FROM GRAMMAR TO WRITING

PART 1 Editing Advice

1. After a modal, always use a base form. have

Lincoln should has had more protection.

2. To express the past with some modals, use modal + have + the past participle. have

The bodyguard shouldn’t left the theater. 3. Don’t use of after a modal to express past. Use the auxiliary verb have. have

The Cuban Missile Crisis could of caused a third world war.

4. Use the correct form for the past participle. goneLincoln shouldn’t have went to the theater that night.

5. Can is never used for the past. couldn’t vote

I can’t voted in the last election.

6. Don’t confuse couldn’t have + the past participle with couldn’t + the base form. understand

When we read the article about Lincoln, I couldn’t have understood a few words.

If you didn’t understand the article, you could use a dictionary.

have d

PART 2 Editing Practice

Some of the shaded words and phrases have mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them. If the shaded words are correct, write C.

You probably know about the assassination of President Kennedy. But do you know about the tragic

death of his son in 1999?

John Junior was less than three years old when his father was killed. Because he was so young, he

can’t remembered much about him. But of course he must have heard a lot about his father from his

family and from history. And he must remembered his uncle Robert, who was assassinated when John was

eight years old.

John Junior could be a politician like his dad and uncles. He might have been discouraged from

going into politics, though, because both his father and his uncle were assassinated. Instead, he wanted

to become a lawyer. After awhile, though, he decided to publish a political magazine, so he must of been

interested in politics.

Because he was so famous, he couldn’t go out in public without being followed by photographers. When

he flew on commercial airlines, other passengers asked him questions, took his picture, and wanted his

autograph. He can’t got any privacy at all. So he decided to get his pilot’s license and fly his own airplane.

couldn’t remember C

1. 2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

8.

Only 15 months after getting his license, he planned to fly with his wife to his cousin’s wedding in

Massachusetts. They were supposed to be there after a short flight. Family members waited and waited.

They couldn’t have understood why John didn’t arrive on time. After waiting all night with no word from

John, they must knew that something terrible had happened.

The following morning, searchers found their suitcases on the shore. They concluded that the plane

must has crashed. Family members couldn’t go on with the wedding. Six days later, the bodies

were found.

Experts tried to understand the reason for the crash. John didn’t have a lot of experience as a pilot

and flew over water, which is difficult for new pilots. Experts say he should have flew over land. Also,

the weather wasn’t good that evening. So he should have waited. He had broken his ankle a few months

before. Some people think he may not been able to handle the foot pedals of the airplane.

This tragedy could be prevented. He could of used a commercial airline. Or he could have hired a

professional pilot to take him there in his own airplane.

John Kennedy Jr. was only 38 years old. This was just one more tragedy for the Kennedy family.

9.

10.

11. 12.

13.

14.

15.

16. 17. 18.

WRITING TIP

When writing about past events, you can use the past modal forms to express your own opinions.

President Kennedy should not have been riding in an open-topped car.

John Junior should have waited for better weather before flying.

PART 3 Write

Read the two prompts. Choose one and write one or more paragraphs about it. 1. Write about an event that had a big impact on the U.S., your country, or the world. Or write about a tragedy that was avoided. Provide the sources you used to write your paragraphs. Give your opinion about the event. 2. Write about how the media influenced an election or a president you are familiar with. Provide the sources you used to write your paragraphs. Write your opinion about the situation.

PART 4 Edit

Reread the Summary of Unit 6 and the Editing Advice. Edit your writing from Part 3.

UNIT 7

Adjective Clauses Descriptive Phrases

ONLINE INTERACTIONS

The Internet could be a very positive step towards education, organization, and participation in a meaningful society. NOAM CHOMSKY

“Digital humanitarian” and National Geographic Explorer, Patrick Meier, analyzes crowd-sourced social media data and satellite imagery to help with disaster relief efforts around the world.