AUGUST 2022, ISSUE 14 Inflation reduction act for a better future for young Americans • Clean energy to meet national climate goals • Strategic transportation fleet data driven solutions • Hydrogen: clean and reliable energy affordable for Canadaall and U.S. power industry's next steps FOR INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPERS, INVESTORS AND INDUSTRIAL USERS
G7 leaders noted the crucial role of the IEA in safeguarding energy security. The group agreed to coordinate with the agency to
The summit was held in Elmau, Germany, where the executive director presented the agency’s recommendations to face the global energy crisis.
Global securityenergy
International Energy Agency Executive Director Fatih Birol said to the G7 leaders that the world has the resources and technologies to tackle the energy security and climate crisis. The meeting was organized by German Chancellor Olaf Scholz and hosted Argentina, India, Indonesia, Senegal, and South Africa as guests.
By Rubi Alvarado General Manager, Energy Capital Magazine Birol emphasized the need for immediate practical actions to navigate the current energy market turmoil, including efforts to save energy, while underscoring the urgency of massively scaling up investment in clean energy.
8
With all of them addressed the challenging situation of the energy markets.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY ANDTHETECHNOLOGIESHASENSURESDIRECTOREXECUTIVEFATIHBIROLTHEWORLDTHERESOURCESANDTOTACKLEENERGYSECURITYCLIMATECRISIS.
9
“explore additional measures to reduce price surges and prevent further impacts on our economies and societies, in the G7 and globally.”
They also requested the agency’s support to support a new Climate Club initiative aimed at accelerating progress on emissions reductions, particularly in the industry sector.
The executive director met separately with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada, President Emmanuel Macron of France, Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India, President Joko Widodo of Indonesia, President Macky Sall of Senegal, President Joe Biden of the United States, and President Ursula von der Leyen of the European Commission.
The IEA suggests developing solar panel domestic manufacturing to satisfy the growing and rapid demand worldwide. These supply chains could attract USD $120 billion of investment by 2030 and double the number of manufacturing jobs up to 1 million by that same year. On its side, nuclear energy is also crucial in transitioning to low emissions power systems. This energy source could aid every country with its green objectives. On that path, it is possible to reduce imported fossil fuel dependency, cut CO2 emissions, and enable electric systems to integrate higher shares of solar and wind power. Nuclear energy will duplicate globally from 2020 to 2050 by using new technologies such as small modular reactors, given their smaller size and lower cost.
The relevance of alternative energies in the energy transition
Think about the success of Solar Power Mexico 2022; I want to underscore the news of the International Energy Agency regarding the need to diversify the solar panel supply chains. This action is necessary to ensure a secure energy transition towards clean energies.
A ccording to the agency, Chinese industrial and innovation policies have contributed significantly to the global success of solar panels, driving costs to the point where solar is now the cheapest way to generate electricity in many parts of the world. At the same time, the Asian country’s share in crucial manufacturing stages of solar panels now exceeds 80% and is set to keep rising in the coming years.
By Aldo Santillan Managing Director and Editor in Chief, Energy Capital Magazine
Opinion
A brief look at new techniques and technologies for drilling and completing oil and gas reservoirs in a time of energy transition and carbon managementFrominitialsurveystocompletions, new technologies are being implemented at a faster pace than ever, primarily due to the fact that there is an urgent need for energy, combined with increasing needs for remote operations, efficiency, resource optimization, and a carbon neutral footprint.
The following is a brief overview of some of the key areas of technological advance in drilling for petroleum reservoirs. Drone surveys for location planning Aerial magnetometer surveys are being used for detecting old wellheads, pipelines, and other items. Some state oil and gas regulating agencies and private sector companies now routinely use drone magnetic surveys for locating unmarked wells. However, the magnetic method relies on the presence of a steel well casing, which is not always present, having sometimes been removed for metal recycling or reuse. Photogrammetry is being used for site planning, while infrared is being used for security and monitoring. Drone magnetic surveys can be used for locating buried steel pipelines. They are more challenging than well location surveys because the magnetic anomaly from buried pipelines is discontinuous and less intense than well-type magnetic anomalies (Hammack et al, 2020). Many times, companies must comply with local and federal regulations. For example, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania now requires that
By Susan Nash, Ph.D.
T he improvements have been dramatic and almost all have been enabled by analytics and new data management techniques. Further, the strides have also resulted in dramatic reductions of emissions.
Opinion
Drilling technologies
drone magnetic surveys to locate wells with steel casing and high-resolution drone LiDAR surveys to locate wells with nonmagnetic casing (wood or cast iron) or wells where casing has been removed (Hammack etal, 2018).
Automated geosteering is more useful than ever in times of labor shortages, particularly when there is a need for multiple team member to be able to log into the cloud and operators identify existing wells within a 1000-ft-wide buffer zone surrounding unconventional wells that will be hydraulically fractured. The requirement is in response to the notion that the hydraulic fracture process could result in leakage from “lost” old orphaned and abandoned wells that were drilled in the early history of Pennsylania’s oil and gas production. A part of the discovery process can include using
Bit technologies are evolving quickly.
Oil-based muds are used, particularly when drilling through salt zones or anywhere that water-based muds would result in washout zones and cavings.
To find the raw materials for oil-based muds can be complicated, particularly where there are supply chain issues. To that end, studies have been performed to determine a process for converting waste vegetable oil to fatty acids by base hydrolysis reaction. Application of synthesized fatty acids for water-based and oil-based mud formulation as lubricants, emulsifiers and rheology modifiers is also used. Halliburton, AES Drilling Fluids, and Baker Hughes are just a few of the companies that have been making strides in developing environmentally friendly drilling fluids for a low carbon footprint.
Flexible drill pipe F lexible pipe is necessary for horizontal wells.
The use of flexible pipe is not without its risks, however, and performance can vary widely. To test the performance of different type of flexible pipes, a group developed a study plan. Several model tests related to two flexible pipes in tandem and side-by-side were performed. High speed fluid flow between flexible pipes does result in vortex induced vibration (VIV). VIV is a function of the reduced velocity of the upstream cylinder, as well as its own reduced velocity calculated by the actual mean wake velocity in the case of in tandem arrangement. Much depends on whether or not there are negative pressure regions and how large they are. Further, the VIV interference of dual pipe side-by-side is strongly responsive to the distance of adjacent pipes and the negative pressure regions induced by the high velocity fluid between flexible pipes. Bits and cutting elements
A research initiative was launched to investigate new types of cutting elements. The project was successful
Opinion monitor the operations. Automated geosteering has been developed by Factor Technologies (Hugh Winkler) using deep learning Bayesian models. In addition, companies such as Rogii, with its StarSteer technology, and ZoneVu, a geosteering technology fromDrillingUbiterra.fluids have been developed to be green and more effective. There are “smart” drilling fluids with nanoparticles that can be electrically charged to provide an ongoing view of how they are penetrating the fractures (both induced and natural) and working both as proppants and as basic drilling fluids.
is of great importance in ultra-deep drilling, where pressures, stresses, and temperatures can be high, leading to potential failures in borehole stability and the inability to design an effective hydraulic fracturing program. Different types of sensors have been developed for those purposes. For example, fiber optics sensors, while expensive, have become very important in borehole stability and in monitoring of wells during drilling, completion, and in stimulation. Specifically, Distributed Acoustic Sensors (DAS) can be implemented. For example, Optasense developed a novel data streaming solution for wellbore digitalization. It allows remote operations as well as early hazard detection, such as vibration detection. Distributed temperature (DTS) and distributed acoustic (DAS) fiber optic sensing are also now commonly used as key reservoir surveillance tools. This work shows the benefit of continuous downhole monitoring during the lifetime of a well. In one study, fiber optic cables were permanently installed in a doublet injector/monitor well system as part of a CO2 controlled released experiment at the In-Situ Laboratory in Western Australia. During the completion and injection operations various planned and unplanned events (mud circulation, cementing, drilling, wireline logging, gas and water flows) occurred. The events were monitored from surface to reservoir with DTS and DAS fiber optic cables. The DTS was recorded continuously data starting during well completion throughout the lifetime of the wells while DAS was recorded at specific points in time, mostly associated with borehole time-lapse seismic acquisitions (Ricard). In terms of safety, being able to detect and quantify gas kicks during drilling and completions is vital. It is one way to prevent blowouts. Again, distributed sensing techniques, acoustic (DAS) and temperature (DTS), can make it possible to have real-time communication of these multiphase flow events. Identifying and validating event signatures and yielded an innovative conical-shaped polycrystalline diamond element (CDE). This element has twice the diamond thickness of conventional PDC cutters, resulting in higher impact strength and more resistance toward abrasive wear by approximately 25%. A new bit type was designed with the CDEs strategically placed across the bit face from gauge to the bit center utilizing FEA-based modeling system. NOV, EXIM, and others are companies that have developed drilling systems that include flexible pipe. Sensors The need to measure and monitor geopressure and the geomechanical stress regimes in drilling and completion AES Drilling Fluids
Opinion (fingerprinting) in these sensing technologies can help operators decide how to interpret these data streams. A full-scale analysis can let the team accurately interpret the event, given the complexities in the fluid mechanics and gas dynamics.
Fresh water is increasingly scarce and there are multiple competing demands for the same reservoir of water, whether it be from an aquifer or a surface impoundment. Water for drilling and completing must compete with water for agricultural, industrial, and community use. Consequently, there is much more appetite for implementing purification processes, even if they were deemed too expensive in the past. Because of the additional demand and a willingness to utilize purification processes, a great deal of effort has been expended to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of microfiltration, distillation, and reverse osmosis processes.
One brackish water treatment system consists of Ceramic Microfiltration (CMF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO). The CMF stage is a robust filtration system and can remove metals, silica and other suspended solids from a waste stream as well as some hardness. The RO stage removes any dissolved ions from the water. This system is designed to achieve 95% plus water recovery, leaving only 5% of the feed water as RO brine requiring disposal or evaporation. This is a significant improvement over normal brackish water treatment. In most cases, the RO system will have a recovery of 50% to 60%. It is important to evaluate the corrosivity of brackish water (Lu, 2015). In this area, Veolia has consistently led the industry and continues to provide innovative ways to purify brackish water. In areas of high total dissolved solids (TDS), U.S. Strategic Minerals is developing effective ways to identify zones that could be prospective for brine mining. Examples of utilizing available groundwater inforation from public Halliburton
Drilling for brackish water zones
Diversified Well Logging (DWL), Baker Hughes, and Halliburton. • Mud / cuttings sample analysis • Hazard avoidance • Bit pressure monitoring and control • Machine learning • Torque avoidance • Automated geosteering (wellbore trajectory control)
Completion techniques Great strides have been made in planning and executing hydraulic fracturing stages. While completions in shales grab headlines, unheralded technological breakthroughs have occurred. For example, fishbone stimulation technology First domain sources to identify brackish groundwater resources and to map the horizontal and vertical extent of these resources are presented. The classification of brackish groundwater includes a wide range of water quality parameters and only some of the brackish groundwater falls within the technical specifications needed the hydraulic fracturing operation (Mueller 2013).
Robotics and “Smart” Drilling Machine learning has many applications in drilling and completion, particularly since it is possible to rapidly recognize patterns in order to classify formations, fracture networks, lithologies, and more in real time. For drilling, deep learning can be used to develop models that can be used for predictive purposes, such as maintenance, replacement timing, and leak detection. Fundamental to the gathering of the data used in machine learning are sensors. Fiber optics sensors, while expensive, have become very important in borehole stability and in monitoring of wells during drilling, completion, and in stimulation.
These technologies can be used in areas with a significant risk to personnel, such as deepwater platforms. They can be used in applications that help improve environmental safety, such as methane emissions monitoring, plugging leaks in subsea pipelines, etc. The focus must be given to ensure that customized solutions are developed for each use case so that the true gains these technologies can bring, either in cost reductions, revenue maximization, or enhanced safety, are realized.
Specifically, Distributed Acoustic Sensors (DAS) can be implemented. For example, Optasense developed a novel data streaming solution for wellbore digitalization. It allows remote operations as well as early hazard detection, such as vibration detection. Robotics, in conjunction with sensors and digital platforms can be used in many applications. Examples of companies involved in such include Baker Huges
Opinion time successful installation of fishbone stimulation technology at ADNOC Onshore targeted establishing vertical communication between layers, in addition to maximizing the reservoir contact. Furthermore, this advanced stimulation technology connects the natural fractures within the reservoir, bypasses near well bore damage and allows the thin sublayers to produce. In order to be effective, it is important to understand the proper protocol for candidate selection, completion design, technology limitations, operational challenges, post job testing and lessons learned during pilot implementation.
Leak-proofing cement jobs - As oil and gas operators are constantly looking for ways to increase efficiency in their operations, one area of well construction that is becoming increasingly popular is in the field of foam cementing. Foamed cement slurries are designed to have low density with relatively high compressive strength to enable operators accomplish their zonal isolation requirements. In addition, the enhanced slurry mobility of these energized fluids leads to a high displacement efficiency to ensure uniform cement coverage in the annulus. For large volume jobs such as these, operators utilize the standard Automated Foam Cement System (AFCS) which comprises of high-pressure nitrogen pumps /converter and portable liquid nitrogen tanks.
Proppants Proppants are important in the hydraulic fracturing process because they prop open the pore spaces in the induced fractures and allow fluids to flow out of the interstices and into the open fractures, allowing oil and gas and other reservoir fluids to travel to the production pipe and to the surface.
Numerous innovations have been made in the are of proppants used for high temperature and pressure regimes and under harsh conditions.
One recent study proposed a novel approach that uses direct data from the injected fine size and
While acidizing has long been a strategy for improving porosity and permeability in wells where calcite and dolomite overgrowths and diagenesis have both enhanced and diminished porosity and permeability, it has not been as popular in horizontal shale wells.
battery-less Smart MicroChip Proppants (SMPs) to map the fracture geometry. This novel approach enables direct, fast, and smart of the received high-resolution geo-sensor data from the SMPs collected in high pressure and high-temperature environment and maps the fracture network using the proposed Intelligent and Integrated Fracture Diagnostic Platform (IFDP), which is a closed-loop architecture and is based on multi-dimensional projection, unsupervised clustering, and surface reconstruction.
The Road Ahead Innovative thinking and the willingness to implement novel approaches continues to transform the oil and gas industry and to make new strides in carbon management possible while increasing efficiency and lowering costs. The most dynamic areas combine new techniques of machine learning and cloud-based data management with new technologies, which can allow remote operations, enhanced control, and the ability to do field trials and simulations more rapidly to expedite large-scale development.
Acid Fracturing
The problems have involved the high cost of injecting significant volumes of acid into a long lateral. To improve the efficacy of hydraulic fracturing, particularly where there is calcite and dolomite in the natural fractures and pore spaces, it is useful to include dilute hydrochloric acid in the injection fluid. Studies have been conducted with acid and the result has been positive. In one study, the effective fracture height and length were doubled, resulting in much higher hydrocarbon recovery.
“The United States has incredible, untapped potential for clean geothermal power to help meet our energy needs with a round-theclock resource available across the country,” said U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm. “These new investments at FORGE, the flagship of our EGS research, can help
Substantial and sustained investment in technology development is vital to EGS commercialization, which can significantly increase geothermal energy deployment and help the country meet its climate goals.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) field laboratory announced up to $44 million for projects to develop and test technology to foster innovation in enhanced geothermal systems (EGS).
G eothermal energy has the potential to provide electricity as well as direct heating and cooling to tens of millions of homes nationwide. While a small fraction of the United States’ vast geothermal resource can be harnessed via naturally occurring hot water or steam, the vast majority is inaccessible without creating human-made EGS reservoirs.
Clean energy to meet national climate goals
Power us find the most innovative, cost-effective solutions and accelerate our work toward wide-scale geothermal deployment and support President Biden’s ambitious climateManagedgoals.”by the University of Utah, FORGE is DOE’s dedicated field laboratory for developing technologies to create, sustain, and monitor EGS reservoirs. Simplified, EGS is a process of creating human-made underground reservoirs to tap into geothermal energy that would otherwise be inaccessible. This is accomplished by injecting deep fluid underground into naturally heated rocks that otherwise lack the fluid flow necessary to draw geothermal energy to the surface.
By EnhancedDOE geothermal systems.
FORGE collects valuable data for all aspects of EGS development, including subsurface fluid flow, temperatures, rock types, and more. This data allows researchers to better understand subsurface conditions, helps identify the best areas for geothermal production, and provides information that can be used to optimize tools and methods that work well in geothermal environments.
The announcement for up to 17 awards will build on FORGE’s existing EGS work and focus on reproducible solutions and the dissemination of technical data.
The site uses testing and R&D to reduce uncertainty and manage risk for the commercial development of EGS technologies.
The solicitation requests research proposals in five topic areas, including seismicity monitoring protocols, novel reservoir stimulation techniques, experiments on EGS heat extraction efficiency, materials to sustain flow pathways in EGS reservoirs, and tools that can withstand high temperatures while isolating zones within the wellbore.
THE ANNOUNCEMENT FOR UP TO 17 AWARDS WILL BUILD ON FORGE’S EXISTING EGS WORK AND FOCUS ON REPRODUCIBLE SOLUTIONS AND THE DISSEMINATION OF TECHNICAL DATA.
Currently, the alternative energy market is undergoing many changes. The transportation sector is experiencing many challenges. As a result, Fleet Advantage is working to enable a world to a clean transition.
F leet Advantage is a leading innovator in truck fleet leasing, business analytics, and lifecycle cost management. The Company serves America's top transportation fleets and guarantees the absolute lowest cost of ownership.
However, in the truck or big-scale transportation market, vehicles run only between 300 to 500 miles daily. They don't have the charging infrastructure to be able to stop a run in the middle of the day. So electric energy for this sector will play a role, but it will only be a portion of it.
Is natural gas coming back? The transportation sector is moving away from traditional diesel engines and is changing to alternative fuels. The big-scale transportation industry differs from moving passenger vehicles, where the actual focus seems to be on hybrid and hybrid electric vehicles. The electric option for this market works as it allows them to go through 200 or 250 miles without recharging.
Power
By Norma Martinez
transportationStrategic fleet data driven solutions
Moreover, the Company also has a remarketing department. This team is integrated with sales professionals who focus on finding the right niche for the equipment that comes out. They can reach the right segment to reuse; the equipment never becomes invaluable.
BRIAN ANTONELLIS SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT
Fleet Advantage's challenge is to think which way it will go right; maybe forty percent electric; twenty electric, go hydrogen, natural gas, or hydrogen fuel cell. In general, the Company is challenging itself to become an expert in each of those areas to provide the whole market with the best solutions for truck fleet leasing, business analytics, and lifecycle cost management.
The Company has been setting a system related to its clients' life cycle and purchasing patterns for ten years. Its goal is to understand what technology aligns with their vocation, their asset, where they are using it, how many miles, and how long they are running it; to help them set their personalized purchasing patterns.
The changing industry
Fleet Advantage's second strategy is related to the transition to clean energy. The Company has an agreement with its customers. It is an exchange program; maybe diesel fits their needs now, but maybe in three years, they will use natural gas, hydrogen, or even an electric solution. So, the strategy permits them to move into an alternative fuel platform.
An electric option is good for the yard trucks, for those running a small distance to bring products for customers and return to a distribution center daily. For the trucks that run above and beyond those requirements, the sector is seeing various options come into play. Years ago, natural gas was predicted to be the big solution. The market thought of zero-emission vehicles that would help bridge alternative fuels with a cleaner approach. But, the gas solution was left on the side ten years ago. Everybody thought it was forgotten because it had maintenance challenges; it was tough to fuel gas on the road. Today, people are realistic about electric, and natural gas is returning, especially hydrogen is coming back, as fuel cells give electric capacity for longer distances.
Fleet Advantage enables a clean transition Fleet Advantage has a portfolio of 1.8 billion dollars. It manages 37 of the top 100 private fleets in the country, and those companies aim to be cleaner and better.
WE WITH
OUR CUSTOMERS GIVING THEM FLEXIBILITY IN THE TRANSITION.
FLEET ADVANTAGE
This year Fleet Advantage is focused on life cycle planning. Over the last years, the trucking industry has been hit with some supply chains. On 2022 there was a goal to produce 285 to 295 000 trucks, which was pulled back. The industry will only make between 250 and 270 000 trucks.
UNDERSTAND THERE IS GOING TO BE A CHANGE. A CHANGE FOR A CLEANER WORLD IS A GREAT THING, AND FLEET ADVANTAGE WILL WORK
Globally, businesses, governments, and academics work to harness the power of hydrogen. Along the energy transitio, hydrogen is a key to achieve climate goals and to create new, well-paying jobs.
Hydrogen: clean and reliable energy affordable for all
Upstream
V
MR considers this is attributable to the increase in deep and ultra-deep-water oil & gas production coupled with technological advancements of FPSOs over other production systems. In addition, increasing oil & gas demand, especially in the power generation and transportation sector, is expected to change the global market for floating production, storage, and offloading.
A versatile, clean, and safe energy carrier Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. It does not exist in its molecular form on earth. It needs By Norma Martinez
To get decarbonization goals, the countries need a strategy to promote renewables, carbon capture technology, and long-term energy storage across industries and sectors.
Hydrogen can enable large-scale, efficient renewable energy integration into the power grid, utilize existing pipeline infrastructure to distribute energy across sectors and geographies, and decarbonize transportation, industry, heating, and other sectors.
Moreover, H2 is non-toxic and does not pose a threat to human or environmental health.
Today, fuel cell electric vehicles are zero-emission, they run on hydrogen and emit only water. They can significantly reduce transportation-related emissions, together with electric batteries. Hydrogen fuel cell technology is useful for heavyduty vehicles and long-haul trucking, as it is lighter, faster fueling and more energy dense than batteries alone.
United productionStates´hydrogen
Utilities around the country are starting to deploy hydrogen in conjunction with renewable energy to produce zero-carbon energy for the grid. Hydrogen’s ability to store energy ensures that excess renewable power is able to be captured and saved for later use, ensuring renewable power continuity; even during periods of limited sunshine or wind.
The major hydrogen-producing states are California, Louisiana, and Texas. Most of the hydrogen produced in the country is used for refining petroleum, treating metals, producing fertilizer, and processing foods.
Texas is the nation's largest hydrogen producer due to its substantial petrochemical sector;
51 to be extracted from water or methane; using renewable electricity or carbon-abated fossil fuels.
To achieve any national decarbonization goals, the U.S. needs a strategy that promotes renewables, carbon capture technology, and long-term energy storage across industries and sectors. Hydrogen can enable large-scale, efficient renewable energy integration into the power grid, utilize existing pipeline infrastructure to distribute energy across sectors and geographies, and decarbonize transportation, industry, heating, and other sectors.
In addition, hydrogen production and consumption can occur anywhere in the U.S., providing opportunities to secure environmental justice for disadvantaged communities in regions that typically have fewer clean energy options.
National production Approximately 10 million metric tons of hydrogen is produced in the U.S. annually, equivalent to just over 1 quadrillion BTUs per year.
Global decarbonization
H2 is an energy carrier and storage device. It helps to generate electricity or heat when combined with oxygen through a fuel cell or combusted. It produces zero emissions.
52
The main companies producing hydrogen fuel cells are FuelCell Energy, Inc., Bloom Energy Corporation, Linde plc and Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Linde is the largest industrial gas company in the world by revenue and market share. It is a leader in the transition to clean hydrogen. The company developed the largest liquid hydrogen distribution system and capacity in the world. It also operates the world's first high-purity hydrogen storage cavern and have over a thousand kilometres of pipelines. So far, they’ve installed more than 200 hydrogen fuelling stations and 80 electrolysis plants throughout theAirworld.Products and Chemicals is an American organization. Currently is the world’s largest supplier of merchant hydrogen. It provides essential industrial gases, related equipment and applications expertise to customers in dozens of industries; including refining, chemical, metals, electronics, manufacturing, and food and beverage. The company is a global leader in the supply of liquefied natural gas process technology and equipment. It develops, engineers, builds, owns and operates some of the world's largest industrial gas projects, including gasification projects that sustainably convert abundant natural resources into syngas for the production of high-value power, fuels andFuelCellchemicals.Energy is a global leader in fuel cell technology with a purpose of utilizing its proprietary, state-of-the-art fuel cell platforms to enable a world empowered by clean energy. It provides comprehensive turn-key solutions for its customers that include everything from the design and installation of a project to the longterm operation and maintenance of the fuel cell system. The global fleet of SureSource™ power plants spans three continents and is leading the industry with millions of megawatts of ultra-clean power produced. Utilizing state-of-the-art fuel cells, its plants provide environmentally responsible solutions for various applications such as utility-scale and on-site power generation, carbon capture, local HYDROGEN HAS THE POTENTIAL TO FUEL CARS, BUSES AND AIRPLANES, HEAT BUILDINGS AND SERVE AS A BASE ENERGY SOURCE TO BALANCE WIND AND SOLAR POWER IN OUR GRIDS.
Upstream which primarily uses cheap natural gas as a feedstock through a carbon dioxide-emitting process called steam methane reforming.
Main producershydrogen
Main production Alberta is, in fact, Canada's largest producer of hydrogen, given its use for decades in upgrading bitumen to synthetic crude oil. In general, the country has a number of production methods available to help meet demand within Alberta and around the world. Its natural gas reserves, hydrogen production for both transportation and industry, and long duration energy storage.
H2 CAN PRODUCEDBE
53
The StrategyHydrogenforCanada
Canada is one of the top 10 global hydrogen producers and, with many years of R&D, a leader in innovative hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. Global investors can choose from a wide range of production processes and end uses, including energy for home and industry, and fuel cells for transportation.Canada´sstrategy lays out an ambitious framework for actions that will cement hydrogen as a tool to achieve its goal of net-zero emissions by 2050 and position the country as a global, industrial leader of clean renewable fuels.
From microgrids to marine power, Bloom´s solid oxide platform is transforming the future of energy. The company empowers businesses and communities to take charge of their future with abundant, clean energy. Its flexible, futureproof technology generates lower-carbon energy today, while laying the foundation for a net zero tomorrow. Bloom´s Energy Server is a distributed generation platform that provides always-on power. It can be personalized to deliver a combination of reliability & resiliency, sustainability, and cost predictability. Its products use no water during operation. Since 2011, Bloom systems have saved enough water to fill 442,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools. Market outlook for next years Producing hydrogen from low-carbon energy is costly at the moment. IEA analysis finds that the cost of producing hydrogen from renewable electricity could fall 30% by 2030 as a result of declining costs of renewables and the scaling up of hydrogen production. FROM DIVERSE GASZEROPOTENTIALRESOURCESDOMESTICWITHTHEFORNEAR-GREENHOUSEEMISSIONS.
54 Upstream when combined with carbon capture, utilization and storage, provide a way to quickly scale hydrogen production.
• Enbridge Gas Distribution is Canada's largest natural gas distributor and one of the fastest growing natural gas companies in North America, actively promotes technologies that support the wise use of today's fossil fuels with higher efficiency solutions. The Company is based in Ontario, and has more than 170-year history of providing safe and reliable service to customers. It provides an affordable energy choice for approximately 3.8 million residents and businesses, and it is leading the transition towards a lower-carbon future.
Most hydrogen that comes out of Alberta is grey. That means greenhouse gases are created during the process that turns natural gas into hydrogen. Those pollutants can be captured and stored resulting in a cleaner blue hydrogen, but that increases production costs. Today, the main companies producing hydrogen in Canada are:
• British Columbia-based Ballard Power Systems has been leading hydrogen fuel cell development for over 40 years.
• Manitoba-based New Flyer is the biggest bus manufacturer in North America and has started making hydrogen-fueled buses.
6% OF THE WORLD'S ENERGY COMES HYDROGEN.FROM
• US-based Air Products has more than 50 years of hydrogen experience and is on the forefront of hydrogen energy technology development.
10 MILLION
55
Global vision for hydrogen
Canada´s hydrogen projection Today, hydrogen makes up 1% of Canadian energy demand but is projected to reach up to 27% by 2050. It has tremendous potential in decarbonizing the economy, particularly through upstream and downstream transformation. METRIC
The global green hydrogen market size was valued at USD 0.3 Billion in 2020 and is projected to reach USD 9.8 Billion by 2028, growing at a CAGR of 54.7% from 2021 to 2028. Interest in hydrogen boomed as the world needs ways to solve the climate crisis and cut carbon emissions; but successful investing in this sector requires a lot of deep industry analysis andInternationalopportunities.cooperation is vital to accelerate the growth of versatile and clean hydrogen around the world. If governments work to scale up hydrogen in a cooordinated way, it can help to spur investments in factories and infrastructure that will bring down costs and enable the sharing of knowledge and best practices.
• France-based Air Liquide is actively involved in the energy transition with the supply of hydrogen and related solutions, and is the number one producer of gases derived from air in Canada.
• Ontario-based Hydrogenics is the worldwide leader in building industrial and commercial hydrogen generation, hydrogen fuel cells, and large-scale energy storage solutions.
TONS HYDROGEN ARE PRODUCTION.ANDPETROLEUMDEMANDTHEU.S.PRODUCEDCURRENTLYINTHEEACHYEAR;PRIMARYISFORREFININGAMMONIA
Inflation reduction act for a better future for young Americans
Upstream
According to information provided by the Department of Energy, President Biden is delivering on his promise to meet the climate crisis and build an economy that works for working families by signing the Inflation Reduction Act. The Inflation Reduction Act makes historic investments in America’s future while lowering health care and energy costs. It’s our most aggressive action to confront the climate crisis.
“President Biden and Congressional Democrats beat back the special interests to pass this historic legislation that builds a brighter future for young Americans by lowering costs, advancing environmental justice while creating a cleaner future, and growing the economy from the bottom-up middle out,” posted the DOE.
51
Reducewill:Pollution: The law would reduce about a gigaton (a billion metric tons) of greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 and position America to meet President Biden’s climate goals of cutting climate pollution in half by 2030 and reaching net-zero emissions by no later than 2050.
Advance Environmental Justice: Climate change disproportionately
Tackle the climate crisis
This law represents the most aggressive action the U.S. is taking to tackle the climate crisis and create clean energy solutions in American history. The Department of Energy ensured the law would bring down energy costs for families and do thousands of good jobs, reducing climate pollution and ensuring we have a clean, secure future energy supply. It
The act will reduce the deficit and ask the super wealthy and corporations to pay their fair share. And no one making under $400,000 yearly will pay a penny more in taxes.
Cut Energy Costs: The law makes it more affordable to purchase energy efficient and electric appliances, home improvements, and more to bring down energy costs. Overall, the law puts America on track to meet the President’s climate goals, which will save every family an average of $500 per year on their energy bills, providing supportEfficientfor:
Upstream impacts low-income communities and communities of color. The Act will work to alleviate legacy pollution and to ensure that clean energy opportunities reach all Americans through:
Systems – When households want to install solar on their roof, they can save up to 30% with tax credits. For example, the average family installing solar using this credit would save $9,000 on their electricity bill over the system's life, or about $300 per year.
Cleaner Cars and Trucks – The law will bring down the sticker price of electric vehicles, providing Americans tax credits of up to $7,500 for new and $4,000 for used electric vehicle purchases. This measure could help young Americans buy their first car and forever skip the gas pump.
Lower health care costs
52
“We are creating new Environmental Justice Block Grants—which will support community-led projects across the country, including tackling pollution in port communities where air pollution is especially deadly.”
Since 2014, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has helped provide quality health insurance coverage for people who don’t receive job coverage. Still, health insurance remains unaffordable for many
THE LAW MAKES PURCHASING ENERGY-EFFICIENT ELECTRIC APPLIANCES FOR HOME IMPROVEMENTS MORE AFFORDABLE TO REDUCE ENERGY COSTS.
Appliances and Home Upgrades – The law includes direct consumer rebates when households need to upgrade furnaces, water heaters, stoves, ovens, or other more energy efficient and electric appliances.
Families can save up to 30% with tax credits for home construction projects on windows, doors, insulation, or other weatherization measures that prevent energy from escaping homes. These upgrades can lower future utility bills by at least $350Homeannually.Energy
Creating a new Clean Energy and Sustainability Accelerator will seed state and local clean energy financing banks, which will help disadvantaged communities access the law's benefits. They are funding Tribal communities to bring clean, zero-emissions power to homes and boost their climate resilience.
By increasing access to coverage, the law will improve health outcomes; improve financial security by reducing medical debt and rent and mortgage delinquencies; and narrow racial disparities in health coverage and care access.
53
They are ensuring that high-income people and large corporations pay the taxes they already owe. It is cracking down on enormous, profitable corporations that currently get away with paying no federal income tax. It imposes a 1% surcharge on corporate stock buybacks, encouraging businesses to invest.
OVERALL, THE LAW WILL SAVE EVERY FAMILY AN AVERAGE OF $500 PER YEAR ON THEIR ENERGY BILLS.
Americans. During his campaign, President Biden promised to build on the ACA by making premium tax credits more generous and lowering health care premiums for working families. The President’s American Rescue Plan kept that commitment by improving premium tax credits.
Make the tax code fairer President Trump and Congressional Republicans’ 2017 tax law only worsened an unfair tax system. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 is a critical step in making our tax code fairer. It will raise revenue by:
However, those improvements are set to expire at the end of 2022. The Inflation Reduction Act extends them through 2025: They are saving 13 million Americans hundreds of dollars per year. About 13 million Americans will save an average of about $800 annually on health insurance premiums. Young people will also benefit significantly, as more than 3.5 million people ages 18-34 are on marketplace health care plans. About 3 million more people will have coverage next year with this extension. Although the uninsured rate fell to the lowest level in U.S. history in early 2022, young people ages 18-24 are the most likely to be uninsured.
The legislation’s tax reforms won’t just raise revenue to finance critically needed investments to lower costs and combat climate change; they are also an essential component of building an economy that rewards work rather than wealth and don’t let the rich and powerful get away with playing by a separate set of rules.
Millions of working families will have better access to the benefits they are entitled to under the tax code and be able to get their questions answered quickly and efficiently, thanks to the law’s transformational investments in the Internal Revenue Service. And, no family making less than $400,000 per year will see their taxes go up by a single cent.
Nuclear power industry
Although Canada's leading source of electricity is water, the country is a leader in nuclear energy and safety. It has one of the world's most promising domestic markets for the safe and responsible development of small modular reactor (SMR) technology.
Power Production
More than half of the electricity in Canada, 60%, is generated from hydro sources. The remainder is produced from various sources, including natural gas, nuclear, wind, coal, biomass, solar, and petroleum.Approximately
475 hydroelectric generating plants across the country produce an average of 355 terawatthours per year; one terawatt-hour represents enough electricity to heat and power 40,000 houses. Canada generates most of its electricity with water because it is abundant. The correct supply of electricity is indispensable for all countries' economic, political, and social development. This applies to all the areas from the production, transportation, and service sector.
By Norma Martinez Canada and U.S. power industry's next steps
The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) regulates all stages of the life of each nuclear power plant in the country. Including the environmental assessment required before plant construction to the decommissioning of the facility once operations are ended.
All nuclear power reactors in Canada are CANDU (Canadian Deuterium-Uranium) reactors. These pressurized heavy water reactors use natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as a coolant and moderator.
Canada's productionpower
THE WORLD'S TERAWATTAPPROXIMATELYAOVERCONSUMPTIONELECTRICITYHASGROWNTHEPASTHALFCENTURY,REACHING23,900 -HOURS IN 2019.
New power plant projects
Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station (PLNGS) currently holds a 5-year operating license, which expired on June 30, 2022.
Bruce Power is licensed to operate the Bruce A and Bruce B Nuclear Generating Stations, located in the municipality of Kincardine on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, Ontario. The CNSC has full-time staff at the stations which perform inspections to evaluate operations and verify compliance with regulatory requirements and license conditions.
52 Power Production Power projects Nuclear power plants have produced electricity commercially in Canada since 1960. Nuclear energy makes about 15 percent of Canada's electricity. Five plants in three provinces house 22 nuclear power reactors; Bruce Nuclear Generating Station, Pickering Nuclear Generating Station, Darlington Nuclear Generating Station, Gentilly-2 Nuclear Facility, which recently shut down, and Point Lepreau Generating Station.
Ontario Power Generation (OPG) owns and is licensed to operate the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station, located in the municipality of Clarington, on the north shore of Lake Ontario. OPG also operates a nuclear waste management facility at the station. The CNSC has full-time staff onsite who perform inspections to evaluate operations and verify compliance with regulatory requirements and license conditions.
In 2017, OPG applied for a 10-year renewal of the Pickering NGS power reactor operating license, which expired on August 31, 2018. As OPG intends to cease commercial operation of the Pickering NGS on December 31, 2024, the proposed license period would cover three phases of operational activities: continued commercial operation until December 31, 2024; a stabilization phase (postshutdown refueling and dewatering) lasting approximately two to three years; and the beginning of safe storage for six reactor units. The secure storage phase marks the beginning of station decommissioning.
Hydro-Québec owns and is licensed to operate the Gentilly-2 Nuclear Facility, located near Trois-Rivières, Québec. Hydro-Québec also operates a nuclear waste management facility at the station. The station is shut down.
Based in Bowmanville, Municipality of Clarington, the Darlington New Nuclear Project represents the site preparation, construction, operation, decommissioning, and abandonment of up to four new nuclear reactors at
New Brunswick Power Corporation (NB Power) owns and operates PLNGS, which is located on the shores of the Bay of Fundy, approximately 40 km southwest of Saint John, New Brunswick. NB Power also works a Solid Radioactive Waste Management Facility onsite.
Ontario Power Generation (OPG) owns and is licensed to operate the Pickering Nuclear Generating Station (NGS), located in the municipality of Pickering on the north shore of Lake Ontario. The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) has full-time onsite staff who perform inspections to evaluate if operations are safe and verify compliance with license conditions. Furthermore, the CNSC employs technical and regulatory specialists at its head office in Ottawa, who perform assessments and evaluations of OPG's compliance with applicable requirements.
53 the existing Darlington site, owned by Ontario Power Generation. The goal of this project would be to generate approximately 4,800 megawatts of electricity for the OntarioMoreover,grid. the provinces' energy ministers recently agreed to a proposal for small modular reactors. The first 300-megawatt plant will be built in Darlington, Ont., east of Toronto, by 2028. Two advanced reactors will be developed in New Brunswick by 2030, and Saskatchewan could break ground on its site by the mid-2030s.Inaddition, four provincial governments are pushing ahead with a plan to develop nuclear power in Canada. Saskatchewan, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Alberta have released their strategic plan to expand the nuclear industry by developing small modular reactors (SMR).
United States' power production Fossil fuels dominate the U.S. energy mix. These energy sources include fossil fuels, such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal; nuclear energy; and renewable energy. Electricity
THE 23,900APPROXIMATELYREACHINGHALFOVERHASCONSUMPTIONELECTRICITYWORLD'SGROWNTHEPASTACENTURY,TERAWATTHOURS IN 2019.
Finally, with over 60 years of science and technology innovation, a worldclass regulator, and a vibrant domestic supply chain, Canada's nuclear industry is poised to be a leader in an emerging global market estimated at $150 billion a year by 2040.
The country's largest power generating facility under construction is the Chokecherry and Sierra Madre Wind Energy Project in Wyoming, which will create 2,500-3,000 MW when completed in 2026. It is a large-scale wind
Natural gas production reached a record high of 34.15 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) or 93.57 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/day) in 2021. The production increases generally contributed to a decline in natural gas prices through 2020, contributing to increased natural gas use by the electric and industrial sectors. U.S. petroleum demand decreased in 2020 and 2021 mainly due to the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which contributed to declining U.S. oil production in 2020 and 2021. Natural gas plant liquids are extracted from natural gas before the natural gas is put into pipelines for consumer transmission. Annual NGPLs production has generally increased since 2005, coinciding with increases in natural gas production, and reached a record high of nearly 5.40 million barrels per day in 2021. NGPLs are the largest source of U.S. hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGLs)Renewableproduction.energy production and consumption reached record highs of about 12.32 and 12.16 quads in 2021, driven mainly by record-high solar and wind energy production. Hydroelectric power production in 2021 was about 9% lower than 2020 and 19% lower than the 50-year average. Total biomass production and consumption in 2021 were higher than in 2020 but lower than the record highs in 2018. Geothermal energy use in 2021 was about 1.5% higher than 2020 but lower than the record high in 2014. Even though there were fewer operating nuclear reactors in 2021 than in 2000, the amount of nuclear energy production in 2021 was about 778 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh), equal to about 8.13 quads. A combination of increased electric generation capacity upgrades and shorter refueling and maintenance cycles at nuclear power plants have helped to compensate for reductions in the numbers of nuclear reactors and to maintain a relatively consistent level of annual U.S. nuclear electricity generation for the past 20 years.
Power projects on construction
Mainly, the U.S. has four power projects under construction or development, the Chokecherry and Sierra Madre Wind Energy Project, the Alvin W. Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, The Westlands Solar Park, and the Guernsey Power Station.
54 Power Production is a secondary energy source that is generated from primary energy sources. In 2021, coal consumption was about 546 million short tons, equal to 10.55 quads and about 11% of U.S. energy consumption. Coal production in 2021 was 578 million short tons, equivalent to approximately 11.62 quads.
The largest power stations As of 2020, the most significant power generating facility in the United States is the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington. It is a concrete gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington, built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation water. Grand Coulee Dam supports four other powerhouses containing 33 hydroelectric generators. The facility generates power by utilizing 27 Francis turbines and six pump-generators, totaling the installed capacity of 6,809 MW.
355ANCANADAPLANTSGENERATINGHYDROELECTRIC475APPROXIMATELYACROSSPRODUCEAVERAGEOFTERAWATTHOURS PER YEAR; ONE TERAWATTHOUR 40,000HEATELECTRICITYENOUGHREPRESENTSTOANDPOWERHOUSES.
The Alvin W. Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, also known as Plant Vogtle, is a two-unit nuclear power plant located in Burke County, near Waynesboro, Georgia, in the southeastern United States. Each unit has a Westinghouse pressurized water reactor (PWR) with a General Electric steam turbine and electric generator. Units 1 and 2 are completed. Two additional units utilizing Westinghouse AP1000 reactors are under construction. After Units 3 and 4 in 2023, Vogtle will become the largest nuclear power station in the country.
The Westlands Solar Park is a large-scale solar power project in Kings County, south of Fresno, California. It is being constructed on brownfield land owned by the Westlands Water District that is unusable for agriculture due to excess salt pollution. It intends to build many photovoltaic power plants with a capacity of upwards of 2,000 megawatts (MW), more significant than the world's largest solar power plants operating.
55 farm near Rawlins, Wyoming, currently under construction. If completed as scheduled in 2026, it is expected to become the largest wind farm in the United States and one of the largest in the world. Mainly located on federal lands, the project is being built in conjunction with the TransWest Express transmission line to supply power to the California market.
Guernsey Power Station is a planned gas-fired power plant under construction in Guernsey County, Ohio, south of Byesville. When completed this year, it is designed to generate 1.875 GW of power, enough to power 1.5 million homes. When completed, it will be the 69th largest power station in the country. Finally, by 2034, according to Black & Veatch, nearly half of U.S. electricity will come from natural gas combustion turbines or combinedcycle units. In contrast, conventional coal-fired generation will shrink to just 23 percent.
Power
Technology advancement, state-level policies, and the federal production tax credit (PTC) have fueled the wind sector’s growth in recent years. Still, the PTC for wind expired at the end of 2021, creating market uncertainty. The passage of the Inflation Reduction Act, which invests billions of dollars in wind energy by extending the PTC for at least ten years and encouraging investment in American clean energy manufacturing, gives long-term certainty to the wind industry and is likely to fuel the sector’s rapid growth in the years to come.
By Department of Energy
Record production and job growth in the U.S. wind power sector
Wind power accounted for 32% of U.S. energy capacity growth in 2021, employs 120,000 Americans, and now provides enough energy to power 40 million American homes. The 2021 wind market reports show that the domestic expansion of wind power is an essential source of clean, cheap energy generation that supports President Biden’s goals of reaching 100% clean electricity by 2035 and a net zero economy by 2050.
New DOE wind energy market reports highlight domestic development and deployment advances, now generating enough energy to power 40 million homes. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) released three reports showing that wind power remains one of America’s fastest-growing energy sources and a generator of high-quality jobs.
“These reports show U.S. wind energy deployment and generating capacity are booming—delivering cheap, reliable, and clean energy to power even more American homes and businesses,” said U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm. “The rapid technological and industrial advances in the domestic wind sector are creating new jobs for the clean energy workforce and assuring wind power’s critical role in achieving President Biden’s climate and decarbonization goals.”
The Inflation Reduction Act includes long-term extensions of critical tax incentives supporting the
The 2022 edition of the LandBased Wind Market Report, prepared by DOE’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, detailed 13,413 MW of new utility-scale land-based wind generation capacity added in 2021 -- the equivalent of powering more than 4 million American homes and representing a $20 billion investment in new wind power investment. Key findings from the reportWindinclude:energy provided more than 9% of total electricity nationwide, more than 50% in Iowa and South Dakota, and 30% in Kansas, Oklahoma, and North Dakota. Twenty-two states installed new utility-scale land-based wind turbines in 2021. Texas installed the most capacity, with 3,343 MW. Other leading states include Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Kansas, adding more than 1,000 MW capacity in 2021. Wind turbines continue growing in size and power, leading to cheaper clean energy production. The average capacity of newly installed wind turbines grew 9% from 2020 to 2021, to 3 MW. For wind AS OF MAY 2022, 24 OFFSHORE WIND PROJECTS HAVE SIGNED CONTRACTS TO SELL THEIR POWER, TOTALING 17,579 MW.
deployment of all three wind applications – landbased, offshore, and distributed – and new programs to support the siting and construction of highvoltage transmission lines, which will be necessary for both land-based and offshore wind. Also included are unused production-based tax credits for domestic manufacturing and wind components and equipment supply. These will provide strong incentives to onshore key supply chains of wind turbines and related components.
The 2022 edition of the Offshore Wind Market Report, prepared by DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory, found that the capacity of U.S. offshore wind energy projects being developed and operating increased 14% from the previous year to 40,083 MW. This includes two operating projects totaling 42 MW and 38 projects under development totaling 35,509 MW, enough to power about 13 million American homes potentially. The report alsoThefound:Biden-Harris administration significantly expanded offshore wind development in new areas of the country, including six new lease areas auctioned in the New York Bight and two new lease areas auctioned in Long Bay, off the coast of the Carolinas. There are also plans to lease recent locations in California, the Gulf of Mexico, the Central Atlantic, Oregon, and the Gulf of Maine.
32 Power projects built in 2021, the researchers estimated that public health benefits, climate benefits, and value to the grid are worth more than triple the cost of generating electricity from wind energy.
As of May 2022, 24 offshore wind projects have signed contracts to sell NEW YORK HAD THE HIGHEST ENERGY CAPACITY IN THE U.S. OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY PIPELINE, WITH 11,162 MW, FOLLOWED BY MASSACHUSETTS (8,553 MW), NEW JERSEY (4,758 MW), AND CALIFORNIA (4,532 MW).
BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT (BOEM) IS PLANNING AREAS FOR FUTURE LEASING THAT COULD PROVIDE ANOTHER 4,532 MW OF POWER.
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) is planning areas for future leasing that could provide another 4,532 MW of power.
The global capacity for proposed floating offshore wind energy—turbines mounted to a floating foundation or substructure—doubled in 2021 from 26,529 MW to 60,746 MW. Deployment of this technology will continue gaining momentum as the industry works to lower costs through innovation and global market growth.
The 2022 edition of the Distributed Wind Market Report, prepared by DOE’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, notes that 1,751 distributed wind turbines were added across 15 states. The turbines, which serve on-site energy demand or support the operation of local electricity distribution networks, total 11.7MW of new capacity and represent $41 million in new investment in 2021.
Cumulative U.S. distributed wind capacity stands at 1,075 MW from the more than 89,000 wind turbines across all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam. Rhode Island, Kansas, and Minnesota led the United States in distributed wind capacity additions in 2021, with each state completing a large-scale distributed wind project.
33 their power, totaling 17,579 MW. New York had the highest energy capacity in the U.S. offshore wind energy pipeline, with 11,162 MW, followed by Massachusetts (8,553 MW), New Jersey (4,758 MW), and California (4,532 MW).
For small wind capacity additions, defined as turbines up to 100 kilowatts in size, Minnesota led the nation in 2021. This is primarily attributed to a push to sell small wind capacity to agricultural markets and a decline of small wind installations in New York following the discontinuation of its state incentive program.
