November/December 2021 by Energy In Buildings & Industry

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2021

PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

www.eibi.co.uk

In this issue Data Centre Management Electric Vehicles EMEX Preview Boilers & Burners CPD Module: Passivhaus

An evolving role How the boiler is changing

EIBI_1121_001(MT).indd 1

Data centres and district heating Joining up the dots

A standard for tomorrow The rise of Passivhaus

09/11/2021 13:40

EIBI-OCT20-Castle_Layout 1 07/10/2020 09:19 Page 1

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2021

PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

www.eibi.co.uk

In this issue Data Centre Management Electric Vehicles EMEX Preview Boilers & Burners CPD Module: Passivhaus

An evolving role How the boiler is changing

Data centres and district heating Joining up the dots

Contents 06

A standard for tomorrow The rise of Passivhaus

EIBI_1121_001(MT).indd 1

www.eibi.co.uk

09/11/2021 13:40

NOV/DEC 2021

FEATURES

As methods of heating buildings and processes evolve to reduce carbon emissions, the boiler still has an important role to play. Ian Dagley explains (28) The hybrid approach is unavoidable for commercial projects and is the most sensible, practical, and costeffective option, believes Bill Sinclair (30) The ban on installations of gas boilers from 2025 has raised many questions how it’s going to effect homes and businesses. Steve Gardner dispels some of the myths (32) A maker of condiments cuts carbon emissions with a switch to liquid gas while a National Trust property opts for biomass (34)

12 Data Centre Management

Christer Frennfelt explains how liquid cooling can minimise the environmental impact of data centres By sporting a portfolio of renewable energy products data centre providers can claim 100 per cent renewable use and avoid accusations of greenwashing, says Alex Brew (15) Remote monitoring of essential HVAC in data centres provides a great safety net that ensures problems are nipped in the bud, as Steve Munn explains (16) James Smurthwaite believes that the UK could follow the example of Stockholm and ensure that waste heat from data centres is put to good use (18)

25 Electric Vehicle Charging

The development of EV chargers is continuing at an astonishing pace. What will be the implications for building operators? Joe Ellwood provides some answers

36 Compressed Air

Energy reduction is the only way to a carbon-neutral economy – and it can start in the compressor room, says Alexander Pavlov

37 EMEX 2021 Preview

EMEX is back, 24-25 November 2021 at ExCeL London, to empower the UK’s community of energy professionals to succeed in the race to net zero Energy managers can learn from an impressive range of speakers across four theatres (38) Over 80 exhibitors will be heading to ExCel to put on show the latest products and services (41)

27 Boilers & Burners

Ensuring comprehensive commissioning of heating technologies and systems is crucial if we are to avoid gaps in building performance, says Neville Small

REGULARS 06 News Update Lenders push back against green mortgage proposals while Europe forges ahead with energy efficiency first

20 New Products An app offers easy access to HVAC solutions while domestic ventilation get a whole new look

10 The Warren Report So the Heat and Buildings strategy has finally seen the light of day. But energy efficiency has been left in the dark as the spotlight falls on supply

19 ESTA Viewpoint New research reveals the pandemic hasn’t put the brakes on energy efficiency investment. Ian Jeffries shares his thoughts on the future of the market for public and private sector organisations

35 Products in Action A Sussex company makes headway in the public sector lighting market while a VRF air conditioning system is helping a COVID testing facility

42 Talking Heads

21 The Fundamental Series: CPD Learning Gareth Veal examines how the Passivhaus system of construction is delivering transformational buildings across Europe

Gerard Hunter believes too many efforts to tackle climate change are driven by perception and being seen to adhere to the demand for action, rather than implementing substantive change

Follow us, ‘like us’ or visit us online to keep up to date with all the latest energy news and events www.eibi.co.uk NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 03

EIBI_1121_003(MT).indd 3

10/11/2021 15:40

Editor’s Opinion

www.eibi.co.uk

The greatest challenge

n page 6 there is an interesting, no, shocking illustration. It shows the horrific decline in the number of installations of insulation of all types in UK homes. The disappearance of Government support for the industry has meant that there has been an extraordinary decline in the number of lofts insulated from a high in 2012 of 1.6m to a tiny fraction of that amount last year. The statistics for cavity walls and solid walls follow the same depressing trend. It is a stark reminder that the direction of travel for the energy sector in the UK is not towards energy efficiency. The Government’s long-awaited Heat and Buildings strategy finally saw the light of day recently. As Andrew Warren points out (see page 10): “The established mantra of “fabric first” to improve buildings has disappeared. The press release contained absolutely no references to anything to do with the fabric - no references at all to windows, doors, roofs, walls, lighting, appliances, even to the word “insulation”. “The focus is so much on fuels rather than building fabric that I feel the strategy is wrongly named. The conjunction needs to be substituted by a preposition. Essentially, it is a “heat in buildings” rather than a “heat and buildings” strategy.”

It’s interesting to note (see page 8) that Europe seems to be heading in the opposite direction. The European Commission is continuing to champion the concept of the Energy Efficiency First (EE1st) principle. The EE1st idea doesn’t seem to have cut much ice in the UK. Sadly, we are still obsessed by the supply side. When was the last time the word ‘negawatt’ was mentioned? Of course the suppliers are going to be jumping on to the bandwagon of renewable energy because it could lead to new revenue streams. But does nothing to alleviate fuel poverty. In addition, the Government is placing huge faith in heat pumps and technology that hasn’t seen the light of day and may never do so. It’s assumed the cost of heat pumps will come down. But over 20m have been installed worldwide so why hasn’t this happened? And nuclear fusion, carbon capture and small nuclear reactors will all suddenly spring into life. Sometime the Government has to see that the first fuel is the first step towards net zero. But getting that message through continues to be the greatest challenge facing the energy efficiency sector. MANAGING EDITOR

Mark Thrower

The EiBI Team Editorial Managing Editor Mark Thrower tel: 01483 452854 Email: editor@eibi.co.uk Address: P. O. Box 825, Guildford GU4 8WQ

Advertising Sales Managers Chris Evans tel: 01889 577222 fax: 01889 579177 Email: chris@eibi.co.uk Address: 16-18 Hawkesyard Hall, Armitage Park, Rugeley, Staffordshire WS15 1PU Russ Jackson tel: 01704 501090 fax: 01704 531090 Email: russ@eibi.co.uk Address: Argyle Business Centre, 8 Leicester Street, Southport, Lancashire PR9 0EZ Nathan Wood tel 01525 716 143 fax 01525 715 316 Email nathan@eibi.co.uk Address: 1b, Station Square Flitwick, Bedfordshire MK45 1DP

Classified sales Sharon Nutter Tel: 01889 577222 Email: classified@eibi.co.uk

Circulation Sue Bethell Tel: 01889 577222 Email: circulation@eibi.co.uk

Administration/ production Fran Critchlow Tel: 01889 577222 Email: info@eibi.co.uk

THIS MONTH’S COVER STORY The development of EV chargers is continuing at an astonishing pace. What will be the implications for building operators? Joe Ellwood of ABB provides some answers as he examines the benefits and obstacles to EV charging. Businesses can charge money for the electricity they distribute via chargers. With the number of EVs on UK roads increasing, the profit margins will also continue to rise. See page 25 for more details Photo courtesy of ABB

Publishing Directors Chris Evans Russ Jackson Magazine Designer Tim Plummer For overseas readers or UK readers not qualifying for a free copy, annual subscription rates are £85 UK; £105 Europe airmail; £120 RoW. Single copies £10 each. Published by: Pinede Publishing Ltd 16-18 Hawkesyard Hall, Armitage Park, Nr. Rugeley, Staffordshire WS15 1PU ISSN 0969 885X This issue includes photographs provided and paid for by suppliers

Printed by Precision Colour Printing Origination by Design and Media Solutions ABC Audited Circulation Jan-Dec 2020 11,721

04 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_004(MT).indd 3

10/11/2021 11:33

EIBI-NOV21-ABB_Layout 1 09/11/2021 13:18 Page 1

News Update

For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

Less than half of organisations on track for net zero target Only four in 10 UK organisations are currently on track to meet the government’s net zero 2050 target, according to a new report from Microsoft and Goldsmiths, University of London. Researchers conducted online surveys of 1,707 UK business leaders and 2,153 employees. The report, ‘Accelerating the journey to net zero: A UK blueprint for carbon reduction’, reveals that 75 per cent of the business leaders surveyed have a ‘one foot in and one foot out’ attitude towards sustainability, with strong ambitions and strategic visions that go unfulfilled with meaningful action. This ‘ambition-action gap’ is apparent to those working within the organisations. According to the survey, the majority (72 per cent) of employees felt that environmental sustainability should be a top priority for businesses over the next five years, yet only 19 per cent report that their employer implements their current sustainability plan efficiently. The study also revealed that the majority of business leaders (64 per cent) say cutting their carbon footprint is part of their organisation’s environmental sustainability strategy. However, just 17 per cent have implemented a detailed programme for mapping their emissions, while fewer than half (47 per cent) monitor them. This inability to measure their decarbonisation efforts makes managing and improving them virtually impossible. Commenting on the new report, Clare Barclay, CEO of Microsoft UK, said: “If the UK is to meet its net zero ambitions, public and private sectors need to join forces to define the meaning of real net zero, agree how to measure progress and build markets that can deliver a just, prosperous future for everyone. “Technology will play a key role in addressing these challenges and it’s clear from our research that those organisations that have embedded technology in the heart of their strategies are the ones that have made the most significant progress against their sustainability goals, he concluded.”

GOVERNMENT PLANS FOR PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE

Mortgage lenders rebuff energy disclosure The Government’s declared intention to “require mortgage lenders to disclose energy performance across their property portfolio” has been firmly rebuffed by the mortgage lenders’ trade association, UK Finance. The official objective of such a market intervention is to spur the 60 per cent of home owners currently occupying buildings with energy performance certificates (EPCs) rated D or below to upgrade their homes. But UK Finance is concerned that requiring such information to be made publicly available “might trap some homeowners in negative equity.” It describes this as an “unintended consequence.” Although in essence such prospects could reasonably be described as deliberately intended by a

Government very conscious of the poor energy efficiency of the housing stock. The banking lobbyists also warn that, because “new and newer-build properties are likely to have better

Insulation installations plummet in UK This recently released graphic from the Climate Change Committee reveals the extent of the collapse in all types of insulation in UK homes. The black lines represent the annualised rates of installation needed to meet targets based on the CCC’s 2015 advice on the 5th carbon budget.

energy performance,” it follows that “it could be more difficult to bring older properties up to standard.” They argue this would cause “a twotier market” due to “a perception that energy efficiency requirements are value-affecting.” But this “market distortion,” as UK Finance dubs it, of making more energy efficient homes be perceived as being more valuable than gasguzzling ones, is precisely the objective that government has been pursuing - albeit with limited success - throughout this century. In its Heat & Buildings Strategy, the government states that they wish such information to be published initially by the mortgage lenders on a purely voluntary basis, with improvement targets assessed annually. However, it adds ominously that it reserves “the option of making this target mandatory if insufficient progress is being made.”

Developer creates zero-carbon concept home Barratt Developments has created a zero carbon concept home that showcases the future of sustainable living in the UK. Built on University of Salford’s main campus, Z House is the first home in the country to be built by a major housebuilder that goes substantially beyond the Future Homes Standard. The home will test and monitor the most modern, sustainable housing technology such as an air source heat pump, infrared panels, plaster that eliminates pollutants, a fridge that keeps food fresh for longer, heated skirting boards, air-powered showers, electric vehicle charging points, PV solar panels and battery storage. Supply chain partners are providing

cutting edge products for the house to reduce its embodied carbon. These include electronic taps that can reduce water usage by 80 per cent, kitchen cabinets made using 100 per cent recycled chipboard plus reused coconut husk material for the handles, and a smart electricity tariff which automatically shifts energy usage to access the cheapest rates. There will also be a dedicated knowledge and energy hub built into the garage space to display and showcase products and technologies used within the Z House. Here, visitors to the house will be able to monitor digital displays showing visuals of live energy use via a monitoring network, which is built

into the fabric of the home. Last year Barratt announced that all of its new homes will be zero carbon from 2030 and this flagship concept house is the first step in achieving that. David Thomas, chief executive of Barratt Developments, said: “We want to showcase what can be done to deliver zero carbon living using the latest technologies and working with the best industry partners. Ultimately, the aim is to find solutions to enable the industry to build high-quality, zero-carbon homes that customers love, at scale. We can then share this knowledge to help the industry deliver the future of sustainable housing.”

06 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_006-7-8(MT).indd 1

10/11/2021 12:07

News Update

For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

MP’S TIRELESS CAMPAIGNING FOR ENERGY LEGISLATION

In Brief

Energy efficiency loses a champion The Member of Parliament murdered during his constituency surgery, Sir David Amess (right), was one of the most diligent champions of energy efficiency in the House of Commons. During 39 years as a Conservative MP, Sir David was heavily involved in every campaign to alter or introduce legislation to stimulate investment in energy saving measures. In 2000, he succeeded in the formidable task of getting an owninitiative private members Bill onto the statute book. The legislation was the influential Warm Homes & Energy Conservation Act, which for the first-time required governments to set targets for eliminating fuel poverty from all UK households. It required the creation of official advisory bodies on fuel poverty, and was directly responsible for ensuring that the government must see that every fuel poor home has at minimum an energy performance certificate (EPC) rating of C by 2035. All governments have been required to timetable an annual debate in the Commons upon progress on the strategy This work on fuel poverty was

singled out by Prime Minister Boris Johnson, when praising Sir David’s lifetime of achievements. At the time of his death, Sir David was seeking to pilot another owninitiative Bill into law. This was the Domestic Premises (minimum energy performance) Bill. This new legislation is seeking to expand the commitment to ensure that every home in England must merit an EPC of at least C by 2035. (see EiBI Jan 2019). Always pleased to

work on a cross-party basis, Sir David was working on this together with the Liberal Democrat former buildings minister, Lord (Don) Foster. He had been an active supporter of many other parliamentary initiatives on energy efficiency, introduced by MPs from all parties. Sir David had welcomed the attempts in the High Court in 2008 to stop the Government hiding behind the weasel phrase only “as far as is reasonably practical” when they were shown not to be progressing alleviation of fuel poverty sufficiently swiftly. During the Coalition government he strongly supported then energy secretary, Sir Ed Davey, in his prioritisation of fuel poverty, leading to removal of the controversial phrase in the current fuel poverty strategy. The only get-out still permitted is the “refusal” of an occupant to have fuel poverty measures installed, or the physical “impossibility” of being able to achieve an EPC rating of C in a particular dwelling. Sir David was a universally popular and respected backbencher. He will be sorely missed by all who care about saving energy.

France’s new law cracks down on emissions

France’s Parliament has adopted a law that cracks down on emissions linked to transport, manufacturing, and housing as the government seeks to implement new measures to fight global warming. The Climate and Resilience bill is based on proposals of an assembly of 150 randomly picked citizens created by President Emmanuel Macron. Coming ahead of next year’s presidential election, it is a response to the Yellow Vest movement which, almost three years ago, violently rejected Macron’s push for higher environmental taxes on gasoline and diesel. The legislative package features many of the proposals drafted by the national Citizens Convention for Climate, including: • advertising for all fossil fuel energies to be phased out; • ban on renting badly insulated housing from 2025, with reinforced requirements in 2028 and 2034; • mandatory creation of low-

Hot water storage role is ‘being ignored’

A new report from the Hot Water Association (HWA) is highlighting the government’s failure to recognise the role hot water cylinders can play in decarbonising heat. The HWA’s ‘No place like home’ report claims that there is a number of gaps in government policy that negatively affect the UK’s hot water storage infrastructure. While much of its focus is on the heat source, such as boilers and heat pumps, the report says there is not enough emphasis on storage solutions, which are a vital part of a low carbon heating system.

Whitehall not showing an example

Government departments are not doing enough or prepared enough to meet Britain’s targets to combat climate change and deliver a successful COP26, a House of Lords committee has warned. The Environment and Climate Change Committee, chaired by Baroness Parminter, wrote to Alok Sharma MP, COP26 president, to express concerns about the government’s climate change decisionmaking process and how departments are held to account for developing credible green policies. The committee says that not all departments are as yet sufficiently embedding climate change into their policy-making processes and it is unclear how the centre of government is firmly holding departments to account on related policies.

Heat pump maker invests in smart factory

emission zones in cities with populations above 150,000, where most polluting cars will be banned by the end of 2024; • ban on advertising of cars that emit more than 123g CO2/km from 2028; • ban on sales of cars emitting more than 95g CO2/km by 2030, with limited exceptions for some professional vehicles; • introduction of “exemplary” energy standards for all new buildings, including commercial as well as residential; • retailers must dedicate at least 20

per cent of their supermarket space to bulk sales from 2030 to curb packaging; • protecting farmland and forests by halving the pace of transformation of these areas into construction areas during the coming decade; • creation of a tax on nitrogen-based fertilisers pending failure to reach targets on related emissions; • increased restraint on advertising screens in shop windows; • reinforcement of environmental criteria in public procurement projects.

Mitsubishi Electric Air Conditioning Systems Europe Ltd is investing £15.3m into its Livingston manufacturing facility to increase its productivity, efficiency and R&D capabilities and meet increasing demand for heat pumps. The investment will also see the Livingston facility becoming a ‘smart factory,’ helping to reduce manufacturing emissions while driving productivity gains. Scottish Enterprise is contributing to Mitsubishi Electric’s investment project with a wide package of support, including £1.8m of grant funding, creating 55 new jobs. The company’s R&D activity will support the development of next generation heat pump technology in Scotland, including investigating new ‘low global warming potential’ refrigerants and materials.

NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 07

EIBI_1121_006-7-8(MT).indd 2

09/11/2021 13:21

News Update

For all the latest news stories visit www.eibi.co.uk

Building sector off track for 2030 target

A Systems Change Lab report shows that the building sector is ‘well off-track’ to reaching net zero by 2030. Analysis across 40 different areas spanning the power sector, heavy industry, agriculture, transportation, finance and technology shows that not one is changing quickly enough to avoid 1.5C in global warming beyond pre-industrial times. Commenting on the report’s findings, Don McLean, CEO of Integrated Environmental Solutions, points out that the built environment makes up 40 per cent of the UK’s total carbon footprint. He says this is due to high and often wasteful energy use in buildings. “It’s clear we need a real push to raise awareness of not only the nature and scale of the task ahead amongst those working in the sector, but also the tools we have at our disposal that can quickly make a tangible difference.” McLean says that while constructing more energy efficient buildings for the future is laudable, it won’t address the fact that 80 per cent of the buildings that will be standing in 2050 have been built.

More support required for healthy schools

New research has revealed more support is needed to design and construct ‘healthy’ buildings in the UK education sector. The research, conducted by Rehau, analyses the insights of M&E professionals and architects working across schools and universities. It uncovers areas where small adjustments in building design can not only support academic attainment but also equip estates with services fit for future needs. Despite studies showing the connection between physical spaces and student performance, the results suggest that market realities continue to hinder best practice. Over 75 per cent of respondents, for example, said that wellbeing is often ‘value-engineered’ out of an original design. This contrasts with the 67 per cent who agreed that leaving a high-quality building for future generations was a top priority. Steve Richmond, head of marketing and technical – building solutions at Rehau, explained: “Many school buildings are in need of investment so it’s important new and refurbished ones are completed to a high standard.”

EUROPEAN COMMISSION ADOPTS KEY PRINCIPLE

Europe puts energy efficiency to the fore The European Commission is continuing to champion the concept of the Energy Efficiency First (EE1st) principle. This concept has also been adopted by the International Energy Agency. It states that, before any investment in new supply sources is considered, public authorities should calculate its relative cost-effectiveness compared with policies designed to reduce energy consumption. To promote its realisation, it has issued a formal document setting out recommendations and guidelines, intended to help with its implementation and operationalisation on the ground. The main document aims at providing clear recommendations to both national and local governments on how to apply the concept. Among others, the principle should be applied for policy, planning and investment energy-related decisions at various decision-making levels. Its application should be verified and monitored by independent entities appointed specifically by each national government. Furthermore, it recommends that relevant national regulatory authorities develop a cost-benefit assessment methodology to estimate the wider

benefits of energy savings. These include employment generation, health effects and “levelling up” in regional terms. This methodology should be made public and accessible to all relevant interests, therefore enhancing both awareness and enforcement potential. The recommendations are complemented by an extensive annex providing details on the application of the EE1st principle not only for public bodies, but for all energy and non-energy actors. In particular, the guidelines lay out three sets of

Association manifesto highlights need to prioritise decarbonising buildings The Building Engineering Services Association (BESA) has drafted a climate change manifesto that highlights the need to prioritise decarbonising buildings and the importance of the built environment as a potential source of climate change mitigation solutions. “The built environment is responsible for more than 40 per cent of global emissions so we all need to step up to the challenge, but equally, we must be part of the conversation,” says BESA chief executive officer David Frise. The Association has welcomed last week’s publication of the UK’s long-awaited Heat & Buildings Strategy, which it said offered some crucial pointers for the building engineering sector. “This is an example of how detailed sector specific plans can work in tandem with the UK’s broader headline goals and is a model for how

industries like ours can turn political vision into practical measures,” says Frise. “Our responsibility as building services engineers is to work on the detail of delivering the vision that emerges from the Glasgow meeting. Political leaders can’t be expected to understand all of the technical details and without achievable plans, their vision will fail.” BESA believes COP26 can be a catalyst for greater investment in built environment measures and create a moral context for sustainability including

questions to help screening whether the EE1st principle can be applied to a specific policy initiative, regulation or project The guidelines also provide further details on the application in different sectors from buildings to transport and ICT. Simultaneously, a new working group of the Energy Efficiency Financial Institutions Group (EEFIG) was launched; it should formulate recommendations on how the Energy Efficiency First principle can be applied in the financial sector, including for investment decisions. delivering the UK government’s ‘levelling up’ agenda. However, it says that national governments should consult industry bodies who can help them with the delivery of specific solutions and avoid creating regulation that leads to unforeseen consequences. It cites the example of increasing building insulation to improve energy efficiency without also promoting additional ventilation to avoid consequential problems with indoor air quality. As well as promoting low carbon heating, ventilation and cooling technologies, the BESA manifesto urges national regulators to focus on the full lifecycle of buildings to ensure systems are well maintained and operated. The manifesto stresses the need for greater investment in ‘green skills’ both through attracting new talent into the sector and upskilling existing workers and points out that achieving successful carbon mitigation strategies depends on a whole supply chain so deeper collaboration is needed.

08 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_006-7-8(MT).indd 3

09/11/2021 13:23

EIBI-NOV21-Samsung_Layout 1 03/11/2021 15:43 Page 1

THE WARREN REPORT

11/12.2021 Andrew Warren is chairman of the British Energy Efficiency Federation

Why has the Government ignored the ‘first fuel’ once again? So the Heat and Buildings strategy has finally seen the light of day. But energy efficiency has been left in the dark once again as the spotlight falls on the supply of heat

he Government’s longpromised Heat and Buildings strategy finally emerged just before the Glasgow COP 26 event. Over two years in gestation, the launch focussed entirely upon the declared “confirmed ambition” to eliminate new fossil fuel boilers from the marketplace within 14 years. The official press release for the strategy is entitled, optimistically: “Plan to drive down the cost of clean heat.” It includes lengthy quotations of enthusiasm from the Business Secretary, Kwasi Kwarteng, and from eight different business leaders anticipating growth and profits from its implementation. Plus, most unusually, a very upbeat statement ascribed to Prime Minister Johnson, who even followed up with a further paeon of praise in The Sun newspaper. The established mantra of “fabric first” to improve buildings has disappeared. The three-page press release contained absolutely no references to anything to do with the fabric - no references at all to windows, doors, roofs, walls, lighting, appliances, even to the word “insulation”. The focus is so much on fuels rather than building fabric that I feel the strategy is wrongly named. The conjunction needs to be substituted by a preposition. Essentially, it is a “heat in buildings” rather than a “heat and buildings” strategy. The emphasis comes down firmly in favour of electric heat pumps, subject to “expected” cost declines. The press release leads with “Government sets out plan to drive down the cost of low-carbon heating technologies like heat pumps, working with industry to ensure that in future they are no more expensive to buy and run for

consumers as (sic) fossil fuel boilers.” But even the centrepiece grant scheme is pretty half hearted. Consider. There were 30,000 heat pumps installed during 2019. The fund announced for the new strategy can only provide a part payment for, yes, 30,000 heat pumps to be installed each year during the next three financial years. Another way of expressing the “largesse” is that the £5,000 per home on offer from April 2022 to install heat pumps is identical to the money available for installing heat pumps available from October 2020 to March 2021 under the Green Homes Grant scheme. The difference is that the total budget available for the GHG scheme was due to be £1.8bn over 18 months rather than the £450m over three years now being offered. And there will be NO funds to help install any heat pumps between April 2021 and March 31 2022.

Capital cost difference At present, the capital cost difference between condensing gas boilers – the only kind now installed, rather than the “beloved combi” boilers cited by Johnson in his article in The Sun – and heat pumps is at least 4:1. The official reassurance line is that all technologies reduce in price as their marketplace grows in size. Just look at offshore wind electricity. There is one big difference. The UK was among the first countries in the world to adopt offshore wind power stations. In contrast, the worldwide market for heat pumps is already almost 20m, a year of which just 30,000 are installed in the UK. Even if Johnson’s official target of a 20-fold increase in the size of the British marketplace, the cost of each installation will only marginally

decrease in consequence. Certainly nothing to approach removing that 4:1 differential. Since the overnight demise of the Green Homes Grant scheme last March, with 80 per cent of its initial budget left unspent, I have lost count of the number of independent studies that have set out blueprints of how important it is to improve the fabric energy performance of the nation’s buildings. These point to ever- widening policy and funding gaps. They also detail how, despite having a far more energyefficient building stock than the UK, many other European nations are injecting billions into similar schemes designed to “build back better” after Covid 19. Tucked away in the Review, there is a detailed colourful chart explaining the breakdown of potential emissions savings from the heating of UK buildings during this decade. It makes plain that “measures to improve thermal performance” should be delivering well over twice as many savings as heat pumps. There is no substantive fabricrelated announcement easily identifiable in the 202-page document. Instead, the strategy mainly reiterates pre-existing policies. There is some welcome

‘The last Government strategy for demand management is nine years old. A new one is long overdue’

additional funding for local authority programmes, like the home upgrade grant concentrating upon off-gas network low-income homes, and for the social housing decarbonisation fund. There is reiteration of commitments to achieve higher energy performance certificates, particularly in rental properties both residential – especially in low-income households - and commercial (the latter seeking minimum B ratings). Following consultation this spring, there is now a formal proposal to “invite” mortgage lenders to set target for mortgage spending based on EPC standards. But these welcome individual programmes do not a strategy make. The last government strategy for demand management is nine years old. A new one is long overdue. A few days before, the government published its electricity projections to 2035. It must be the first time in well over 30 years that any UK Government has issued a power system plan of such magnitude, without making any reference at all to the benefits of improving efficiency in generation or in usage. Frankly, I cannot recall any other comparable Government elsewhere in the world so overtly and comprehensively ignoring the demand side of the energy marketplace. I really had thought that the “energy efficiency first” policy mantra, adopted by the International Energy Agency, and by the EU even while the UK was a member, meant that the days of considering energy policy to be exclusively about supply sources, had disappeared. Obviously I was wrong. Neanderthals are still roaming within the UK Business and Energy Department. 

10 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_010_(M).indd 1

04/11/2021 21:41

EIBI-NOV21-Atlas_Layout 1 03/11/2021 15:33 Page 1

Data Centre Management

Christer Frennfelt is business development manager, consultant and utility at SWEP

Liquid cooling for the cloud Data handling is big business throughout the world. Christer Frennfelt explains how liquid cooling can minimise the environmental impact of data centres

he Coronavirus pandemic has resulted in a worldwide increase in home working. This has led to even greater reliance on cloud computing as more data gets lodged somewhere in the stratosphere. Or so many of us believe. But actually of course, the data is stored in massive, energy-intensive data centres, all over the world. In July Knight Frank, the global property adviser, released findings from its Data Centre Report 20211 that show the data centre market has experienced significant growth this year. The report, published in partnership with DC Byte, the leading data centre research and analytics platform, shows EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa) markets have seen take-up rise by 4 per cent, to 120MW with a 10 per cent increase in new supply overall, totalling more than 180MW. In APAC (Asia Pacific) total supply increased by just under 200MW, reflecting a similar pace to 2020 take up – recorded at just over 800MW – making total supply 5,800MW across the region. Whether this expansion of data centres across the world is a good or bad thing is a moot point as it will continue to happen. It is therefore crucial to find ways to minimise the massive amounts of energy and water that they use and to benefit from the surplus energy that they create. Energy-efficient cooling is critical to building more sustainable data

system at a desired temperature of about 20°C. A chiller uses a vapour compression mechanical refrigeration system that connects to the process water system through a plate heat exchanger, better known as an evaporator.

More power to applications

centre operations, given that cooling costs can account for more than half of a data centre’s total annual operating cost. There are a number of ways that such cooling can be deployed.

Naturally cool water Free cooling involves lowering the air temperature in a data centre by utilising naturally cool water instead of mechanical refrigeration. The ambient outdoor air at many latitudes and elevations can be considerably cooler during certain seasons and times of the day than the air that is warmed by data centre equipment. By filtering and humidifying cooler outdoor air and converting it through a heat exchanger for use inside into the data centre, it is possible to reduce or eliminate the use of

Free cooling involves lowering the air temperature in a data centre by utilising naturally cool water

mechanical cooling for the majority of operating hours, particularly in drier and cooler climates. As an alternative, cold water sourced from a local river, lake or even the ocean can be processed through a heat exchanger into a data centre and used to achieve the same result. Systems that use this approach are often called water-side economisers, which can either be used to cool the ambient room air or they can directly cool IT equipment cabinets using rear-door heat exchangers or other systems. Mechanical cooling is only needed when the outdoor air temperature becomes too high for free cooling systems and consequently, the working life of installed refrigeration systems can be significantly extended. The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD, the temperature approach between the cold side and the warm side), can be as low as 1K. Even with a larger heat transfer area of the heat exchanger it can still work, but if the ambient goes lower than that, the chiller will take over. A further cooling technology, particularly for dealing with sudden increases in temperature, is an ice storage cooling system. Two of the most common applications of mechanical cooling are absorption cooling, working on the principle of vapour absorption, and chillers, which provide a continuous flow of coolant to the cold side of a process water

Looking ahead, liquid cooling of servers is the most energy-efficient way to drive the data centre industry forward. This allows optimum energy use in the technology suite, so that more power drives the applications on the servers, rather than the cooling systems. Smaller ‘edge’ data centre facilities (2MW or less in power capacity) that cache content locally in order to offload processing of data and services from central cloud servers, particularly benefit from liquid cooling technology over air cooling techniques. How can excess heat from data centres be utilised and not just wasted? Surplus heat, for example heat from servers or indeed other machines or industrial processes, can be sourced for various heating applications. For example, data centre excess heat obtained from cooling can be recovered using our SWEP BPHE and supplied directly to a district energy network. As waste heat is an unwanted byproduct from another application it therefore has a very low carbon footprint. Given the expansion of data centres across Europe, there is considerable potential for this type of heat recycling, though there is still some way to go to balance the potential costs with the likely environmental benefit. The rise of the data centre is likely to continue for some years to come. While much of the heat they produce is currently wasted, the applications discussed can play a key role in the future provision of affordable, sustainable and low carbon heat and in turn helping to decarbonise the planet. 

Reference 1) https://www.propertyfundsworld. com/2021/07/20/303768/pandemicdriven-data-reliance-fuels-record-datacentre-investments

12 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_012(M).indd 1

09/11/2021 08:23

EIBI-NOV21-Armstrong_Layout 1 05/11/2021 09:34 Page 1

EIBI_1121_002-0 Edit_Layout 1 09/11/2021 16:22 Page 14

ADVERTISEMENT FEATURE

Transformer Technology

Transformers for battery storage mega-project

ilson Power Solutions recently supplied 14 x 2.8MVA transformers to the 34MW/68MWh Contego project near Burgess Hill in West Sussex. The project was developed by Harmony Energy and Fotowatio Renewable Ventures (FRV). The site uses a battery storage system of 28 Tesla Megapack lithium-ion batteries with Tesla’s Autobidder AI software for real-time trading and control. This project is connected to the UK Power Network’s (UKPN) distribution network, providing the capability to store energy from renewable sources to be used during peak hours. This also increases the flexibility of the UK National Grid, while playing a part in the country’s attempt to move away from fossil fuels. All 14 Transformers that have

been supplied to the Contego site are 2800kVA Wilson e1 transformers, constructed out of aluminium and filled with oil. The Transformers are also hermetically sealed which means no air, moisture, dust, etc. can enter the tank which will dramatically

reduce maintenance costs. Wilson Power Solutions are proud to support this revolutionary battery energy storage project, taking a huge step towards the UK National Grid’s goal to decarbonise Britain’s energy grid. Our Wilson

e3 Ultra Low Loss Amorphous Transformers are considered the UK’s most energy-efficient distribution transformers. This product has helped many organisations reduce their energy waste and carbon losses. As a result, we received the Sustainability Impact Award from the Institute of Environmental Management & Assessment (IEMA) in 2019 and the Innovative Energy Project of the Year award for the Western Europe Region from the Association of Energy Engineers (AEE) in October 2021. Every battery storage project we have worked on in the past had had unique requirements. Wilson Power Solutions service these projects through our special transformers with bespoke design and build customised to the site needs and specifications.

Data Centre Management

Alex Brew is sales director UK and Ireland, Vertiv

Avoid blackouts and greenwashing By sporting a portfolio of renewable energy products data centre providers can claim 100 per cent renewable use and avoid accusations of greenwashing, says Alex Brew

inter is coming, and the UK risks facing its biggest energy crisis since 2015. Increasing energy demands and the closure of coal plants and nuclear reactors have raised concerns about how the National Grid will power homes and businesses in the coming months. In a burgeoning digital landscape where data centre expansion is necessary to meet this demand, enduser spending on global data centre infrastructure is projected to reach $200bn in 2021. This is an increase of 6 per cent from 2020, according to forecasts by Gartner. If growth in data centre demand continues at this pace, it’s predicted that 10 per cent of the world’s energy will be needed to manage data storage by 2025. Rising data centre requirements bring environmental challenges too – since facilities are estimated to be responsible for 80 megatons of CO2 per year. Couple this with their recent utility-like status, and there are more eyes than ever on data centre operators. With the European Union’s goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2030, data centre operators need to embrace renewable energy and sustainability strategies. 42 of Europe’s key cloud providers and data centres operators have already signed the European Data Strategy pact which aims to make facilities climate neutral.

More robust roadmap The self-regulated initiative was developed in co-operation with the European Commission to bolster existing green plans with a more robust roadmap. Under the pact, all facilities must use 75 per cent renewable or carbon-free energy by 2025 and be 100 per cent carbon-free by 2030. Notable companies who have committed, and begun the necessary steps towards decarbonisation, include Amazon Web Services, Google, Intel and Digital Realty. One example of how the industry is working to advance the adoption of renewable energy and sustainability strategies to reach decarbonisation goals comes from Atos – an IT services and consulting company

– and HDF Energy. Together, they recently announced plans to develop a complete end-to-end long-term solution to supply data centres with green hydrogen generated by renewable energy. Atos is designing the hardware, software and integration services, and HDF Energy is supplying a power plant to provide reliable and consistent electricity, derived from photovoltaic or wind farms. Likewise, Dropbox has made the move towards renewables by ensuring that all its data centre storage server power is covered by 100 per cent renewable electricity. Amazon is also progressing its sustainability strategy to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2040 with nine renewable energy projects across Europe and North America. Clearly, great promises are being

UPS technologies can reduce data centre reliance on the national grid

made towards decarbonisation but the implementation of carbonneutrality is achievable only if greenwashing practices are abandoned. Here, it’s important to balance ambition with an informed approach when adopting renewables, as the International Energy Agency (IEA) is keen to point out. It asks for data centre operators to proceed with care when adopting renewables and suggests the best place to start is by assessing which projects will benefit the local grid by collaborating with electricity utilities, project developers and regulators. The reason for this is because achieving 100 per cent of annual demand with renewable energy certificates (REC) is not the same as the data centre being 100 per cent powered by renewable sources

every second of the day. Instead, sustainability success for operators will come through working with local renewable power operators and establishing direct Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). It’s by sporting a portfolio of renewable energy products that data centre providers can then claim 100 per cent renewable use and avoid accusations of greenwashing. While the shift to renewables will be a prerequisite for the future of data centres, as well as for other industries, it comes with its challenges too. Energy sources such as wind and solar are less predictable than coal and nuclear power and so are less dependable. This is where demandside services can assist, by providing greater energy storage capabilities to data centres, to reduce reliance on the grid and minimise the risk of outages for general consumers. Data centres can offer these capabilities through the implementation of uninterruptible power supply (UPSs) technologies with grid support features that enable surplus renewable energy to be stored until it’s needed. This allows data centres to continue to provide optimal web services and reliable connectivity, without draining the grid. Under tariff-based schemes in specific cases, the data centre can also put surplus electricity back into the grid during peak demand, helping to provide consistent power for everyone. This also opens the option for data centre operators to generate additional revenue through the exportation of surplus stored energy back into the grid. From communication to commerce, in today’s world, society is reliant on the digital services data centres provide. But data centres can also play an intrinsic and proactive role in supporting the energy grid and the transition to renewables in both its own and other industries. As part of strengthening its facilities’ environmental credentials, UPS technologies can further reduce data centre reliance on the grid. Not only will this alleviate pressure on the grid, but it is also instrumental in avoiding disruption from power outages.

NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 15

EIBI_1121_015(M).indd 1

04/11/2021 21:53

Data Centre Management

Steve Munn is managing director of Hevasure Ltd

Monitor to keep HVAC healthy Remote monitoring of essential HVAC in data centres provides a great safety net that ensures problems are nipped in the bud. This leads to more efficient cooling, as Steve Munn explains

emand for data centre capacity is on a consistent upwards trajectory as we all become voracious users of social media, gaming and videos. Over the past decade, we’ve also seen the artificial intelligence (AI) sector more than double in size, driving innovation across the tech sphere at an unprecedented pace. Recently, the UK government published its National AI Strategy which aims to support and invest in the digital economy, putting AI at the forefront of future economic, scientific and social development. Our increasing reliance on processing-intensive applications, such as AI, put extra pressure on data centres. These essential powerhouses of modern life require huge amounts of energy to run servers, provide back-up and storage, but the greatest consumer of power is the cooling system, accounting for approximately 38 per cent of data centre energy use. Racks of servers produce vast amounts of heat and HVAC systems play a critical role in safe and efficient operations. If servers become too hot, they start to perform inefficiently and unreliably. In the event of prolonged exposure, servers will shut down completely to protect themselves, causing lasting damage to equipment or large-scale loss of crucial data. HVAC health is therefore essential and many data centre operators are turning to technological developments in remote monitoring to help mitigate against such disasters, developed specifically for high security locations. Closed circuit water systems are an essential part of overall HVAC operations that, as the name suggests, contain recirculating water and/or coolant which absorbs excess heat from data centres. A common misconception is that the sealed nature of closed-loop systems means they are low maintenance, with data centre managers relying on ad hoc water sampling to check system condition, or worse, only reacting once the system has a problem. Closed-loop systems are vulnerable to corrosion – the

unseen enemy of any water-based cooling system containing steel and other metals. Not only does corrosion lead to premature failure of components and pipework, the resultant debris causes significant loss of efficiency due to reduced heat transfer and circulation problems. In the worst-case scenario, cooling system failure could lead to outages, with devastating financial and reputational damages.

Lack of real-time data For data centres relying on sampling to detect corrosion, the lack of

‘The greatest consumer of power in a data centre is the cooling system’ real-time data usually means that the root cause of any issues remains unknown, risking repeating problems and unnecessarily high maintenance costs. Litigation in cases of water system breakdown is not uncommon, with involved

Benefits of secure HVAC monitoring There is a whole host of advantages for careful monitoring HVAC plant in data centres including: • extending the life of HVAC plant – closed-circuit HVAC systems monitored by Hevasure Aquila throughout their life will last longer and breakdown less; • increasing ROI - over a period of 10 years, 24/7 monitoring can save between tens of thousands of pounds across the board, improving energy efficiency and extending equipment life; • preventing downtime – overheating in data centres can cause operational failures. Secure

real-time monitoring keeps corrosive conditions at bay; • leaner maintenance practices – with real-time monitoring, engineers are alerted to issues that need attention before damage occur; • reducing energy requirements - corrosion in closed-circuit systems prevents efficient heat transfer, leading to higher energy costs. • improving accountability – real-time data provides transparency across the board, from construction to handover, tenants and ongoing facilities management.

parties all blaming each other for causing the downtime. The best way data centre owners can mitigate against these issues is by monitoring their closed circuit water systems in real-time, 24/7. Changes in key parameters that indicate corrosive conditions, such as dissolved oxygen levels, loss of inhibitor or low pH, are flagged up immediately, allowing problems to be nipped in the bud. Up until recently, however, this seemed at odds with safety concerns, as the information collected was stored on the cloud. To combat this issue, HVAC monitoring technology has been developed specifically for highsecurity environments where the use of cloud storage is prohibited, utilising BACnet to standardise communications between building automation devices from different manufacturers, allowing data to be shared and equipment to work together easily. Real-time measurements are sent to the BMS and any changes that exceed pre-set limits trigger alarms and intelligent messages. This approach can lead to reduced maintenance requirements overall, fewer call outs and a reduction in flushing and chemical dosing. When changes in a system occur, following routine maintenance for example, disruption in water condition is normal. Real-time monitoring can track how quickly conditions return to base levels, meaning intervention can be avoided if this happens within a reasonable time frame. A sample taken following disruption would most likely show issues that may lead to unnecessary flushing and dosing. The application of AI is increasing, from daily communications and banking to fraud protection, medical diagnosis and even building resilience to future pandemics. To meet ever-growing demand for evolving technology, data centres must themselves utilise innovative technological developments. Secure HVAC monitoring serves this goal, allowing data centres to reduce costs and energy usage, while improving performance and reliability. 

16 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_016(M).indd 1

09/11/2021 16:10

EIBI_1121_002-0 Edit_Layout 1 09/11/2021 19:19 Page 16

Data Centre Management

James Smurthwaite is business development manager at Mitsubishi Electric

Reuse data centre waste heat James Smurthwaite believes that the UK could follow the example of Stockholm and ensure that waste heat from data centres is put to good use in providing heat and hot water

ata centres and IT server rooms are now critical to the running of almost every sector in the UK, and the UK data centre market will reach a value of almost £6.5bn by 2025. More and more industries and processes are becoming digitised - from high street shopping to manufacturing - and the truth is that this uses vast amounts of data. On top of this, more employees have been working from home since the beginning of the pandemic, and businesses rely on servers and databases in order to keep employees connected to colleagues and clients. All of this requires data centres to keep running effectively 24/7. Critically, they need to stay cool and operate at full capacity. This uses up a lot of energy, and means data centres, and on-premise IT rooms, can be very energy intensive. In fact, there are almost 6m/m2 of data centre space globally, and it was estimated in 2019 that data centres consume 2.89TWh of power per year. As a result of this energy use, data centres must reduce the amount of energy they use in order to support the UK’s goal of reaching net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Fortunately, reusing heat is an effective way to reduce energy use. This article will look into how air conditioning can help data centre operators and IT managers make a difference to the energy usage of their buildings. There is already a Climate Change Agreement (CCA) that data centres have committed to. This is an agreement negotiated with the government, offered to energy-intensive industries, and participants commit to energy efficiency targets which are specific to that industry in return for a reduction in, or exclusion from, paying some carbon-related taxes. In 2020, the government announced that the current agreements in place would be extended until 2025. This means that data centres will continue to have their carbon emissions and energy use measured against agreed targets for the next five years. The potential cost savings

Waste heat from 30 data centres in Stockholm, Sweden, is fed into the city’s district heating network

associated with increasing energy efficiency are particularly significant in the UK, where data centres face higher energy costs than many other parts of the world, and because the pandemic has increased demand for data centres, the global marketplace has become more competitive than ever.

Remote from businesses Because data centres are often remote from the businesses they support, the geographical location of a client is often not a deciding factor in selecting which data centre is chosen. Instead, the cost savings it can bring and its energy efficiency standards have become bigger priorities for customers to weigh up. As a result, there is a compelling commercial benefit to data centres owners and operators if they prioritise making as many energy reductions as possible. This is where air conditioning comes in, as it can provide a real opportunity to offer energy efficient cooling for spaces where keeping things cool is business critical. By nature, data centres and IT rooms produce large amounts of heat as a by-product of cooling. This heat is often simply expelled from

the building, but there is technology already available which can re-use this heat effectively. Heat recovery captures heat rejected from a cooling system and applies it to other areas of building services. This could be space or water heating, and it makes it possible to save large amounts of energy while reducing long-term operational costs. In a building or room which ejects large amounts of heat, being able to use that energy elsewhere has enormous potential. In buildings where an IT cooling room operates onsite, the heat extracted from that room can be provided to other occupied spaces like offices, where heating is required to keep employees comfortable. It can also help boost the temperature of hot water, and reduce the load on boilers.

Potential to re-use waste heat The recovered heat from large data centres can also potentially be used more widely. Through district heating networks, waste heat from one data centre can be delivered to other nearby buildings. This is already a well-used model in Scandinavia, and data centres are

designed to be able to make use of the local district heating network. Stockholm in particular is a pioneer in the use of waste heat, with more than 30 data centres already located there, which feed their waste heat into the 2,800km district heating network. There is also an opportunity for data centres to move away from gas boilers altogether and make use of clean electricity. For example, there are already chillers available which offer simultaneous heating and remove the need for a gas connection all together. Finally, a dedicated heat recovery heat pump could also be a viable solution. Water-source heat pumps get their energy from condensed water or return chiller water, and are an excellent solution for large, water-cooled chiller applications. Data centres play a very important role in keeping businesses across all sectors in the UK running effectively. Technology is now an integral part of our lives and how we work, so data centres will likely only become more critical. At the same time, they are significant energy users, and have a responsibility to find more energy efficient, sustainable ways of cooling and heating. 

18 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_018(M).indd 1

09/11/2021 10:35

ESTA VIEWPOINT For further information on ESTA visit www.estaenergy.org.uk

Let’s avoid a carbon rebound

New research reveals the pandemic hasn’t put the brakes on energy efficiency investment. Ian Jeffries shares his thoughts on the future of the market for public and private sector organisations

EVS has recently launched the latest instalment in our Energy Efficiency Trends series, which lifts the lid on investment patterns for 2020/21 by means of industry research. The Energy Services and Technology Association (ESTA) has played a key role in supporting this vital research. As we launch our Energy Efficiency Manifesto in November, I am very pleased indeed to see the relaunch of the EEVS Energy Efficiency Trends report,” said Mervyn Pilley, ESTA director. “This report has always been of great importance to us at ESTA. Getting up to date information about what is happening in the energy efficiency sector is vitally important at the very moment when energy efficiency solutions have never been more needed.” There are five key findings that I’ve taken away from the research. COVID-19 hasn’t put the brakes on energy efficiency investment. I’m pleased to say that UK public and private sector organisations have used the pandemic to undertake energy efficiency projects across their property estates. Despite the uncertainty caused by COVID-19, as many as 88 per cent of respondents reported that they had commissioned and delivered projects in 2020. This provides a much-needed boost to the UK’s net zero ambitions,

Ian Jeffries is managing director of EEVS

Many energy teams will be focused on how their real estate strategy aligns with their net-zero vision demonstrating that organisations are still prioritising carbon footprint reductions in the face of other presiding global challenges. Ventilation has become a priority. The age of COVID-19 has led to a surge in ventilation projects, as

organisations across the public and private sectors deliver schemes to help reduce the risk of transmission – with a two-fold increase in reported uptake of office ventilation, cooling and air conditioning in 2020/21. On the flipside, anecdotal evidence shows that a number of offices are now operating fresh air ventilation rather than re-circulation, leading to concerns about the impact on energy consumption and the ability to operate as energy efficiently. Buildings in the age of COVID-19 will undoubtedly continue to need increased ventilation, but this must be delicately balanced with a commitment to reducing business carbon footprint.

Key catalysts for projects

The climate emergency and corporate reputation go hand in hand. Nearly two thirds of respondents to our survey stated that the climate emergency and the reputational impact of not taking climate action are key catalysts for energy efficiency projects. With people continuing to return to offices in their droves, there is a potential scenario where increased energy usage will lead to a carbon rebound. Many energy teams will already be focused on how their real estate strategy aligns with their corporate net zero vision – but they need to do this by preparing for a carbon rebound and, crucially, should

now be making plans to mitigate it. Supplier savings claims are increasingly being scrutinised and checked. I was delighted to see that almost 66 per cent of organisations we spoke to reported that they undertook performance measurement and verification of supplier claims in relation to their energy efficiency investments. This compares to just 24 per cent in 2012 when we began running our survey. Independent, expert verification of the energy and cost savings associated with projects is increasingly seen as essential for accountability and governance purposes, as well as to build trust and credibility in supplier performance claims. Government support could be the great enabler. We found an overriding expectation from the market for Government to do more to promote the energy efficiency agenda, with just under 40 per cent of energy efficiency businesses stating that Government policy in this area was either ‘very ineffective’ or ‘ineffective’. Following on the heels of our research, the recently launched Net Zero and Heat and Buildings strategies show a clear step in the right direction. I welcome the level of investment in upskilling the public sector on carbon reductions, and fully support the proposal to introduce a regulatory requirement for a performance-based energy rating in private industrial and commercial properties. Timely and joined-up Government intervention can pave the way for the sector to achieve net zero. From a business consumer perspective, we found that only 10 per cent regularly access Government funding for their energy efficiency projects. This could well be an avenue for further investment and support by Government, stimulating sustained carbon reduction activity from corporate property owners. As more businesses plot the return to the office, let’s do everything we can – as consumers of energy, suppliers of solutions, and policy makers – to prevent a carbon rebound and keep up momentum on tackling the climate emergency. • To read EEVS’ Energy Efficiency Trends 2021 report, visit eevs.co.uk/ eevs-energy-efficiency-trends-2021

NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 19

EiBI_1121_019_ESTA(M).indd 1

09/11/2021 10:36

EIBI_1121_002-0 Edit_Layout 1 09/11/2021 16:25 Page 20

New Products App offers access to HVAC solutions Customers looking for fast and easily accessible information when looking for HVAC solutions can now benefit from having all the information required at their fingertips with Aermec’s free App. “Aermec’s App has been developed with the customer at the forefront and being able to easily access the information they require. The App provides a fast and easy platform for us to engage with our customers and adds value by offering an instant and better customer service,” says Michele Gioachin, export sales manager, Aermec S.p.A. It is estimated that there are over 3.5bn smart phone users worldwide, mobile app use has exploded and no business can afford to be without such a dynamic tool. Aermec’s dedicated App offers a reliable, convenient and speedy access to information for all Aermec products and solutions for heating, air conditioning and air treatment close at hand. But the App offers more than just a digital catalogue packed with Aermec products and solutions for heating and air conditioning. Customers can benefit from easy access to a wide range of technical information relating to the selected product and also search for their nearest Aermec contact.

Stylish covers for domestic ventilation Airflow Developments has always offered the flexibility to upgrade from your standard white iCON fan to a beautifully new coloured cover. That is not to say the existing colours are going anywhere, these new ones are being added to the collection. Now with our new trendy covers, your iCON will give any room great coordination whilst giving your décor a brilliant pop of colour. Colours such as ultimate grey, turquoise and navy blue are in, making any room sleek and stylish. The covers are easy to fit with a simple twist and click. Clean the cover by gently wiping over with a damp cloth. These colours have a soothing effect

on us mentally. For example, lighter blues like turquoise are very good at calming the mind and aiding concentration. That is why they work so well in our homes. Grey on the other hand represents neutrality and balance. The iCON fan gives a balance to any room it is in by extracting dirty air, letting new fresh air take its place. Turquoise and navy blue and ultimate grey are classic bathroom colours as they always give a nice airy open feel to even the smallest of utility rooms. With a matt finish meaning the colours never overpower a room. These cooler tones make a warm and steamy kitchen/ bathroom have a bright and clean feel to them.

Produced in Association with

SERIES 19 / Module 05

Passivhaus

Passivhaus: delivering transformational buildings

by Gareth Veal PhD, MEI, CEng, CEM, Certified Passivhaus Designer (CEPH)

For details on how to obtain your Energy Institute CPD Certificate, see ENTRY FORM and details on page 24

he UK is targeting a 78 per cent reduction in GHG emissions by 2035, leading towards Net Zero by 2050. Our built environment will play a pivotal role in delivering these targets, as the UK’s building stock currently produces 27 per cent of our GHG emissions. Delivering on our GHG reduction and energy efficiency ambitions for the built environment would¹: • make our overall climate mitigation ambitions feasible, given the large proportion of emissions which come from buildings; • deliver the most cost-effective route to reducing GHG emissions from buildings, since investments in energy efficiency are typically more attractive than those in renewable capacity; • support the transition to a grid powered by renewables by significantly reducing the total demand for electricity, and the peak loads which the grid must be sized to meet; • enable the transition to heat pumps as gas boilers are phased out, by delivering efficient buildings which have the low and steady heat demand profiles that best suit heat pumps; • create business opportunities and jobs. It is estimated that the energy retrofit sector will create 2m new jobs as we deliver our GHG emission reduction targets for buildings; • reduce fuel bills, improving competitiveness for industry and addressing the fuel poverty faced by 3.3m UK households; • transform our built environment, delivering fresh air year-round via mechanical ventilation with heat

recovery, plus stable temperatures for warmth in the winter and avoiding summertime overheating; and • radically improve health and wellbeing by tackling the millions of cold, damp and uncomfortable buildings which impact the population’s productivity and wellbeing at work and health and comfort at home. For example, treating conditions related to poor quality housing is estimated to cost the NHS £1.4bn each year. While the technologies exist to deliver new build and retrofit projects to net zero emission levels of performance, there is a need to accelerate and formalise the means of delivering these projects at scale. This is where the Passivhaus standard provides an excellent insight as to what is possible and how it might be delivered.

First developed in Germany

The first Passivhaus was developed in Germany in 1990 and since then approximately 60,000 buildings have been delivered to this outstanding level of performance. The BRE states: “The core focus of Passivhaus is to dramatically reduce the requirement for space heating and cooling, whilst also creating excellent indoor comfort levels. This is primarily achieved by adopting a fabric first approach to the design …which can be applied not only to the residential sector but also to commercial, industrial and public buildings”². Although Passivhaus is a voluntary standard, it is fast becoming the

reference point for those looking to deliver on climate ambitions, to help tenants avoid fuel poverty, and to deliver health and wellbeing via excellent levels of thermal comfort and air quality. The standard has been successfully applied to a wide range of building types, including residential, schools, offices, hospitals, sports halls, industrial buildings, museums, supermarkets, and other commercial settings. The Passivhaus database holds examples of different applications within many sectors and from around the world, also promoting Passivhaus open days for those who wish to take a closer look³. One common concern is that building to the Passivhaus standard is too expensive to be applicable in mainstream circumstances. However, this is far from the case, for example as evidenced by the success of ‘Exeter City Living’ in championing Passivhaus in various forms of social housing⁴; or the Goldsmith Street development which won the 2019 Stirling Prize awarded by RIBA, plus the Neave Brown Award for the best examples of affordable housing⁵. The cost of delivering Passivhaus projects has rapidly fallen as experience of the 60,000 or so Passivhaus projects delivered to date has supported innovation and learning. In 2015, a cost uplift of 15-20 per cent was to be expected when building to the Passivhaus standard, this was assessed to have fallen to 8 per cent in a study reviewing 2018 data, with a projection that the cost uplift could be reduced to 4 per cent as Passivhaus Produced in Association with

NOVEMBER � DECEMBER 2021 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 21

EIBI_1121_021-24(M).indd 1

08/11/2021 10:27

Produced in Association with

SERIES 19 / Module 05

Passivhaus

is adopted at scale⁶. Certainly, project teams are reporting that if Passivhaus is adopted at early stages of a development, so that optimisation of the design can be used to manage costs, then cost need not be a barrier to the adoption of Passivhaus standard.

'Agnostic' construction type

The Passivhaus standard is ‘agnostic’ in terms of construction type and has been successfully applied to a wide range of systems. Passivhaus can be achieved with all standard construction techniques and shouldn’t impinge upon design creativity, especially if considered from the project outset. Rather than being prescriptive in how the targets are met, Passivhaus sets some basic performance parameters, leaving how they are achieved to be decided on a project-by-project basis. Rather than describe these criteria in more detail here, the summary in the table above gives a sense of their purpose, while the full list of the certification criteria for Passivhaus is available online.⁷ In terms of delivery, the Passivhaus standard provides a set of performance thresholds, a calculation tool, and a certification/quality control process which ensures that a project clears three hurdles: design, construction, and commissioning. The Passivhaus standard has consistently closed the historic ‘performance gap’ between the performance of a building as anticipated at the design stage, versus their actual performance in use.⁸ The concepts underpinning Passivhaus designs are discussed below and covered in more detail by the Passivhaus Easi Guide, which does an excellent job of demystifying the process of designing to the Passivhaus standard and is suggested reading to complement this CPD article. • free heat in winter from solar gains. Orientate predominant facades south, or at least ideally no more than +/- 30º from south. Locate living and other primary spaces with larger windows on the south facade, shade these using horizontal shading to protect from high angle summer sun. Limit overshadowing by considering how buildings will impact each other in terms of developing a site plan. • simple building form (i.e. shape) for the building’s warm spaces, reducing heat losses by presenting a low exposed surface area. Be clear about the line of the thermal envelope of the building. Delineate and cluster cold spaces such as bike and bin stores early on, and ideally locate them on the north facade, since they

Core Passivhaus Criteria METRIC

PERFORMANCE THRESHOLD

OBJECTIVE

Space heating demand

<15 kWh/m.yr

Manages building fabric losses.

Primary energy demand (PER) including all energy uses

Manages total energy use within the building to ensure an efficient fabric is not compromised by high levels of energy use within the building.

<60 kWh/m.yr

Reduces internal gains, helping to manage summer comfort / overheating and rewards the use of efficient sources of heat generation and onsite renewables.

Airtightness

<0.6 ACH @ 50 Pa

Avoids uncontrolled losses through draughts and enables the use of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery, saving energy and giving excellent air quality year-round, even in the winter when windows are typically closed. Protects the building fabric from moisture damage.

Frequency of overheating

Internal temperature below 25°C for at least 90 per cent of the year, with a 95 per cent threshold typically applied as best practice.

Ensures that the building is comfortable year-round, e.g. guiding glazing design and the management of internal gains.

(NB: UK values shown, other localities use different values based upon regional climate data)

do not make use of solar gains. Use thermally independent elements to add character to the design without compromising performance. For example, porches, balconies, and other external features can be made free standing and independent of significant interaction with the thermal envelope of the building. This approach helps to avoid unnecessary heat losses without compromising project aesthetics. The ‘form factor’ of ‘exposed external surface area’ divided by ‘internal floor area’ is a useful metric for comparing options and optimising designs. • high levels of insulation and significantly reduced thermal bridges. The U-values required will depend to a certain extent upon the building’s orientation, form factor and other design decisions. See section 7 of the Passivhaus Easi guide for typical values and build ups of different

building elements. It is important to maintain a continuous thermal envelope, avoiding ‘thermal bridges’ which break the insulation layer with non-insulating materials. This is best done by clearly delineating a ‘structural’ zone of the construction, separate to an ‘insulation’ zone as far as possible. Utilising standard details and construction systems can help in these efforts.¹⁰ • an extremely airtight building fabric coupled with efficient background mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR). Avoids energy losses and comfort issues associated with draughts and enables the use of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery, saving energy and giving excellent year-round air quality, even in the winter when windows are typically closed. Protects the building fabric from moisture damage caused by uncontrolled movement The concepts underpinning Passivhaus design and delivery are summarised extremely well in the Passivhaus Easi Guide. It focuses upon medium density housing, but the principles discussed apply to all Passivhaus projects.⁹

of moist air. It is suggested that MVHR units should not be located in a living room or bedroom to help with noise management. Whatever the location, Passivhaus sets sound level thresholds which are verified via measurement post construction to ensure that MVHR does not cause any noise issues. • high-performance triple glazed windows with window proportions that are based on orientation. Windows are an important part of the energy balance of a Passivhaus and should be sized and managed across each elevation to maximise solar gain during the heating season and to minimise summertime overheating. With these ambitions in mind, suggested glazing ratios for each elevation are: north - 10-15 per cent (minimise losses as there are few solar gains here); east/west - 10-20 per cent (losses less of an issue than north facing, also needs careful consideration to manage overheating due to low angle sun); south - 20-30 per cent (making the most of solar gains, perhaps with horizontal shading to avoid overheating by blocking high angle summer sun). Window installation details require careful consideration to avoid thermal bridging defeating the performance of high-quality triple glazing. Windows should be installed in line with the insulation layer, ideally with insulation overlapping the frames Finally, Passivhaus specifies that windows should open to provide purge ventilation and to support the management of overheating via night time ventilation in the summer. The opening windows will ideally work together to provide ‘cross ventilation’ across the floorplan, or ‘stack ventilation’ which is achieved when the

22 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER � DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_021-24(M).indd 2

08/11/2021 10:27

Produced in Association with

SERIES 19 / Module 05

Passivhaus

“Passivhaus can be achieved with all standard construction techniques and shouldn't impinge upon design creativity”

windows are at different heights. • accurately predicted energy use modelling via the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP). The PHPP tool creates an energy balance for the project. Total losses are tallied by source: i.e. from controlled ventilation, infiltration (uncontrolled draughts), thermal bridges, plus heat losses via the walls, floor, roof and windows These losses are then referenced against the total solar gains from the sun, plus internal gains from occupants and equipment in the building. The difference is made up by the heating system and this value per unit of floor area defines one of the fundamental performance metrics of the Passivhaus standard. The model tracks the design from early stages, where it can be used to assess options during design optimisation, through to post completion where it is updated with ‘as built values’ such as the air test result and any changes to insulation products used. The PHPP model therefore acts as the backbone for the quality assurance process, since certification is based upon the final ‘as built’ PHPP model. • appropriate allowances and frameworks for retrofit projects.

The Passivhaus methodology and associated PHPP modelling is applied to retrofit projects via the EnerPHit standard.¹¹ The standard makes some allowances for reduced performance when dealing with existing buildings, for example reflecting that building orientation and glazing ratios are already largely fixed. The standard also makes allowance for ‘difficult-to-treat’ buildings, via the component route which instead of setting an absolute performance standard for the building as a whole, sets performance criteria which each element must meet, effectively acknowledging that the building has reached the best it could be. Finally, it is possible to undertake a staged EnerPHit project, whereby a whole building design is developed, and the work is undertaken as part of an ongoing asset management programme as building elements such as the roof, or windows reach a natural point where replacement is due. This staged EnerPHit helps to ensure a holistic design is developed, avoiding any false starts and conflicts between early work and following steps. • robust quality assurance processes during construction and commissioning, plus independent

certification. The Passivhaus standard requires the submission of a detailed set of construction evidence and commissioning results to confirm that the design intent has been upheld at these later stages of the project. Collation of this data and preparation of the PHPP model for the project is undertaken by the Passivhaus Designer, whose work is checked against supporting evidence by an independent Passivhaus Certifier. The status of Passivhaus certifiers and designers can be verified via a central database.¹² Examples of the site evidence required, and a typical site manager’s declaration are available online, for example via Passivhaus certification providers.¹³ It is essential that the construction team understand and are onboard with the requirements of Passivhaus. It can help to either hire certified Passivhaus tradespeople, or to have key members of the team take this qualification. It is also recommended to appoint an Air Tightness Champion for the project to oversee connections between trades and the delivery of key details. Site training upfront, toolbox talks, and subsequent visits by the designer and sometimes also the certifier give

important opportunities to engage the site team and spot any issues early on, while they can still be rectified. There are several courses which would represent logical next steps if you want to learn more about the Passivhaus standard and contribute to the opportunity to decarbonise the built environment as part of our response to climate change.¹⁴ For example, the Certified Passivhaus Designer course requires a commitment of roughly 100 hours, at a cost of around £2,000.

REFERENCES 1) 2) 3) 4)

www.passivhaustrust.org.uk/guidance_detail.php?gId=51 www.bregroup.com/a-z/the-passivhaus-standard https://passivehouse-database.org www.houseplanninghelp.com/wp-content/ uploads/2016/09/Exeter-City-Council-Scheme-Information. pdf 5) www.passivhaustrust.org.uk/news/detail/?nId=859 6) https://www.passivhaustrust.org.uk/guidance_detail. php?gId=41 7) https://passiv.de/downloads/03_building_criteria_en.pdf 8) Using Passivhaus methodology to eliminate performance gap: www.cibse.org/knowledge/knowledge-items/ detail?id=a0q20000008I74b 9) Passivhaus Easi Guide: www.passivhaustrust.org.uk/news/ detail/?nId=899 10) www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/passivhaus-thermal-bridgesand-psi-values/ 11) www.passivhaustrust.org.uk/competitions_and_campaigns/ passivhaus-retrofit 12) https://cms.passivehouse.com/en/training/find-professional/ 13) https://peterwarm.co.uk/resources#certification 14) https://passivhaustrust.org.uk/certified_training_events.php

NOVEMBER � DECEMBER 2021 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 23

EIBI_1121_021-24(M).indd 3

08/11/2021 10:28

SERIES 19 / Module 02 05

“Energy in Buildings and Industry and the Energy Institute are delighted to have teamed up to bring you this Continuing Professional Development initiative”

Refrigeration Passivhaus

ENTRYFORM FORM ENTRY

MARK THROWER Managing Editor

Please mark your answers below by placing a cross in the box. Don't forget that some questions might have more

Please mark your answers by placing cross into the box.the Don't forget that some questions might have more than one than one correct answer.below You may find itahelpful mark answers in pencil first before filling in the final answers in correct answer. You may find it helpful mark the answers in pencil firstaddress before filling in the final answers in ink. Once you have ink. Once you have completed the to answer sheet, return it to the below. Photocopies are acceptable. completed the answer sheet, return it to the address below. Photocopies are acceptable.

Questions

Questions 1. What is the significance of emission reductions in

□ Form factor = exposed external surface area x internal floor buildings to the UK’s climate targets? area 6) Form What is a=typical range COP?external surface area 1) Refrigeration for what factor internal floor areafor / exposed there areaccounts few energy savings to bepercentage made within ourof □ □ Marginal, = energy demand /SEPTEMBER internal floor area building stock. total global electricity use. 1-3 factor □ Form SERIES 18 | MODULE 03 SERIES 17 09 | MARCH 20202020 Pivotal, UK’s building stock currently produces 27 per cent □ 10 perthe cent 1-4 of the Passivhaus standard’s performance □ □Which 6. of our GHG emissions. thresholds per cent □ □ 2-5 helps ensure that an efficient building fabric is not Zero, savings are available but prohibitively expensive to □ 14 compromised by high levels of energy use? per cent 3-10 □ 17 deliver. SMART GRIDS□□ Space heating demand: <15 kWh/m2.yr SPACE HEATING Small, a small persavings cent are available, but buildings represent □ 19 2.yr mark your answers below by placing cross in the box. Don't forget that some Primary energyaademand (PER): <60 kWh/m proportion of the UK’s total GHG emissions.Please Please mark your answers□ below by placing cross the box. Don't forget that some 7) Which of these isinnot a type refrigeration questions might have more than one correct answer. You itof helpful to mark the Airtightness: <0.6 ACH @ 50may Pa find □ questions might have more than one correct answer. You may find it helpful to mark the answers in pencil first before filling in the final answers in ink. Once you have 2. Why arepercentage Passivhaus levels energy efficiency essential compressor? 2) What of aofsupermarket’s energy Frequency overheating: temp. 25°Ccompleted for at least 90 □ answers in pencil first before filling in theoffinal answers inInternal ink. Once you<have completed the answer return it to the address below. Photocopies are acceptable. whenisseeking to decarbonise the UK’s building stock?sheet, cent of the year Photocopies are acceptable. the answer sheet, return it□ to per the address below. use accounted for by refrigeration? Scroll Because energy efficiency represents the most cost-effective □ 70 per cent Screw □ □What 7. is the upper limit for a facade to count as South route to reducing GHG emissions from buildings. facing, therefore maximizing solar gains during the heating QUESTIONS 60 per cent Script □ □ to a grid QUESTIONS □ Because the savings delivered support the transition period? per cent Reciprocating■ Facilitate the connection of distributed □ 50 □main 1) The establishment of the powered by renewables. 1. Which is the most common media in from6.South Which is thegeneration ‘delivery end’ ofvariable a vapourloads transmission grid began which renewable and +/5 degrees □inheating Because efficient buildings support the adoption of heat per cent □ 40 wetdecade? systems? compression heat pump system? such as electric vehicles and heat pumps +/- 10 degrees from South □ pumps as gas boilers are phased out. 8) What savings could be expected from a 1oC ■ The evaporator High temperature hot water ■ 1940s □ +/- 30 degrees from■ South All of the above □ What 7) What doeshead the abbreviation VPPcontrol? stand for? reduction from floating pressure 3) is the most common type of refrigeration ■ Steam The condenser ■ 1930s ■ South +/- 40 degrees from □ 1960s purchase programme 3. Isn’t delivering buildings to the Passivhaus■■standard Low temperature hot water The compressor cycle? 2-4 per cent ■■ Volume □The 8. thickness of insulation required deliver protectionto programme ■ prohibitively expensive? The slinky ■ Cold water ■ Voluntary □ Absorption □ 3-5 2) Which key parameters need to beper cent ■ Virtual power plant Passivhaus…. Yes, Passivhaus is a standard for ‘Grand Design’ type projects □ controlled by smart grids? 4-6 per cent condensation □ Vapour 2. What is the most common□ space heating these factors is usedon byaaproject-byweather …. is not impacted7.byWhich otherofdesign decisions only. and frequency ■ fuelVoltage in the UK? compensation controlbe system? Electricity cannot stored in large project basis. compression 5-7 per cent 8) □ Vapour □ Yes, the relatively modest certification fees involved are not Frequency and current ■ by requiredthermal byhouseholders? Building oil Building inertia Regulations. ■ Fuel ■ quantities □ …. is the same as that recoupedevaporation by the robust quality assurance process which □ Vapour current and frequency ■ Voltage, as onlytables large utilities ■ of day ■ Electricity ■ False …. can be looked up inTime standard and is and fixedindustrial/ for all □ improves project quality. commercial energy providers can provide 9) Increasing a condenser size by 30 per cent Natural gas Outside air temperature ■ ■ projects. 3) What’s thefrom main source of large-scale No, the uplift for achieving Passivhaus has fallen rapidly, storage facilities □ might realise savings of? 4) Which part of the refrigeration system uses Coal Date ■ ■ renewable generation connecting to project to □ …. varies 15-20 per cent in 2015, to 8 per cent in 2018, and is projected False for example depending upon the ■project, orientation, form factor, and other design decisions. thetomost 5 per cent □ building’s as householders can store electricity settle atinput ~4 perenergy? cent as the standard is adoptedthe at grid? scale. ■ True Biomass What is a typical dry bulb space temperature 8. Which of these factors is used by ancharging optimum in standalone batteries when No, delivering the Passivhaus standard is now■3. always entirely 10 per cent □ Evaporator □What 9. is the airtightness threshold valueorfor certification in forWind a home? start control system? farms ■ their electric vehicles cost neutral. new build perprojects? cent ■ Level of building occupancy □ Compressor □ 15 ■ 160Cfarms ■ Solar <0.6 ACHcent @ 50 Pa9) 4. Which of the following best describes Passivhaus Condenser 20 per Outside airmain temperature is the benefit of smart meters? ■ 190C ■ What □ □ 4) variable ACH @ 50 Pa■■ They construction options? 220Care the main forms Boileravoid capacity the need for meter readers ■ What □of<0.5 Defrosting □ electrical loads connecting at the It isn’t possible to say without examining the building’s 240C Boiler flowfirst temperature ■ household provide accurate and timely ■ They ■ □ frame level? □ Passivhaus is easiest to achieve when using timber 10) What percentage of recovered heat could information on power flows across the be form factor. construction. ■ Electric vehicles and heat pumps smart grid ‘high-grade’? 5) COSP is short for 4. What is currently the most common 9. Which types of space heating system can >0.5 ACH @ 50 Pa □ meters ■ Smartconcrete □ Passivhaus is easiest to achieve when using insulated They facilitate the systems export of ■ construction material for panel5 building management besurplus used to control? System Pressure per cent □ Coefficient □ radiators? formwork (ICF)of construction. ■ Home automation devices fromglazing household solarfor PVeach panels 10. Why is it importantelectricity to manage ratios Cast iron Any ■ ■ The Passivhausofstandard is ‘agnostic’ in terms of construction System Performance 10 per cent □ Coefficient □ facade? Pressed steel Wet systems ■ ■ 5) What is the main threat to smart grids? techniques andofhas been applied to all standard construction What does thenot technology VtG represent? Specific Performance 15 per cent 10) □ Coefficient windows Castof aluminium handlingdo plant see much sun. ■ Cost ■ Air implementation□ Because North facing ■ types. Variablewindows Geometry Turbochargers - morning ■ facing Because East / West low angle Coefficient of Specific Pressure 20 per cent □ Copper Boilers to allowreceive ■ □ ■ Cyber attacks ■ designed the effective aspect □ Passivhaus is easiest to achieve when using traditional and evening sun, making them harder to shade. Lack of experience and expertise ■ ratio of a turbocharger to be altered as masonry construction. glazing receives 5. Which of these is a key component of a South facing 10.conditions What is a thermostat? change good levels of sun and □ Because mechanical ventilation system? 6) What are the main benefits of smart therefore offers net gains during theassociated heating season. 5. Which of the following is a simple metric for comparing the Volume of Trapped Gas with ■ A temperature sensitive switch ■energy the above ■ respiration ‘form factor’ of different design options? A fan □ All ofpower ■ grids? A temperature sensor Reduce the need for centralised ■ Vehicle to Grid enabling EV batteries to ■ An atrium ■ A proportional control device = exposed external surface area in /■ internal floor □ Form factor Please complete your details below block capitals. generation discharge to the grid to ‘smooth’ high ■ A chimney A digital display device ■ area electricity peak demand profiles. ■ Encourage connection of electric vehicles

ENTRY FORM

■ Opening windows

Please Pleasecomplete completeyour yourdetails detailsbelow belowin inblock blockcapitals capitals

Please complete your details below in block capitals.

Business ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Name Name......................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................(Mr. (Mr.Mrs, Mrs,Ms) Ms).................................... ....................................

Name....................................................................................................... (Mr. Mrs, Ms) ....................................................................................................................................................... Business Address ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Business Business.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Business ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Business BusinessAddress Address................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Business Address ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ...................................................................................................................Post Code ...........................................................................................................................................................

How to obtain a CPD accreditation from the Energy Institute This is the second module in the nineteenth series focuses fifth module in the nineteenth series andand focuses on on Refrigeration. It is accompanied by a set of Passivhaus construction. It is accompanied bymultiple-choice a set of multiplequestions. choice questions. To qualify for a CPD certificate readers must submit at least eight of the ten sets of questions from this series of modules to EiBI for the Energy Institute to mark. Anyone achieving at least eight out of ten correct answers on eight separate articles qualifies for an Energy Institute CPD certificate. This can be obtained, on successful completion of the course and notification by the Energy Institute, FREE OF CHARGE for both Energy Institute members and non-members. The articles, written by a qualified member of the Energy Institute, will appeal to those new energy management and to Energy in and and the Energy Institute are Energy inBuildings Buildings andIndustry Industry and theto Energy Institute aredelighted delighted to with more experience of the subject. have teamed up you Professional havethose teamed upto tobring bring youthis thisContinuing Continuing ProfessionalDevelopment Development initiative. Modules from the past 18 series can be obtained free of initiative. This is module series and focuses onon Smart Grids. It charge. Send yourin request to editor@eibi.co.uk. Alternatively, This isthe thethird ninth module inthe theeighteenth seventeenth series and focuses Space is accompanied bydownloaded a set of multiple-choice questions. Heating. is accompanied by a set of multiple-choice questions. theyItcan be from the EiBI website: www.eibi.co.uk

How to obtain a CPD accreditation from the Energy Institute

To Toqualify qualifyfor foraaCPD CPDcertificate certificatereaders readersmust mustsubmit submitat atleast leasteight eightof ofthe the ten tensets setsof ofquestions questionsfrom fromthis thisseries seriesof ofmodules modulesto toEiBI EiBIfor forthe theEnergy Energy SERIES JUNE 2021 � MAY 2022 Institute to Anyone achieving at eight of Institute tomark. mark.19 Anyone achieving atleast least eightout out often tencorrect correctanswers answerson on eight articles qualifies eightseparate separate articles qualifiesfor foran anEnergy EnergyInstitute InstituteCPD CPDcertificate. certificate.This Thiscan canbe be 1. Electric Vehicles obtained, obtained,on onsuccessful successfulcompletion completionof ofthe thecourse courseand andnotification notificationby bythe theEnergy Energy 2. Refrigeration Refrigeration Institute, Institute,free freeof ofcharge chargefor forboth bothEnergy EnergyInstitute Institutemembers membersand andnon-members. non-members. 3. Underfloor Heating* Heating The Thearticles, articles,written writtenby byaaqualified qualifiedmember memberof ofthe theEnergy EnergyInstitute, Institute,will willappeal appeal 4. Combined Heat & Power* Power to those new to energy management and those with more experience to those new to energy management and those with more experienceof ofthe the 5. Humidification* Passivhaus subject. subject. 6. Smart Buildings* Modules from the past 16 series can be obtained free of charge. Send Modules from the past 16 series can be obtained free of charge. Send your to Alternatively, 7. Photovoltaics & Batteries* yourrequest request toeditor@eibi.co.uk. editor@eibi.co.uk. Alternatively,they theycan canbe bedownloaded downloaded from website: fromthe the EiBIHandling* website:www.eibi.co.uk www.eibi.co.uk 8. EiBI Air

9. Variable Speed Drives* 10. Boilers & Burners*

* Only17 available to download after publication date 18 SERIES SERIES SERIES 16 SERIES 17 MAY MAY2019 2018--APR APR2020 2019

MAY JUNE- APR 20202020 - MAY 2021 MAY/2019

11 Batteries 11 Energy Efficiency Legislation BEMS & Storage Batteries & Storage 22 Energy as a Service 22 Building Controls Refrigeration Energy as a Service 33 Water Management 33 Smart LED Technology Water Grids Management 44 Demand Side Response 44 Lighting District Heating DemandTechnology* Side Response 55 Drives & Motors 55 Heat Pumps* Air Conditioning Drives & Motors 66 Blockchain Technology 66 Metering & Monitoring* Behaviour Change Blockchain Technology 77 Compressed Air 77 Air Conditioning* Thermal Imaging Compressed Air 88 Energy Purchasing 88 Boilers Burners* Solar Thermal Energy&Purchasing Terms: in submitting your completed youChange* are indicating 99 Space Heating 99 answers Behaviour Smart Buildings Space Heating consent to Management EiBI’s holding and processing the personal data 10 Centre 10 Heat & Power* 10 Data Biomass Boilers 10 Combined Data Centre Management* you have provided to us, in accordance with legal bases set out

**ONLY available to from the after ONLY available todownload download fromlaw. thewebsite website after publication date under data protection Further topublication this, EiBI will share willdate share youryour details

details the Energy Institute withthis whom this CPDis series with thewith Energy Institute (EI) with(EI) whom CPD series run is in contractual partnership. will process your details in run contractual partnership. The EIThe will EI process your details for Terms: submitting your answers you are consent to EiBI’s for the purposes ofcompleted marking your answers and issuing your CPD Terms: in submitting your completed answers youand areindicating indicating consent to EiBI’s thein purposes of marking your answers issuing your CPD holding and data you us, holding andprocessing processing thepersonal personal data youhave haveprovided provided totimes us,in inaccordance accordance certificate. Your the details will be kept securely at allto and in a with legal bases set out under data protection law. Further to this, EiBI will share with manner legal bases set out under data law. Further to this,laws. EiBI will share complaint with all protection relevant data protection For full your details the Institute (EI) whom this yourdetails detailswith with theEnergy Energy Institute (EI)with with whomvisit thisCPD CPDseries seriesis isrun runin in on the EI’s privacy policy please www.energyinst. contractual contractualpartnership. partnership.The TheEI EIwill willprocess processyour yourdetails detailsfor forthe thepurposes purposesof ofmarking marking org/privacy. your youranswers answersand andissuing issuingyour yourCPD CPDcertificate. certificate.Your Yourdetails detailswill willbe bekept keptsecurely securelyat at all alltimes timesand andin inaamanner mannercomplaint complaintwith withall allrelevant relevantdata dataprotection protectionlaws. laws. For Forfull full details the privacy please details onhear theEI’s EI’smore privacypolicy policy please visit www.energyinst.org/privacy. Toon from thevisit EIwww.energyinst.org/privacy. subscribe to our ••To more the EI to mailing list: https://myprofile.energyinst. Tohear hear morefrom from thevisit EIsubscribe subscribe toour ourmailing mailinglist: list:visit visithttps://myprofile. https://myprofile. energyinst.org/EmailPreferences/Subscribe energyinst.org/EmailPreferences/Subscribe org/EmailPreferences/Subscribe

org/EmailPreferences/Subscribe

...................................................................................................................Post Code ........................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................Post PostCode Code.............................................................................................. ..............................................................................................

email address........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ email address........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ email emailaddress address......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Tel No. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Tel No. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Tel TelNo. No.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Completed answers should be mailed to: should be to: The Education Department, Energy inCompleted Buildingsanswers & Industry, Box 825, Completed answers shouldP.O. bemailed mailed to: Guildford, GU4 8WQ. The TheEducation EducationDepartment, Department,Energy Energyin inBuildings Buildings& & Industry, Industry,P.O. P.O.Box Box Or scan and e-mail to: editor@eibi.co.uk. 825, 825,GUILDFORD, GUILDFORD,GU4 GU48WQ. 8WQ.Or Orscan scanand and e-mail e-mailto toeditor@eibi.co.uk. editor@eibi.co.uk.All All All modules will then be supplied to the Energy Institute for marking modules will then be supplied to the Energy Institute for marking modules will then be supplied to the Energy Institute for marking Produced in Association with

Produced Producedin inAssociation Associationwith with

20 24 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | SEPTEMBER MARCH 20202020

20 2021 24 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | JULY�AUGUST NOVEMBER � DECEMBER 2021 EIBI_0920_017-20(M).indd EIBI_3220_021-24(M).indd 44

EIBI_0721_017-20(M).indd EIBI_1121_021-24(M).indd 4

03/09/2020 03/03/2020 17:25 22:44

07/07/2021 08/11/2021 12:28 10:28

Electric Vehicle Charging

Joe Ellwood is charging infrastructure specialist at ABB

The benefits and obstacles of EV charging The development of EV chargers is continuing at an astonishing pace. What will be the implications for building operators? Joe Ellwood provides some answers

he very first thing when it comes to EV charging is to understand how long each customer or resident is likely to spend at your business. An ultrafast, 350kW charger is not necessary if drivers are likely to spend several hours on-site. It is also worth noting that an EV user is unlikely to need to fully charge their vehicle. UK drivers average 20 miles a day, which would only require a top-up or occasional charge. Typical AC chargers can deliver 3.6-7.4kW, suitable for overnight, domestic, and long-stay parking at commercial premises. For example, the newest Tesla Model S has a 100kWh battery that would take roughly 14 hours to fully charge at that rate. There are more powerful AC chargers available though. ABB’s Terra AC wallbox, for example, can deliver up to 22kW from a three-phase supply. This would only take 6 hours to fully charge that same model of Tesla. Chargers of this size are suitable for offices, flats, and hotels. Essentially, anywhere someone is likely to stay for an extended period of time and keep their EV plugged in. There are also various external DC fast-charge options available for residential and commercial use. These can deliver anywhere between 20350kW of power. A medium, 50kW fast charger would take up to 90 minutes to fully

charge a vehicle. They are ideally used anywhere where parking stays are limited, such as in car parks, supermarkets, retailers, restaurants, and convenience stores. Top end, ultra-fast chargers over 175kW are typically found at motorway service stations and other sites where it is essential to keep charging times as short as possible. These aim to give drivers over 100 miles of range in less than 20 minutes. Perfect for someone who has only a few minutes to stop for a coffee. Businesses can charge money for the electricity they distribute via chargers. With the number of EVs on UK roads increasing, the profit margins will also continue to rise. EV chargers also attract more traffic to your business. The number of EVs in the UK more than doubled from 240,000 to 600,000 from 2019EV chargers are getting ever more powerful, user friendly, and cost-effective

2021. This will continue to grow exponentially over the next few years. Since chargers currently take longer than fuelling an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICE), customers will also stay longer.

Workplace charging bonus It will be a significant selling point to an employee or customer when choosing between two options if one offers charging and the other does not. Many assume that all EV users just charge at home, but this is not the case. Around 40 percent of homeowners do not have off-street parking; this increases to 60 percent in cities. They will rely on a mix of workplace and public charging facilities. Various government grants and subsidies are available to companies installing EV chargers. The Workplace

Charging Scheme (WCS) is a voucher scheme that can cover up to 75 per cent of the upfront costs of buying and installing chargers. These operate up to a maximum of £350 for each socket for up to 40 sockets per business. The business owner applies for a voucher with an expiry date which is then passed onto the installer who submits it with certification to claim the money back. Total cost of installation will likely play a significant impact. For the chargers themselves, the smaller wallboxes are obviously far cheaper than larger, more powerful roadside chargers. Installation costs depend on the distance between the grid access point and the charger. Every metre of road or land that needs to be dug up will cost money. The grid connection to the site may also need to be reinforced by the local utility to support higher numbers of chargers. Another important thing is that the AC-DC power converters in the chargers are complemented with fast data connectivity and powerful processing. This allows for remote monitoring of the charging stations from a control centre, thereby maximising uptime and minimising total cost of ownership. EV charging technology is developing at a staggering pace. It was only 11 years ago that ABB brought out the first 50kW charger, which was top-of-the-line at the time. These are dwarfed by modern, ultra-fast 350kW chargers. ABB has always designed its chargers in conjunction with the big automobile manufacturers. That way, we are designing longlasting infrastructure for the cars of tomorrow, rather than working retrospectively. The chargers themselves are getting ever more powerful, user friendly, and cost effective. ABB is releasing a new 360kW multi-car system, capable of simultaneous charging for up to four vehicles. Operators will be able to serve four customers, but only bear the cost of installing a single unit. In terms of infrastructure, the government is due to introduce various levels of funding, as well as new regulations, to support the growth of the EV market. The £950m Rapid Charging Fund will upgrade the electricity network to help meet future demands. New building regulations are also due to arrive early next year which ensure new builds with off-street parking provide access to chargers for residents and employees alike. 

NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 25

EIBI_1121_025(M).indd 1

04/11/2021 22:11

EIBI-NOV21-Ideal_Layout 1 03/11/2021 15:46 Page 1

Boilers & Burners

Neville Small is key accounts director at Baxi Heating

Jump the performance gap Ensuring comprehensive commissioning of heating technologies and systems is crucial if we are to avoid gaps in building performance and drive down energyrelated emissions, says Neville Small

aced with tighter sustainability and climate goals, energy managers will be focused on identifying opportunities to reduce the carbon footprint of their buildings. With over a third of total UK emissions coming from heat, this sector is a key target for improvement measures. In new build developments, the merits of applying air source heat pumps (ASHPs) for low carbon heating are widely established. However, in the UK’s older, less thermally efficient building stock, the technically and financially viable options are currently constrained. In poorly insulated commercial buildings, replacing noncondensing or inefficient boilers with the latest low NOx condensing boilers that can run on a 20:80 hydrogen blend remains an achievable, low cost, low disruption and future proof route to significant energy and emissions savings. Applying a hybrid system that combines low carbon heat pumps with high efficiency boilers or water heaters may also be an option for further reductions of heat-related carbon emissions. Whatever the approach, it’s essential to bear in mind that the individual heating equipment and overall system will only perform as designed if installed, controlled and maintained correctly – regardless of the efficiency and low carbon credentials. How to achieve this? One of the most effective ways is by ensuring thorough, comprehensive commissioning. Commissioning plays a key part in making sure that all installations – from boilers and water heaters to combined heat and power (CHP) units and ASHPs – are set up correctly from the outset and continue to perform well throughout their operating life. For energy managers, this provides peace of mind that the

safety risks. Given the evident importance of commissioning, why, then, is it all too often an eleventh-hour procedure? One reason for this is that commissioning is the last stage of the project, taking place just before handover. Clearly, it’s natural for the building operators to want to get the system up and running as soon as possible. But the deadlines on some projects can be so tight that the commissioning of heating and hot water equipment can end up being squeezed in or left to the last minute.

Commissioning specialists

A robust commissioning procedure will identify any potential snags at the outset

chosen solution will ‘do what it says on the tin’ and achieve the anticipated energy costs and emissions savings along with high occupant comfort levels. A thorough commissioning process consists of a sequence of installation, safety, operation, performance and failure checks that are carried out by certified professionals – typically the manufacturer’s specialist engineers. A robust commissioning procedure will identify any potential issues or snags at the outset and enable them to be caught and fixed prior to handover.

Installation checks When it comes to boilers, for example, a series of detailed installation checks are completed to ensure that the equipment is installed according to the design specification and manufacturer guidelines. Comprehensive operational testing then confirms that the equipment and system respond appropriately. Finally, full performance testing makes sure that the boiler and the system as a whole perform as intended, producing the specified output,

efficiency and emission levels. Many organisations such as local authorities choose to specify manufacturer-led commissioning for the certainty that the technologies are set up according to manufacturer recommendations from day one. After all, no-one knows a product or how to optimise its efficiency better than the manufacturer. A major benefit of manufacturerled commissioning is the extended boiler warranty that some heating manufacturers offer on condition that the appliance is commissioned by their own engineers. And of course, we cannot ignore the safety aspect. Today more than ever, we are aware of the need to guarantee the safety of all the buildings we live and work in – and commissioning is central to achieving this goal. Indeed, it is a legal requirement in adherence with Building Regulations and Gas Safe guidelines1. The series of rigorous safety checks carried out during the process will confirm that the system operates safely and responds correctly in all conditions – including during failures or shutdowns – thereby avoiding

A practical way to resolve this is by proactively planning ahead. Involving commissioning specialists earlier will also ensure that easy access to the equipment is included in the design, helping to speed up the process and minimise disruption. What’s more, encouraging a more collaborative approach will be increasingly important as use of hybrid and multivalent systems becomes more mainstream. As we look to integrate renewable technologies with high efficiency condensing boilers and water heaters to reduce emissions associated with heat, it is essential that the technologies work in harmony. A robust commissioning process, along with a good control strategy, is crucial for the successful outcome of these more complex system designs. In short, gaps in building performance can be holding some businesses and organisations back from reaching their environmental goals. A robust commissioning process provides energy managers with the assurance of maximum efficiency gains and carbon footprint reduction from their heating and hot water solutions. By ensuring that the various technologies and overall system perform as anticipated, energy managers can ‘mind the gap’ and have the assurance of making significant strides on the path to net zero. 

Reference 1) IGEM/UP/10 Edition 4 Section 10

NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 27

EIBI_1121_027(M).indd 1

09/11/2021 16:23

Boilers & Burners

Ian Dagley is managing director at Hoval Ltd

There’s still life in the boiler As methods of heating buildings and processes develop rapidly to reduce carbon emissions, the boiler still has an important role to play, though this too is evolving. Ian Dagley explains

hile rumours of the imminent demise of the boiler are exaggerated, there are certainly important changes in the pipeline. These changes are being influenced by the growth in renewable electricity, the wider use of mixed-source heating systems and the search for alternative fuels. For example, the growth in generation capacity of renewable electricity has led some to suggest, even at government level, that heat pumps could replace traditional boilers for heating and hot water. There is considerable scope for the latter but there are also issues that will limit the breadth and speed of their application. One key limitation is the current availability of renewable electricity, which is strongly influenced by changing weather conditions. Figures released by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) show that renewable production generated 40.2 per cent of the electricity generated in the UK as of December 2020 but this fell to 37.3 per cent in the second quarter of 2021. This was a result of lower wind speeds and fewer sun hours, leading to greater reliance on gas-fired power generation – much of it from highly inefficient power stations. Efforts to increase both renewable and storage capacity will certainly help to ameliorate this situation but will take time. Also, at a practical level, heat pumps operate at lower water temperatures than boilers, so existing radiators and other heat emitters will not emit as much heat when served by a heat pump. Therefore many buildings will need costly improvements in thermal insulation to be able to make use of heat pumps. It has also been estimated that between 600,000 and 1m homes would require upgrades to their electrical network to make them suitable for running heat pumps.

Recognition that combustion will continue to be an important way of heating has spawned several research projects into alternatives to fossil fuels

The issue of lower flow temperatures also limits the potential for heat pumps in the industrial sector, as process heating typically requires high temperatures. Where there is waste heat from a process, though, there may be potential to divert this to a heat pump so that the heat can be used elsewhere in the building. So while there is considerable potential for the wider use of both air source and ground source heat pumps, we are a long way from these becoming the dominant heat source. In the meantime, heat pumps still have a valuable role as part of a mixed heating system that incorporates a number of different heat sources. However, this too brings its challenges, insofar as a traditional boiler installation could be operated efficiently using some fairly basic control strategies, whereas a mixture of heat sources requires a more sophisticated control strategy. To address this, heating controllers are now being introduced that deliver new levels of modularity and connectivity, while also presenting a simple interface to the people who will be commissioning the system, and to those who will be using the system on a day-to-day basis. An

‘Heating controllers are being introduced that deliver new levels of modularity’ integral internet connection that monitors the system and informs the end client when servicing is required helps to ensure that efficiency is maintained through the life of the boiler. Where mixed heat sources are in use, the boilers will inevitably be firing less often and for shorter periods of time, often at part-load. To address this, boiler manufacturers are upgrading their designs to deliver optimum efficiency under all firing conditions. A good example of this is a new range of condensing boilers recently introduced to the market that incorporates several new

efficiency features. The already efficient heat exchanger, for instance, now employs special technology to generate turbulence on the heating gas side. This turbulence increases heat transfer and boosts efficiency by as much as 20 per cent compared to conventional gas boilers. Furthermore, the ability to work with any flow/return temperature difference (Delta T) delivers optimum flexibility for easy integration with existing systems, supporting retrofit efficiency projects. With a maximum operating temperature of 95oC they can also be used in district heating/heat network applications as part of a mixed-source heating system. Recognition that combustion will continue to be an important way of heating has spawned several research projects into alternatives to fossil fuels. Hydrogen is the main contender to replace natural gas, and was included in the Prime Minister’s 10-point carbon plan – the second point being to ‘drive the growth of low carbon hydrogen’. As with all new technologies, there are some issues that need to be ironed out. Hydrogen, for instance, can be extracted from methane (natural gas) but produces carbon dioxide as a waste product that would have to be dealt with. Alternatively, electricity can be used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, though this will put more pressure on a renewable energy infrastructure that would also be meeting higher demand from heat pumps and electric vehicles. Nevertheless, early indications are that hydrogen will play an important role in the UK’s transition to carbon net zero. In all cases, boiler manufacturers are working closely with other parties to ensure their products are not only hydrogen-ready but also for any other developments that may come our way. 

28 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_028(MT).indd 1

09/11/2021 16:24

EIBI-NOV21-Remeha_Layout 1 18/10/2021 11:27 Page 1

Boilers & Burners

Bill Sinclair is technical director, Adveco

Commercial sites with existing gas should really look at continuing to use it. Ten years ago, it was very difficult to argue for introducing solar thermal because the numbers really did not stack up against the price of gas. The capital costs of installation and maintenance versus the operational savings meant many early projects failed to recoup their investment, even with the support of RHI.

Ten-year return on investment

Towards a hybrid lowcarbon hot water future The hybrid approach is unavoidable for commercial projects and is the most sensible, practical, and cost-effective option, believes Bill Sinclair

he design of applications for commercial hot water systems has remained remarkably consistent and if a building is more than ten years old it is going to be built around either a condensing gas water heater or an indirect water heater and boiler. Gas-based hot water systems were specified because this was the most cost-effective and cleanest way of producing hightemperature hot water. To decarbonise domestic hot water (DHW) applications there are currently two core technology options: air source heat pumps (ASHP); or solar thermal. Although both can provide low or zero-carbon heat, neither can fully replace an existing water heating system. Since commercial DHW systems must operate in excess of 60°C to prevent the threat of legionella, ASHP efficiency, designed to work with lower temperatures, rapidly falls away limiting supply. Solar thermal on the other hand is limited by the sun’s availability across the year, and it is worth remembering will not provide space heating either. For buildings already on gas

and that rely on large amounts of DHW - a large proportion of current commercial UK properties - solar preheat is the preferable option. Depending on the site and energy consumption habits, solar thermal will typically provide around 30 per cent of the hot water demand. For new build properties, the expectation is for specification to default to a mixture of heat pumps and direct electric afterheat. For new commercial builds, consultants are specifying for greater electrical load to account for the additional power demands. This though is a costly addition for large legacy properties wanting to introduce electrification for hot water and heating.

Aggressive heat pump target The electrification of buildings is the most common vision, and one the Government is driving with its aggressive target to achieve 600,000 new heat pump installations every year by 2028. Many of these will be for domestic properties, but a considerable proportion will be expected to be introduced via commercial projects. New DHW

systems will predominantly follow this model, taking advantage of heat pump performance efficiencies to create a hybrid approach to deliver pre-heating for as much as 75 per cent of the water in a direct electric system. And with no gas to the building, no local generation of NOx and no flue to install, this clearly has its advantages. However, this approach does not factor in running costs. While the grid may have reduced its carbon, its cost per kWh has risen consistently over the past two decades. Gas prices on the other hand have remained essentially static until the latter quarter of 2021. Of course, a proportion of the grid electricity is still generated by gas-fired power stations, so electricity charges also spike in response to any upward fluctuation in gas price. Despite the ASHP performance efficiencies, this has meant the running costs still increase approximately three times due to the difference in current gas/ electric prices. For smaller hot water demands in new builds, where the need for a gas supply has been avoided, that additional cost may be acceptable.

Today we are in a very different situation, and if electrical costs can be offset, then the numbers really start to look favourable for adopting solar thermal. A ten-year return on investment becomes very achievable and the property gains undisputed carbon and cost savings. Additionally, the current generation of condensing gas water heaters incorporate features such as flow regulation to automatically optimise the supplied output from the heat exchangers ensuring maximum efficiency. Models with multiple integrated heat exchangers offer load balancing for optimal long-life operation and inbuilt redundancy guaranteeing continuity of service. That places replacement well into the early to mid-2030s and that is important because it means gas infrastructure remains in place for adaption to the next generation of hydrogen-based gas supply. The Government expects this will be a core component for meeting the Net Zero at a national level, especially for buildings with higher energy demands. With hydrogen policy to be confirmed in 2026, retaining gas in existing commercial buildings keeps options open and future-proofs a building for other emerging heating technologies. While we must all recognise the importance of excluding fossil fuels from future commercial systems and advocate all-electric systems for new builds, it is important to understand the implicit costs and difficulties of retrofit and replacement of systems throughout the thousands of legacy commercial buildings that define the UK’s urban landscape. The hybrid approach is unavoidable for commercial projects and is the most sensible, practical, and cost-effective option. Whether all-electric or using gas after heat, commercial organisations can actively drive sustainability and retain control of operational expenditure for decades to come. 

30 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_030(M).indd 1

10/11/2021 12:24

EIBI-NOV21-Lochinvar_Layout 1 05/11/2021 09:21 Page 1

Boilers & Burners

Steve Gardner is managing director, Eco UK Group

There are many benefits to switching to a non-gas boiler

Boiler ban: fact or fiction The ban on installations of gas boilers from 2025 has raised many questions how it’s going to effect homes and businesses. Steve Gardner dispels some of the myths

n 2019, the Government announced its plan to ban gas boiler installations from 2025, something which at the time was met with mixed reactions. The reasoning behind this announcement is an attempt to improve the eco standard of housing and buildings across the UK, with only 1m of the 29m homes in the UK currently heated using low-carbon methods. In a bid to tackle climate change, The International Energy Agency (IEA) has also suggested a ban on all fossil fuel boilers being sold globally from 2025 onwards. But how will this ban affect you, your home and your workplace, and does it affect all buildings in the UK? Boilers become less efficient over time, so now could be the time to start considering the different options available. Hydrogen is the major contender, but what does the switch mean for the future of heating? Despite talks of the deadline being extended, here are some of the common misconceptions surrounding the ban. One of the most prevalent

misunderstandings around the ban is that people who already have gas boilers must switch them to a fossil fuel-free alternative before 2025. However, this only applies to boilers in new homes constructed from 2025 onwards. That means new homes must be built with a non-gas heating system. IEA guidance around this is yet to be finalised, but the UK Government is considering implementing it in line with a later deadline of 2040. With plans still in the works, there is no requirement for gas boilers to be replaced, but decision-makers are offering incentives to those who install heating systems that run on renewable energy.

Incentives to switch With the deadline for change still unconfirmed, those who still have gas boilers by 2025 won’t face fines. This doesn’t mean fines won’t be introduced in the future, but the UK Government is focusing on offering incentives to those who make the switch to greener heating solutions rather than punishing those who don’t.

As with any boiler purchase, replacing and renovating systems will involve investing in the interim, however, switching to a greener source of heating will save more money in the long run. A like-for-like replacement can normally be installed for less than £2,000, but switching to a more environmentally friendly boiler will require a more intensive installation and will have higher costs. These costs also vary depending on whether a combi boiler or a conventional boiler is needed. Electrification is a key part

‘Switching to a more environmentally friendly boiler will require a more intensive installation and will have higher costs’

of the IEA’s recommendations: replacing fossil fuel-powered systems with electric ones, or in the future, possibly utilising hydrogen. While electricity currently costs more than gas to run, electric boilers are far more energy-efficient and can slash household bills. While an electric boiler offers many benefits, it isn’t the only option. Heat pumps can also be considered, but do come with an upfront cost of around £6,000 to £8,000, and biomass boilers, which burn renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels, additionally are gaining momentum, but can cost upwards of £5,000 with additional installation costs. A ban on existing gas boilers may eventually become law, but aside from being a legal requirement, there are also many benefits to switching to a non-gas boiler. Electric boilers can produce substantial energy savings in the long run due to low running costs and maintenance, and unlike gas radiators and heating systems, electric radiators don’t need to be replaced unless they’re heavily damaged. Equally, electric boilers don’t require a flue or pipes for installation, and because they’re pressurised and sealed they are unlikely to leak, a common issue with gas systems. Additionally, many of the maintenance costs associated with gas boilers will no longer be a problem. With the average cost of a boiler repair coming anywhere between £150 and £400, those funds could be put to better use by switching to an electric boiler. Aside from being virtually maintenance-free, electric boilers are also safer than gas boilers as they don’t come with the risk of carbon monoxide leaks as no emissions are produced when operating. As we embark upon a new and more eco-conscious era, fossil fuels are dying out and renewable resources are becoming more prominent. And while gas boiler replacements will not single handedly resolve the climate change crisis, it’s a step in the right direction. 

32 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_032(M).indd 1

04/11/2021 22:20

EIBI_1121_002-0 Edit_Layout 1 05/11/2021 16:48 Page 33

EIBI_1121_002-0 Edit_Layout 1 09/11/2021 10:31 Page 34

Boilers & Burners Condiments maker gets out of a pickle by switching from oil to liquid gas

UK condiments maker, Tracklements, has boosted its production capacity and enhanced its environmental credentials by switching its energy supply from oil to liquid gas from Flogas. The move to modern, efficient liquid gas-fired Fulton VSRT steam boilers is expected to cut the company’s costs by a significant 21 per cent, while also reducing carbon emissions by almost 25 per cent and nitrous oxide (NOx) levels by 75 per FHQW { The Wiltshire-based company has been making condiments for more than 50 years and has an extensive range of over 60 artisan products, from mustards, ketchups and sauces to pickles, chutneys, jams and jellies. All handmade in small batches using natural ingredients, these are made in unique jacketed steam cooking pans that mimic traditional homemade methods, and for the last 40 years they have been powered by two Kerosene oil-fired steam boilers. “We needed to increase our steam capacity to support the continued growth of the business,” said Ben Read, operations director

at Tracklements. “But we’re also fully committed to improving our environmental footprint, so we wanted to move away from the higher carbon footprint which oil represents. By replacing our ageing oil-fired steam boilers with the latest liquid gas-fired VSRT models we’ve not only increased our steam capacity by 100 per cent, but we’ve also cut costs and significantly reduced our carbon emissions in the process. This was a major factor in our decision, as Tracklements continues to work tirelessly towards our goal of planetfriendly products.” Having worked with Fulton for over 40 years, Tracklements looked to them to specify a cutting-edge system that would help minimise its environmental impact. Fulton also recommended Flogas as a liquid gas supplier – one that could provide a reliable supply and trusted on-going service. Flogas and Fulton partnered to deliver Tracklements a full turnkey, end-to-end energy solution that also included all necessary ancillary equipment as well as service and training contracts.

/.-,+*)('*+&%*).+.'%$*

National Trust switches to biomass Biomass boiler specialist NerG has been commissioned to deliver a 200kW biomass boiler system for the National Trust at Wightwick Manor, a Victorian manor house in Wolverhampton. The system will heat the entire site, including the manor, shop and café, and will provide carbon savings of about 85 tonnes per year, a reduction of 90 per cent. Until recently, Wightwick Manor was heated using two ageing and inefficient natural gas boilers. Not only were these becoming increasingly difficult to maintain, but this dependence on natural gas also left the site vulnerable to increased energy costs caused by the volatile nature of natural gas prices. Following a competitive tender process, the National Trust chose to work with NerG to install a new heating system at the site. It had previously worked with the company at its Belton House site where NerG delivered one of the National Trust’s largest biomass

district heating schemes to date. “The National Trust is aiming to produce at least 50 per cent of its energy from renewables moving forward, so it made perfect sense for it to opt for a biomass system to replace the gas boilers at Wightwick Manor,” explained Luke Worrall, business development manager at NerG. “The 200kW biomass capacity that we are delivering for Wightwick Manor is made up of two Froling P4 100kW boilers that use wood pellets as fuel.” The project also includes an extension of the heating system in the café to open a new area, allowing more indoor seating. Overall, the project involves installing around 100m of underground district heating pipework. Because Wightwick Manor is a listed historical property, the system has been designed to be installed as sensitively as possible and minimise any impact on structures.

9 #%"!- * .' %'*+% & (,( *)('*( %'* * %"' $ 9 %%+- *+&%* ,- "+%* &",,% % *()*+(!" *" !*+( (''( $ 9 " - - - * ) -% *" !* - - - - * - -( $ 9 &%* ($ * &(- %*)('* % - %' $ 9 .,,* '(!. +* . ('+*)'( * ( % +*+(* ( ,%+-( ** " !* % ( !$

9 *% +% - %*'" %*+(* ( %'* *+(* $

- -+* +(* !*(.+* ('%*('* &( %* ( * *

COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL

EIBI_1121_002-0 Edit_Layout 1 09/11/2021 16:04 Page 35

Products in Action Group lights the way in public sector Energys Group says it has been responsible for the delivery of approximately 20 per cent of the total spend on lighting upgrades as part of the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme (PSDS). The company, based in West Sussex, was involved in over 70

projects that were given the go-ahead under PSDS equating to a total value of around £6m. The company estimates that it supplied and installed around 50,000 new light fittings and sensor controls

as part of the PSDS projects. Products specified include a variety of Energys’ latest LED solutions, including IntelliDim smart luminaires that can be commissioned via a smartphone app that allows the commissioning of precise light levels and occupancy parameters. In general, installations using IntelliDim can expect to register between 20 and 40 per cent extra savings on top of those normally seen when upgrading from traditional lamps to LEDs. First announced in September 2020, the UK Government’s Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme (PSDS) entailed a £1bn fund being made available for public sector energy reduction projects.

COVID testing facility benefits from VRF A Toshiba Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) air conditioning system with heat recovery is providing a high-quality, stable indoor environment for staff at a new NHS COVID-19 testing facility in south west England. The mechanical and electrical (M&E) project, headed by contractor Totus, involved the transformation of a 5,000m industrial warehouse into a modern, high-tech laboratory with administration offices. The fast-track project, part of the UK’s national testing programme, was completed in under 12 weeks.

The Toshiba SHRM-e heat recovery system provides cooling and heating for the centre’s laboratories, offices and staff welfare areas. Toshiba VRF condensing units are also used in conjunction with third-party air handling units on the site to provide high-efficiency, direct expansion (DX) capabilities, with a total heating and cooling capacity of 1.3MW. The ventilation system is designed to meet the requirements of Containment 2 (CL2) laboratory classification, providing ten changes of air per hour.

Compressed Air

Alexander Pavlov is UK general manager for Atlas Copco’s Compressors UK

Centrifugal compressor: Centrifugal compressors are most efficient when running continuously and are best for large volumes of compressed air.

Ten steps to greener production

Step 6: Equipment control More pressure means more energy consumption. Control methods differ, and the flow pattern will determine which is best for a given installation. Generally, compressors are set to run within a pressure band; the wider the pressure band, the more energy is consumed. One method to narrow the pressure band is to use variablespeed drives.

Step 7: Optimising system control A smart central controller that accommodates different compressor technologies and control types will lower the overall pressure bands to deliver the required air output in the most efficient way.

Energy reduction is the only way to a carbon-neutral economy – and it can start in the compressor room, says Alexander Pavlov

he 10 steps to greener production in this guide can be taken right away and cost little. They are part of a continuous process to maintain peak production efficiency.

Step 1: Matching equipment to applications Companies waste up to 50 per cent of the power needed to generate compressed air through inappropriate use or inefficient systems design. In many cases, they may be able to invest in smaller, cheaper equipment, as long as they have eliminated inefficiencies. 1) Isolate equipment when it is not in use. Use a simple manual isolation valve or an electronic valve to reduce equipment leakage.   2) Keep cool. Compressed air equipment should be installed in the coolest location in the facility, and heat generated should be removed from the compressor room. Every 5°C rise in air temperature results in a 2 per cent loss in efficiency. 3) Keep clean. Dust in the air will block filters. Every 3 millibar pressure drop in the intake filter increases power consumption by 1 per cent. 4) Keep working pressure as low as possible. A higher working pressure means a higher power requirement, higher energy costs and a larger carbon footprint.

Step 2: Storage and distribution Air receivers reduce the cycling time of air compressors, which increases their reliability and longevity. A larger air receiver can reduce power consumption. Consider separate compressed air systems if the majority of the production requires a lower pressure than the highest pressure requirement. Companies often simply extend their pipework to meet the needs of new equipment, but this can cause pressure drops. There are three inexpensive ways to address this:  1. Increase the main distribution pipework diameter. This will enlarge the stored volume and also reduce air velocity and pressure drop.   2. Convert a dead-end or single pipework system into a ring-main pipework system. This increases volume and lowers the pressure drop.   3. Plug the leaks. The average production facility loses up to 20 per cent of the compressed air it generates to leaks.

Step 3: Know air purity requirements Treating compressed air costs energy and money, so it is important to know the level of air purity required. Atmospheric air contains water vapour and dust. When that air is compressed, the concentration of these contaminants also increases,

and they must be filtered out to protect equipment and maintain the required level of air purity.

Step 4: Understanding air demand It is important to be aware of peak production periods and times of lower air demand. With a good understanding of actual demand, it may be possible to save money when investing in a new compressor.

Step 5: Compressor types and their benefits There are many types of air compressors, with different advantages based on operating pressure and flow requirements. Piston compressor: Highly efficient on-load and off-load, but may not be suitable for all duty cycles. Scroll compressor: Mainly used in applications requiring small and clean oil-free airflows. Best used in intermittent air demand applications. Simple and easy to maintain. Tooth compressor: Oil-free, rotary tooth compressors are suitable for small to medium-sized applications. Good for intermittent and continuous duty applications. Rotary screw compressor: The most common type, used in many applications. Screw compressors can maintain peak efficiency over a wide variety of flows.

Step 8: Energy recovery Up to 90 per cent of the electrical energy a compressor uses is converted into heat. That is why energy recovery is the best option to reduce energy consumption. Hot air can be captured and routed to a place where it is useful – for example, to warm a factory during the winter. Or heat can be removed from the cooling system via plate heat exchangers to heat water for boilers or showers.

Step 9: System maintenance Maintenance is an essential component of an energy optimisation system. A well-maintained compressed air system will more than pay for its maintenance costs through energy savings.

Step 10: Remote monitoring Smart remote monitoring technologies make it possible to connect industrial equipment over a secure network to mobile devices, to stay informed, optimise equipment performance from any location and receive messages that highlight potential issues. Through adopting the ten steps strategy, not only do compressor owners derive environmental, financial and productivity benefits, but they can make progress towards achieving ISO50001 standard certification. Certification demonstrates an organisation’s commitment to reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. 

36 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_036(M).indd 1

04/11/2021 22:23

EMEX Show Preview

Back and ready to teach EMEX is back, 24-25 November 2021 at ExCeL London, to empower the UK’s community of leading sustainability, energy and environmental professionals to succeed in the race to net zero

cheduled just three weeks after COP26 in Glasgow, EMEX is the place where professionals across the private and the public sectors will be eager to translate pledges into action. EMEX is an immersive, twoday experience of interactions and active learning where professionals share best practices, source technology, sharpen their plans and hone their skills. EMEX is free to attend with over 80 exhibitors and 50 seminars spread across four theatres focused on the following topics: • energy and carbon management strategy; • sustainability and net zero; • built environment and transport; and • energy future and flexible networks. Keynote speakers include: • Lord Deben, chairman of the UK’s independent Committee on Climate Change; • Ian Wright, chief executive of the Food and Drink Federation; • Garrett Quinn, chief sustainability officer at Smurfit Kappa Group; • Guy Grainger, global head of sustainability services and ESG of JLL; • Dr Christos Vidalakis, Head of Property Sustainability, Office of Government Property, Cabinet

Office; and • Matteo Deidda, sustainability manager, Lloyds Banking Group Low-carbon retrofit strategies and solutions in historic and listed buildings will come under examination. The UK building stock is among the oldest in the world and, as such, it presents unique challenges in making it fit for the net zero future. EMEX will host a series of case studies and discussions focusing on specific building areas where fast decarbonisation and major savings can be done. There will be presentations on heating and cooling featuring: the Church of England; King’s Cross Estate; University of Reading; Wolfson College (Oxford); and the University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL). Speaking alongside will be representatives from suppliers Hyspot, Optimised Buildings and Max Fordham. A presentation on building ventilation will feature BESA, Nicotra Gebhardt and Chauvin Arnoux. Meanwhile the popular topic of building energy management systems and vacant buildings will be examined by speakers from Keele University and the University of Glasgow. The growing popularity of district heating networks will come under

the spotlight with particular attention paid to successful schemes including Islington’s Bunhill 2 and GreenSCIES. There are many opportunities to accelerate decarbonisation in the supply chain. For example, in food and drink, the UK’s largest manufacturing sector, over 90 per cent of companies’ carbon emissions come from the supply chains. EMEX will host a full morning programme moderated by the Food and Drink Federation with apetito, Danone, Budweiser Brewing Group, Avara Foods and Wealmoor discussing challenges and the enormous opportunities to drive down emissions within and beyond their own operations by engaging with stakeholders and suppliers at each stage of the value chain. Deploying EV fleets at scale can be a daunting task for many companies looking to make the switch. Mitie, National Grid and DPD Group UK will share experiences from their meteoric deployments arming delegates with key considerations and practical knowledge on how to overcome many challenges lying ahead. In addition, Mina and Allstar Business Solutions will discuss removing the payment complexities traditionally associated with expense reclaim. In addition, the issue of

on-the-road, at home, and at work EV charging for employers and employees will be addressed. The Public Sector has major plans to deliver upon the Government’s legal duty to reach Net Zero by 2050. NHS England and NHS Improvement expanding scope of emissions covering the products procured from its 80,000 suppliers. While the NHS does not control these emissions directly it can use its considerable purchasing power to influence change. The British Army with Royal Army Medical Corps’ VR’s Safety and Environmental Adviser and The Royal Logistics Corps’ Sustainability Lead 1st (UK) Division will present the multi-award winning Project Green Rhino, a framework through which the division of over 32,000 personnel, nine brigades and 89 separate establishments can focus its efforts to reach net zero by 2050. Turn the blue lights green with London Ambulance Service NHS, Metropolitan Police, London Fire and Royal National Lifeboat Institution who will be unveiling world-leading technology and providing unique insights into the emergency services’ plans to deliver net zero results while advancing resilience and efficiency for front-line operations. EMEX is also a unique opportunity to learn about the new technology available for energy professionals. Over 80 exhibitors are showcasing a broad range of low-carbon and energy-efficient solutions under one roof including AB Energy, Acutrace, Atlas Copco, Axair Fans, B2B Energy, Bill Identity, Birdsall, Bosch, Carlo Gavazzi, Circulor, Clarke Energy, Direct Business Solutions, Energy in Buildings & Industry, ebm Papst, EnergyElephant, Total Data Centre Solutions, EWT, Group Horizon, Hark Systems, HMS Industrial Networks, Innotech Europe, National Grid, ND Metering, Nicotra-Gebhardt, Northern Gas & Power, Optimised Buildings Ltd, Power Capacitors, Siemens, SMA Solar Technology, Vexo International, Vinci Facilities, WEG and many more The full seminar programme and exhibitor listings are regularly updated on EMEX website  • To register for free, please visit www.emexlondon.com

NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 37

EIBI_1121_037(M).indd 1

04/11/2021 22:24

EMEX Show Preview

Plan your route to net zero

THEATRE 2

EMEX 2021 is offering an impressive range of speakers across four theatres. From future energy solutions to planning your immediate carbon reduction plans, there will be something of interest for energy managers

DAY 1 – 24TH NOVEMBER 2021

THEATRE 1

Energy & Carbon Management Strategy

Sustainability & Net Zero 09:50-10:50 COP26 Roundup

Speakers to be confirmed

11:00-11:50 Keynote Address by Committee on Climate Change (CCC) Chairman Lord Deben Lord Deben – Chairman – The Committee on Climate Change

12:00-12:50 Science-Based Targets: Scope 3 Emissions

Sonya Bhonsle – Global Head of Value Chains & Regional Director Corporations – CDP

13:00-13:25 Harness The Power Of Big Data & IoT: Accelerate to Net-Zero Dan Smith – Director of Energy Services – Northern Gas and Power

13:30-13:55 Bringing Transparency in Most Complex Industrial Supply Chains Douglas Johnson-Poensgen – Co- founder and CEO – Circulor

DAY 1 – 24TH NOVEMBER 2021

14:00-14:25 Lloyds Banking Group’s Journey to Net Zero Carbon Operation

11:00-11:50 Skills and training critical to meet your Net Zero Targets

14:30-14:55 Siemens Journey

Dave Armstrong – Managing Director – Great Minds Property Group Scott Armstrong – Chief Operating Office – Planet Mark Amanda Scott – Managing Director – Willis Towers Watson

12:00-12:50 Transitioning to Net Zero Infrastructure

David Riley – Head of Carbon Neutrality – Anglian Water Tim Chapman – Director, Infrastructure Design – Arup Maria Manidaki – Technical Principal Net Zero / Principal Water Investment Planning Advisor – Mott MacDonald

13:00-13:50 Industrial Decarbonisation & Transformational path to Net Zero Steve Rees – Production Team Leader – bp Alexander Pavlov – General Manager – Atlas Copco Compressors UK & I Matt Jenkinson – Senior Site Manager – Tarmac Building Products

14:00-14:50 Energy Managers for the future

Amy Blackwell – Sustainability and Environment Manager – Aston Manor Cider Beatriz Valdes – Networks Energy Manager – Vodafone UK Ian Beynon – Head of Energy – Royal Mail Property & Facilities Solutions Pradyumna Pandit – Managing Director, Sustainability and Energy Services – Mitie

15:00-16:10 Key Principles and Practical Approach to Carbon Offsetting

Ben Burggraaf – Head of Energy – Dŵr Cymru - Welsh Water Mike Tournier – Carbon Reduction SME – Achilles Andrew Baker – UK Woodland Carbon Markets Advisor – Scottish Forestry

DAY 2 – 25TH NOVEMBER 2021 10:10-10:50 Zero CAPEX Solutions – Rapid-fire presentations Joe Warren – Co-Founder and Director – ZTP Jordan Appleson – CEO – Hark Tom Anderson – Co-Founder – Grid Edge

11:00-11:50 The Carbon Cost of Water in Reaching Net Zero

Andrew Tucker – Water Efficiency Manager – Thames Water Jacob Tompkins – OBE Chief Technology Officer – The Water Retail Company Laura White – Projects and Research Manager – Waterwise

12:00-12:50 Question Time

Lord Jonny Oates, Lord Rupert Redesdale, and Lord Larry Whitty

13:00-13:50 Project Green Rhino and the Army’s Preparations in the Race to Net Zero Captain Nigel Williams – Safety and Environmental – Adviser – RAMC VR Major Peter Cornish – Sustainability Lead 1st (UK) Division – RLC

14:00-15:00 Net Zero, Business Leaders and Consumers Trends Jim Needell – Chief Client Officer – Ipsos MORI Lucy Shea – CEO – Futerra

Matteo Deidda – Sustainability Manager – Lloyds Banking Group Olivia Whitlam – Head of Sustainability – Siemens

15:00-16:10 Climate is Changing: Adapt or Die!

David Vaughan – Former Director of Science – British Antarctic Survey Parthena Exizidou – Senior Carbon Manager (Net Zero Transition lead) – British Antarctic Survey Sarah Jolliffe – Carbon Reduction Lead – BAM Nuttall Sue Pritchard – CEO – Food, Farming and Countryside Commission

DAY 2 – 25TH NOVEMBER 2021 09:50-10:10 Roadmap to Net Zero for the UK’s Food and Drink Sector Ian Wright – Chief Executive – Food & Drink Federation

10:10-10:50 Roadmap to Net Zero – tackling scope 1 & 2 carbon emissions

Andy Cooper – UK Sales Manager – Clarke Energy Cat Hay – Head Of Policy FDF Scotland – Food & Drink Federation Mauricio Coindreau – Head of Procurement & Sustainability – Budweiser Brewing Group UK & I Gerald Mason – Senior Vice President – Tate & Lyle Sugars

11:00-11:50 Decarbonising Supply chains: The Next Level of Collective Action Cat Hay – Head Of Policy FDF Scotland – Food and Drink Federation Fernanda Aller – Senior Sustainability Manager – Wealmoor Ltd Gemma Brierley – Global Director of Sustainable Sourcing and Human Rights – Danone Anna Turrell – Head of Environment – Tesco Lee Sheppard – Director of Corporate Affairs and Policy – apetito UK

12:00-12:25 Path to Net-Zero for Industrial Companies: Smurfit Kappa’s Journey / Experience Garrett Quinn – Chief Sustainability Officer – Smurfit Kappa Group

12:30-12:55 Harness The Power Of Big Data & IoT: Accelerate to Net-Zero Dan Smith – Director of Energy Services – Northern Gas and Power

13:00-13:25 Mapping Climate Policy, Risk Management & Embracing Sustainable Finance to reach NetZero

Baishakhi Sengupta – Environmental Sustainability & Governance Strategic Consultant – Avara Food

13:30-13:55 Tackling Scope 3 on the Path to a Net Zero NHS

Nicole Fletcher – Sustainable Procurement Lead – NHS England and NHS Improvement

14:00-15:10 Net Zero for Emergency Services: a Tough Nut to Crack

Moderated by Lord Redesdale with Chris Rutherford – Fleet Commercial Manager – London Ambulance Service NHS Trust Emma Kent – Construction Director – Metropolitan Police Service Paul Cook – Carbon Reduction Manager – London Fire Brigade Victoria Limbrick – Energy & Environmental Resources Manager – Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI)

38 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_038-40(T).indd 1

10/11/2021 14:29

ADVERTISEMENT FEATURE

Solar Photovoltaics

Raghav Singh is Senior Manager of Large Business at EDF

Solar PV – A Net Zero Opportunity Installing solar photovoltaic technology is an excellent step for any organisation wanting to commit to Net Zero. Raghav Singh examines the benefits

ore and more organisations are committing to Net Zero, setting sustainability targets and pledging to reduce their environmental impact. Energy powers every business, so for any business, it’s the ideal place to start. A cornerstone of the government’s recently published Net Zero Strategy is clean, or zero carbon, energy. By switching to zero carbon sources of electricity, businesses are boosting their own environmental credentials and helping Britain accelerate its journey to Net Zero. Many businesses have chosen zero carbon electricity supply backed by renewable or nuclear generation over the years, as a first step to reduce their carbon footprint. More recently, we are seeing more organisations take the next step by committing to onsite electricity generation through solar energy from photovoltaic (PV) technology.

Why generate your own solar energy? Solar PV is a great option for many types of business to generate zero carbon electricity on their own sites, enabling them to use often underutilised real estate - their free land, roof space or car parks to accelerate their journey to Net Zero. • Reduce your carbon footprint Generating your own electricity on-site can make a significant contribution to your environmental targets. Solar PV is a source of renewable electricity, meaning you’ll be able to report zero carbon emissions for this part your energy supply. Such a commitment to new renewable generation will demonstrate that your business is making a material contribution to Net Zero. • Save with solar On-site solar PV can offer significant financial savings, or

protection, over the long term. Using ‘behind-the-meter’, or off-grid, solar power removes most ‘non-energy’ delivery costs and offers cost-free or fixed price energy. Furthermore, there are options to have this technology installed without investing your own capital, through Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) funded projects. • Improve your resilience Your business will rely less on energy imported from the grid, meaning you become more self-sufficient and increase your resilience. You’ll also reduce your exposure to an often-volatile energy market, offering budget certainty.

Solar PV in action Tesco, the UK’s biggest retailer, has utilised the roofs of 14 of its stores to generate solar power. Working in partnership with EDF, the suitability of the sites was

assessed, and long-term turnkey project designs were agreed, maximising value for Tesco across all selected stores. The project included the installation of over 15,000 solar panels and generated over 4,235MWh of solar electricity in the first year of operation alone. Throughout the project, EDF ensured a high level of health and safety was maintained on all live sites, protecting the integrity of the supermarket stores and allowing them to continue operating as normal throughout the construction These long-term on-site solar projects make a significant contribution towards Tesco meeting its energy needs through 100 per cent renewable energy, all whilst saving money on their annual electricity bill! By delivering new renewable generation projects and bringing new low carbon generation

to the grid, Tesco is making a real contribution to reducing emissions and achieving Net Zero.

Ready to make a change? Working with a reputable partner will ensure you choose an appropriate solar PV option to meet your sustainability and financial goals. EDF has a dedicated team of specialists that can help you navigate the options and make the right decisions. With extensive experience in the renewable energy industry, we can support at every stage of the process to ensure a smooth integration with any existing electricity supply agreement. There’s never been a more urgent time to take action and accelerate your journey to Net Zero.  • Get in touch with us at letstalkpower@edfenergy.com

NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 39

EIBI_1121_039(M).indd 1

09/11/2021 08:30

EMEX Show Preview

THEATRE 3

THEATRE 4

Built Environment & Transport

Energy Future & Flexible Networks

DAY 1 – 24TH NOVEMBER 2021

10:00-10:50 Sharing Practical Learnings from Large Scale EV Deployments

Lorna McAtear – Fleet Manager, Global Procurement – National Grid Olly Craughan – Head of CSR – DPD Group U.K. Ltd Simon King – Director of Sustainability, Social Value and Fleet – Mitie

Ashley Tate – CEO & Co-Founder – Mina Charlie Parry – Non Executive Director – Zap-Map Tom Rowlands – Vice President - Strategy – FLEETCOR

Tony Wright – Divisional Director of Upgrade – ebm-papst UK Ltd

Mark McLoughlin – Strategic Account Manager (Energy Finance) – Siemens Financial Services

12:00-12:50 Simplifying EV charging for fleets

13:00-13:25 Improving Building Performance. Data driven optimisation of building assets 13:30-13:55 Making sense of charging infrastructure and financing 14:00-14:25 Decarbonising Historic and Listed Buildings

Catherine Ross – Open & Sustainable Churches Officer – Church of England Matt Fulford – Founder – Inspired Efficiency

Bill Watts – Senior Partner – Max Fordham

Chris Davis – UK Manager – Hysopt Chris Dunham – Managing Director – Carbon Descent Dan Fernbank – Energy & Sustainability Manager – University of Reading

Dr. Tim Forman – TitleSenior Research Associate – Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL)

14:30-14:55 Decarbonisation of Historic Higher Education Estates

15:00-15:25 Decarbonising Heating and Cooling in University Campuses

15:30-15:55 Delivering a world-leading refurbishment and retrofit project: lessons from the Entopia building

DAY 2 – 25TH NOVEMBER 2021 10:10-10:40 How Lockdown Has Changed Our Understanding in Energy Management for Buildings

Gillian Brown – Energy Manager – University of Glasgow

11:00-12:30 The Net Zero Estates Playbook 12:350-12:50 RE:FIT 4

Tristan Oliver – Project Director – Local Partnerships Tony Lawson – Project Director – Local Partnerships

Graeme Fox – Head of Technical – BESA Group Greg Llewellyn – Director & General Manager – Nicotra Gebhardt Julian Grant – General Manager – Chauvin Arnoux UK

Guy Grainger – Energy Manager – JLL and other panelists

13:00-13:50 Building Ventilation – Balancing Indoor Air Quality with Energy Efficiency

14:00-15:00 Valuing net zero & ESG for offices

DAY 1 – 24TH NOVEMBER 2021

11:00-11:50 The Future Economics of Battery Installations

Brian Clavin – Head of Battery Energy Storage Solutions – Total Data Centre Solutions Iain Nicoll – Metering Team Leader – ELEXON

12:00-12:50 TBC

13:00-13:25 Mitigating the impact of TCR through solar and storage

Richard Batty – Key Account Manager – SMA Solar UK

Gary Bark – Managing Director – Optimised Buildings Steve Kellett – Sustainability Manager – Argent LLP

14:00-14:25 Reducing The King’s Cross Estate Carbon Footprint, from Energy Supply, to Tenant Demand in a Joined up Approach 14:30-15:00 TBC

15:00-15:50 Flexibility Market Participation: Return on Experience

Caroline Sejer Damgaard – Scheme Administrator – The ADE David Gibbin – Energy Flexibility Manager –Severn Trent Water Adam Sims – Power Responsive Manager – National Grid ESO

Dr Amrit Chandan – Chief Executive Officer & Co- founder – Aceleron Joe Borza – CEO and co-founder – EnergyElephan Miles Browne – Sales Manager – GridDuck Simble

16:00-17:00 Zero CAPEX Solutions – Rapid-fire presentations

DAY 2 – 25TH NOVEMBER 2021 10:00-10:25 District Heating Networks and Decarbonisation: Lessons learn from Islington’s Bunhill 2 and GreenSCIES

Rodrigo Matabuena – Energy Capital Projects Manager – Islington Council

Sean Owen – Head of Low Carbon – Greater Manchester Combined Authority

Caroline Bragg – Head of Policy – The ADE

Dean Attwell – Group Chief Executive and Co- Founder – Oakland International Jamie Burrows – Founder & CEO – Vertical Future

Craig Morley – Energy Manager – Bruntwood Sean Owen – Head of Low Carbon – Greater Manchester Combined Authority

Reid Cunningham – Strategic Development Director – BAM FM and BAM Energy

Speakers to be confirmed

10:30-10:50 Decarbonising Greater Manchester 11:00-11:50 The Future of Energy

12:30-12:55 Building Sustainable, Energy Efficient Food Infrastructure in the UK 13:00-13:25 Greater Manchester Local Energy Market 13:30-13:55 Subject to be confirmed

14:00-15:00 Five technologies changing the future of renewable energy

40 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_038-40(T).indd 2

10/11/2021 14:29

EIBI_1121_002-0 Edit_Layout 1 09/11/2021 10:35 Page 41

EMEX Show Preview Who’s exhibiting at EMEX 2021 AB Energy

Deer Technology

Hark Systems

Pilot Group

Aceleron

Direct Business Solutions

HMS Industrial Networks

Power Capacitors

Acutrace

DTGen

Hysopt

Powerdown220

Allstar Business Solutions

EBM Papst

IC Synergy

Power Responsive National Grid

Association for Decentralised Energy

Energy in Buildings & Industry

Ignite Energy

Re:fit | Local Partnerships

AM Power

Elcomponent

Infrared Heating Panels

Siemens

Atlas Copco

Energise

IngSoft

Simble

Aurora

EnergyElephant

Innotech Europe

SMA Solar Technology AG

Axair Fans

Energy Optimisation Solutions/TDCS

Innovatium

TAL Tag

B2B Energy

Engineered Systems

iScape

Space4Climate

Bill Identity

Environment Times

IWFM

Sunamp

Birdsall

ENWA

Janitza

Total Data Solutions

Bosch

eSight Energy

Mina / Fleetcor

ThisWeekinFM

Britek Technologies

eTactica

ND Metering

UTL Group

Carlo Gavazzi UK

EWT

Netcontrol UK

Vexo International

Chargemetrix

F & S Energy

NewFound Energy

VINCI Facilities

Chauvin Arnoux

Grid Duck

NFU Energy

Watkins Energy

Circulor

Grid Edge

Nicotra-Gebhardt

WEG

Clarke Energy

gridIMP

Northern Gas & Power

Zero Trace Procurement

COMPTE.R

Group Horizon

Optimised Buildings

TALKING HEADS

Gerard Hunter is head of building services and infrastructure, estates, the University of Warwick

Gerard Hunter

Reduce, decarbonise and be smart Gerard Hunter believes too many efforts to tackle climate change are driven by perception and being seen to adhere to the demand for action, rather than implementing substantive and effective change

he United Kingdom’s crucial ‘Net Zero’ target - to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 100 per cent relative to 1990 levels by 2050 - is a highly scrutinised and ambitious aim, to which unprecedented amounts of finance and aid has been committed. Chancellor Rishi Sunak announced in his budget a £30bn injection into Britain’s Net Zero strategy. More than £1.2trn is spent globally each year to promote sustainable practices across the planet, in search of achieving the universally accepted target. Currently, 87 per cent of the £1.2trn budget goes into research and investment into sustainable sources of energy. Simply put, 87 per cent is too much, leaving the budget distribution uneven. Only 13 per cent of the remaining budget is invested in efforts to fundamentally use less energy. Windfarms and buildings bearing solar panels currently generate the most media interest, and investment from governments and corporations around the world. As a society, too many efforts to tackle climate change are driven by perception and being seen to adhere to the demand for action, rather than implementing truly substantive and effective change. But while solar farms, tidal wave plants and other renewable energy sources are sustainable in practice, their ultimate existence comes down to the necessity to meet an ever-increasing demand to use energy, and not save it. In addition to Net Zero, another universally agreed climate target is currently at risk with the current spending practices in place. To limit global warming to 1.5°C this century, as set out in the Paris Agreement, estimates suggest that the current 13 per cent investment figure must be dramatically increased, to reach between 30 and 40 per cent of global sustainability expenditure. In other words, in a budget containing more than £1.2trn, hundreds of billions of pounds need to be invested in practices that reduce energy consumption across the globe. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the most sustainable energy is the energy we do not use. Sometimes the simplest approaches can be the most effective, and that’s the strategy we’ve adopted at the University of

Hunter: 'we must make a concerted effort to collectively reduce our energy consumption levels in daily life'

‘Businesses and institutions must be brave and prepared to venture where others have not’ Warwick. As an institution, we know we have an urgent need and responsibility to be more energy efficient and as such, we’ve focused on three key components: reducing, decarbonising and being smart.

Having own standards to aspire to We must make a concerted effort to collectively reduce our energy consumption levels in daily life. All organisations, irrespective of size, should have their own standards to aspire to, and to compare their progress against. For example, through the ‘Warwick Standard’, we are striving to be more efficient about our campus’ buildings, and even how we build them. Since 2017, the University has developed all capital projects to comply with an energy-low carbon strategy, achieving a minimum 30 per cent improvement on building regulations, and 10 of our 17 buildings in Academic Square place in the top quartile of energy use nationally. By putting aspirations and standards in writing, they become more achievable. Those serious about reducing energy consumption will yield the best results with innovative thinking and intricate planning. From the first shovel in the ground, to the finishing touches of a construction project, energy can be saved at every stage.

It’s also possible to reduce energy consumption in construction. Considering transportation and recycling materials and supplies, and whether or not construction is done on-or-off-site, up to 50 per cent of energy and carbon emissions can be saved. Sustainable sources of energy are still vitally important if global Net Zero and global warming goals are to be achieved. Our most recent residential buildings, providing accommodation to more than 800 students, has implemented low carbon heating technologies, such as heat pumps. Landlords, offices and even regional development projects have the opportunity to do the same- only to a much greater scaleacross their own organisations. Smart building technology must be utilised and adapted in all new buildings and implemented into current ones wherever possible. A building becomes ‘smart’ when its core systems within it are linked through sensors, building management systems and artificial intelligence. Lighting, plumbing, water meters, power, pumps, fire alarms and other components can all be efficiently monitored and managed to maximise a building’s energy efficiency. It simply comes down to those responsible to ensure that a building is using its energy as effectively as possible. Businesses and institutions must be brave and prepared to go venture where others have not. In our current climate fight, we need pilots, pioneers, risk takers and big thinkers. For example, A ‘SMART Campus’ pilot scheme is currently underway at the University, where a cluster of buildings representing 10 per cent of our overall energy demand is being used to assess the energy and carbon reduction opportunities through improved energy management, low carbon heating technologies, and machine learning. We are becoming increasingly more energy efficient but understand more must be done. Collectively, across our research, innovation and leadership teams we understand that Net Zero is not enough; we must go beyond, and fundamentally reduce current energy consumption levels. We must reduce, decarbonise and be smart. 

42 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | NOVEMBER / DECEMBER 2021

EIBI_1121_042(MT).indd 1

09/11/2021 16:25

EIBI_1121_035 Directory_EiBI Directory nov 10 2 04/11/2021 10:57 Page 43

DIRECTORY CONTACTS

To advertise in this section contact classified sales on Tel: 01889 577222 Email: classified@eibi.co.uk www.eibi.co.uk

Air Conditioning

Compressed Air, Industrial Gases & Vacuum

Energy Monitoring & Targeting

Industrial Thermometers

Meters - Water, Oil, Gas & Heating

Lighting Controls

Meters - Water, Oil, Gas & Heating

TURNKEYaM&T Meter and monitoring any utility. In house designed hardware and software. SME’s, City Wide Projects, Large Organisations. Pulse, Modbus, Mbus. www.energymeteringtechnology.com enquiries@energymeteringtechnology.com Tel: 01628 664056

Cooling

Heating & Hot Water

Control & Automation

Meters

Controls & Inverters Heat Networks

METERING DOCTORS

Temperature Sensors

LET US SOLVE YOUR METERING PROBLEMS

EMT resolve issues with meters and aM&T systems that have been badly ﬁtted and are inappropriate or wrongly installed, systems that have never functioned properly and unsuitable or wrongly conﬁgured software. We have considerable knowledge and can help assess, recommission or replace any aM&T system to render them as useful tools for your utility management needs.

For more information on how we can help, Tel: 01628 664056 Email: enquiries@meteringtech.com www.energymeteringtechnology.com

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2021 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 43

EIBI-MAR20-CMR_Layout 1 26/02/2020 16:29 Page 1

68%67$17,$/ (1(5*< 6$9,1*6 6 8%67$17,$/ (1(5*< 6$9,1*6

&05 & 05

Z ZLWK SUHFLVLRQ DLU YROXPH PHDVXUHPHQW LWK SUHFLVLRQ DLU YROXPH PHDVXUHPHQW

$LU YROXPH PHDVXUHPHQW $ LU YROXPH PHDVXUHPHQW )UHVK DLU LQWDNH )UHVK DLU LQWDNH 6XSSO\ DLU LQWR WKH EXLOGLQJ 6XSSO\ DLU LQWR WKH EXLOGLQJ 5HWXUQ DLU WR WKH $+8 5HWXUQ DLU WR WKH $+8 ([KDXVW $LU WR RXWVLGH ([KDXVW $LU WR RXWVLGH )XPH +RRG H[WUDFW DLU )XPH +RRG H[WUDFW DLU /DERUDWRU\ PDNH XS DLU /DERUDWRU\ PDNH XS DLU ,QGXVWULDO SURFHVV DLU ,QGXVWULDO SURFHVV DLU

& &RPELQHG )ORZJULG DQG 3 6HQVRU RPELQHG )ORZJULG DQG 3 6HQVRU $YHUDJLQJ YHORFLW\ SUHVVXUH VXPPDWLRQ $YHUDJLQJ YHORFLW\ SUHVVXUH VXPPDWLRQ /LQHDU RXWSXW LQ Pñ V Pñ K DQG O V /LQHDU RXWSXW LQ Pñ V Pñ K DQG O V $LU &KDQJH UDWH RXWSXW $LU &KDQJH UDWH RXWSXW 'XFW 'LPHQVLRQ DQG GHQVLW\ FDOFXODWLRQ 'XFW 'LPHQVLRQ DQG GHQVLW\ FDOFXODWLRQ &05 )** )/2:*5,' &05 )** )/2:*5,'

$LU WXUEXOHQFH GDPSHQLQJ $LU WXUEXOHQFH GDPSHQLQJ 9HORFLW\ SUHVVXUH OLQHDULVDWLRQ 9HORFLW\ SUHVVXUH OLQHDULVDWLRQ

,QVWDOOHG LQ PDQ\ SURMHFWV ,QVWDOOHG LQ PDQ\ SURMHFWV

&RPSDWLEOH ZLWK DQ\ %06 RU 3/& &RPSDWLEOH ZLWK DQ\ %06 RU 3/&

&RPPHUFLDO %XLOGLQJV ,QGXVWULDO 3URGXFWLRQ 3ODQWV &RPPHUFLDO %XLOGLQJV ,QGXVWULDO 3URGXFWLRQ 3ODQWV

9 P$ DQG 0RGEXV UWX VLJQDO 9 P$ DQG 0RGEXV UWX VLJQDO

3KDUPDFHXWLFDO 3URGXFWLRQ 3ODQWV 9DOLGDWHG 0RQLWRULQJ 3KDUPDFHXWLFDO 3URGXFWLRQ 3ODQWV 9DOLGDWHG 0RQLWRULQJ

3 6HQVRU ZLWK 8.$6 FDOLEUDWLRQ FHUW 3 6HQVRU ZLWK 8.$6 FDOLEUDWLRQ FHUW

+RVSLWDO ,VRODWLRQ 5RRPV 2SHUDWLQJ 7KHDWUHV 'DWD &HQWUHV +RVSLWDO ,VRODWLRQ 5RRPV 2SHUDWLQJ 7KHDWUHV 'DWD &HQWUHV

)** )/2:*5,' DQG 3 6(1625 SURYLGLQJ DFFXUDWH DYHUDJH DLU YROXPH PHDVXUHPHQW LQ GXFWV )** )/2:*5,' DQG 3 6(1625 SURYLGLQJ DFFXUDWH DYHUDJH DLU YROXPH PHDVXUHPHQW LQ GXFWV )** )/2:*5,' ) ** )/2:*5,' EHIRUH DQG DIWHU D E HIRUH DQG DIWHU D 7 GXFW VHFWLRQ 7 GXFW VHFWLRQ

6 6WDQGDUG 'XFW )UDPH RU PP WDQGDUG 'XFW )UDPH RU PP $ LU IORZ GLUHFWLRQ $LU IORZ GLUHFWLRQ

3 6(1625 3 6(1625 $ LU 9ROXPH $LU 9ROXPH 7UDQVPLWWHU 7UDQVPLWWHU

)** )/2:*5,' ) ** )/2:*5,' DIWHU D 7 GXFW D IWHU D 7 GXFW VHFWLRQ VHFWLRQ )** )/2:*5,' ) ** )/2:*5,' DIWHU DQ HOERZ D IWHU DQ HOERZ GXFW VHFWLRQ GXFW VHFWLRQ

)** )ORZJULG ) ** )ORZJULG YYHORFLW\ SUHVVXUH PHDVXUHPHQW HORFLW\ SUHVVXUH PHDVXUHPHQW

& &05 &21752/6 05 &21752/6 3 3UHFLVLRQ $LU 3UHVVXUH DQG 9ROXPH 6HQVRUV UHFLVLRQ $LU 3UHVVXUH DQG 9ROXPH 6HQVRUV

/WG /WG

5HSWRQ &RXUW 5HSWRQ &ORVH 5HSWRQ &RXUW 5HSWRQ &ORVH %DVLOGRQ (VVH[ 66 /1 *% %DVLOGRQ (VVH[ 66 /1 *% ZHE ZHE ZZZ FPU FRQWUROV FRP ZZZ FPU FRQWUROV FRP

3KRQH 3 KRQH )D[ ) D[ PDLO P DLO LLQIR#FPU FRQWUROV FRP QIR#FPU FRQWUROV FRP

,,62 DQG 8.$6 DFFUHGLWHG 62 DQG 8.$6 DFFUHGLWHG

&05 & 05 VLQFH VLQFH

November/December 2021

Articles inside

EMEX 2021 Preview

Compressed Air