpuste na proizvedeno kilovatno uro so imele na ravni nacionalnega proizvodnega portfelja termoelektrarne, in sicer 1,2 kilograma, kar je skoraj trikrat več od slovenskega povprečja, ki znaša 460 gramov. Povprečje izpustov ogljikovega dioksida na kilovatno uro, proizvedeno v skupini GEN, katera glavna vira sta nizkoogljična jedrska in vodna energija, pa znaša le 2 grama. K nizkoogljični proizvodnji električne energije v elektrarnah skupine GEN največ prispeva NEK, in sicer kar 84 odstotkov.

Potreba po ukrepih: sektorja energetike in prometa Energetika in promet sta sicer sektorja, ki povzročata največ, več kot 59 odstotkov izpustov v sloveniji. Zato je na teh področjih potrebnih največ ukrepov, predvsem zmanjšanja porabe fosilnih virov. To lahko uresničimo na primer z elektrifikacijo prometa in hkratnim uvajanjem novih zmogljivosti za proizvodnjo električne energije, ki temeljijo na nizkoogljičnih trajnostnih in obnovljivih virih, kot sta jedrska in vodna energija. V skupini GEN zato vlagamo v trajnostne in obnovljive vire za oskrbo slovenije z električno energijo. svojo pozornost namenjamo predvsem ohranjanju in širjenju jedrskih zmogljivosti kot enemu od temeljev uresničevanja nizko- oziroma brezogljične proizvodnje električne energije v sloveniji. Projekt JEK 2 lahko pomembno pripomore k razvoju sodobne, zanesljive, varne in okolju prijazne oskrbe slovenije z električno energijo po stabilni in konkurenčni ceni.

HIdROELEKTRARNE

JEdRsKA ELEKTRARNA

Portfelj virov energije GEN – struktura proizvodnih virov električne energije v skupini GEN v letu 2013

DESNO: Nacionalni portfelj virov energije – struktura proizvodnih virov električne energije v sloveniji v letu 2013

TERMOELEKTRARNE

MALI PROIZVAJALCI

Primerjava izpustov CO2 na proizvedeno kWh v letu 2013 (povprečno v letih 2010–2013)

Energetika.NET

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INTERVJU: JEROEN SCHUPPERS, Evropska komisija

Brez zajemanja in shranjevanja ogljika bo boj s posledicami izpustov CO2 dražji Tanja Srnovršnik Volarič

Evropska in globalna energijska krajina se spreminjata. Evropska unija je na poti proti enotnemu pametnemu evropskemu elektroenergetskemu omrežju, ki bo lahko obvladovalo čedalje večje količine obnovljive energije. A fosilna goriva in jedrska energija ostajata. In prav zato so čisti premog ter zajemanje in shranjevanje ogljika pomembni. »Brez zajemanja in shranjevanja ogljika bodo rešitve za boj s posledicami izpustov CO2 v prihodnosti dražje,« svari Jeroen Schuppers z Generalnega direktorata za raziskave in inovacije pri Evropski komisiji. Za Energetiko.NET smo se z njim pogovarjali o energetskih raziskavah v EU ter evropskem programu za raziskave in inovacije Obzorje 2020. Kaj menite o energetskih inovacijah, ki jih zdaj spremljamo v Uniji? Ali EU zaostaja za ZdA in nekaterimi azijskimi državami? Kje je danes? In kakšen bo v tem pogledu prispevek programa Obzorje 2020? u Na nekaterih področjih smo vodilni pri razvoju nekaterih tehnologij. Poglejte samo, kaj smo denimo dosegli na področjih biogoriv druge generacije, geotermalne energije ali zajemanja ogljika. Tehnologije, ki smo jih razvili, so na globalni ravni. Tudi pri solarni energiji smo razvili veliko tehnologije na visoki ravni. A zdaj se dogaja, da nas druge države, na primer Kitajska, prehitevajo, saj lahko fotonapetostne naprave izdelujejo veliko ceneje kot mi. Tehnologijo smo razvili mi, zdaj pa naprave uvažamo iz Kitajske. To je nekaj, na kar z raziskovalnim programom ne moremo neposredno vplivati. Okvirni programi EU za raziskave in tehnološki razvoj so bili vedno zelo uspešni z vidika razvoja tehnologije, manj učinkoviti pa v njeni predstavitvi na trgu. V ta namen Obzorje 2020 združuje Okvirni program za raziskave ter inovativne vidike Okvirnega programa za konkurenčnost in inovacije, ki vključuje ukrepe za širjenje na trgu, da se zagotovi logično zaporedje od novih idej prek inovacij do njihovega sprejema na trgu. Obzorje 2020 daje velik poudarek energijski učinkovitosti pa tudi nizkoogljičnim tehnologijam. Med temi ste omenili čisti premog ter zajemanje in shranjevanje ogljika. Torej prehod od fosilnih goriv k obnovljivim virom energije ne bo tako hiter? V katero smer gredo raziskave na tem področju? u Raziskave v veliki meri težijo k temu, da bi bila raba fosilnih goriv okolju prijaznejša, saj jih bomo potrebovali še nekaj deset letij. Razviti torej moramo boljše tehnologije čistega premoga in poskrbeti, da bodo elektrarne učinkovitejše, da bodo torej že v začetku porabile manj premoga ali plina. Postati morajo tudi bolj prilagodljive, saj se energetski sistem spreminja v smer elektrarn na obnovljivo energijo in fosilna goriva, ki bodo igrala drugačno vlogo. Poleg tega moramo zajeti izpuste iz teh elektrarn in jih shraniti globoko pod zemljo. Mednarodne študije kažejo, da bodo brez zajemanja in shranjevanja ogljika rešitve za boj s posle dicami izpustov CO2 v prihodnosti dražje.

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INTERVIEW: JEROEN SCHUPPERS, European Commission

Without CCS, CO2 emissions would be more expensive to fight European and global energy landscapes are changing. The European Union is aiming towards a single and smart European electricity grid that will be able to handle increasing volumes of renewables. But fossil fuels and nuclear energy will still be here. And this is why clean coal and carbon capture and storage (CCS) are important. “If we don't do CCS then the solutions in the future will be more expensive to fight the effects of CO2 emissions,” warns Jeroen Schuppers of the directorate-General for Research and Innovation at the European Commission. Energetika.NET talked to him about energy research in the EU and Horizon 2020, EU’s Programme for Research and Innovation.

Ilustracija / Illustration: Roman Peklaj

What is your opinion of energy innovations in the EU right now? Is the EU lagging behind the USA and some Asian countries? Where is it now? And how will Horizon 2020 help in this respect? u In several areas we are leading in the development of certain technologies. Look at what we have done, for instance, in the field of second generation biofuels, geothermal energy or carbon capture. The technologies that we have developed are on the global level. Also in the area of solar energy we have developed a lot of technology which is at a high level. But what you see now is that other countries, like China, are taking over because they can manufacture photovoltaic panels much cheaper than we can here. We have developed the technology but now we import panels from China. This is a thing that we cannot directly influence with a research programme itself. The EU Framework Programmes for Research and Technology Development have always been very good with technology development but less effective in putting it into the market. To tackle this, Horizon 2020 brings together the Research Framework Programme and the innovation aspects of the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP), which includes market uptake measures, to make sure that we have a logical line from new ideas to innovation and market uptake. In Horizon 2020 there is a big focus on energy efficiency but also on low carbon technologies. Among those you have also mentioned clean coal and carbon capture and storage (CCS). So the transition from fossil fuels to renewables will not be so fast? What direction is research in this field taking? u The research is very much aimed at making the use of fossil fuels cleaner. Because we will still be needing them for several decades. So what we have to do is find better clean coal technologies and make power plants more efficient, so that they use less coal or gas in the first place. We also need to make them more flexible because energy system changes towards renewables and fossil fuel plants will play a different role. And we also have to capture the emissions that we have from those plants and store them deep under the ground. International studies show that if you don't do CCS then the solutions in the future will be more expensive to fight the effects of CO2 emissions. Energetika.NET

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INTERVJU: JEROEN SCHUPPERS, Evropska komisija

Ko govorite o elektrarnah na premog, imate v mislih nove elektrarne ali zgolj izboljšanje obstoječih? u Oboje. Pri elektrarnah, ki že obratujejo, želimo preveriti, ali jih lahko izboljšamo tako, da jih opremimo s sistemi za zajemanje in shranjevanje ogljika, hkrati pa povečamo njihovo učinkovitost. Nove elektrarne bi načeloma morale biti zasnovane tako, da že v načrtih predvidevajo prihodnje sisteme za zajemanje in shranjevanje ogljika. Prav tako bi nove elektrarne morale biti zgrajene tako, da lahko delujejo bolj prilagodljivo. V Obzorju 2020 so predvidena sredstva za plin iz skrilavcev, a ne za tehnologije na tem področju ... u Predvidena so za preučevanje okoljskih vplivov plina iz skrilavcev. Mnoge skrbi, da bi hidravlično drobljenje globoko pod zemljo sprožalo manjše potrese, povzročilo onesnaženje podtalnice ali uhajanje zemeljskega plina v ozračje. V primerjavi z ZDA, kjer proizvodnja plina iz skrilavcev dosega izjemen razcvet, Evropa s tem nima veliko izkušenj. Razmere v Evropi se od ameriških močno razlikujejo – geologija je drugačna in število prebivalcev na kvadratni kilometer je veliko večje. Te pomisleke moramo jemati resno, raziskati potencialne okoljske vidike in preveriti, kako lahko zagotovimo kar najboljše znanje, da bomo te okoljske vplive razumeli, preprečili in omilili. To pomeni dodatne raziskave, usvajanje novih znanj in najboljših praks, ki lahko služijo kot izhodišče za prihodnje smernice ali zakonodajo. Torej je še veliko dela, preden bi lahko začeli z resnim črpanjem plina iz skrilavcev v Evropski uniji? u Tehnologija je na voljo; če torej države želijo črpati plin iz skrilavcev, to že lahko počnejo. A če hočemo resen pogled v prihodnost in razmislek o tem, kakšna bo vloga plina iz skrilavcev v EU – kar je politična razprava, pa tudi družbeno vprašanje –, potem moramo bolje razumeti, koliko plina iz skrilavcev bi Unija prenesla, kateri so viri, kje jih lahko najdemo, kako jih lahko črpamo ipd. Če to razumemo, bomo vedeli tudi, kakšen bi utegnil biti potencialni vpliv na okolje. Za vrtanje in drobljenje ene vrtine mora denimo na lokacijo pripeljati kakšnih tisoč tovornjakov z vodo. To lahko pri majhnih vaseh pusti posledice. Poznati moramo razsežnosti vpliva in vedeti, kako lahko preprečimo prevelik vpliv na družbo.

When you are talking about coal power plants, do you mean new coal power plants or just improving the existing ones? u About both. We want to improve plants that are already there by trying to see if we can fit CCS on those plants but also make them more efficient. New plants should be in principle designed in such a way that they take into account future CCS already in the design plans. And the future plants should already be built in such a way that they can operate more flexibly. In Horizon 2020 money is also intended for shale gas, but not for technologies... u It is intended for the studying of the environmental impacts of shale gas. Many people are concerned if fracking deep in the ground will cause small earthquakes, lead to the contamination of groundwater or natural gas escape into the air. As compared to the United States where shale gas production is booming Europe doesn't have a lot of experience with this. The situation in Europe is also different than in the US – different geology and many more people living per square kilometres. We have to take those concerns seriously and see what are the potential environmental aspects and how can we make sure that we have the best knowledge to understand, prevent and mitigate those environmental impacts. That means doing extra research, coming up with new knowledge and best practices that can be helpful background for guidelines or regulation in the future. So there is still a lot of work to be done before we can go into serious extraction of shale gas in the EU? The technology exists so if countries want to extract shale gas they can already do it. But if you really want to look into the future and think what will be the role of shale gas in the EU – which is a political discussion and also a societal issue – then you need to understand better how much shale gas could be present in the EU, what are the resources, where can we find them, how can we extract them etc. If we understand that we can also understand what the potential impact on the environment might be. For instance, to drill and fracture one well you may need 1,000 trucks to come there with water. This can impact small villages. We need to understand the scale of that impact and how can we avoid having a too big impact on society.

druga velika tema je jedrska energija. Tudi na tem področju bržkone poteka veliko raziskav in jedrska energija najverjetneje še ni rekla zadnje besede ... u Nekatere države jedrsko energijo opuščajo, spet druge jo želijo proizvajati še naprej, da bi ohranjale lastno proizvodnjo energije. Nekatere države nimajo dovolj obnovljivih virov za prehod na nizkoogljično družbo. Jedrska energija bo ostala, obstajajo pa močna prizadevanja, da bi jo naredili še varnejšo, da bi se naučili predvideti nesreče in se znali hitro odzvati nanje, če se že zgodijo ... S temi vprašanji se bo ukvarjal EURATOM. Če se vsi strinjamo, da potrebujemo portfelj tehnologij – fosil na goriva, obnovljive vire in jedrsko energijo –, potem moramo investirati v vse te, da povečamo njihovo učinkovitost, zaneslji vost in varnost.

Another big issue is nuclear energy. There is also probably a lot of research in this field and nuclear probably hasn't had the last word... u Some countries are moving from nuclear energy, some countries want to continue to produce it so that they have their own energy. Some countries do not have enough of renewable energy sources to go to low-carbon. Nuclear energy will be there, but there is a strong drive now to make it even safer, to look at how to predict accidents, if they happen how to quickly react to them... This are issues that will be addressed by EURATOM. If we all agree that we need a portfolio of technologies – fossil fuels, renewables and nuclear – then we need to invest in all of them to make them more efficient, secure and safer.

Celoten intervju preberite na portalu Energetika.NET.

The entire interview is available at www.energetika.net/see.

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LOW-CARBON ECONOMY

Sloveniji za 14 do 20 odstotkov manj emisijskih kuponov za ne-ETS sektorje Simona Drevenšek

Mednarodni panel za podnebne spremembe (IPCC) meni, da bi emisije lahko zmanjšali s prehodom na plin. A kot je za Energetiko.NET povedal direktor Gen energije Martin Novšak, je jedrska energija najhitrejši in najcenejši ter danes tudi edini resnično zmogljiv vir za uspešen prehod v nizkoogljično družbo.

ako bi v EU lahko zmanjšali emisije toplogrednih plinov? »Z energetsko učinkovitostjo, varčnejšimi in čistejšimi avtomobili – zamenjavo pogonskih goriv v prometu (elektrifikacijo), varčevanjem z energijo v domovih. Slednje sicer terja ogromno denarja, vendar lahko da pozitivne rezultate,« je za Energetiko.NET odgovoril predsednik združenja neodvisnih evropskih trgovcev z nafto UPEI Bernt Schnittler. Pa bo Evropi uspelo doseči cilj zmanjšanja emisij, ki povzročajo tudi podnebne spremembe, ali pa je to le politični cilj? »Je politični cilj z izhodiščem, da ji bo uspelo.«

Evropa gleda v leto 2030 Evropska komisija je z namenom razprave o podnebno-energetskih ambicijah EU po letu 2020 objavila operativni program zmanjševanja toplogrednih plinov (TPG) do leta 2030. Spremembe bodo doletele več sektorjev. Po letu 2030 pa bo na voljo tudi manj emisijskih kuponov. Na marčevskem posvetu o učinkih, ki jih prinašajo podnebno-energetske zaveze na gospodarstvo, na Gospodarski zbornici Slovenije (GZS) sta Uroš Vajgl iz sektorja za okolje in podnebne spremembe na Ministrstvu za kmetijstvo in okolje in mag. Nives Nared, prav tako z omenjenega ministrstva, dejala, da ima Slovenija dovoljenje, da lahko za največ štiri odstotke poveča emisije iz sektorjev, ki niso vključeni v evropsko shemo trgovanja z emisijskimi pravicami (ne-ETS sektorji), glede na emisije iz teh sektorjev v letu 2005. Ker ti sektorji povzročajo za okoli 60 odstotkov vseh slovenskih emisij toplogrednih plinov, taka možnost dopušča povečanje celotnih slovenskih emisij za okoli 2,4 odstotka.

Slovenia with 14 to 20 per cent less emission allowances for non-ETS sectors Simona Drevenšek

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) believes that emissions could be reduced by switching to natural gas. However, director of the company GEN energija Martin Novšak told Energetika.NET that nuclear power was the fastest, the cheapest, and today also the only source truly capable of enabling successful transition to a low-carbon economy. ow could the EU reduce its greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions? “Through energy efficiency, energy-saving, and cleaner cars – replacement of fuels used in transport (electrification), and saving energy in our ho mes. The latter does require considerable financial input but can yield positive results,” told Bernt Schnittler, President of the Union of European Petroleum Independents (UPEI) to Energetika.NET. But will Europe actually succeed in cutting GHG emissions that con tribute to climate change, or is that merely a political goal? “It is a political goal based on the presupposition that it will succeed in that.”

changes regard a number of sectors. In addition, there will be less emission allowances after 2030. At the meeting on the effects of the climate and energy commitments to the economy, which was held in March at the Slovenian Chamber of Commerce, Uroš Vajgl from the Environment and Climate Change sector of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment and Nives Nared, MSc, from the same Ministry noted that Slovenia could increase the emissions in the sectors not included in the Emissions Trading Scheme (non-ETS sectors) by maximum 4 per cent, compared to the 2005 emissions from the respective sectors. As these sectors produce about 60 per cent of all greenhousegas emissions in Slovenia, the overall volume of emissions in Slovenia can increase by no more than 2.4 per cent. “Emission allowances are not distributed among countries in the respective sector; it is rather about a cost-effective distribution. Slovenia will have by between 14 and 20 per cent less allowances compared to 2005, but the EC promised to distribute them fairly,” Vajgl noted.

Europe sets its sight on 2030 With a view to discussing energy and climate change ambitions of the EU after 2020, the European Commission published an operational programme on greenhouse-gas reduction by 2030. The

We will need to present evidence of GHG emission reductions next year already We will need to cut GHG emissions in all sectors included in the European Emission Trading Scheme by 21 per cent before 2020 –

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Ilustracija / Illustration: Roman Peklaj

NIZKOOGLJIČNO GOSPOdARSTVO

»V tem sektorju ni razdelitve kuponov med državami, gre zgolj za stroškovno učinkovito porazdelitev. Za Slovenijo bo na voljo od 14 do 20 odstotkov kuponov manj kot leta 2005, sicer pa Komisija napoveduje 'pravično prerazporeditev',« je pojasnil Vajgl.

Že prihodnje leto moramo predložiti dokaze o zmanjševanju emisij Za 21 odstotkov bomo morali do leta 2020 zmanjšati tudi emisije iz sektorjev, ki so vključeni v evropsko shemo trgovanja z emisijskimi pravicami – sektor ETS pokriva 43 odstotkov emisij EU. Ti sektorji povzročajo za okoli 40 odstotkov vseh slovenskih emisij toplogrednih plinov, kar pomeni 8,4-odstotno zmanjšanje celotnih slovenskih emisij. Emisije bomo po novi shemi, ki določa cilje do leta 2030, morali zmanjšati v konkretno določenih sektorjih, kot so raba goriv v gospodinjstvih in storitvenem sektorju, rabe goriv v prometu, na področju kmetijstva in ravnanja z odpadki … »Njihovo zmanjševanje bomo morali dokazovati na letnem nivoju. Prvič bomo to naredili prihodnje leto,« je pojasnila Naredova. Dodala je, da za zdaj ni predvidenih nobenih ukrepov, ki bi stro škovno bremenili industrijo. »Tudi v operativnem programu ni dodatnih prispevkov, ki bi bremenili gospodarstvo.« Komisija pa po besedah Vajgla že junija pripravlja posvet oziroma pogajanja o novih zavezah za zmanjševanje ogljikovega dioksida do leta 2030. Z jedrsko energijo prehod v nizkoogljično družbo zagotovljen Martin Novšak meni, da bi lahko v nizkoogljično družbo, ki si jo želi Evropa, lahko zapluli z jedrsko energijo. »Ne glede na vse ukrepe za zmanjševanje porabe energije se potrebe po energiji z družbenim in tehnološkim razvojem vztrajno povečujejo. Fosilni viri, doslej najmočnejši, najzanesljivejši in tudi cenovno ugodni viri, zaradi okoljskih obremenitev – predvsem izpustov CO2 – in upadajočih zalog ter zaradi povečevanja uvozne odvisnosti izgubljajo konkurenčni boj. Med obnovljivimi viri je edi46

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no vodna energija dokazano tehnološko obvladljiv in cenovno ugoden vir; pa še za to velja, da ni zanesljiva oziroma je odvisna od hidrologije in naravnih danosti. Za druge obnovljive vire , kot sta sončna in vetrna energija, ki sta zelo odvisna od vremenskih razmer, letnih časov in naravnih omejitev, pa ne kaže, da bi lahko zadostili kriteriju zanesljivosti oskrbe, kaj šele konkurenčnosti cene (cena kWh iz malih fotovoltaičnih elektrarn je približno šestkrat višja od cene elektrike, proizvedene v jedrski elektrarni, vključujoč njeno izgradnjo, obratovanje in razgradnjo). Ob omejenih vodnih virih je trajnostna jedrska energija za Slovenijo po letu 2020, še toliko bolj pa okoli leta 2050, edini vir, ki odgovarja vsem trem kriterijem: zanesljivosti oskrbe, konkurenčnosti cene in nizkoogljičnosti, poleg tega pa predstavlja daleč najmanjši poseg v prostor in porabi najmanj naravnih površin na proizvedeno kWh,« je pojasnil Novšak. Če želimo preprečiti najhujše posledice podnebnih sprememb, moramo rabo brez- ali nizkoogljičnih energetskih virov do leta 2050 vsaj potrojiti, pravijo znanstveniki Medvladnega panela za podnebne spremembe, ki so nedavno objavili zadnji del poročila. Na vprašanje, ali bi lahko videli kogeneracijo plina in jedrske energije, Novšak odgovarja, da EU nima enotne energetske politike, ki bi stavila npr. na zemeljski plin. »Po naši oceni je kurjenje zemeljskega plina iz okoljskega in strateškega (s tem pa tudi cenovnega) vidika neprimerno za reševanje vprašanja zanesljive oskrbe z električno energijo – z izjemo kompenziranja večjih sprememb v elektroenergetskem sistemu, kjer lahko plin optimalno in hitro nadomesti večje izpade proizvodnih enot ali kratkotrajne primanjkljaje električne energije. Drugače je z uporabo zemeljskega plina za druge namene, npr. za transport in izdelavo različnih materialov, tudi umetnih gnojil, potrebnih za pridelavo hrane ...« Kaj bi morala storiti Slovenija? Ta ima objektivne danosti, ki bi ji omogočile kombinacijo vodne in jedrske energije ter biomase, je prepričan Novšak.

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ETS sector covers 43 per cent of EU emissions. Those sectors account for about 40 per cent of Slovenia’s greenhouse gas emissions, which means an 8.4 per cent reduction of total emissions in Slovenia. According to the new scheme which defines the targets by 2030 we will need to cut emissions in specific sectors, such as use of fuels in households and services sector, use of fuels in transport, agriculture and waste management etc. “The evidence of their reductions will have to be provided each year, next year for the first time,” noted Nared. She added that no activities were currently in the pipeline, which would impose cost on the industry. “Nor are there additional contributions in the operational programme, which would saddle the economy.” According to Vajgl, the EC plans to hold meetings or better negotiations on new commitments with regard to reducing our carbon footprint by 2030 later in June.

Nuclear energy guaranteeing transition to low-carbon economy Martin Novšak believes that nuclear power could lead the way to a low-carbon economy Europe aspires to. “Regardless of all measures taken to reduce energy consumption, energy demand has been increasing persistently owing to social and technological development. Fossil fuels, so far the most powerful, reliable, and low-cost energy source, have been losing its competitive edge due to environmental stress – in particular carbon emissions – and depleting reserves as well as increased import dependence. As for renewable energies, hydro power is the only energy source proven to be technologically manageable and cost-efficient, though it is unreliable as it depends on hydrology and natural conditions. Other renewable sources such as solar and wind energy which are highly dependent on weather conditions, seasons, and natural constraints do not seem to be able to meet the criteria of reliability, let alone price competitiveness (the price of a kWh from small photovoltaic power stations is six times higher compared to the price of electricity generated by a nuclear power plant, including the construction, use, and decommissioning costs). “In light of limited water resources, sustainable nuclear energy represents the only energy source for Slovenia after the year 2020, and more so in 2050, which meets all the criteria, namely, supply security, price competitiveness, and low carbon footprint. In addition, nuclear energy has by far the least environmental impact, using the least natural land per kWh produced,” Novšak noted. If we want to prevent the gravest consequences of climate change we must triple the use of carbon free or low-carbon sources by 2050, according to scientists of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), who recently published the final part of their report. As regards the possibility of combined nuclear–gas power generation, Novšak claims that the EU does not have a uniform energy policy that would bet on natural gas, for example. “As we see it, firing natural gas is deemed environmentally and strategically (and hence price-wise) inappropriate for resolving the issue of the security of electricity supply – with the exception of compensating major changes within the electric power system, where natural gas represents an optimal and quick way to compensate for any major failure of power generation facilities or short-lived shortfalls of electricity. Using natural gas for other purposes, such as transport and manufacturing materials, including chemical fertilisers required to grow crops, etc., is something entirely different.” What should we do in Slovenia? Novšak believes that Slovenia’s objective attributes allow for a combination of hydro and nuclear energy as well as biomass.

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OGLASNO SPOROČILO

[esti blok Termoelektrarne Investicija v {esti blok {o{tanjske termoelektrarne (TE[ 6) je v zaklju~ni fazi. Marsikoga zanima, kak{na tehnologija je bila uporabljena za ta projekt. V nadaljevanju zato navajamo nekaj klju~nih zanimivosti in pomembnih podatkov. Visoki izkoristki Parametri bloka bodo nadkriti~ni, kar omogo~a visoke izkoristke. Tako bo zna{ala temperatura sveè pare 600°C, temperatura ponovno pregrete pare 610°C v tako imenovani BoA (Betriebsoptimierte Anlagen) tehniki in mo~jo 600 MW na sponkah generatorja pri elektrarni{kem reìmu obratovanja. Tlak kondenzacije 42 minibarov zagotavlja skupaj s parametri pare visok izkoristek. V sklopu bloka 6 je predvidena toplotna postaja za daljin sko ogrevanje celotne [ale{ke doline mo~i 120 MWth in s povpre~no letno toplotno mo~jo 50 MWth. Za oskrbo s hladilno vodo se bo raz{iril obstoje~i vto~ni objekt na reki Paki in dogradila nova dekarbonatizacija. Za demineralizirano vodo bo skrbela obstoje~a kemijska priprava vode. Vpliv na okolje Produkti zgorevanja in raz`veplanja (pepel, sadra in `lindra) se bodo trìli v gradbeni{tvu, vi{ek pa predelan v stabilizat in uporabljen za sanacijo rudni{kih ugreznin. Blok 6 bo obratoval brez izpustov odpadnih vod. To bo doseèno z recirkulacijo in ~i{~enjem tehnolo{kih voda in njihovo ponovno uporabo. Enota bo ustrezala vsem pogojem varstva okolja po predpisih EU. Zaradi omejitve vplivov hrupa bodo naprave postav ljene v zaprte objekte z ustrezno za{~ito za du{enje hrupa. O kotlu in kurjavi Kotel je vise~e stolpne izvedbe z ogrevalnimi povr{inami v enem vleku, s kvadratnim presekom kuri{~a, s kurjavo na premogov prah, s prisilnim pretokom, nadkriti~nimi (superkriti~ni mi) parametri ter enojnim ponovnim pregrevanjem pare. Obratovanje bo potekalo z modificiranim drsnim tlakom v obmo~ju obremenitev med 42 in 100 odstotkov. Kurjava je izvedena s tangencialnim dovodom z osmimi gorilniki na premogov prah. Kurjava in dovod zgorevalnega zraka sta dimenzionirana tako, da bo zgorevanje kar najbolj u~inkovito, s ~imer se bo v najve~ji meri prepre~ila tvorba 48

Energetika.NET

{kodljivih du{ikovih oksidov. Tla~ni sistem kotla je sestavljen iz grelnika vode, uparjalnika, pregrevalnikov sveè ter pregrevalnikov ponovno pregrete pare. Za oskrbo s premogom je predvidenih osem bunkerjev za premog v betonski izvedbi, ki so name{~eni v stavbi bunkerjev med strojnico in kotlovnico. Za odvzem premoga je predvidenih osem dodelilnikov, ki bodo izvedeni kot tra~ni transporterji z elektromotornim pogonom s frekven~nimi regulatorji. Za mletje premoga je predvidenih osem ventilatorskih mlinov, name{~enih na koti ±0 m z neposrednim vpihovanjem premogove me{anice v kotel. Potrebna zmogljivost posameznih mlinov je 72 t/h. Pri polni mo~i bo mogo~e kotel oskrbovati s sedmimi mlini. Tako je vedno vsaj eden v rezervi, kar omogo~a ustrezno sprotno vzdrèvanje. Pogon mlinov bo izveden z elektromotornim pogonom in hidravli~no sklopko. Za vìgno kurjavo je predvideno lahko kurilno olje. Zmogljivost vìgne kurjave bo 25 odstotkov zmogljivosti pra{ne. Sistem oskrbe z zgorevalnim zrakom je izveden v dveh progah. Zrak za zgorevanje bosta zagotavljala dva aksialna ventilatorja podpiha, ki ga bosta zajemala bodisi na prostem ali iz kotlovnice pod njenim stropom, kar se bo reguliralo z ustreznimi loputami. Pred vstopom v kotel se bo zrak v dveh regenerativnih grelnikih zraka ogrel s toploto vro~ih dimnih plinov. Od tod se bo zrak po dveh kanalih dovajal v kro`ni kanal in od tam kot primarni v povratne ja{ke k mlinom, kot sekundarni h gorilnikom, ter kot zgornji zrak direktno v kuri{~e. O dimnih plinih in pari Za odvod dimnih plinov bosta skrbela dva aksialna ventilatorja vleka. Name{~ena bosta za elektrofiltroma, in sicer v posebni stavbi, ki bo sluìla kot za{~ita pred hrupom. Ventilatorja bosta opremljena z regulacijo koli~ine dimnih plinov s spreminjanjem poloàja rotorskih lopatic. Za zmanj{anje izgub z nezgorelim premogom je pod lijakom kotla name{~ena dvodelna dogorevalna re{etka s hidravli~nim pogonom. Pod dogorevalno re{etko je name{~en mokri izna{alnik `lindre, izveden kot veri`ni transporter s strgali. Turbina je aksialna, odjemno kondenzacijska, z enojnim ponovnim pregrevanjem pare. Name{~ena je na koti +15 m, na posebnem podstavku – turbinski mizi, ki je podprta z vzmetmi in

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OGLASNO SPOROÄ&#x152;ILO

[o{tanj (TE[ 6) lo~ena od ostale konstrukcije stavbe. Gred turbine je vleàjena z radialnimi drsnimi leàji med posameznimi okrovi; na obeh koncih, med visokotla~nim (VT) in srednjetla~nim (ST) delom, je radialno aksialni leàj, ki bo prena{al tudi aksialne obremenitve. Vstopni parametri sveè pare na visokotla~ni del turbine bodo zna{ali 600 C in 275 barov. Para v nizkotla~ni (NT) turbini bo ekspandirala do tlaka 42 minibarov (abs) v kondenzatorju. Za zagotovitev ustreznega izstopnega preseka bosta vgrajena dva nizkotla~na dela turbine. Generator je trifazni, dvopolni, turbo tipa s cilindri~nim rotorjem, ki bo s turbino povezan le preko sklopke. Hlajen bo z vodikom, ta pa s hladilno vodo iz glavnega hladilnega sistema. Stator generatorja bo neposredno hlajen z vodo. Para, ki je turbina ne more prevzeti, se bo preko NT obto~ne postaje odvedla v kondenzator. Zmogljivost postaje je dimenzionirana na 2x35 odstotkov koli~ine pare. Prese`ki pare se pojavijo obi~ajno ob zagonih, izpadih in hitrih zaustavitvah. Visokotla~na varnostno reducirna postaja zagotavlja varnost visoko tla~nega dela kotla. Po potrebi sveò paro reducira in hladi ter zagotavlja hlajenje ponovnih pregrevalnikov pare pri zagonih in nenadnih izpadih turbine. Pod nizko tla~nim delom turbine je instaliran dvodelni cevni kondenzator z zbiralnikom kondenzata (hotwell) pod njim. Kondenzator je opremljen z napravo za kontinuirano mehansko ~i{~enje kondenzatorskih cevi. Za vzdrèvanje vakuuma v kondenzatorju in izlo~anje inertnih plinov iz njega bosta poskrbeli dve vakuumski ~rpalki na vodni obro~. Predvideni sta dve glavni kondenzatni ~rpalki (2x100 odstotkov). Normalno bo delovala le ena ~rpalka, druga bo v rezervi in se bo vklju~ila v primeru izpada prve ali dviga nivoja kondenzata v zbiralniku pod kondenzatorjem. Visokotla~ni kotel zahteva za delovanje visoko kvalitetno vodo, ki se bo med zagonom in obratovanjem bloka ~istila v sistemu za ~i{~enje kondenzata. Za ogrevanje kondenzata je predvideno pet nizkotla~nih (NT) grelnikov, v katerih se kondenzat pred vstopom v napajalni rezervoar ogreva z odjemno paro iz ST in NT dela turbine. Regenerativno gretje napajalne vode bo potekalo v {tirih stopnjah. Volumen napajalnega rezervoarja zna{a 400 m3, kar bo zagotavljalo nemoteno napajanje kotla v vseh obratovalnih reìmih in njegovo varno zaustavitev. Iz napajalnega rezervoarja za

~rpanje napajalne vode v kotel skrbijo tri napajalne ~rpalke po sistemu 3x50 odstotkov. Ena ~rpalka je ves ~as v rezervi. ^rpalke so opremljene z regulirnimi sklopkami za regulacijo vrtljajev. Mo~ napajalne ~rpalke zna{a 14 MW. Odvajanje toplote, ki nastaja v samem kro`nem procesu ali kot posledica delovanja raznih strojev in naprav, bo re{eno s hladilnim sistemom novega bloka. Glavni hladilni sistem bo zaprtega tipa z obto~nim hlajenjem in dekarbonatizirano vodo kot hladilnim medijem. Segreta voda glavnega hladilnega sistema se bo ohlajala v klasi~nem hladilnem stolpu na naravni vlek z enojnim pr{i{~em in lovilnim bazenom. Zahteve za ~i{~enje dimnih plinov so prevzete po EU-direktivi IED 2010/75/EU, ki za nove naprave po 7.1.2014 predpisujejo naslednje vrednosti (v suhih dimnih plinih pri 6% O2): - SO2

< 150 mg/Nm3

(Blok 6 TE[ < 100 mg/Nm3)

- NOx

< 200 mg/Nm

(Blok 6 TE[ < 150 mg/Nm3)

- prah

< 10 mg/Nm3

(Blok 6 TE[ < 10 mg/Nm3)

Delovanje in vodenje sistema Nazivna navidezna mo~ generatorja bo zna{ala 727 MVA, blok transformatorja pa 710 MVA. V sklopu za{~ite bloka bodo zajete za{~ite generatorja in blok transformatorja. Za{~ita bloka bo numeri~na z vgrajenim mikroprocesorjem in modularne izvedbe. Vse za{~itne funkcije bodo redundantne. Sistem vodenja (DCS) bo zagotavljal varno obratovanje, ustrezno razpolo`ljivost in gospodarno obratovanje ter z visoko stopnjo avtomatizacije majhno potrebo po obratovalnem in vzdrèvalnem osebju. Vodenje bloka zajema celotno napravo, vklju~no s pomo`nimi objekti, ki z glavnim objektom tvorijo tehnolo{ko celoto. Glavne naloge sistema vodenja so: avtomatski zagon in zaustavitev bloka, avtomatsko obratovanje, avtomatska sprememba mo~i, sko~no zniànje mo~i in omejitev mo~i pri izpadu agregatov, avtomatski preklop redundantnih agregatov, udele`ba v sekundarni regulaciji frekvenca / mo~, vzdrèvanje napetostnih razmer z regulacijo napetosti. Uporabljen bo celovit in uveljavljen sistem vodenja za termoelektrarne, ki bo skladen z mednarodnimi in VGB standardi. Energetika.NET

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INTERVJU: BRANKO ŽIBRET, A.T. Kearney

države v regiji so premalo povezane pri energetskih vprašanjih Simona Drevenšek, Barbara Škrinjar Foto / Photo: Barbara Reya »Zgolj Srbija, Kosovo in Bosna in Hercegovina (BiH) v jugovzhodni evropski regiji niso neto uvoznice električne energije,« opozarja partner pri svetovalnem podjetju A.T. Kearney Branko Žibret. dodaja, da se zato države s tega področja Evrope osredotočajo predvsem na stabilno oskrbo. »V Sloveniji tako danes potekajo predvsem razprave o razvoju omrežja, gradnji drugega bloka krške nuklearke (JEK 2) in šestega bloka Termoelektrarne Šoštanj (TEŠ 6). Na Hrvaškem veliko vlagajo v obnovljive vire energije OVE, toplotne črpalke, govora je tudi o terminalu utekočinjenega zemeljskega plina (UZP) na Krku. V Srbiji je v ospredju kombinacija premoga in hidroenergije, govori se tudi o Južnem toku,« Žibert razloži različne energetske strategije v državah Balkana. Sam meni, da bi bilo dobro, če bi države razmislile tudi o skupnih projektih in sodelovale. Kateri so trenutni največji izzivi v JV evropski regiji na področju energetike? u Glavni izziv je relativno velika odvisnost od uvoza energije. Slovenija denimo danes uvozi preko 50 odstotkov vseh energentov. Srbija in Kosovo pa sta s 27 odstotki najmanj odvisna od uvoza. Izziv predstavlja tudi velika razdrobljenost in nepovezanost držav v regiji. Z boljšim sodelovanjem na področju električne energije ali predelave nafte bi države lahko bistveno bolje uravnavale in zagotavljale oskrbo z energijo. Potem so tu še potrebne naložbe, tako v proizvodnjo kot v hrambo in prenos. Izgube pri prenosu energije so v državah JV Evrope bistveno večje kot v EU. Slovenija izgublja preko šest odstotkov energije, Makedonija celo blizu 18, medtem ko razvite evropske države le med 4 in 4,5 odstotka. Kateri energetski viri bodo v JV evropski regiji v prihodnje prevzeli ključne vloge in zakaj? u Vprašanje dodatnih virov je še povsem odprto. V Sloveniji se ob premogu vprašanja vrtijo predvsem okoli plina in nuklearne energije. Kaj bo na koncu prevladalo, pa v veliki meri ni odvisno od odločitev naše države. Plin in nuklearna energija sta danes namreč evropski temi in Slovenija lahko svoje odločitve sprejema znotraj evropskih odločitev. Tukaj vidimo, da ima Hrvaška že glede plina popolnoma drugačno strategijo kot Slovenija, kar kaže, da so države v regiji bistveno premalo povezane pri reševanju teh vprašanj. Kakšna je vloga obnovljivih virov v regiji? u Obnovljivi viri ne bodo zadostovali za zagotovitev potrebne oskrbe. Regija je tu, predvsem po zaslugi vodnih virov, v boljšem položaju kot Evropa. Slovenija s ciljnimi 25 odstotki OVE v porabi postavlja višji cilj, kot ga ima EU z 20 odstotki, Bosna in Hercegovina pa je že danes na 34 odstotkov OVE v porabi. 50

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Težava energetskih trgov v JV Evropi je tudi razdrobljenost. Kakšna prednost bi bila za te trge boljša povezanost? Morda skupna infrastruktura? u Sodelovanje se lahko intenzivira na več področjih. Tako v termo kot hidro proizvodnji s skupnimi vlaganji v državah, ki imajo naravne potenciale, kot sta Bosna in Hercegovina in Kosovo; pri transportu, kot so plinovodi in terminali; pri predelavi nafte – tu imamo sploh paradoks – regija je neto uvoznica tako surove nafte kot tudi naftnih izdelkov, rafinerije v regiji pa imajo neizkoriščene zmogljivosti. Nekateri trgi v JV Evropi so na papirju že liberalizirani, v praksi pa je še kar nekaj odprtih vprašanj. Kdaj lahko liberalizacijo po vašem pričakujemo tudi v praksi? u Raven liberaliziranosti je med posameznimi državami v regiji zelo različna. Na eni strani je Slovenija, ki je formalno popolnoma odprta in je uveljavila celoten zakonodajni okvir, večina držav v regiji pa zamuja. Postopno bodo vse države prešle na zahtevano raven. Kakšne prednosti bi to prineslo za tržne udeležence in kakšne za odjemalce? Kaj bi to pomenilo za cene energentov? u S tem v zvezi se mora izoblikovati ustrezna izkušnja porabnikov, da izkoristijo tržni mehanizem. Moramo pa se zavedati, da je energija v regiji še vedno socialno vprašanje in bo, kot kaže, še nekaj časa ostala. Kakšno vlogo ima EU na trgih JV Evrope? u Regija JV Evrope meji na dve državi EU, Italijo in Grčijo, ki sta skoraj v celoti odvisni od uvoza energije. To dejstvo ima neposre den vpliv na odločitve o plinovodih in skupnih vlaganjih v proizvodnjo in transport. Evropa v celoti je neto uvoznica in rešuje to strateško vprašanje. Bo pa JV regija morala nameniti tudi več pozornosti učinkovitosti. V večini držav je poraba energije na prebivalca dva- do trikrat nižja kot v EU, kar v celoti sovpada z družbenim proizvodom na prebivalca. Hkrati pa večina držav danes porabi do štirikrat več energije za enoto bruto družbenega proizvoda, kot je povprečje EU. Slovenija denimo porabi za okoli 40 odstotkov več energije. Kaj se Slovenci lahko naučimo od energetskega podjetja ČEZ, ki je denimo znalo izkoristiti tranzicijske razmere in iz češkega podjetja postal stabilen mednarodni energetski gigant? u Energija je velik posel. Z jasno strategijo in podporo države je ČEZ šel v mednarodno ekspanzijo. Takšno strategijo bi lahko ubralo katerokoli energetsko podjetje iz regije. Vendar nobena država v regiji ni zbrala dovolj moči, da bi odšla čez energetske planke lastnih okolij.

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INTERVIEW: BRANKO ŽIBRET, A.T. Kearney

Countries in the region should work together much more closely in resolving energy issues “Serbia, Kosovo, and Bosnia and Herzegovina are the only countries in South East Europe which are not net power importers,” said Branko Žibert, a lead partner with A.T. Kearney. This is why countries from this region are focusing on the security of supply. “Discussions in Slovenia have to do with network development, construction of unit 2 of Nuclear Power Plant Krško (JEK 2) and unit 6 of Thermal Power Plant Šoštanj (TEŠ 6). Croatia is investing a lot in renewables, heat pumps, they are thinking about a liquefied natural gas terminal on the island of Krk. In Serbia, the focus is on combining coal and hydro energy, complete with South Stream,” Žibert said, illustrating different energy strategies in the Balkan region. In his view, it would make sense for countries to consider joint projects and closer cooperation. What are now the biggest energy challenges in South East Europe? u The main challenge is the relatively strong dependence on energy imports. For instance, Slovenia now imports more than 50 percent of all its energy needs. With 27 percent, Serbia and Kosovo are the least import dependent countries in the region. Another challenge is the region’s fragmentation and lack of cooperation. By working together more closely in the field of electric power or oil processing, countries would be much more successful in balancing and ensuring their energy supply. Then there is the need for investment in production as well as storage and transmission. Last year, transmission losses in South East Europe far outstripped the EU figures. Slovenia loses more than 6 percent of energy in transmission, Macedonia almost 18 percent. In contrast, losses in developed EU countries amount to just 4 to 4.5 percent. Which energy sources are to take the leading roles in South East Europe in the future, and why? u The question of additional sources is still open. In Slovenia, discussions are mainly about gas and nuclear – in addition to coal. Which of the alternatives gets to dominate the portfolio has very little to do with the decisions made by us as a country. Gas and nuclear are now European issues, and Slovenia cannot make its decisions outside the framework of European decisions. Gas is just one example where Croatia runs a completely different strategy than Slovenia, which indicates that countries in the region should work together much more closely in resolving these issues. What is the role of renewables in this region? u Renewables are not going to meet the demand. Thanks to hydro energy above all, the region has an advantage over Europe in this regard. Aiming to achieve a 25-percent share of renewables in total consumption, Slovenia has set a more ambitious target than the EU’s 20 percent. Meanwhile, in Bosnia and Herzegovina renewables already account for 34 percent of energy consumption.

One of the problems with energy markets in South East Europe is their fragmentation. How would the markets benefit from greater integration? Perhaps in common infrastructure? u There is room for closer cooperation in various areas. In generation, both thermal and hydro power, with joint investment in the countries with these natural resources, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo. In transport with pipelines and terminals. In oil processing. This is a special paradox: the region is a net importer of both crude oil and petroleum products, while refineries in the region have unused capacity. Some of the markets in South East Europe have already undergone the liberalisation process, although a number of issues remain unresolved in practice. When do you think can we expect full market liberalisation? u The degree to which markets have been liberalised varies from country to country. On the one hand we have Slovenia, which is formally a fully open market, having implemented the entire legislative framework. On the other hand we have most of the other countries in the region, where the process is delayed. Gradually, all of them will reach the required degree. How would market players benefit from this, and how would consumers? What would this mean in terms of energy prices? u This must motivate an exemplary user experience in order for customers to start using the market mechanism. We should bear in mind, though, that in this region, energy is still a social issue and nothing seems to be changing about this any time soon. What is the role of the EU in South East European markets? u South East Europe borders on two EU member states, Italy and Greece, which are almost entirely dependent on energy imports. This directly affects the decisions about gas pipelines and joint investment in production and transport. Europe as a whole is a net importer, and has to deal with this strategic issue. South East Europe, on the other hand, will have to focus more on energy efficiency. In most of the countries, energy consumption per capita is 2 to 3 times lower than in the EU, which corresponds perfectly to GDP per capita. At the same time, in most of the countries energy use per unit GDP is up to 4 times above the EU average. For instance, Slovenia consumes about 40 percent more energy. What can Slovenia learn from ČEZ, an energy company which used the country’s transition to grow from a local Czech business into a stable international energy giant? u Energy is a big business. ČEZ started its international expansion with a clear vision and support from the state. This strategy could be used by any energy company from the region. But no country in South East Europe was daring enough to make the move beyond the boundaries of their energy environments. Energetika.NET

EnergetikaNET 14 Maja korekture_EnergetikaNET13-9k-Maja-5.qxp 9.5.2014 14:23 Page 52

INTERVJU: FRéDéRIC HUg, Euroheat & Power

Toplota je decentralizirana in je za ogromnimi energetskimi naložbami ne opazimo Alenka Žumbar Klopčič Foto: Barbara Reya V Evropi imamo skoraj 6000 sistemov daljinskega ogrevanja in hlajenja, ki zadostijo približno 15 odstotkom potreb po energiji in 62 milijonov uporabnikov oskrbujejo s približno 420 TWh energije. Te podatke je na nedavni Mednarodni konferenci daljinske energetike 2014 v Portorožu predstavil predsednik združenja Euroheat & Power, Frédéric Hug. Energetika.NET je z njim govorila o obetih in izzivih, ki jih ta sektor prinaša.

The heat is decentralised and we don’t see it behind the huge energy investments Alenka Žumbar Klopčič Photo: Barbara Reya There are nearly 6,000 district heating and cooling systems in Europe, covering around 15% of the energy needs and reaching approximately 420 tWh of energy and 62 million consumers. This data was shown at the recent International Conference on District Energy 2014 in Portorož, Slovenia, by the President of Euroheat & Power, Frédéric Hug. Energetika.NET has talked with Mr Hug about his perspective as well as the challenges in this sector. 52

Energetika.NET

Kako bi opisali sedanji položaj sistemov daljinskega ogrevanja in hlajenja v Evropi in s katerimi izzivi se to področje sooča? u Daljinsko ogrevanje in hlajenje danes predstavlja približno 15 odstotkov evropskega energetskega trga, pri čemer so razmere po članicah Unije zelo različne, a ti sistemi v primerjavi z drugimi energetskimi sektorji omogočajo večjo energetsko učinkovitost vse od proizvodnje energije do njene porabe. Težava pa je, da snovalci politik ne prepoznajo, kako visoko mesto dejansko zaseda toplota – predstavlja skoraj 50 odstotkov evropskih potreb po energiji. Čeprav se bo povpraševanje po toploti v prihodnosti zmanjševalo, bodo potrebe še vedno zelo velike: pomislite samo na to, koliko tople vode potrebujemo. Pravite, da snovalci politik ne prepoznajo pomena toplote v energetski bilanci. Kdo je kriv za to? u Najbrž tudi mi (strokovnjaki, op. a.).

How would you describe the current European area of district heating and cooling systems, and what are its challenges? u District heating and cooling serves today around 15% of the European energy market with the very diverse situation in every EU country and with the difference in comparison to other energy sectors that these systems allow higher energy efficiency from energy production to its consumption. But the challenge is that the policy makers don’t recognise the place of heat, which is actually very high – it reaches nearly 50% of European energy needs. Although heat demand will decrease in the future, we will still have high needs: just think of hot water requirements, for instance. You are saying that policy makers do not recognise the importance of heat in the energy balance. Whose fault is that? u Probably also ours (Author’s Note: the ex-

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INTERVIEW: FRéDéRIC HUg, Euroheat & Power

Toda prepričani smo, da to lahko spremenimo, če z našo zgodbo postanemo bolj prepoznavni. Stvar je v tem, da je toplota decentralizirana in je za ogromnimi energetskimi naložbami ne opazimo.

Na konferenci društva SDDE leta 2011 je vaš kolega Johannes Jungbauer poudaril, da so odpadki odličen vir energije. Katero je danes najpomembnejše sporočilo vašega združenja? u Deloma ostaja enako kot leta 2011, kar dokazuje, da smo v svojem prepričanju konsistentni. V splošnem pa bi naše sporočilo danes lahko bilo tudi, da so lahko sistemi daljinskega ogrevanja in hlajenja zelo učinkovit način energetske tranzicije in dobra infrastruktura zanjo. Če uporabimo energijo, ki bi sicer šla v nič, bi to pomenilo delovanje v skladu s cilji evropske energetske in okoljske politike. Kaj torej še čakamo? Kot vedno je zelo preprosto reči, kaj bi morali

ukreniti, težje pa je to uresničiti. Potrebujemo ustrezno okolje, da pokažemo, da bi bile takšne naložbe varne. Zavedati se mo ramo tudi, da je treba o obnovljivih virih energije govoriti tudi v drugih sektorjih, ne samo elektroenergetiki. Z vsem tem se je treba spopasti.

Bodo sistemi daljinskega ogrevanja in hlajenja v prihodnje temeljili na obnovljivih virih energije ali na premogu? u Temeljili bodo na odpadni in obnovljivi energiji iz različnih virov. Je plinovod Južni tok po vašem eden najperspektivnejših projektov na tem področju? u Reči moram, da nisem strokovnjak za to vprašanje, a kakor vidim projekt Južni tok, mislim, da lahko prispeva k diverzifikaciji poti za oskrbo z energijo. Večja fleksibilnost je lahko koristna, saj vsak vir energije kar najbolje izkoristimo.

Kaj je tisto najpomembnejše, kar si lahko svet obeta od sistemov daljinskega ogrevanja in hlajenja? u Dokler bo večina ljudi živela v mestih, so rešitve, ki jih ponuja sektor daljinskega ogrevanja in hlajenja, zelo raznolike. To že dobro vedo na Kitajskem, kjer imajo v svetovnem merilu največji odstotek teh sistemov glede na energetski trg. Uspešni so tudi v ZDA, kjer ima – tako kot v Evropi – infrastruktura že precej bogato zgodovino in so pri njeni modernizaciji uporabili ekonomsko najučinkovitejše modele. Tudi v Sloveniji imamo starejše sisteme. Katere modele bi morali uporabiti, da bi pritegnili vlagatelje k investicijam v to področje? u Prepričan sem, da so te naložbe lahko ekonomsko vzdržne, če upoštevamo vse omejitve – zmanjševanje izpustov CO2 in podobno. Če vse te omejitve seštejemo, vidimo, da so sistemi daljinskega ogrevanja in hlajenja še kako pomembni. Trg občasno

Daljinsko ogrevanje in hlajenje predstavlja približno 15 odstotkov evropskega energetskega trga. District heating and cooling serves around 15% of the European energy market.

perts’). But we believe that we can change that by sorting our story better. The point is that the heat is decentralised and we don’t see it behind the huge energy investments.

At SDDE Conference 2011 your colleague, Mr Johannes Jungbauer, stressed the message that the waste is a great source of energy. What is currently the most important message of your association? u Partly it is the same as in 2011, which shows that we are consistent in what we’re saying. But more generally, our message today could also be that the district heating and cooling systems could be a very effective way and a good infrastructure for energy transition. If we use the energy which otherwise would be wasted, that would mean that we go in the line of EU goals in the energy and environmental policy. So, what are we waiting for? u As always, it is very easy to say what we

Will the future district heating and cooling systems be based on renewable-energy sources or on coal? u They will be based on recycled and renewable energy from different kinds of energy sources.

What is the most prominent perspective that district heating and cooling systems are offering worldwide? u As long as the most people will live in the cities, the solutions that district heating and cooling sectors are offering are very viable. They already know that in China, where they have the highest percentage of these systems covering energy markets worldwide. They’re doing well also in the United States, where they – like in Europe – have pretty mature infrastructure and when modernising it they’ve followed the most economically effective models.

Do you see the South Stream gas pipeline as one of the biggest perspectives on this field? u I must say I am not an expert on this point, but as I see the South Stream project, it can bring more diversified energy supply routes. More flexibility can help, using each source of energy at its best.

In Slovenia, we also have older systems. What kind of models would we have to follow to attract the investors to invest in this area? u My belief is that these kinds of investments can be economically viable if we take into account all the constraints – cutting down the CO2 emissions and such. If

should do, but it’s harder to act that way. We need a proper environment to show that these investments would be safe. We also need to realise that we have to talk about renewables also in some other sectors as just in the power sector. All this has to be addressed.

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INTERVJU: FRéDéRIc HUg, Euroheat & Power

u Več o daljinskem ogrevanju

v reviji Energetika.NET, št. 13.

pretresejo različne vrste subvencij, ki gredo v napačno smer, in nekatere omejitve niso dovolj poznane, v splošnem pa mislim, da je to področje ekonomsko zelo zanimivo.

Je sektor odprt tudi za inovacije, in če je tako, kakšne? u Mislim, da je, a če se spet vrnem k bistveni težavi: toplotna omrežja niso vidna, zato si je vse inovacije včasih težko zamisliti. Samo za ilustracijo: tudi v sektorju daljinskega ogrevanja in hlajenja imamo pametna omrežja! Ko govorimo o pametnih omrežjih, ne gre za sistem, ki pokriva samo elektroenergetsko omrežje, temveč tudi vse preostale energetske sisteme. Vsi ti skupaj so pametna omrežja! Ima vaša organizacija podatke o tem, kako močan je sektor v globalnem merilu – koliko kilometrov sistemov združuje,

koliko megavatov moči, koliko letnega vlaganja ipd.? u Ena velikih prednosti daljinske energetike, namreč njena decentralizirana narava, hkrati predstavlja tudi precejšnjo težavo, če želimo zbrati in uskladiti glavne podatke in številke. Kljub vsemu pa lahko z gotovostjo trdimo, da sektor na globalni ravni zaseda vidno mesto. Za ilustracijo naj povem, da je bilo leta 2011 nameščenih skoraj milijon megavatov zmogljivosti za daljinsko ogrevanje in hlajenje, ta številka pa se bo zagotovo še povečala z večjim zavedanjem o združljivosti daljinske energetike z različnimi globalnimi energetskimi, strateškimi in ekonomskimi izzivi. Če želite bolj plastičen primer: če bi vse cevi za daljinsko ogrevanje na svetu staknili skupaj, bi več kot desetkrat obkrožile planet!

u More on district heating in

Energetika.NET Magazine, Issue 13.

Za konec: katera je po vašem mnenju ekonomsko najvzdržnejša energetska naložba? u Odvisno od izzivov, na katere iščete odgovor. Daljinsko ogrevanje je zelo gospodaren način doseganja ciljev energetske tranzicije. Nimam se namena pretvarjati, da bo daljinsko ogrevanje poganjalo vaš računalnik, a kljub vsemu ima sektor daljinskega ogrevanja in hlajenja neizmeren potencial. V Sloveniji poteka razprava o gradnji drugega jedrskega reaktorja. Mislite, da bi bila v tem primeru zanimiva rešitev predvideti uporabo odpadne toplote? u To bi bilo lahko smiselno in v nekaterih evropskih državah, na primer Švici, podobni primeri že obstajajo.

Snovalci politik ne prepoznajo, kako visoko mesto zaseda toplota – predstavlja skoraj 50 odstotkov evropskih potreb po energiji. Policy makers do not recognise the place of heat, which is actually very high – it reaches nearly 50% of European energy needs.

we put together all constraints, we can see that district heating and cooling systems are very prominent. The market is distressed from time to time by different subsidies going one way and not the other and some constraints are not that known, but in general I think this field is very economically interesting.

Is this field open for innovations, and, if so, what kind? u I think it is, but again, the main thing is that heat networks are not visible, so it’s sometimes hard to imagine all the innovations. But, as an example, we also have smart grids in the district heating and cooling sector! If we take a look at smart grids, that is not the system covering just electrical grids, but also all the rest of the energy grids. All together – they are smart grids! Does your organisation hold some information on how strong this field is worldwide – how many kilometres of systems, how many megawatts of power, 54

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how much annual investments, etc., … is there behind it? u One of district energy’s great strengths, namely its decentralised nature, also ends up posing a significant challenge when it comes to the collection and harmonisation of key facts and figures. That said, we can state with confidence that the sector has a significant global presence. By way of illustration, there were nearly 1 million megawatts of installed DHC capacity worldwide in 2011, and this figure will certainly increase as district energy’s compatibility with various global energy, strategic, and economic challenges is more widely recognised. To give you a more visual reference, put end-to-end, the world’s district heating pipes would wrap more than ten times around the planet To sum up: In your opinion, what is the most economically viable energy investment? u It depends on the issues that you want to address. District heating is a very economical way to reach the targets of the

energy transition. I am not trying to pretend that district heating is going to run your computer, but still – there are unlimited potentials also for the district heating and cooling sector.

In Slovenia, for example, we’re talking about building a second nuclear reactor. Do you think that there would be an interesting solution in this case to also predict the usage of the waste heat? u It can make sense and there are such kinds of cases in some European countries, such as Switzerland, for example.

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INTERVJU: DR. THoMAs HENNINGsEN, Greenpeace

Politiki so lažnivci

Politicians are liars

Barbara Škrinjar Foto / Photo: arhiv Greenpeacea / Greenpeace archive

Z evropskim programskim direktorjem Greepeacea dr. Thomasom Henningsenom sva se pogovarjala v Ljubljani ravno v času, ko je Greenpeace sprejemal program dela za prihodnje leto. V začetku marca sva sedela v kratkih rokavih v sončnem, idiličnem vrtu v središču mesta. Vprašanje o tem, ali se okolje spreminja, je bilo tako že povsem retorično. A Henningsen je optimist in si želi, da bi tudi njegovi otroci lahko posedali sredi mesta v takšnem idiličnem okolju, prijaznem, zdravem in čistem. Edina sprejemljiva pot zanj so obnovljivi viri energije in precej načrtov ima, kako bi za takšne ideje navdušili še vodje evropskih držav. Tudi Poljsko na primer, ki je trenutno največja onesnaževalka EU zaradi številnih termoelektrarn.

Energetika.NET

The interview with Thomas Henningsen, PhD, Programme Director for Greenpeace, Europe, took place in Ljubljana at the time when Greenpeace was adopting its programme for next year. In early March, we sat in a sunny, idyllic garden in the city centre, wearing short sleeves. The question whether the climate is changing seemed entirely rhetorical. But as an optimist, Henningsen wants his children to be able someday to sit in such an idyllic settings downtown, one that is friendly, healthy and clean. In his view, the only acceptable path is renewable energy, and he has scores of ideas how to make such notions appealing for leaders of European countries. For instance Poland, with its numerous thermal power plants currently the biggest polluter in the EU.

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INTERVIEW: THoMAs HENNINGsEN, PhD, Greenpeace

Kako ocenjujete napredek Nemčije pri projektu »Energiewende«? se že kažejo kakšni oprijemljivi rezultati odločitve, da Nemčija opusti jedrsko energijo? u Ni ravno veliko stvari, na katere bi bil lahko pri svoji vladi ponosen. A je res, da je Nemčija z odločitvijo za obnovljivo prihodnost pokazala pravo držo in smer, za katero bi se morale odločiti tudi druge države. Nemčija je pri tem ena od vodilnih držav na svetu. Je pa to za nas tudi velika prednost na različnih področjih. In sicer najprej zato, ker se bomo znebili zelo nevarne jedrske tehnologije in premogovne industrije. Treba pa je tudi v ekonomskem smislu dokazati, da so obnovljivi viri prava pot, in to je zelo težko. Trenutno je namreč predmet bučnih razprav prav tema, da je energija iz obnovljivih virov predraga. Res bo potrebnih veliko naložb, a to je edina prava pot, o tem sem prepričan. Resnična in končna cena jedrske in termo energije je namreč veliko višja od energije iz obnovljivih virov. Upam, da bodo ljudje sposobni razumeti, da je samo obnovljiva energija na koncu brezplačna oziroma tudi ekonomsko najboljša rešitev. Kaj so do zdaj v Nemčiji že naredili? Konkretno, prosim. u Do zdaj so zaprli že osem jedrskih elektrarn, tudi preostale bodo. A seveda želijo podjetja te zmogljivosti ohraniti in jih uporabiti za drug namen, saj so v to vložili ogromno denarja in jim gre za dobiček. Imamo pa trenutno tudi precej ostro polemiko z novo vlado. Ta namreč povsem noro in kratkovidno podpira gradnjo novih termoelektrarn. Ampak premog ni naša prihodnost. Kaj pa je naša prihodnost? u Veter, sonce, energetski prihranki in energetska učinkovitost. Nemčija, ki je četrto največje gospodarstvo na svetu, kaže, da ji gre z več obnovljivimi viri prav dobro, da je bila ta odločitev tudi ekonomsko upravičena. Veliki energetski koncerni imajo težave. so zamudili čas, ko bi morali več investirati v obnovljive vire energije (oVE)? u Da. Največji energetski koncerni so sprevideli, da so storili veliko napako, ker niso dovolj zgodaj investirali v OVE. RWE je to priznal. Zato ima tudi ekonomske težave. Tudi podjetja, ki so bila prizadeta zaradi odpovedi jedrske energije , zdaj spreminjajo svojo strukturo proizvodnih virov v prid OVE. Poleg tega pa so se na trgu pojavili novi proizvajalci energije iz OVE. Kako perspektiven pa je koncept lokalne energetske samooskrbe? u Po mojem mnenju je to najbolj obetaven pristop. Gre za projekte proizvodnje energije iz OVE v različnih skupnostih. Skupnosti bi se morale odločiti, da nočejo biti odvisne od velikih koncernov, da bodo same poskrbele za svojo energijo in postale energetsko neodvisne. In z novimi tehnologijami je to povsem izvedljivo. To je zame največje upa nje. S postavitvijo vetrnih in sončnih elektrarn lahko skupnosti same poskrbijo za svoje energetske potrebe. Večje skupnosti, kot so mesta, pa lahko nazaj odkupijo še distribucijsko omrežje, ki so ga pred leti denimo prodale velikim energetskim sistemom. Tudi nekatera velika podjetja se lotevajo samooskrbe z energijo, Ikea denimo. Kaj pa na ravni držav? u Na primeru Ukrajine se lahko naučimo, kaj pomeni v političnem smislu, če si odvisen od držav, kot je Rusija. Slovenija, ki je majhna država, ki ima samo dva milijona prebivalcev, bi lahko postala energetsko neodvisna, morda celo izvoznica energije. In to s 100-odstotno obnovljivimi viri energije. V sloveniji je trenutno precej negativne kampanje proti sončni energiji, vlada govori, da gre za napako zadnjih desetletij. Ali Nemčija kljub visokim proizvodnim cenam še vedno podpira naložbe v sončno energijo? u Tega ne razumem. Največja napaka je premog, jedrska energija,

How would you assess Germany’s progress with the “Energiewende” project? Are there any noticeable results yet of Germany’s decision to shift away from nuclear energy? u There are not that many things I can be proud of when it comes to our government. But having opted for a renewable future, Germany did demonstrate the right stance and the right way to go, one which other countries should follow. Germany is one of the global leaders here. In a lot of areas, this is a big advantage for us. First of all because it gives us a chance to get rid of very risky nuclear technology and coal industry. The next step is to prove economically that renewables are the right way to go. This is very difficult now in the time of heated debates about renewable energy being too expensive. True, it will require substantial investment, but this is the only right way, of this I am sure. The true final price of nuclear and thermal energy is a lot higher that the price of renewable energy. I hope people are capable of understanding that renewable energy is the only form of energy that, at the end of the day, is free and thus the best solution economically. What has Germany done so far? Please be specific. u Eight nuclear power plants have already been shut down, others are to follow. Naturally, companies want to keep these facilities and use them for other purposes, having invested a lot of resources into this and pursuing profit. However, we are now in dispute with the new government over their fully irrational and short-sighted support to construction of new thermal power plans. Coal is not our future. What is our future? u Wind, solar, energy savings and energy efficiency. Germany, world’s fourth biggest economy, demonstrates it is doing quite well with its increased share of renewable energy, and that this decision was also economically viable. Large energy corporations are struggling. Have they missed the opportunity to boost investment in renewable energy? u Yes. The biggest energy corporations have realised they had made a huge mistake having failed to invest in renewables soon enough. RWE admitted it. This is why they are struggling economically. The companies affected by the switchover from nuclear energy are now also transforming their mix of production sources by increasing the share of renewables. Alongside them, new renewable energy producers have appeared on the market. How likely is the concept of local energy self-sufficiency to succeed? u I think this is the most promising approach. It comprises projects to generate energy from renewables across various communities. These communities should refuse to be dependent on large corporations, and decide to become energy independent by producing their own energy. With new technologies, this is perfectly achievable. For me, this is the biggest hope. By installing wind and solar power plants, communities could meet their own energy needs. For instance, larger communities like cities could buy back the distribution network they previously sold to large energy systems. Some large companies like Ikea are also looking into energy self-sufficiency. What about the state level? u Ukraine is an example of what it means, in political terms, to be dependent on countries like Russia. As a small country with just two million people, Slovenia could become energy independent, perhaps even an energy exporter. And it could do this 100% with renewable energy. Energetika.NET

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INTERVJU: DR. THoMAs HENNINGsEN, Greenpeace

Za prihodnjih 16 let, do leta 2030, si moramo določiti cilj, da vsaj 45 odstotkov energije proizvedemo iz OVE. To je mogoče tako tehnično kot ekonomsko. ne sončna. Res pa je, da vlada nikoli ne izračuna resničnih končnih stroškov obnovljivih virov energije. Če primerjamo samo številke, koliko energije dobimo iz kilograma lignita in koliko moramo za enako količino energije investirati v sonce, je jasno, kaj je cenejše v tem trenutku. A to niso prave številke. Je kdo upošteval strošek vpliva na zdravje ljudi, na umrljivost ali pa stroške jedrskih odpadkov? Gre za namerno zavajanje vlad. Poglejte Černobil, Fukušimo in jasno je, kakšna je prava pot.

V debati o okoljskih ciljih na ravni EU za leto 2030 se Greenpeace odločno zavzema, da samo zmanjšanje izpustov ni dovolj dober cilj. Kaj predlagate? u Končni cilj lahko dosežemo samo, če se bomo na eni starin zavzemali za visoke cilje na področju proizvodnje energije iz OVE in na drugi strani na področju učinkovite rabe energije, da zmanjšamo porabo. Naša težava bo na koncu seveda podnebje. Tu se soočamo s spremembami, to je dejstvo. Države se spet zavzemajo za jedrsko energijo in to samo zato, da kratkoročno zaščitijo svojo industrijo. Predvsem Velika Britanija je pri tem zelo vztrajna. Vsi so zamudili, ko bi morali investirati v OVE, zdaj pa vztrajajo pri neodgovornem ravnanju. Kaj bo na koncu obveljalo? u Za zdaj smo še na prvi poti. Vse dokler debata traja in ni končne odločitve, je možnost, da se odločimo prav. In sicer si moramo za

In slovenia, there is now a lot of campaigning against solar energy, with the government saying this was a mistake of the previous decades. Does Germany still support investment in solar energy despite high generation costs? u I don’t understand this. The biggest mistakes are coal, nuclear, not solar. Bear in mind that the government never calculates the true final cost of renewable energy sources. Just looking at numbers, how much energy we get from a kilogram of lignite and how much we need to invest into solar to get the same amount of energy, it is evident what seems to be the cheaper option at the moment. But these are not the right numbers. Has anyone considered the cost of the effect on people’s health, mortality, or the cost of nuclear waste? The governments are being intentionally misled. Just look at Chernobyl or Fukushima; it is evident what is the right way to go. In the debate about EU-wide environmental targets for 2030, Greenpeace insists that merely reducing emissions is not good enough a goal. What do you suggest? u The final goal can only be achieved by pushing for ambitious targets in renewable energy production on the one hand, and on the other hand in energy efficiency in order to cut consumption. At the end of the day, our problem is the climate. The fact is we are facing changes. Countries have restored support for nuclear energy just so they can protect their industry in the short run. Especially the UK is very persistent in doing so. All those who have missed the opportunity to invest in renewable energy now insist on acting irresponsibly. Which tendency is going to prevail? u For now, we are still following the original path. As long as the debate is on and no final decision is taken, chances are we make the right decision. We need to set the target to have renewable energy account for at least 45 percent of our energy needs over the course of the next 16 years, by 2030. This is both technically and economically viable. Scientific research has been conducted which substantiates this claim. We cannot allow ourselves to be defeated by lies aimed at nothing but maintaining the status quo. Who is lying? u Politicians know they are lying. They are very smart people, but have powerful lobby groups behind them. They pretend to make good arguments, but these are false. I assure you that. They know for a fact they are lying. Politicians are liars. They act like they are protecting us, although all the while they are only protecting their own interests. They know exactly what they should be doing instead, they know the right way to go. This is why they should not be holding the positions they are holding now. Have you talked about this with EU commissioner Janez Potočnik, who is from slovenia? u No, I haven’t talked to him. But I have no doubt he is familiar with the scientific findings and knows what our only solution is. This is why the whole thing is so frustrating. There is an ongoing debate in slovenia as to whether to sell slovenian power facilities or not. Is there a direct correlation between the type of ownership of energy infrastructure and environmental pollution?

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INTERVIEW: THoMAs HENNINGsEN, PhD, Greenpeace

We need to set the target for the next 16 years, by 2030, to have renewable energy account for at least 45 percent of our energy needs. This is both technically and economically viable. prihodnjih 16 let, do leta 2030, določiti cilj, da vsaj 45 odstotkov energije proizvedemo iz OVE. To je mogoče tako tehnično kot ekonomsko. To izjavo lahko podkrepim z znanstvenimi raziskavami. Ne smemo dopustiti, da nas premagajo z lažmi samo zato, da ohranijo status quo.

Kdo laže? u Politiki vedo, da lažejo. Gre za zelo pametne ljudi, a za njimi so močni lobiji. Pretvarjajo se, da imajo argumente, ki pa ne držijo. To vam zagotavljam. Zavedajo se, da lažejo. Politiki so lažnivci. Pretvarjajo se, da ščitijo nas, ščitijo pa samo interese industrije. Točno vedo, kaj bi morali v resnici narediti, kakšna je prava pot. In zato ne bi smeli biti na položajih, na katerih so zdaj. ste morda o tem govorili tudi z evropskim komisarjem Janezom Potočnikom, ki prihaja iz slovenije? u Ne, z njim nisem govoril. Sem pa prepričan, da pozna odkritja znanstvenih raziskav in ve, kaj je naša edina možna rešitev. Zato me vse skupaj tako jezi. Pri nas trenutno potekajo razprave, ali naj prodamo domače elektroenergetske objekte ali ne. obstaja jasna povezava med lastništvom energetske infrastrukture in onesnaženostjo okolja? u Nikoli ne bi priporočal, naj bo energetska oskrba povsem odvisno ali od države ali od podjetij. Vedno je dobro, da lahko proizvodnjo energije obdržimo v lokalni lasti. Če pa se odločite prodajati, je treba določiti pogoje. Jasne pogoje, koliko in kdaj je treba vlagati v obnovljive vire, v zaščito okolja. Če pa boste infrastrukturo prodali brez pogojev, bodo seveda kupci zasledovali najbolj dobičkonosno pot, ki ima navadno kratkoročne cilje in ni dobra za okolje. Imamo zelo slab primer v Veliki Britaniji. Sicer pa naj dodam, da s prodajo ni načeloma nič narobe. Kakšni pa so glavni cilji Greenpeacea v Evropi? u Greenpeace se bo osredotočil na podnebne zadeve in energetsko prihodnost. Počasi nam zmanjkuje časa. Imamo otroke in še vedno vsak dan uničujemo njihovo prihodnost, ker ničesar ne spremenimo. V EU imamo veliko novih članic in osebno mislim, da morajo spremembe na področju okolja in energetike priti iz Evrope. ZDA in Kitajska ne bodo naredile nobenih sprememb, ker imajo svoje interese. se bojite ravnanja ZDA in Kitajske? u Bolj kot tega se bojim dejstva, da tudi v Evropi nimamo vodilnega pozitivnega primera. Kaj je trenutno največja težava Evrope? u Poljska. Ne samo da zelo onesnažujejo, tudi pritiskajo na druge države okoli sebe, da morajo sprejeti njihov premog in energijo iz termoelektrarn. Bolj kot na poljsko premogovno industrijo pa se pri Greenpeaceu osredotočamo na poljsko vlado, saj ta deluje tudi proti volji svojih državljanov.

u I would never recommend having energy supply entirely in the hands of either the state or companies. It is always a good thing to maintain local ownership of energy production. If you do decide to sell, however, you have to set the terms. Clear terms as to how much investment, and when, should be made in renewable energy, in environmental protection. If you sell infrastructure without terms, the buyers will pursue the most lucrative path, which usually comes with short-term targets and is bad for the environment. An example of bad practice is the UK. But let me also say, in general there is nothing wrong with selling.

What are Greenpeace’s main goals in Europe? u Greenpeace will focus on climate issues and energy future. We are slowly running out of time. We have children and still continue, day by day, to destroy their future by not changing anything. There are many new member states in the EU, and I personally think the initiative for change in the field of energy and environment should come from Europe. The USA and China are not going to do anything, because they are concerned about their own interests. Are you afraid of how the UsA and China will proceed? u More than this I am afraid of the fact that Europe also lacks a good example to lead by. What is currently Europe’s biggest problem? u Poland. Not only are they polluting, they are also pushing other countries around them to take their coal and energy from thermal power plants. But Greenpeace is focusing on the Polish government rather than the Polish coal industry, because the former often goes against their citizens’ will. Do you have a plan how to “disarm” Poland’s government? u We have a plan, but I will keep it to myself. Is there anything that can give us hope? Are there examples of good practice in the EU? u The good thing about the EU is that everyone can have their say and exercise their discretion. So we can decide for a change – and this is what we have to do. Austria is very favourably disposed to change, so are Denmark and Germany. But bear in mind that power is shared equally among small and big EU member states. Slovenia’s voice counts as much as Germany’s or France’s.

Pa imate načrt, kako boste »razorožili« poljsko vlado? u Imamo načrt, a ga ne bom razkril. Kaj pa nam lahko da upanje? Imamo v EU pozitivne primere? u V EU je zelo dobro, da lahko vsak pove svoje mnenje in glasuje po svoji presoji. Torej se lahko odločimo za spremembo – in to moramo storiti. Avstrija je zelo naklonjena spremembam, tudi Danska in Nemčija. Zavedajte pa se, da imajo tako majhne kot velike države enako moč v EU. Slovenija ima enako vreden glas kot Nemčija ali Francija. Energetika.NET

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Ilustracija / Illustration: Roman Peklaj

INTERVJU: BARBARA DoRIĆ, Hrvaška agencija za ogljikovodike

Energetika.NET

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INTERVIEW: BARBARA DoRIĆ, Croatian Hydrocarbons Agency

Izkoriščanje virov Croatia to see na Jadranu realno First Exploitation šele po 2019–20 Activities in the Adriatic in 2019–20 Igor Ilić, Zagreb

V Hrvaški, najnovejši članici Evropske unije, potekajo razprave o zmanjšanju odvisnosti od uvoza energije že več let brez kakršnega koli pomembnega koraka k doseganju tega cilja. Trenutno Hrvaška v povprečju uvozi približno 35 odstotkov plina, okrog 30 odstotkov električne energije in približno 80 odstotkov naftnih derivatov, ki jih porabi na letni ravni. V začetku aprila je država naredila prvi pomemben in konkreten korak k razširitvi svoje energetske baze z objavo mednarodnega javnega razpisa za raziskovanje in izkoriščanje nafte in plina v Jadranskem morju. Barbara Dorić, vodja državne Agencije za ogljikovodike, ki je odgovorna za razpisni postopek, nam je pojasnila, kako se bo postopek nadaljeval in kaj se lahko pričakuje kot rezultat.

Discussions in Croatia, the newest European Union member, on reducing dependence on energy imports have been going on for years without any significant move towards achieving that goal. At the moment Croatia on average imports some 35 percent of its gas needs, around 30 percent of electricity needs, and some 80 percent of oil derivatives it annually consumes. At the beginning of April the country kicks off a first major concrete step towards extending its energy base by calling an international tender for oil and gas exploration and exploitation in the Adriatic sea. Barbara Dorić, who heads the state hydrocarbons agency that is in charge of the tendering process, explains how the procedure will continue and what can be expected as an outcome.

Kakšna je osnovna ideja glede podeljevanja koncesij? Kaj lahko ponudniki pričakujejo in kaj se pričakuje od njih? u Definirali smo 29 območij raziskovanja, med katerimi jih je osem v severnem Jadranu in 21 v srednjem in južnem Jadranu. Ena ponudba, najsi gre za podjetje ali konzorcij več podjetij, se nanaša na eno območje. Glede števila področjih, za katera lahko isti ponudnik tekmuje, ni omejitev, vsekakor pa ni realno, da se isti ponudnik prijavi za vsa območja. Naša glavna prioriteta pri podeljevanju koncesij bo investicijski načrt oziroma natančneje število vrtališč, ki jih investitor načrtuje v določenem območju. Seveda lahko večji naložbeni načrti računajo na boljšo oceno. Velikosti posameznih območij se bodo gibale med 1000 in 1600 kvadratnimi kilometri. Prav tako ni omejitve glede števila vrtališč v posameznem območju. Predvideno obdobje iskanja nahajališč, za katerega bo koncesija dodeljena, bo pet let z možnostjo podaljšanja še za eno leto oziroma dvakrat za obdobje šestih mesecev.

What is the concept related to awarding the concessions? What can the bidders expect, and what are they expected to offer? u We have defined 29 block areas for exploration out of which there are 8 in the northern Adriatic and 21 in the central and southern Adriatic. One bid, be it a company or a consortium of several companies, refers to one block area. There is no limitation regarding the number of block areas for which the same bidder can compete, but it is certainly not realistic to have the same bidder competing for all the blocks. Our main priority for awarding a concession will be the investment plan, more precisely the number of drilling sites an investor plans in a particular block area. Of course, the bigger investment plans can count on better assessment. One block area will have a size of between 1000 and 1600 square kilometres. There is also no limit to the number of drilling sites in one block area. The exploration period will have a concession lasting for five years with a possibility of an extension for an additional year, or twice for a six-month period.

Podatkovna soba v vaši agenciji o potencialu ogljikovodikov na Jadranu je odprta od začetka marca. Kakšno je bilo povpraševanje do sedaj? u Lahko potrdim, da je zanimanje zelo veliko. Vsako podjetje ima na razpolago dva dneva v naši podatkovni sobi, da preuči vse podatke, ki jih imamo v zvezi z rezultati seizmičnega kartiranja na Jadranu. Za mesec junij že imamo rezervacije. Podatkovna soba bo na voljo skozi celotno razpisno obdobje oziroma do začetka novembra. Ali so med tistimi, ki so že izrazili zanimanje za iskanje nahajališč Jadranskega plina in nafte ter izkoriščanje teh dveh energentov, tudi kateri večji globalni akterji v industriji? Hrvaški mediji so namreč že omenjali nekatere energetske velikane, kot so Exxon, shell in Agip, ki naj bi bili domnevno zainteresirani za razpis. u Ne smem izpostaviti nobenega imena. To ne bi bilo resno in odgovorno do podjetij, ki so se obrnila na nas. Z imeni boste seznanjeni ob koncu postopka, ko se bo vlada odločila o tem, komu bo podelila koncesije. Rok za sprejem omenjene odločitve je dva

The data room in your agency on the Adriatic hydrocarbons potential has been opened since early March. What is the demand so far? u I can confirm that the interest is pretty strong. Each company can have two days for being in our data room and perusing all the data we have related to the results of the Adriatic seismic mapping. We already have bookings for June. The data room will be accessible during the whole tender period, or until the beginning of November. Are there some major global players in this industry involved in expressing initial interest for the Adriatic gas and oil exploration and exploitation? The Croatian media have already named some energy giants, like Exxon, shell, or Agip, which are supposedly among those interested for this tender. u I'm not allowed to mention any particular name. It would not be serious and responsible towards the companies that have approached us. You will know the names at the end of this process Energetika.NET

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Ilustracija / Illustration: Roman Peklaj

INTERVJU: BARBARA DoRIĆ, Hrvaška agencija za ogljikovodike

meseca po izteku razpisa, kar pomeni, da se mora vlada odločiti najkasneje v začetku januarja prihodnje leto. Vendar pa se to lahko zgodi tudi kaj prej. Po tem bo sledilo obdobje treh mesecev pred podpisom koncesijske pogodbe, v katerem bodo dogovorjene vse podrobnosti glede same pogodbe. To pomeni, da se pričakuje prve aktivnosti v zvezi z iskanjem nahajališč nafte in plina na Jadranu v roku enega leta. Kot sem že omenila, se bo koncesija podelila za obdobje petih let. V primeru, da se ne odkrije ničesar, bo pogodba prenehala veljati. Podjetja lahko zaprosijo za podaljšanje dvakrat in sicer za obdobje dodatnih šestih mesecev. Če podjetje odkrije nahajališče in je območje oziroma lokacija vrtanja pripravljena za izkoriščanje virov v komercialne namene, se lahko aktivnosti pričnejo o izkoriščanje, se lahko začne pridobivanje, ki je načrtovano za obdobje 25 let. Ni pa realno pričakovati, da bi se prve dejavnosti lahko začele pred letom 2019 ali 2020.

when the government decides on who will be awarded the concessions. The deadline for making that decision is two months after the tender expires, which means that the government has to decide by early January next year. However, it may also happen a bit earlier. After that, there is a period of three months before signing of a concession contract during which the contract will be defined with all the necessary details. This all means that the first activities in relation to exploration in the Adriatic are expected to begin in one year from now. As I said, a concession is awarded for five years and it expires if nothing has been discovered. The companies can ask for an extension twice, both times for an additional six months. If there is a discovery and a block area or drilling site is ready for commercial exploitation, the exploitation period can begin and its duration is planned for 25 years. It is not realistic to expect the first exploitation activities before 2019 or 2020.

Ali imate podatke oziroma vsaj oceno o zalogah ogljikovodikov na območjih, ki jih boste ponudili vlagateljem? u Ne morem dati natančnih podatkov, vendar je nesporno, da obstaja potencial za izkoriščanje ogljikovodikov v Jadranu. Take zaključke nakazuje geološka struktura morskega dna. Okvirno se ocenjuje, da so zaloge plina večje na severu, medtem ko je surova nafta bolj verjetno prisotna na jugu. Poleg tega če gre za zrcalni učinek, čemur strokovnjaki pritrjujejo, lahko pričakujemo, da so zaloge podobne tistim, ki so že bile odkrite na italijanski strani Jadrana. Pomembno je opozoriti, da je v tem trenutku na italijanski strani približno 1300 vrtališč, na hrvaški strani Jadrana pa le okoli 100.

Do you have knowledge or an assessment about the reserves of hydrocarbons present in the areas you will offer to investors? u I cannot be precise, but it is indisputable that there is a potential for exploitation of hydrocarbons in the Adriatic. A geological structure of a seabed points towards that conclusion. It is a tentative assessment that gas reserves are more frequent in the north, while crude is more likely to be present in the south. Also, if there is a mirror effect, and the experts say there is, we can expect that the reserves are similar to those already found on the Italian side of the Adriatic. It is important to note that there are around 1300 drilling sites on the Italian side and only around 100 on the Croatian side of the Adriatic at the moment.

Kakšna bo vrednost naložb? u Vrednost enega vrtališča je med 40 in 60 milijoni evrov. To je relativno majhen znesek v primerjavi z, na primer, vrtališčem v Atlantskem oceanu ob obali Brazilije, katerega vrednost je okoli 250 milijonov ameriških dolarjev. Nismo se odločili za večje pristojbine za vlagatelje v fazi raziskovanja nahajališč, saj je v našem interesu, da se privabi čim več vlagateljev ter da se izvaja čim več aktivnosti. Kar morajo plačati, je t.i. ‘signature bonus’, ki je provizija ob podpisu pogodbe za raziskovanje. Seveda je to tudi predmet dražbe, pri čemer pa je najmanjši znesek 1,4 milijona kun (1 evro = 7,65 hrvaške kune). Poleg tega morajo podjetja med izvajanjem raziskovalnih aktivnosti letno plačevati posebno pristojbino v višini 400 kun na kvadratni kilometer. To ni velik znesek. Pravi zaslužek pa se lahko pričakuje, ko se bo začela proizvodnja, to pa je čez približno šest let.

What will be the value of investments? u The value of one drilling site is between 40 and 60 million euro. It is a relatively small amount in comparison to, for example, an Atlantic drilling site off the coast of Brazil whose value is around 250 million U.S. dollars. We haven't opted for large fees for investors in the exploration stage because it is in our interest to draw as many investors as possible and to have as much activity as possible. What they will have to pay is a signature bonus, which is a fee when signing an exploration contract. It is subject to bidding as well, but the minimum amount is 1.4 million kuna (1 euro = 7.65 Croatian kuna). Also, during the exploration activities the companies will have to pay annually 400 kuna per square kilometre, which is an exploration fee. It is not a large sum. A real earning can be expected once the production starts in about six years from now.

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INTERVIEW: BARBARA DoRIĆ, Croatian Hydrocarbons Agency

What will be the state's take in production? u Ten percent of the overall value of production will have to be paid in the state budget. Out of the remaining 90 percent, some 60 percent of the extracted quantities will belong to the investor and 40 percent to the state, which will thus be able to influence the price movements on the market. We have made a simulation on a field yielding 10 million barrels annually for 25 years. When all the fees and costs over years are calculated, between 40 and 46 percent of the overall production will go to the investors and between 54–60 percent to the state. The levels depend on whether it is a gas or an oil field. All those calculations are based on the experience of others, most notably our main competitors like Italy, Greece, or Montenegro, so we have not applied any rules and criteria that are not already known in this industry.

Ali obstaja razlog za zaskrbljenost kar se tiče varovanja okolja ali negativnega vpliva plinskih in naftnih ploščadi na turizem na Hrvaškem, ki sicer predstavlja pomemben vir dohodka? obstaja že nekaj okoljevarstvenih skupin, ki zahtevajo javno razpravo o zadevi, saj trdijo, da gre predvsem za dobiček ne pa za ohranjanje naravnega bogastva. u Že iz razpisne dokumentacije je jasno razvidno, da morajo ponudniki zadostiti kar najvišjim okoljevarstvenim standardom, ki so še strožji od vsega, kar hrvaška zakono daja trenutno določa. Vsa območja Jadrana, ki se uporabljajo za turizem, ribolov, arheološka izkopavanja ter kot mednarodne pomorske poti, se nahajajo izven območja, kjer se bodo izvajale aktivnosti raziskovanja in izkoriščanja plina in nafte. Poleg tega želimo, da vsak ponudnik pri raziskovanju in izkoriščanju virov vodi lastno evidenco varnosti. V igri želimo resne energetske akterje, ki skrbijo za okolje. Nismo ravno začetniki na tem področju, saj imamo že 60 let izkušenj na področju raziskovanja in izkoriščanja tako na morju kot na kopnem .

Is there a concern about environmental protection or a negative effect the gas platforms or oilrigs could have on Croatia's tourist industry, an important source of income? There are already some ecology groups that require public discussion about the whole process, saying that it is all about profit and not about preserving natural wealth. u It is evident in the tender documentation that we require the strongest possible environmental protection standards from the bidders, even stronger than what the Croatian legislation currently stipulates. All the Adriatic areas that are used for tourism, fishery, archaeological excavations, and international maritime routes are out of the zone of gas and oil exploration and exploitation. In addition, we want each bidder to provide its safety record in exploration and exploitation activities. We want here serious energy players which do care about the environment. We are not a complete novice in this as we have some 60 years of experience in exploration and exploitation off- and onshore.

Ministrstvo za gospodarstvo je že napovedalo, da za letošnje leto pripravlja še en razpis, tokrat za aktivnosti na kopnem. Kdaj bo objavljen? u Načrtovani termin je tretje četrtletje letošnjega leta in storili bomo vse, da bi ta cilj tudi dosegli. Območja, ki bodo vključena v razpis, so del Panonske nižine na severu države in Dinaridov na jugu.

The economy ministry has already announced that it is preparing another tender this year for onshore activities. When will it be published? u Our target date is the third quarter of this year, and we will do our utmost to achieve that goal. The areas which will be included belong to the Pannonian basin in the north of the country and the Dinarides in the south.

Ilustracija / Illustration: Roman Peklaj

Kakšen bo zaslužek države pri proizvodnji? u Deset odstotkov celotne vrednosti proizvodnje bo potrebno plačati v državni proračun. Od preostalih 90 odstotkov bo vlagatelju pripadlo približno 60 odstotkov odvedenih količin, 40 odstotkov pa državi, ki bo tako lahko vplivala na gibanje cen na trgu. Naredili smo simulacijo na nahajališču z letnim donosom 10 milijonov sodčkov za obdobje 25 let. Če seštejemo vse pristojbine in stroške v celotnem obdobju, je delež skupne proizvodnje, ki pripada investitorju, nekje med 40 in 46 odstotki, 54 do 60 odstotkov proizvodnje pa pripada državi. Številke so odvisne od tega, ali gre za plinska ali naftna nahajališča. Vsi ti izračuni temeljijo na izkušnjah drugih držav, predvsem naših glavnih konkurentov, kot so Italija, Grčija ali Črna gora, tako da nismo uvedli nikakršnih pravil in meril, ki jih ta industrija še ne bi poznala.

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REPoRTAŽA: Iz Barcelone

Kako so v Španiji politiki praktično uničili industrijo oVE Vetrne elektrarne so lani v Španiji proizvedle 21 odstotkov vse električne energije v državi in se s tem uvrstile na prvo mesto med viri energije. »To bi morali praznovati,« je marca v Barceloni dejal predsednik Evropskega združenja za vetrno energijo (EWEA) Andrew Garrad. A zgodilo se je ravno nasprotno, glavnega »vetrnega« dogodka v Evropi – konference EWEA – se ni udeležil noben španski minister. Še več, španska vlada je lani sprejela serijo zakonodaj, ki je v državi praktično zaustavila razvoj na področju obnovljivih virov energije (oVE).

Tanja Srnovršnik Volarič Foto / Photo: Tanja Srnovršnik Volarič

rvo vetrno elektrarno je pred 30 leti inštalirala ravno Španija, vetrna energija pa je od takrat v tej državi postala zgodba o uspehu. Lani je Španija postala celo prva država na svetu, v kateri so vetrne elektrarne proizvedle največ energije med vsemi viri. »A smešno je, da medtem ko nam Evropa čestita, naša država oziroma državna energetska politika kaznuje vetrno energijo,« je dejal predsednik španskega združenja za vetrno energijo Jose Lopez-Tafall. »Imeli smo uspešen sistem 'feed-in' tarif, ki ga je celo Evropska komisija ocenila kot enega najboljših načinov za spodbujanje uvajanja vetrne energije, nato pa ga je nova španska vlada odpravila in uvedla nov, retroaktiven sistem, kakršnega ni nikjer drugje na svetu. Prav tako ga je sprejela – zaenkrat gre le za predlog – brez dialoga z industrijo,« je opozoril Lopez-Tafall. Kot je pojasnil, nova shema ne spodbuja več proizvodnje energije, pač pa predvideva neko plačilo za že izvedeno investicijo. »Od sistema, ki temelji na MWh, gremo na sistem, ki temelji na inštaliranih MW. Gre za nek predsodek do proizvodnje iz OVE.«

Na fotografiji: Vetrni park serra de Vilobi II v Tarresu v Kataloniji, ki ga je postavila Acciona. To je eden zadnjih vetrnih parkov v Španiji, inštaliran pred uvedbo moratorija na izgradnjo elektrarn na oVE v letu 2012.

bo zato imelo za okoli 50 odstotkov nižje prihodke, saj ne bodo prejemale nobenih subvencij,« je dejal Lopez-Tafall in opozoril, da je zaradi tega v prihodnje mogoče pričakovati tudi manjšo vetrno proizvodnjo. V španskem združenju za vetrno energijo še ocenjujejo, da bo energetska reforma vetrni industriji v primerjavi z lani »odpihnila« okoli 1200 milijonov evrov, v primerjavi z enim povprečnim letom pa 700 do 800 milijonov evrov, kar je velik udarec za podjetja. Situacijo pa bi lahko še poslabšali dodatni stroški, ki bi jih vlada lahko uvedla na proizvodnjo vetrne energije. Tako pripravlja nov zakon, po katerem bi morala podjetja iz sektorja OVE plačati takso proizvajalcem energije, ki zagotavljajo rezervo v času, ko je malo vetra ali sonca. Prav tako je lani začel veljati sedemodstotni davek na vso proizvodnjo energije (iz OVE, fosilnih goriv ali jedrskih elektrarn), ki naj bi vetrno industrijo stal še dodatnih 300 milijonov evrov na leto.

Vsega so krivi oVE A zakaj bi španska vlada sploh šla v takšne skrajne ukrepe? Razloge za to je iskati v krizi in v prejšnjih, neodgovornih energetskih politikah. Kot pojasnjujejo v španskem združenju za OVE, prejšnje španLetos kar ob 1,2 milijarde evrov Takšna sprememba bo prizadela tako nove projek- ske vlade niso želele razburiti svojih volivcev in zato, te OVE kot tiste, ki so bili inštalirani od konca kljub rasti stroška proizvodnje, niso dvignile državleta 2004. Tako na primer vetrni park, ki je bil no oblikovanih cen električne energije. Zaradi tega inštaliran leta 2005 z življenjsko dobo 20 let, od je prišlo do kar 30 milijard evrov visokega tarifnega zdaj (oziroma zaradi retroaktivnosti celo od primanjkljaja. In čeprav je shema »feed-in« tarif k julija lani) ne bo več prejemal subvencij. »Še temu primanjkljaju prispevala le četrtino, se je vedno se borimo za spremembo te zakonodaje. zadnja španska vlada odločila, da bo kaznovala Reforma bo najbolj prizadela ravno ravno OVE. In to kljub temu, da na primer jedrska vetrno industrijo. Okoli 40 od - energija stane 17 evrov na MWh, od vlade pa prejme stotkov inštaliranih kapacitet 50 evrov na MWh, opozarja izvršni direktor omenjenega združenja Jaume Margarit Roset. Izvršna direktorica Mednarodne agencije za energijo (IEA) Maria van der Hoeven je sicer v pogovoru za Energetiko.NET poudarila, da so OVE ena ključnih sestavin varnega in zdržnega energetskega sistema in da so lahko, kadar imamo opravka s pravimi viri in ustreznim političnim okvirom, stroškovno konkurenčni. »Če nimamo ustreznih politik, pa lahko nastopijo težave.« Kot se je torej zgodilo v Španiji.

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Photo: Wind farm serra de Vilobi II in Tarrés, Catalonia, developed by Acciona. This was one of the last wind farms in spain installed before a moratorium was placed on construction of power plants based on renewable energy in 2012.

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REPoRTAGE: Barcelona feature

How Politicians in spain Paralyzed Renewables Industry Last year in spain, wind farms generated 21 percent of all electric power in the country, ranking 1st in the list of energy sources. “We should be celebrating this,” President of the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) Andrew Garrad said at the EWEA conference in Barcelona in March. But the opposite happened: no spanish minister attended the conference – the main wind energy event in Europe. What is more, last year the spanish government adopted a series of laws bringing the development in the field of renewables to a halt. pain was the first country to install a wind turbine 30 years ago. Since then, wind power in this country has become a story of success. Last year, Spain was the world’s first country where wind energy accounted for the largest share in power generation. “It is ridiculous that while Europe is congratulating us, our state is punishing wind energy with its state energy policy,” said President of the Spanish Wind Energy Association Jose Lopez-Tafall. “We had an effective feed-in tariff system, deemed by the EU Commission as one of the best ways to encourage the implementation of wind energy projects. But the new Spanish government abolished it, imposing a new, retroactive, globally unprecedented system. The system – now as draft – was adopted without any dialogue with industry,” Lopez-Tafall warned. Instead of encouraging energy production, the new scheme envisages some kind of reimbursement for the investment that has already been implemented, he explained. “We are making a shift from a system based on MWh to a system based on installed MW. This indicates a prejudice against renewable energy.”

Funding in 2014 drops by EUR 1.2bn This change will affect both new renewables projects and those installed since the end of 2004. For instance, as of today (or July 2013, since the law is retroactive) a wind farm installed in 2005 with a 20year lifespan is no longer eligible for subsidies. “We are still fighting to amend this law. The wind industry is the sector this reform will affect the most. For about 40 percent of the installed capacity, revenues will go down by about 50 percent because of this abolition of subsidies,” Lopez-Tafall said, adding that this might cause a decline in wind power generation. The Spanish Wind Energy Association estimates the energy reform will take away about EUR 1,200 million from the wind industry year-onyear, or EUR 700 to 800 million compared

with an average year, which is a major blow to businesses. The situation can deteriorate even more with additional costs which the government might impose on wind power generation: a new bill is being drafted under which companies in the renewables sector would be paying a fee to energy producers who provide backup in the periods with little wind or sun. On top of this, a 7-percent tax on all energy production (renewables, fossil fuels, or nuclear) was introduced last year, costing the wind industry an additional EUR 300 million per year.

All blame on renewable energy But why would Spain’s government resort to such extreme measures in the first place? It all comes down to the crisis and former irresponsible energy policies. According to Spain’s Association of Renewable Energy Producers (APPA), former Spanish governments had tried to avoid unrest among their voters by keeping electricity prices down despite growing production costs. This is what led to a staggering EUR 30 billion deficit in tariffs. Even though the feed-in tariff system accounted for just a quarter of this de ficit, the Spanish government decided to put the blame on renewables.

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REPoRTAŽA: Iz Barcelone Spodaj: Notranjost ene od vetrnih elektrarn v Tarresu. Vsaka turbina ima moč 3 MW, premer rotorja pa je 116 metrov. Below: The inside of one of the wind turbines in Tarrés. The power of each turbine is 3 MW, the rotor has a diameter of 116 metres.

Acciona, druga največja španska družba na področju OVE, gradi vetrnice v Južni Afriki, Čilu, Kostariki, Braziliji. Kot zanimiv trg vidi tudi Hrvaško. In španska vetrna industrija že čuti udarec. Kot so za Energetiko.NET pojasnili v drugi največji družbi na področju OVE v Španiji, Accioni, se je povpraševanje po novih vetrnih elektrarnah v Španiji praktično zaustavilo. Lani je tako Acciona postavljala le še pred energetsko reformo odobrene in dogovorjene projekte. Zdaj pa se, tako kot druge španske družbe s tega področja, raje osredotočajo na nove trge. Družba tako že gradi vetrnice v Južni Afriki, Čilu, Kostariki, povečujejo tudi svoje aktiv nosti v Braziliji. Kot zanimiv trg pa vidijo tudi Hrvaško, kjer so že lani zagnali en vetrni park, nam je zaupal predsednik uprave družbe Acciona Energia Rafael Mateo.

Boj med oVE in fosilno industrijo Kaj pa se lahko od »poloma« v Španiji naučijo druge evropske vlade? Druge evropske vlade bi se morale odločati na podlagi razuma, dejstev, ne pa na podlagi »nekakšne percepcije ali celo, kar je še hujše, predsodkov do obnovljive energije, tega, kako 66

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deluje, in njene cene. Dejstvo je, da so OVE zdaj v številnih primerih konkurenčni, če gledamo čisto ceno. Vsaj na kopnem. In to kljub temu, da so številne druge oblike energije visoko subvencionirane,« je za Energetiko.NET dejal predsednik upravnega odbora EWEA Thomas Becker. Opozoril je, da se to v razpravi pogosto pozablja. »95 odstotkov evropskih politikov ne ve nič o energiji in tudi nočejo vedeti. Edina stvar, ki jo vedo, je predsodek, da je obnovljiva energija draga in udari po davkoplačevalcih.« Becker še poudarja, da so politiki pod zelo močnim vplivom fosilne industrije, ki ima »veliko milijonov evrov« za zavajanje javnosti. »Mi smo konkurenca, jemljemo jim tržni delež, zato nas fosilna industrija ne mara in nas poskuša prikazati v slabi luči, češ da lahko preživimo le, če prejemamo ogromno subvencij iz žepa davkoplačevalcev. V resnici pa ravno drugo stran davkoplačevalci veliko bolj financirajo kot nas,« je opozoril in dodal, da bi v industriji OVE radi scenarij brez subvencij.

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REPoRTAGE: Barcelona feature Letošnje konference združenja EWEA se ni udeležil noben španski politik. Je pa bilo slišati veliko kritik na njihov račun, predvsem zaradi nove energetske reforme, ki »ubija« španski trg oVE. No spanish politicians attended this year’s EWEA conference. A lot of criticism was levelled at them, mainly on account of the new energy reform, which is killing the spanish renewables market.

This is despite the fact that, for instance, nuclear energy costs EUR 17 per MWh while receiving EUR 50 per MWh from the government, according to Director General of APPA, Jaume Margarit Roset. Talking with Energetika.NET, Maria van der Hoeven, Executive Director of the International Energy Agency, emphasized that renewables were one of the pivotal ingredients of a secure and sustainable energy system, and one which can be price-competitive as long as we are dealing with the right sources and a suitable political framework. “If appropriate policies are not there, trouble may occur.” This is what happened in Spain. The Spanish wind industry can already feel the consequence. The demand for new wind turbines has nearly died, according to Acciona, Spain’s second biggest company in the field of renewables. All their last year’s projects had been approved and arranged before the energy reform, they told Energetika.NET. Like other Spanish companies in this sector, they are now focusing on new markets. They are constructing wind turbines in South Africa, Chile, Costa Rica, expanding their portfolio in Brazil. One of the interesting markets for them is Croatia, where they put a wind farm into operation last year, CEO of Acciona Energia Rafael Mateo told us.

Renewables vs. fossil fuel industry Can other countries learn anything from the Spanish fiasco? European governments should make decisions based on reason, facts, not based on “some perception of or, even worse, prejudice against renewable energy, how it works, and its cost. The fact is that by their net prices renewable sources are now often competitive. At least on-shore, and despite high subsidies many other kinds of energy are receiving,” CEO of EWEA, Tomas Becker, told Energetika.NET. Becker warned these facts were often ignored in discussions. “95 percent of European politicians know nothing about energy, and do not want to know. The only thing they do know is the prejudice about renewable energy being expensive and a burden for taxpayers.” Politicians are under the strong influence of the fossil fuel industry, which has “millions of euros” for deceiving the public, according to Becker. “We are their competition, we are eating into their market share, so the fossil fuel industry dislikes us and tries to put us in a bad light by saying huge subsidies paid for by taxpayers are the only way we can survive. The truth is, the other side is a much heavier burden for taxpayers than we are,” Becker said, adding that the renewables industry hopes for a scenario without subsidies.

Acciona, Spain’s second biggest company in the field of renewables, is constructing wind turbines in South Africa, Chile, Costa Rica, Brazil. One of the interesting markets for Acciona is Croatia.

Desno: Povpraševanje po novih vetrnih elektrarnah v Španiji se je praktično zaustavilo, zato Acciona Energia gleda po novih trgih, tudi po Hrvaški, pravi predsednik uprave družbe Acciona Energia Rafael Mateo (na desni). Right: The demand for new wind turbines in spain has nearly died. This is why Acciona Energia is exploring new markets, including Croatia, according to CEo of Acciona Energia, Rafael Mateo (on the right).

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REPoRTAŽA: Iz stanarija, BIH

Kitajski delavci na gradbišču največje energetske investicije v JV Evropi

Zgoraj: Na gradbišču prihodnje termoelektrarne na lignit. Z izgradnjo so začeli pred letom dni, aprila 2013, z njo pa naj bi končali do konca leta 2015 in jo zagnali septembra 2016. Above: Construction site for a lignite-fired power plant. Construction started a year ago, in April 2013, and is scheduled to be completed in end 2105 to become operational in september 2016.

Prvi aprilski četrtek so točno opoldne prerezali trak čisto novega kulturnega doma v kraju občine Doboj s približno 1300 prebivalci. V kulturnem domu so nato ob zvokih tamburic v narodnih nošah zaplesali malčki in mladostniki, zbrane pa je poleg predstavnika Nove banke, ki si deli prostore s kulturnim domom, pozdravil tudi Vuk Hamović, predsednik uprave EFT Group, ki je domačinom namenila nov prostor za druženje. Kraj se imenuje stanari, trenutno pa gre za območje največje energetske investicije ne le v Republiki srbski, ampak v celi Bosni in Hercegovini, če ne kar v celotni Jugovzhodni Evropi. od rudarjev brez dela in plač … V kraju Stanari, ki se nahaja 80 kilometrov od Banjaluke, 150 kilometrov od Sarajeva, 250 kilometrov od Beograda in 260 kilometrov od Zagreba, so s kopa njem lignita pričeli že leta 1948. Sprva s podzemno eksploatacijo, ki je segala do največ 70 metrov globo ko, nato pa z nadzemnim odkopavanjem so dolga leta odkopavali po približno 600.000 ton premoga, ki so ga prodali Elektru Jajce. A z vojno je rudnik vse bolj slabel in vzdrževanja skorajda ni bilo, rudarji pa so delali brez plačila in polagoma ostajali tudi brez pravega dela, saj se ni nihče ukvarjal z odkrivanjem novih slojev. V času stavk in jasno izkazanega nezadovoljstva brezposelnih rudarjev je leta 2004 vlada Republike

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srbske objavila razpis, s katerim je želela v Stanari privabiti strateškega partnerja – nekoga, ki bi prevzel upravljanje rudnika, ki je generiral pomembno število delovnih mest v tem ruralnem območju pogozdene Bosne in Hercegovine. Leta 2005 je postala 72-odstotna, še leto kasneje pa kar 100-odstotna lastnica rudnika družba EFT Group, ki je dobila tudi koncesijo za eksploatacijo lignita za 30 let z možnostjo podaljšanja za dodatnih 15 let. Ta je kmalu ocenila, da zaloge lignita na danem območju znašajo 108 milijonov ton. Do danes so jih odkopali komaj osem milijonov.

… do največje energetske investicije v državi Ko so prevzeli rudnik, je bil ta brez »pravega trga«, so za Energetiko.NET pojasnili v EFT Group. Tako so mu najprej kot odjemalca zagotovili Elektroprivredo BiH, ki lignit iz Stanarija porablja v Termoelektrarni Tuzla. Nekaj malega prodajo tudi lokalni Toplarni Doboj, ki jo bodo še naprej oskrbovali z energentom, sicer pa bodo tega od leta 2015 oz. najkasneje 2016 nadaljnja štiri desetletja porabljali v lastni elektrarni – Termoelektrarni Stanari. Kmalu po prevzetju rudnika so namreč v EFT zastavili projekt največje energetske investicije v državi po več kot treh, morda celo štirih desetletjih. Tako se investicije, ki so jih do danes namenili v modernizacijo rudniške opreme in postrojenj – s

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REPoRTAGE: From stanari, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Chinese Labourers Working on Construction site of Biggest Energy Investment in sE Europe Alenka Žumbar Klopčič Foto / Photo: Alenka Žumbar Klopčič

stevan Lončar, ki je v EFT Group odgovoren za investicije, pravi, da so že v prvem letu gradnje na lokacijo pripeljali 40.000 ton materiala, med drugim tudi 30.000 ton različne opreme iz Kitajske. 40,000 tonnes of material was brought to the site during the first year of construction, including 30,000 tonnes of various equipment from China, says stevan Lončar, Head of investment at the EFT Group.

Zgoraj: Na visokih konstrukcijah delajo večinoma kitajski, »na tleh« pa domači delavci. V kampu je sicer prostora za štiristo gradbincev. Foto: arhiv EFT Group. Above: The majority of those working at heights are Chinese, while local labourers mostly stay on the ground. The compound has room for 400 workers. Photo: EFT Group archive.

First Thursday in April at noon sharp, the ribbon was cut to mark the opening of a new cultural centre in Doboj, a municipality with about 1,300 inhabitants. Inside the cultural centre, children and youngsters dressed in their national costume danced to the sound of tambouras, and opening addresses were delivered by a representative of Nova Banka, a bank headquartered in the same building, and Vuk Hamovič, Chairman of the EFT Group, the company that made the new social space for locals possible. The new centre is located in the village of stanari, currently the scene of the biggest energy investment not only in Republika srpska, but Bosnia and Herzego vina as a whole, if not even the entire region of south East Europe.

without work, as there was nobody to explore new coal seams. During strikes and publicly voiced dissatisfaction of the jobless miners in 2004, the government of Republika Srpska issued a call for proposals, aiming to attract a strategic partner for the Stanari mine – someone to take over the management of the entity that generated a significant number of jobs for this rural area of the forest covered Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2005, the EFT Group acquired a 72 percent stake in the mine, increased to 100 percent one year later, along with a concession to exploit lignite for a period of 30 years, which can be extended for a further 15 years. The EFT Group soon estimated lignite reserves in the area at 108 million tonnes. Just 8 million tonnes have been mined so far.

From miners left without work or pay… In Stanari, a village 80 km from Banja Luka, 150 km from Sarajevo, 250 km from Belgrade, and 260 km from Zagreb, lignite mining started back in 1948. At first underground, reaching no more than 70 metres beneath the surface, and later on in an open-pit mine about 600,000 tonnes of coal annually was produced and sold to Elektro Jajce for years. When the war started, the mining business began to wane and maintenance was scarce. Miners worked for no pay, and were gradually left

…to the biggest energy investment in the country Upon takeover, the mine had “no real market”, the EFT Group told Energetika.NET. The first customer they won was Elektroprivreda BiH, which uses the lignite from Stanari in thermal power plant Tuzla. A small portion of the produced coal is sold to local heating plant Doboj. This supply deal will continue despite the fact that starting in 2015, or 2016 at the latest, for four decades the coal will be used in the group’s own power plant – thermal power plant Stanari. Energetika.NET

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REPoRTAŽA: Iz stanarija, BIH

Zgoraj desno: Elektrarniški dimnik bo visok 165 metrov, je pa že sedaj z vsakim dnem višji, pravijo sogovorniki. Abowe right: The chimney of the power plant will stand 165 metres tall, and is allegedly getting taller day by day. Zgoraj levo: sodelavka Energetike.NET Barbara Škrinjar na obisku v stanariju. V ozadju železniška postaja. Abowe left: Barbara Škrinjar of Energetika.NET visiting stanari. In the back is the town’s railway station.

tem so že v letu 2006 podvojili proizvodnjo premoga iz leta poprej in z 200.000 ton prešli na 450.000 ton, v letu 2012 pa kar na milijon ton –, zdijo kot kaplja v morje glede na celotno investicijo v gradnjo lastne 300-megavatne termoelektrarne.

Ko pridejo v BiH na delo kitajski gradbeni delavci … Celotna investicija bo znašala 560 milijonov evrov, od tega je EFT Group že zagotovila 100 milijonov evrov lastnih sredstev, 320 milijonov bo zagotovila kitajska razvojna banka, ostalo pa bodo predstavljali krediti komercialnih bank, tudi v uvodu omenjene Nove banke. Prav s kreditom kitajskega partnerja družbe – Dongfang Electric Corporation – pa je povezano dejstvo, da je Stanari danes tudi povsem mednarodno gradbišče, opremljeno ne le z napisi v domačem in angleškem jeziku, ampak tudi s kitajskimi pismenkami. Pa tudi dejstvo, da je Stanari danes začasni dom približno dvesto kitajskim delavcem, ki se ponašajo z znanjem za delo na visokih konstrukcijah, ki ga domači delavci ne premorejo. Zato tudi delajo na ločenih deloviščih; kitajski bolj »v zraku«, domači »na tleh«. In ko odbije poldne, se prvi strumno odpravijo na kosilo v kitajsko kantino, ki je nepogrešljiv del delav skega kampa, slednjim pa postrežejo z jedmi, ki si jih izberejo s 15-dnevnega menija. In kako se v bosansko-hercegovsko lokalno okolje umeščajo azijski prišleki? »Super!« odgovarja Stevan Lončar, ki je v EFT Group odgovoren za investicije. »Zelo radi gredo tudi v lokalno gostišče, kjer najraje posegajo po svinjini, lokalnemu prebivalstvu pa so prav simpatični,« se zasmeji. Nove hiše pa dodaten posel s kruhom in elektriko Najbrž tudi zato, ker večina lokalnega prebivalstva že občuti prednosti velike investicije. Nekateri, kot denimo gospa, ki je pred novim kulturnim domom veselo mahala našemu sogovorniku, so na račun ve-

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likega delovišča dobili dejansko velik posel. »Ta gospa ima tisto malo pekarno,« nam je pokazal Lončar na skromno trgovinico s kruhom in pekovskimi izdelki. »In sedaj peče kruh za vse naše delavce (teh je danes 537, kar je več kot podvojitev iz leta 2005, ko jih je bilo 250, pa v to niti še niso vključeni delavci z gradbišča nove elektrarne; op. p.).« Spet drugi imajo danes povsem nove hiše, ki obiskovalca pozdravijo že ob vstopu v kraj. »Približno tristo hiš smo morali namreč odkupiti in lastnikom postaviti nove, zunaj območja nove elektrarne,« pojasni sogovornik. Nova elektrarna, ki bo porabila večji del proizvodnje lignita – ta bo od leta 2016 znašala 2,5 milijona ton, od tega pa bo približno 200.000 ton še vedno namenjeno dobojski toplarni –, bo letno proizvedla dva milijona megavatnih ur električne energije, investitorji pa računajo, da se jim bo tako investicija v elektroenergetski objekt povrnila v desetih letih. Investitor obenem zagotavlja tudi, da naj bi tehnologija, ki bo sestavljala elektrarno, upoštevala najvišje okoljske standarde EU, saj jim ni do naknadnega investiranja v sisteme za zmanjševanje emisij. Tako so se denimo odločili tudi za suho hlajenje elektrarne, ki ne zahteva hladilnega stolpa niti izpustov v bližnjo reko.

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REPoRTAGE: From stanari, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Spodaj: Miladin Trbić, ki je v EFT Group odgovoren za okolje, zatrjuje, da bo nova elektrarna upoštevala najstrožje evropske standarde, pa tudi pepel z rudniškega območja naj bi trajno hermetično zaprli. Below: The new power plant will comply with the most stringent EU environmental requirements, ash from the mining area will be stored permanently in air-tight containers, says Miladin Trbič, Assistant Director for environment and quality management at the EFT Group.

Takole bo videti končana investicija – 300-megavatna Termoelektrarna stanari, v kateri se bo prepletalo za 560 kilometrov cevi, nekaj več, kot znaša razdalja med Beogradom in Ljubljano. Foto: arhiv EFT Group. This is what the 300 MW thermal power plant stanari will look like when completed. It will hold 560 km of pipes, more than the distance between Belgrade in Ljubljana. Photo: EFT Group archive.

Soon after their takeover, EFT started developing the largest energy investment in the country after more than three or even four decades. Their investment in modernising the mining equipment and facilities – this helped them double the coal output year-on-year back in 2006, from 200,000 tonnes to 450,000 tonnes, and achieve a staggering million tonnes in 2012 – seems but a drop in the ocean compared with the total investment in constructing their own 300 MW thermal power plant.

Zgoraj: Takole so se odprtja novega kulturnega doma v kraju stanari v občini Doboj v Republiki srbski razveselili domačini oziroma njihovi najmlajši. Abowe: Locals, especially the youngest, are happy to see the new cultural centre open in stanari, a village in the Doboj municipality, Republika srpska.

When Chinese labourers come to work in Bosnia and Herzegovina… The investment totals EUR 560 million, of which the EFT Group has already secured EUR 100 million of its own resources, while China Development Bank will provide a loan of EUR 320 million and commercial banks, including the aforementioned Nova Banka, the rest. It is the loan of the Chinese partner of the company – Dongfang Electric Corporation – which is behind the fact that Stanari is now an entirely international construction site, complete with signs not only in the local and English languages, but also in Chinese characters. As well as the fact that today, Stanari is home to about 200 Chinese workers, qualified to work at heights – special expertise which local workers lack. This is why labourers are organised in two separate working groups, with the Chinese “higher up” and the locals mostly “on the ground”. When the clock strikes noon, the former confidently set off for lunch in a Chinese canteen, an indispensable part of the construction compound, while the latter are given 15-day menus to choose from. And how do Asian incomers fit in the local Bosnian-Herzegovinian environment? “Great!” says Stevan Lončar, Head of investment at the EFT Group. “They also like to go to the local inn, where one of their favourite meals is pork. The lo-

cals find them very nice, in fact,” Lončar says with a smile.

New houses, and a chance for additional earnings selling bread and power One of the possible reasons for this is that most of the locals can already feel the benefits of the massive investment. Thanks to the huge construction site, some of them have managed to win hefty contracts, for instance the lady who gave a happy wave of the hand to Lončar outside the new cultural centre. “The lady owns that little bakery,” Lončar said while pointing to a simple shop selling bread and bakery wares. “Now she bakes bread for all our workers (there are now 537 of them, more than twice the figure from 2005, when there were 250; excluding labourers from the construction site of the new power plant, a/n).” Others have been given new houses, which are visible to any visitor as soon as they arrive to the village. “We had to buy about 300 houses and replace them for new ones outside the grounds of the new power plant,” Lončar explained. Using the majority of the produced lignite – 2.5 tonnes as of 2016, of which about 200,000 will still go to the Doboj heating plant – the new thermal power plant will generate 2 million megawatt hours of electricity per year. Investors estimate the payback period for the investment in the electric power facility at 10 years. They also claim to be planning to use in the power plant the technology that complies with the most stringent EU environmental requirements – rather this than having to make additional investment in systems to cut emissions. For instance, they decided to use dry-air cooling, a technology which requires no cooling towers and means no discharge into a nearby river.

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ZADNJA BEsEDA

Mislimo na mlade We Care about the Young Alenka Žumbar Klopčič, direktorica in glavna urednica / Director and Editor in Chief inančni izzivi in politične zdrahe morda niso ravno najboljša popotnica za delo v tej naši deželi. Čudoviti deželi, mimogrede. Tako lepi, da je pred dvema letoma, ko smo na Energetiki.NET dobili nove delne solastnike in partnerje iz bogate Norveške, člane naše nove razširjene poslovne družine že s samo prestolnico pritegnila k stalnemu obiskovanju. In tako lepi, da mi je poslovni partner, ki posluje daleč prek Atlantika, pred kratkim dobesedno čestital kot Slovenki, ki živi v tako krasnem prostoru pod soncem. Priznam, da mi je bilo ob tem malo nerodno – ne le, ker vem, da nimam za lepoto naše dežele prav nobenih zaslug, ampak ker vem, da je isti partner ob spletnem spremljanju naše države naletel tudi na prav nič vesele novice o aktualnem dogajanju v slovenski politiki in o ubogem gospodarskem stanju. Ampak na Energetiki.NET smo se odločili, da ne bomo klonili pred ne ravno spodbudnim okoljem za podjetništvo. Je težko, priznam, in četudi delamo vse več in vse bolj zavzeto za isti poslovni izid (v okviru posameznega projekta), nas še toliko bolj veseli, ko vidimo končne učinke. Ti so, da je Energetika.NET vse bolj prepoznana tudi med mladimi pa tudi med ne izključno energetsko javnostjo. Kar nas še sploh veseli, pa je, da lahko ob tem delovnem tempu oziroma prav z njim delamo dobro tudi za širšo družbo. Tako smo prav v teh dneh v naši medijsko-založniški hiši vzpostavili spletno stran Modri svet za mlade, ki je – kot že ime pove – name njena mladim, ki jih že in jih bomo še celo leto, in upamo, da tudi še naprej, v naši hiši usposabljali bodisi za delo v novinarstvu, marketingu bodisi za organizacijo dogodkov na energetskem področju. Ker vemo, da jim študij ne omogoča dovolj praktičnih izkušenj, jim bomo te ponudili mi, s plačano prakso. Pa ne le to – julija pripravljamo prve poletne šole Energetike.NET prav na omenjenih delovnih področjih. Ker nam res ni vseeno! In ker verjamemo, da lah ko tako ohranimo našo deželo naravnost čudovito.

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inancial challenges and political bickering may not be an ideal working environment, when it comes to earning a living in this country. A beautiful country, incidentally. So beautiful that two years ago, when Energetika.NET got a new stakeholder and partner from the wealthy Norway, our capital city was enough to convince the new member of our extended business family to start visiting regularly. And so beautiful that the other day my business partner, who works far across the Atlantic, literally congratulated me for being a Slovenian, for living in such a splendid corner of the world. I admit, I felt slightly awkward, not just because I know I can take no credit for the beauties of this country, but also because I know the same person, while following news online, could read about the far-from-promising current political situation in Slovenia and its ailing economy. Nevertheless, Energetika.NET decided not to give up about this not-very-encouraging entrepreneurial environment. Admittedly, this is easier said than done, and although we have to work harder and be more committed to achieve the same outcome (per project), we are that much more delighted to see the end result. And the result is that Energetika.NET’s profile is rising both with youngsters and with the non-strictly energy-related audience. But what pleases us the most is that despite this working pace, or because of it, we can contribute to a wider community. Just a few days ago, our media and publishing house set up a website called Modri svet za mlade (Blue World for the Young.), aimed at – as the name suggests – young people. This year, hopefully also beyond, some of them will get (or already have got) an opportunity to work with us to train as journalists, marketing managers or event organizers in the field of energy. Knowing that their studies do not provide a chance to gain sufficient practical experience, we are giving them just that, in the form of a paid internship. And this is not all; in July we are organising our first Energetika.NET summer courses on the same three fields of work. Because we really do care! And because we believe that this is a way to keep our country truly beautiful.

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Brezplačna revija za naročnike portala Energetika.NET / For the subscribers of Energetika.NET, the Magazine is free of charge

št. 14 / No. 14 Maj 2014 / May 2014

Energetika.NET • št. 14 / No. 14, maj 2014 / May 2014

FOKUS: TRGOVANJE

FOCUS: TRADING

• Na Balkanu kljub zmedi trgovci iščejo svoje priložnosti • Izzivi trgovcev z energijo v regiji jugovzhodne Evrope

• Despite a Confusion in the Balkans, Traders Looking for Opportunities • Challenges of Energy traders in South East Europe

Repo, Šrptaanijžee, iz BiH Italije, Poljske

RepmoBiHrt,aSpgaine,s fro Italy, Poland