RECC January 2013

Rs. 100/- • € 10

A Global Magazine on Renewable Energy System VOLUME NO. 4 • No. 1 • January 2013

• MeRAM Saving Energy While Increasing Memory & Speed

• Solar Cell World’s Most Efficient

• India Advantage High Efficiency Solar Cell

• Technology Wind Power in USA

Energy Technology Centre Jaipur, India

Address:S-549,School Block Part -2, Shakarpur,Near Laxmi Nagar Metro Station

www.ravisonsenergy.org

CONTENTS Editorial 10 Renew the Advantages of Renewable Energy over Conventional Power

News 12 The New Thrust to Solar Energy Renewable Energy in the Next Phase Solar Array at Felix Storch

Pioneer 14 A Pioneer : Aeon Renewable Energy Solution

Mindset 16 Renewable Energy is the Only Way

20

MeRAM 19 Saving Energy While Increasing Memory & Speed

A Campaign 32

Profile 22

Women Generating Light & Opportunity

In Combat with Global Warming

Sunray 33

Global Warming 24 Be Aware of the Catastrophe

A Hot Way of Promoting Solar Water Heaters

Progress 28

Technology 34

investment in Renewable Energy

Wind Power In USA

32

28 6 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

16 January 2013

CONTENTS Wind Power 62 USA Galloped to Build Capacity

IWTMA 64 The Call to Let the Wind Play its natural Role

22 SKIT 37

Classified 67 Wind Direction 69 Go Big & Cost Small

Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur

Solar Cell 38 Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Most Efficient

Geothermal Energy 40 Atlarock and Devenopot Newberry Breaking New Ground

World 42 The Attempt to Control Temperature

Tidal Energy 44 2013 Promise a Major Leap

Rhode Island 46 Not just Subsidy It Grants Energy Security to Each

Intersolarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Reach 50

69

Grid-Parity: Not Just Rate-Wise But Otherwise too Printed by Smt. Jaya Vikram Rastogi, Published

by Smt. Jaya Vikram Rastogi on behalf of Smt. Jaya Vikram Rastogi and Printed at Napack & Print, Amarpali Circle, Vaishalinagar, Jaipur and Published at Rastogi House, B9, Vivekanand Marg, C-Scheme, Jaipur - 302001. Editor-Shri K. Vikram Rastogi.

Smart Grid 54 Increasing Supply of Power

India Advantage 52 High Efficiency Solar Cells

Wind Turbines 58 Improving Performance over their Life

8 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

46 January 2013

Renew the Advantages of Renewable Energy over Conventional Power There is no doubt that global warming is going on, however, suppose that there is no such thing, will promoting renewable energy still make sense?

Between the conventional resources and alternative sources of energy there are clear advantages of the latter over the former. The conventional energy resources that India has are not enough whether it is hydrocarbon, coal, gas or uranium.

K. Vikram Rastogi

The alternative technologies open flood gates of job opportunities.

Some of the huge numbers of underemployed and unemployed in rural areas can be trained in solar skills and given jobs locally so that they are saved from going through the pains of urban migration.

If part of the large sum being spent through Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act could be diverted to this training some of the skilled folk will have something to look forward to in their own village.

Currently after the hundred days of NREGA they are back to where they started having received a paltry sum but nothing of value which can guarantee a satisfying employment - a stable and steady living for their future.

On the other hand, if they were to get trained in the solar sector they will be glad to find jobs in solar plants that have scope in rural areas. The productive days of NAREGA will not end with a depression but on a happy note that began the hundred days.

10 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

Even hydro power does not have easy access - currently 40,000 MW is being produced though the potentionial is said to be 150,000 MW. The capacity can be expanded in remote locations where it is not quite acceptable to the local people.

In the Northeast there are so many problems that even a single project will take a long time to complete.

Anyway, once the project is ongoing with lots of difficulty power will have to be taken to the mainland. The availability of these conventional resources is far below the needs of the country.

In contrast to the conventional resources there is abundance of renewable sources of energy. However, certain regions or areas may already have excess power - the conventional sources are providing adequate energy.

For example, the state of Bengal is in a position to supply power to deficit areas. But this position of excess power may not last long.

The chief minister of Bengal has invited private entrepreneurs and industrialists come to Bengal and set up their units. Thus, as and when industries are put up in the state the need for power will rise. If

renewable energy sources are used there is no problem of raw material as the sources like sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat can readily be tapped. Bengal has already put up a tidal energy plant of 1 MW. In other words, as the economy advances in the time to come more energy will be required. Expansion in power capacity will not create any problems of shortage of raw material for power producing plants that utilise the renewable sources rather than the conventional resources.

The present situation where the distribution companies stand to be given a huge dose of capital, as much as 1.9 lakh crore, just to pay off their mounting debts, still do not find an easy answer. They unanimously state that they will not be able to extricate themselves from this crisis as long as measures are not taken to supply them with the fuel or the raw material for producing power. .

That is to say timely and adequate supply of raw material to produce power are essential, not only equity. If the power production was dependent on renewables it would not be a problem to expand capacity and that too without any substantial gestation period.

Renewable sources of energy do not pollute land, water and air where they generate power. However, the present utility plants generate a lot of fumes which pollute the atmosphere and render it impure for humans to breathe harming their respiratory system. This has become a very important consideration these days because it affects intellectual ability in terms of January 2013

growth which will come from nonrenewable sources because of decentralised development generated from renewable plants.

A crucial problem that all cities face is congestion from those migrating from rural areas. It is almost like a bombardment because the cities cannot take it but there is nothing they can do against it. The facilities provided by infrastructure of cities break down under the oncoming pressure as they would in the case of bombing. But sourcing renewable energy will certainly relieve this pressure and cities can go by plans, retain their sanitation, beauty and turn into worthy places to live in.

This will really be a great boon.

memory, intelligence and nerves leading to neurotic problems.

The alternative technologies open flood gates of job opportunities. Some of the huge numbers of underemployed and unemployed in rural areas can be trained in solar skills and given jobs locally so that they are saved from going through the pains of urban migration.

If part of the large sum being spent through Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act could be diverted to this training some of the skilled folk will have something to look forward to in their own village. Currently after the hundred days of NREGA they are back to where they started having received a paltry sum but nothing of value which can guarantee a satisfying employment - a stable and steady iving for their future.

On the other hand, if they were to get trained in the solar sector they will be glad to find jobs in solar plants that have scope in rural areas. The productive days of NAREGA will not end with a depression but on a happy note that begians the hundred days.

As solar and other renewable energy plants come up in rural areas the economy receives a great growth stimulus. Also this growth will see smiles on many more faces than the

January 2013

At the same time the rural areas will have their own energy to use without interruption which often arises because of a clash -- the cities need to draw power when the farms need power for irrigation. The villages which are not electrified have an incredible freshness in their atmosphere. It is truly exhilarating to be there particularly in the mornings. Why vitiate these pristine oasis of purity with conventional energy when there is alternative technology available. These newly electrified places can partially pay back the high cost of renewable energy by supplying fresh air packed in cylinders to cities and can also be holiday venues for those who need to release their work tension or who want to convalesce from some disease.

One of the most important benefits is that India will be less dependent on imports. With the country faced with coal shortages and oil imports rising steadily, except when economic development is not happening, the country will be much better off with energy security. Neither the government at the Centre nor the people of India want to see a period of stagnancy. The government, particularly of Manmohan Singh, is keen to drive the country to double digit growth so we do hope that the country will not languish but take rapid and long strides to a better future and renewable energy promises just this. < 11 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

NEWS

The New Thrust to Solar Energy India continues its role in the international effort to fight global warming. The National Action Plan on Climate Change set up for the purpose is proceeding in stages. It is time for the 2nd phase of the National Solar Mission to be launched.

The draft document proposes 9,000 MW of grid-connected solar power and 800 MW of offgrid application. MNRE is looking at an investment of Rs 100,000 crore. Of the 9,000MW grid connected target one

part will have to met by the states while the Centre has to achieve 3,600 MW. The states have to fulfil the rest of 5,400 MW. The proposed share of solar technologies is 70% for photovoltaic (PV) and 30% for concentrated solar power (CSP), which accounts for 2.7 GW of CSP to be added in this period.

The major change hopefully will come from the reform going to take effect in the matter of funding projects. In the past the lending institutions did not meet the expectations of the developers as on account of the Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) exposure limit norms. As most banks have already hit their power sector exposure ceilings they are not able to fund the solar projects.

India has managed to rope in the World Bank to extend a line of credit to India Infrastructure Finance Company. The global institution has assured $200 million. Though this may not suffice to reach the target the Chairman and Managing Director of IIFCL, S. K. Goel, said that the line of credit will be extended further. <

Renewable Energy in the Next Phase

been roped in. It is likely to come out with a credit enhancement scheme. This should have an institution playing a dependable role in lending to India's renewable energy sector.

The progress of solar energy in India is steadily going on. The experience of the Ist Phase has brought out some problems.

In the second Phase it is likely that some of those difficulties will not face the same fate. In the past the idea was to encourage small entrepreneurs in putting up projects. However, that did not bring to fruition the intended purpose.

Also Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy, Dr. Farooq Abdullah reveals the benefits in Parliament. The subsidy proposed for the solar street lights and home lights with LED is up to Rs. 81 per watt peak maximum and is disbursed through State Renewable Development Agencies.

In the second Phase emphasis is laid on large projects instead of small . Similarly finance was Dr. Farooq Abdullah another big hurdle because the lending institutions' overall exposure to the power sector has already hit their power sector exposure ceilings so there is little financing available for solar projects.

In this field of finance requiring long term commitment India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL) has

12 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

For solar lanterns and home lights the amount of subsidy is limited up to Rs Rs. 108 per watt peak disbursed through NABARD for groups schemes and through Regional Rural Banks and other commercial banks for individuals schemes.

The Minister also outlined details of the scheme of 'Cities and Master Plans. Draft Master Plans have already been readied for 28 cities while 8 Master Plans are under the stage of implementation as they have the approval of the government.

The cities for the Master Plans have been finalised and the projects underway are for Agra and Moradabad from Uttar Pradesh, Thane and Kalyan-Dombivli from Maharashtra, Indore from Madhya Pradesh, Kohima from Nagaland, Aizawl from Mizoram and Chandigarh. They are eight in number. <

January 2013

NEWS

Solar Array at Felix Storch

helped Felix Storch tap the liberal policy of New York State Energy Research and Development Authority which runs what is called the Competitive Photovoltaic (PV) Programme Through this programme Felix Storch received the advantages that came from the government for using solar power. ROSS has thus installed 147,840 watt solar array at Felix Storch.

Paul Storch, CEO and owner of Felix Storch said, "It just made a lot of sense.

Thanks to funding from NYSERDA, tax incentives and other funding sources, the system will quickly pay for itself."

The idea of getting electricity from solar power has an innate appeal. But the cost of equipment is so high that the appeal is washed away.

The government's policy gives some advantages and benefits and if these can be obtained installing solar panels and receiving solar electricity becomes attractive again.

New York City encourages firms to harness solar power. Felix Storch based in the Hunts Point section of the Bronx was considering installation of solar power for several years but did not do so until it was able avail of a variety of incentives.

It was Ross Solar Group's commercial sales manager who January 2013

This Bronx firm, Felix Storch that supplies compact, specialty, commercial and medical refrigerators and freezers has been enabled to get 40% of all its electricity from solar power produced on site.

The commercial solar energy system installed by Ross Solar Groups was the second system installed under the NYSERDA PON programe. To date, Ross Solar Groups has installed nearly 1 MW of solar energy in the New York City area.

Clearly a country which encourages solar deployment through incentives and benefits will certainly see clean energy and sustainable environment grow and become part and parcel of that country's life.

13 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

PIONEER

A Pioneer Aeon Renewable Energy Solution Aeon Renewable Energy Solution is the new solar launch of Madurai Appu restaurants chain to enter the latest sector of clean energy in a big way. The leadership of Aeon Renewable Energy Solution shows that it has foresight, courage and believes in innovation. Compared to other companies with similar plans of putting up plants of utility scale it is going it alone instead of depending on the government for allowing it a place in the National Solar Mission.

solar companies of the country.

Apart from the academic collaboration with the University the company will have an arrangement whereby students will be trained for the solar industry in general and Aeon Renewable Energy Solution in particulars. The company has in this area again scored a first indicating its innovative trait.

The strategy Aeon Renewable Energy has conceived is to establish its leadership position in the market to start with..

This will be achieved by focusing on the domestic segment through installation of rooftop solar units with 1 kW capacity. Initially, the funding will be done by promoters, family, friends and associates; and later on through banks.

The next step in the plan is to set up its solar power plant in Tamilnadu, with an investment of INR250 crores in a phased manner. It is proposed, according to the Chairman, R. Chandrasekaran. The plant will be of capacity of 25MW and located at two places, namely, Pudukottai and Virudhunagar." These will supply electricity to institutional buyers, including industries, colleges and schools as per the report.

It has announced a strategic plan to set up a 25MW solar power generation plant in Tamilnadu. In order to be successful it has ensured the application of right technology and it has also ensured a R C Sabarish market by joining Managing Director, Aeon Renewable Energy hands with one of the world's largest solar panel manufacturers with over 4.5GW of solar module installation around the globe.

The other measure that Aeon Renewable Energy Solution will take to advance the utililty scale of the solar plan is its funding though promoters, investors and financial institutions. The company will operate through a strong 150 distributor network across South India. Also it plans to recruit around 300 engineers to strengthen their installation and after sales service support.

Chinese firms are established in solar industry and have reached all parts of the globe. Accordingly Aeon Renewable Energy Solution has selected a Chinese organisation. Aeon Renewable Energy Solution has identified 'Yingli Solar' as its technical partner.

The other measure Aeon Renewable Energy Solution has decided to take is one which is not very usual in India but common in the USA. This is to collaborate with an institution. Aeon Renewable Energy Solution has entered into a tie up with 'Anna University'. Thus it has opened a new chapter of industry - academia initiative among the

R C Sabarish, Managing Director, Aeon Renewable Energy said, "Our partnership with the world's leading solar panel manufacturer will provide technologically proven products with international standard to our customers. We are the only partner for Yingli Solar in South India. Our partnership with the world renowned Anna University will help us enhance the learning experience of engineers who would choose renewable energy technology as their career option.

With the supply of the latest technology by our partner, we will be offering variety of solar powered electronic products in the retail market." <

14 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

Also the power generated will be evacuated through government grid for Solar Power Obligation and to SMEs through Power Purchase Agreement. After concentrating in Tamilnadu and Puducherry market, the company will expand its footprint across South India with the capacity addition up to 50MW.

January 2013

MINDSET

Renewable Energy is the Only Way

T

here is no doubt that global warming is going on, however, suppose that there is no such thing, Will promoting renewable energy still make sense? Between the conventional resources and alternative sources of energy there are clear advantages of the latter over the former. The conventional energy resources that India has are not enough whether it is hydro carbon, coal, gas or uranium.

Even hydro power does not have easy access - currently 40,000 MW is being produced though the potential is said to be 150,000 MW. The capacity can be expanded in remote locations where it is not quite acceptable to the local people.

In the Northeast there are so many problems that even a single project will take a long time to complete. Anyway, once the project is ongoing with lots of difficulty power will have to be taken to the mainland. The availability of these conventional resources is far below the needs of the country.

In contrast to the conventional resources there is abundance of renewable sources of energy.

However, certain regions or areas may already have excess power the conventional sources are providing adequate energy. For example, the state of Bengal is in a position to supply power to deficit areas. But this position of excess power may not last long.

The chief minister of Bengal has invited private entrepreneurs and industrialists to come to Bengal and set up their units.

16 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

January 2013

MINDSET

Thus, as and when industries are put up in the state the need for power will rise. If renewable energy sources are used there is no problem of raw material as the sources like sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat can readily be tapped. Bengal has already put up a tidal energy plant of 1 MW. In other words, as the economy advances in the time to come more energy will be required. Expansion in power capacity will not create any problems of shortage of raw material for power producing plants that utilise the renewable sources rather than the conventional resources.

The present situation where the distribution companies stand to be given a huge dose of capital, as much as 1.9 lakh crore, just to pay off their mounting debts, still do not find an easy answer. They unanimously state that they will not be able to extricate themselves from this crisis if measures are not taken to supply them with the fuel or the raw material for producing power.

January 2013

That is to say timely and adequate supply of raw material to produce power is essential, not only equity. If the power production was dependent on renewable it would not be a problem to expand capacity and that too without any substantial gestation period.

Renewable sources of energy do not pollute the land, water and air where they generate power. However, the present utility plants generate a lot of fumes which pollute the atmosphere and render it impure for humans to breathe without harming their respiratory system. This has become a very important consideration these days because it affects intellectual ability in terms of memory, intelligence and nerves leading to neurotic problems.

The alternative technologies open flood gates of job opportunities. some of the huge numbers of underemployed and unemployed in rural areas can be trained in solar skills and given jobs locally so that they are saved from Suffering the pains of urban migration.

17 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

MINDSET

If part of the large sum being spent through Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act could be diverted to solar training people will have something to look forward to. Currently after the hundred days are over those who may have been paid lat they have not received anything of permanent benefit which can gurantee them a living for their future.

On the other hand, if they were to get trained in the solar sector they will be glad to find jobs in solar plants that have scope in rural areas and will sooner or later find some land to be put up in villages. The productive days will not end with a depression but on a happy note that began the hundred days. As solar and other renewable energy plants come up in rural areas the economy receives a great growth stimulus. Also this growth will see smiles on many more faces than the growth which will come from non-renewable

18 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

sources because of decentralized development generated from renewable plants.

One of the most important benefits is that India will be less depen d e n t o n i m p o r t s . W i t h t h e co u ntr y fa ced wit h co a l s h o rta ges and oil i m p o r t s r i s i n g s t e a d i l y, exc e p t w h e n e c o n o m i c development is not happening, the country will b e m u c h b e tt e r o f f w i t h e n e rg y s e c u r i t y.

N e i t h e r t h e g o v e r n m e n t a t t h e C e n t re n o r t h e people of India want to see a period of s t a g n a n c y. T h e g o v e r n m e n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y o f M a n m o h a n S i n g h , i s ke e n to d r i ve t h e co u nt r y to d o u b l e d i g i t g row t h s o we d o h o p e t h at t h e co u nt r y w i l l n o t l a n g u i s h b u t w i l l take rapid and long strides to a better future and renewable energy promises just this. <

January 2013

MeRAM

Saving Energy While Increasing Memory & Speed How many times have we wished that the computer start at once? Such a computer did not exist all theses days. The new computer soon reaching the market will have this feature.

and space applications but What about daily applications?

MRAM can actually replace all the memory in our computers - DRAM, Flash and even Hard-Discs. It can also be speed-competitive with SRAM (the CPU cache memory).

MRAM-enabled computers will be able to be turned-on instantly (because there will be no need to have several memory types like today). MRAM imparts more storage and longer battery life to mobile devices.

MRAM normally functions by constructing minuscule magnetic fields at intersections in a grid of nanoscopic power rails. When current attempts to travel through a power rail

"Ultra-low-power spintronic devices will have potential implications beyond the memory industry. They can enable new instanton electronic systems, where memory is integrated with logic and computing, thereby completely eliminating standby power and greatly enhancing their functionality."

UCLA engineers have developed new energyefficient computer memory using magnetic materials. By using electric voltage instead of a flowing electric current, researchers from UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science have made major improvements to an ultra-fast, high-capacity class of computer memory known as magnetoresistive random access memory, or MRAM. the engineers have developed MERAM MRAM uses electron spin to store information (based on Spintronics) so has been called "the ideal memory", as it potentially combines the density of DRAM with the speed of SRAM and non-volatility of FLASH memory or hard disk, and all this while consuming a very low amount of power. As MRAM can resist high radiation, and can operate in extreme temperature conditions, it may be very suited for military January 2013

which is opposing the polarization of one of the magnetic field bits, its current flow is mitigated and the bit value stored by the field is detected by this weakened current flow.

All the information about MRAM is interesting but does not become relevant till the question - When will it be available, today? is answered with a yes.

Actually it is under development from when in July 2006, Freescale started selling the first commercial MRAM module, with 4Mbit of me m o r y, fo r 2 5 d o l l o rs a piece. This was still very expensive and low densitiy, and probably suited a very small list of select customers - although Freescale reported that it already sold more than a million chips, and has 19 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

MeRAM

over 40 customers for their MRAM technology (which was later spun-off into EverSpin).

The good news is that there are several other companies also working on MRAM, and Toshiba, for example, is working on 1Gb chips, and h a s co m e u p with cache memory for mobile devices replacing the SRAM, which uses a lot of power and is widely used today.

Toshiba has developed a low-power, high-speed version of MRAM memory that it says can cut power consumption in mobile CPUs by two-thirds. We can expect it to make some headway soon though a time frame will be difficult to set.

"This research is focused on cutting the power consumption, while increasing speed."

20 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

Several types have been made. the new vairieties will be more cost effective. Currently several companies (Hynix, Grandis, STT, Sams u n g ) a re wo r k ing on STT-RAM (Spin Tra n s f e r M R A M ) wh i c h m i g h t p r o v e t h e m o s t p r o m i s i n g t e c h n o l o g y.

With MeRAM, the UCLA's team has helped in making computer memory that generates much less heat, making it 10 to 1,000 times more energy-efficient. And the memory can be m o r e t h a n fi v e - t i m e s a s d e n s e , with more bits of information stored in the s a me physical area, which also brings down the cost per bit. <

January 2013

PROFILE

In Combat with Global Warming The newest oil producer of the world, among the biggest gold miners of Africa, the landmark exporter of cocoa and the continent's fastest growing economy is concerned about what so many other countries with parallel educational and economic aspiration levels are not worried about at all.

The concern and worry of the world has to do with how rising emissions can be mitigated. Those countries which have taken measures to fight climate change are the more enlightened and intellectual ones, for example, in the European Union it is Germany.

Similarly in Africa the Republic of Ghana is the enlightened country and this is why it is rightfully the 'pioneer in combat with global warming' as other nations of this continent have not taken any steps that indicate the willingness that Ghana has.

Though Ghana has not developed or applied renewable energy technologies like Germany, nevertheless, it is certainly coming down heavily on emissions.

Ghana has banned secondhand fridges. These old machines use chemicals called

22 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

January 2013

PROFILE Actually the ban is not new. It was introduced in 2008.As there are customers for the aged machines there is a whole group with a vested interest in the old so the outdated continue to flourish. Consequently this group opposed the move of the government. The policy showed some consideration so certain traders can take the new measures in their stride before the latter comes into force. Thus Ghana has become a country where the second hand fridges have to be phased out.

The BBC's Sammy Darko in Accra says not everyone can afford a new refrigerator, so the used ones are still in demand at the second hand shops that litter the streets of the capital's suburbs. "We will lose our jobs - this is what takes care of us and our family," said salesman Albert Kwasi Breku.

Energy commission head Alfred Ofosu-Ahenkora says the second-hand refrigerators are harming the country as they were not built for use in Africa and so consume too much electricity. The commission says some two million used fridges have been imported to Ghana, mainly from the European Union. According to international regulations CFCs are banned under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.

chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs. CFCs rise up in the atmosphere and destroy the ozone layer over the earth. One of the most precious of our endowments of nature is ozone in its purity.

The presence of ozone is important not only in the upper layers but lower down on the earth's surface too where oxygen is needed for survival. With a liberal supply of ozone one is assured of plenty of oxygen, the freshness of which can be sensed in the early morning hours by those who wake up early and are out for a walk.

Oxygen is needed to purify the air. Had it not been for pure oxygen, needless to say, our survival would have been jeopardised. In making a decision against the old fridges Ghana has a lesson for other populated countries whose better-off residents go for expensive, efficient fridges while those who cannot afford these buy second hand so the market has in efficient models going on.

January 2013

But Mr Ofosu-Ahenkora says the solution is to manufacture fridges locally.

"It is not a matter of stopping some business but encouraging manufacturing. I think manufacturing will create more jobs than importation of second hand refrigerators."

Since CFCs were banned, many fridge manufacturers have replaced them with Hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) But last year a UN report warned that HFCs are a greenhouse gas which is 20% more potent that CO2 and so their use could hamper efforts to tackle climate change.

In other words, the true pioneer among the pioneers will be the country which produces solar refrigerators. They will be cheap to run and clean to keep. Ghana may choose to enter this virgin field and start exporting its new product to the EU. <

23 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

GLOBAL WARMING

Be Aware of the Catastrophe

F

rom a time when global warming was dismissed by laymen and even scientists the world has arrived today where no one has any disbelief about what is happening. In fact, this certainty leaves no room for doubts.

On the contrary, warming has not just become evident but has also advanced to such an extent that it calls for urgent action if a catastrophe has to be averted.

The scene on the Artic has radically changed in the last couple of years. An eye-witness from Canada has amazing observations to bring to the climate table. This is Roy Koerner, a Canadian government glaciologist, among four

24 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

men (and 36 dogs) who completed the first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean, from Alaska through the North Pole to Norway in 1969.

According to him such a trek would be impossible: there is just not enough ice. In September, the area covered by sea ice reached a record low. "I look on it as a different world," Dr. Koerner said. "I recently reviewed a proposal by one guy to go across by kayak."

At age 73, Dr. Koerner, known as Fritz, still regularly hikes high on the ancient glaciers abutting the warming ocean to extract cores showing past climate trends. And every one, he said, indicates that the Arctic warming under way over the last century is different from that seen in past warm eras.

The particularly sharp warming and melting in the last few decades is thought by many experts to result from a mix of human and natural causes. But a number of recent computer simulations of global climate run by half a dozen research centre around the world show that in the future human influence will dominate.

January 2013

GLOBAL WARMING

Let us examine what Professor Peter Wadhams, who is an Arctic expert, observes. According to him what is unfolding in northern latitudes is nothing short of a 'global disaster' in the making.

He is one of the world's leading ice experts and he has predicted the final collapse of Arctic sea ice in summer months within four years. The sea area that freezes and melts each year shrinks to its lowest extent ever recorded, Prof Peter Wadhams of Cambridge University calls for "urgent" consideration of new ideas to reduce global temperatures.

"Climate change is no longer something we can aim to do something about in a few decades' time, and that we must not only urgently reduce CO2 emissions but also urgently examine other ways of slowing global warming, such as the various geoengineering ideas that have been put forward."

January 2013

These include reflecting the sun's rays back into space, making clouds whiter and seeding the ocean with minerals to absorb more CO2.

Wadhams is familiar with ice thickness. For years he has gathered thickness data from submarines passing below the Arctic Ocean. He predicted the imminent break-up of sea ice in summer months in 2007, when the previous lowest extent of 4.17 million square kilometres was set. This year, it has unexpectedly plunged a further 500,000 sq km to less than 3.5m sq km.

"I have been predicting the collapse of sea ice in summer months for many years. The main cause is simply global warming: as the climate has warmed there has been less ice growth during the winter and more ice melt during the summer. At first this didn't get noticed; the summer ice limits slowly shrank back, at a rate which suggested that the ice would last another 50 years or so. But in the end the 25 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

GOBAL WARMING

summer melt overtook the winter growth such that the entire ice sheet melts or breaks up during the summer months.

This collapse, I predicted would occur in 2015-16 at which time the summer Arctic (August to September) would become ice-free. The final collapse towards that state is now happening and will probably be complete by those dates".

Wadhams says the implications are â&#x20AC;&#x153;terrible". "The positives are increased possibility of Arctic transport, increased access to Arctic offshore oil and gas resources. The main negative is an acceleration of global warming."

"As the sea ice retreats in summer the ocean warms up (to 7 in 2011) and this warms the seabed too. The continental shelves of the Arctic are composed of offshore permafrost, frozen sediment left over from the last ice age. As the water warms the permafrost melts and releases huge quantities of trapped methane, a very powerful greenhouse gas so this will give a big boost to global warming."

Apart from the eye-witness account, a scientist's statement there happens to be a leaked draft UN report which

26 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

emphatically declares that fears of an ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer months can become a reality if global temperature rises by more than 2 degree Celsius over current levels.

Though the report seems to have been leaked by a climate skeptic and has to be finalised in another ten-eleven months, meaning it may be modified, nevertheless it spells out the science and evidence in some detail.

The results of the report imply that the world cannot afford more infertile meetings like the recent one in Doha as there is an increasingly urgent need to set limits on cumulative GHG emissions and find a way to equitably share the finite carbon space. The Doha talks showed that countries continue to lack the economic appetite for imposing limits that involve large investments.

The draft report reaffirms that human-induced climate change is heating up the atmosphere leading to dramatic changes in global eco-systems. While there are natural factors at play, the human hand cannot be discounted and the report provides an update on a cut-off on greenhouse gas emissions to prevent irreversible climate change. <

January 2013

PROGRESS

Investment in Renewable Energy One way of looking at combating climate change is through investments that the world is making in renewable energy. It is encouraging to know that new investments in renewable energy and fuels reached US$ 257 billion worldwide last year.

In 2010, the total global investment in the renewable power and fuel was US$ 220 billion according to Worldwatch.

Just for our knowledge India has done well. Investment in India grew 62 per cent -- the highest growth rate for any single country over 2010 totals.

The total renewable energy investments in industrial

28 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

countries in 2011 accounted for 65 per cent of global investment, increasing 21 per cent to US$ 168 billion.

In contrast, the 35 per cent of global new investment that went to developing countries increased 10 per cent, to US$ 89 billion, the report said. Of this sum, China, India and Brazil accounted for US$ 71 billion in total investment.

In 2011, "financial new investment" in renewable energy installations (a category that excludes small-scale projects and R&D) in industrial countries outpaced investments in the developing world, but in 2010 investments in this category in developing countries had surpassed those in industrial countries for the first time.

Worldwatch has brought out an interesting movement 'solar power has dominated the rest of energies in

January 2013

technology-specific investments -- driven by a 50 per cent reduction in price over the year -- with US$ 147.4 billion invested in solar, compared with US$ 83.8 billion for wind projects and US$ 10.6 billion for biomass and waste-to-energy technology.

What can be noticed is that investment is increasing in solar technology as cost is decreasing. Thus there is a trend clearly visible that relates costs to investment indirectly meaning in future investment is likely to climb steadily because technology will advance and cut costs further.

Other energy sources have therefore been pushed down in the ladder of preference. For example, biofuels has sunk from number 2 position in 2006 to fourth with US$ 6.8 billion, followed by US$ 5.8 billion for small hydro and US$ 2.9 billion for geothermal installations.

Marine energy technologies received only US$ 200 million, as they have yet to be commercially deployed, as per the report.

China is on top with US$ 52.2 billion in new investments in 2011, the largest sum of any country. This accounted for nearly 60 per cent of the total new investments in developing countries and more than 20 per cent of the global total. in total investment US has made a little over 50 billion US dollars while Germany follows with 31 billion US dollars.

In 2011 global investment in the field of renewable energy rose by about 17 per cent according to REN 21 policy network as per the Renewables Global Status Report (GSR). Renewable energy now supplies 16.7 per cent of final energy consumption and about 20.3 per cent of global electricity consumption worldwide.

"These figures are impressive evidence that by trans-forming our national energy system in Germany, we are acting as a global trendsetter. The transformation of our energy system helps Germany maintain its role as a pioneer in a dynamic global growth sector that helps us reconcile climate change January 2013

mitigation, energy security and sustainable growth," said German Environment Minister Peter Altmaier.

German Development Minister Dirk Niebel added, "The global shift toward renewable energy has become reality.

Germany has helped to bring this about through its activities in developing and emerging economies. For one thing, we have paved the way for renewable energy by providing advice and support to our partners as they created the requisite institutional framework. In addition, we are 29 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

PROGRESS and Japan. in fossil energy generation capacity it was lower than in renewable sector which amounts to 40 billion US dollars.

The number of countries that have adopted targets for the expansion of renewable energy rose again, reaching 118 in 2011.

REN21 came into being in 2005 after the "renewables 2004" conference in Bonn. It is a body of governments, in-ternational organisations and nongovernmental organisations as well as representatives of the private sector, the financial sector, and civil society organisations from the energy, environment and development spheres. It receives financial support from the German Environment and Development Ministries Federal Environment Minister Peter Altmaier has welcomed the European Commission's communication with regard to future from 2020 onwards.

"With the EU strategy on the expansion of renewable energies beyond 2020 the European Commission has sent an important first signal for timely investment and stable conditions beyond 2020", Altmaier said.

pursuing practical renewable energy projects in our partner countries which are now helping to boost the sector."

Growth in the renewable energy sector mainly took place in China, the U.S. and Germany, as much as in Spain, Italy, India 30 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

He emphasized that every state of Europe has to be aggressively try to reach its target so that the whole of Europe can attain the targets. "The Energy Roadmap 2050 showed that we have to achieve a minimum share of 30 percent in renewable energies EU-wide, no matter what energy mix the individual member states use. We should act jointly and coordinate our actions to achieve this target so that the various approaches to energy policy in Europe work better together", he added.

January 2013

PROGRESS

Minister Altmaier linked the performance of every state with the overall attainment of Europe with regard to renewable energy. "For the transformation of Germany's energy systems it is crucial that European and national policies work together well. For this reason it is right that the Commission is advocating better coordination of support policies of member states and enhanced cooperation between the member states. In this context, however, it is also important that member states are able to tailor support effectively to suit their national capacities and developments. An EU-wide uniform support system would forestall that possibility, if we want to succeed we need to continue adapting the conditions in the member states and increase the market integration of renewable energies step by step.

Ultimately, we need to optimise the coordination across Europe," said Altmaier. Though it is customary in international meetings to know the amount in terms of developing nations versus developed nations in the long run it really does not matter.

January 2013

The greenhouse gases released from France and those released from Germany will not draw any distinction between where they came from as they travel up and leave their impact on earth. Why should mankind then squander precious resources on trying to draw distinction between German GHGs and French GHGs. 'GHGs are green house gases to be combated' -- should alone be important and not prolonged verbal duels that generate waste.

The resources are precious because they are fast dwindling as can be seen from the amount of capital in terms of real value that the international institutions have these days compared to what they had in the past for disbursement or loaning out to needy nations. .

To recognize their being precious the resources should be utilised to harness the perennial sources of energy in a joint effort of all as it is a challenge the whole human race is facing. <

31 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

A CAMPAIGN

Women Generating Light & Opportunity Solar Sister is created by women to generate a revolution throwing out the prevailing polluting kerosene and establishing clean energy derived from the solar lanterns through a sustainable strategy.

The plan has trained women to become entrepreneurs who operate micro-businesses of taking solar light to the door step of every home in the village so that her customers are able to save what they spend on kerosene. The entrepreneur gets a head start when she receives a solar lantern bought from a donation.

Sister was founded on the belief that investing in women is a prerequisite for large-scale adoption of clean energy technologies at a grassroots level. It is this gender inclusive system approach, combined with a women led enterprise-based model to bring sustainable livelihood opportunities to address energy poverty, that makes the Solar Sister model unique.<

The initial donation covers the cost of a solar lantern that enables the entrepreneur to start her business. She recovers the money from the customers who save on the kerosene bill. The activity has created micro-businesses for 171 Solar Sister entrepreneurs in Uganda, Rwanda and South Sudan, bringing the benefits of solar power to more than 31,000 Africans.

It works out that one solar lantern generates savings of about eight times its cost for the buyers over a five-period as kerosene will no longer be required. Kerosene is not only expensive but is also polluting.

It is not easy to read in the light of a kerosene lamp not only because it is a dim source but also it pollutes the air.

Kerosene light consumes the oxygen of the surrounding air so that what is breathed in is not likely to purify the blood as it does not have oxygen.

The mobile has become a household item and needs to be charged every day. The solar facility introduced by Solar Sister can be used to charge the mobile. Again savings will be generated as the mobile charging will all be done by what Solar Sister provides. Thus the households will greatly benefit from increased savings, extended working hours, better indoor air quality and extended study time for children.

Solar Sister is the only organisation in the world formed with the exclusive mission to build an Africa-wide network of women clean energy entrepreneurs. As the primary consumers of household energy, women are critical for successful adaptation of clean energy solutions. Solar

32 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

January 2013

SUNRAY A HOT WAY OF PROMOTING SOLAR WATER HEATERS Sun ray solar museum is established to create awareness, promote & propagate usage of Renewable energy systems .It not only exhibits a variety of Renewable energy systems available around the World ,but has also developed its own innovative solar water heater which works WITH OR WITHOUT OVERHEAD TANK, solar cool cap apart from sun based lights, Radios, sprayers, dryers, cooking systems & new pumping systems all driven by solar energy.

SUN RAY SOLAR WATER HEATER A REVOLUTION : This innovation is hot way of promoting solar energy.

Conventional solar water heater requires an additional elevated overhead tank about 7ft, from there water comes to solar tank i.e; some pressure is required . Major drawback of a conventional solar systems are 1) Mixing problem 2) Air vent problem 3)Welding problem 4) Cleaning of overhead Tank 5) Additional cost of RS.8,000 for overhead tank & stand.

SUN RAY has developed a solar water heater which works WITH OR WITHOUT OVERHEAD TANK and all the drawback of conventional system is removed.

FEATURES AND ADVANTAGE 1. WITH OR WITHOUT OVERHEAD TANK & STAND (SAVE RS. 8,000) .

2. NO WATER MIXING PROBLEMS. 3. NO LONG AIR VENT & HOUSE PIPE.

4. NON WELDED TANK & PIPES. 5. SUITABLE FOR ALL CAPACITY OF OVERHEAD TANKS. 6. SUITABLE FOR ALL TPYE OF WATER. HOW THIS SYSTEM WORK: Solar tank fills up when your overhead tank is filled through pump & automatically stops as there is ball wall & when overflow of terrace cold tank, motor is manually stopped.

1) MIXING PROBLEM: conventional solar water heaters requires additional elevated overhead tank by that there is mixing problem. Suppose at 5am,6am,7am, hot water is drawn from the system, there is mixing of cold with that of hot water & the 4th bucket will be cold water only. As there is no overhead tank for SUN RAY, whatever hot water is ready, say 60 degree, the same temperature hot water can be drawn upto the last drop.

2) NO OVERHEAD TANK: Additional cost of RS.8,000/- is saved & cleaning of elevated tank will not be there, which is compulsory in conventional solar water heaters.

3) NO LONG AIR VENT & NO HOSE PIPE: Small Air vent is provided which is non- welded. LONG AIR VENT is major complaint in conventional system due to wind & welding.

4) NON-WELDED TANK & PIPES: conventional systems are all welded & there are chances of tank leakage due to HARD WATER after some years. All pipes are inserted by silicon washers in SUN RAY. 5) SUITABLE FOR ALL CAPACITIES OF OVERHEAD TANK: n big apartments, there will be 10,000 & above lts of overhead RCC tank, our smallest system of 100LPD can be connected directly from that overhead tank i.e.; no separate pressurized system is required.

6) SUITABLE FOR ALL TPYE OF WATER: As the tank & pipes are nonwelded, this new system is suitable for all kinds of water & even the evacuated tubes are of 58mm dia.

Already more than 100 systems are satisfactorily working in HUBLI & DHARAWAD, BANGALORE, BELGUAM, DAVANGERE & ILKAL of Karnataka state.

January 2013

33 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

TECHNOLOGY

Wind Power in USA In keeping with the trend Blade Dynamics has come up with another version of a giant blade like Siemens, Alstoms and others; this blade taking its name from the company or the other way the company taking its name from the blade, is called Dynamic 49 or just D-49 as the company labels it in the market.

The man behind is Paul Rudling. He founded Blade Dynamics in 2007. His idea was to advance the wind turbine rotor through design, engineering and manufacturing. As a result the company produced blades that suit the modern energy business.

The facility was the NASA Michoud Assembly in Louisiana while the investment came from Dow Chemicals and American Superconductor. With this new product Paul Rudling has been able to enter the blade market. According to him what is new about the blade is 'transformational technology' as he puts it.

Paul has a long experience as a founder and head of S P Systems. As head Paul drove technology forward and transformed basic boat building into the contemporary advance techniques without ever stopping innovation. Thus

34 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

Blade Dynamics made headway in composites in marine and wind energy.

The company is the logical progression of this development.

It has attained excellence in composites right in time to match the demand for technology that enables large and more efficient wind turbines, in fact, the demand for efficient wind turbines has never been greater.

The timing of the product is right also because in the USA the wind power industry has fallen under severe import levies so those energy entrepreneurs buying Chinese or Vietnamese wind products may have to cough up to 70% more in costs.

Both the countries, China and Vietnam, are charged with dumping on the US market.

The Department of Commerce of the USA has hit China with January 2013

TECHNOLOGY For China back at home there is surplus production capacity in wind turbines and component manufacture though Shi Pengfei, vice president of the China Wind Energy Association, holds the probe by the US DoC would not have a big impact on the Chinese industry because most wind-tower companies are focused on the Chinese market.

However, China's wind-turbine and component manufacturing sector has suffered from surplus production capacity.

Once export to the US market is closed off, Chinese wind-tower makers will meet fiercer competition at home.

duties ranging from 45% to 71% because of alleged dumping, and duties of 22% to 35% in response to illegal Chinese government subsidies. The DoC also slapped anti-dumping duties of 51% to 58% on towers imported from Vietnam.

If the US International Trade Commission upholds the case in January, which is highly likely, then cash duties will be levied on Chinese and Vietnamese utility-scale turbines at US borders.

The duties could have been higher. In July, the DoC imposed preliminary tariffs on Chinese and Vietnamese imports of up to 73% and 60% respectively.

The US-based Wind Tower Trade Coalition (WTTC) had filed a complaint with DoC in December 2011 and preliminary duties were imposed in July.

"Over the last two years, in a period of peak demand, the US industry should have been profitable," said Alan Price of Wiley Rein, the law firm for the WTTC. "Instead, due to the surge in dumped and subsidised imports, the industry lost market share and saw its profits collapse."

Meanwhile, high-level trade talks between the US and China are under way. A delegation from China, led by vice premier Wang Qishan, attended a meeting of the US-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade in Washington.

January 2013

Coming back to the USA, Blade Dynamics is well positioned in the States to grow. In the international market too it has scope with its D-49. It is GL certified and the company claims, which is not wrong, it is the most advanced wind turbine blade in the world.

The Dynamic 49 blade sets new standards for wind power generation from 2MW machines. Weighing 6 tonnes, it is the lightest blade available of this scale and leads others in manufacturing accuracy, lightness, quality and durability.

Most importantly though, the D49 effectively turbo charges 2MW machines with a larger rotor, boosting AEP and improving the profitability of the wind farm. On an AMSC designed 2MW machine, the D49 increases AEP by up to 12%, depending on the wind resource.

It has longer and lighter rotor blades that generate more power. it has greatly improved turbine IRR. The only high performance blade that can be transported in two sections and combined locally, saving logistics cost and enabling onshore wind farms with larger rotors, increasing investor returns.

In addition D 49 is protected against erosion in high speed.

Traditional coating technology cannot protect offshore blades for long service intervals without a large drop in performance and are not capable of the high speeds that are permissible offshore.

Blade Dynamics is developing surface technology designed to work offshore for long periods of uninterrupted high performance. Testing shows that little or no maintenance will be required on the blade surface, which will have a large effect on maintenance costs for turbine owners. < 35 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

SKIT engineers, policy makers, governmental officials, end users, and people involved in the energy and environmental industries. More than 100 participants from India and abroad have pre-registered for the conference and we hope to have many more on-site registrations. More than 125 technical papers were received and it was a challenging task to select the best 75 out of the lot for presentation during 9 technical sessions of the conference. Renowned experts such as Prof. R. Natrajan, former Director IIT Madras and former Chairman AICTE, Prof Dr. ir. Roger Sierens, Former Professor, University of Gent and Director of the Laboratory of Transport Technology, SintPietersnieuwstraat, BELG1UM, Prof. L.M. Das, IIT Delhi, Prof. V. Ganesan and Prof. A. Ramesh IIT Madras, Prof.

Avinash K. Agarwal, IIT Kanpur, Dr. K.A. Subramanian IIT Delhi, Dr. Sanjay Bajpai, Director DST and other distinguished dignitaries have been invited to deliver keynote speech for each session. The conference will provide a platform to various subject matter experts to share their inventions / discoveries, establish new contacts in the industry and to discuss range of issues concerning energy, environment and automobile engineering.

The Conference website is: www.icafice.com J. L. N. MARG, JAIPUR-302017 (RAJASTHAN), INDIA Dr. Dilip Sharma: Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering

MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

We are glad to inform you that the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of

Technology Jaipur, is organizing an International Conference on Alternative Fuels for I. C. Engines (ICAFICE 2013) from 6 to 8 Feb. 2013.

Depletion of petroleum based fossil fuels and increasing environmental pollution due to engine exhaust emissions are encouraging the use of alternative fuels towards sustainable future. This three day conference is aimed to discuss the issues relating to engine performance with alternate fuels, availability of alternate fuels, production techniques, economical aspect of alternate fuels, emissions from alternate fuels in contrast with conventional fuels, engine design aspects involved in making them adaptive to alternate fuels, storage and handling of alternate fuels especially in automobiles.

We hope that the conference shall bring together academicians, researchers,

January 2013

37 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

SOLAR CELL

World's Most Efficient

Nancy Sutley

David Price

According to the findings of Forbes magazine about a year ago the performance of world's most efficient conventional photovoltaic (PV) module on the market was measured at 16 per cent.

Efficiencies higher than sixteen will then be considered among the top.

Semprius Inc, of North Carolina with the backing of Siemens of Germany has made a breakthrough

38 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

January 2013

SOLAR CELL

announcement that it has made the world's most efficient solar cell. Siemens,in a separate press release, has made a similar declaration regarding the same technology. The prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology of the United State of America has named this technology as one of its Top 10 Emerging Technologies in its Technology Review.

The prototype converts into electricity 33.9 percent of all the sunlight that hits it. It beats the previous laboratory best of 32 percent, Semprius said, citing testing and certification from Spain's Instituto de Energia Solar at the Universidad PolitĂŠcnica de Madrid. Semprius late last year announced a breakthrough in the 41 percent efficient solar cells it builds into its modules. Cells typically are more efficient than the overall module.

In the game of energy economics, even a small improvement could make a big difference in returns on investment, especially on large utility scale projects. Efficient panels can also make better use of limited space on, say, a rooftop.

"This is a significant milestone for Semprius and the entire PV industry," said Scott Burroughs, vice president of technology at Durham, N.C.-based Semprius. "For the first time we have been able to convert more than one third of the sun's energy into usable electricity."

January 2013

The Semprius solar module magnifies the sunlight before it hits a photovoltaic cell, using mirrors and lenses. The design is a form of concentrated photovoltaics (CPV), which borrows from conventional PV that produce direct electricity, and from solar thermal, the technology in which mirrors reflect sunlight onto a fluid that heats up and drives a steam turbine. .

Siemens owns 16 percent of Semprius, after buying into the company last June with the express aim of scaling up concentrated CPV "to market maturity," the Siemens release notes. It is contributing expertise in components such as trackers that position the panels in optimal position. Semprius focuses on developing the module and cells.

CPV holds great potential but is in a much earlier market stage than PV or solar thermal, also known as concentrated solar power (CSP). "It has potential to become a game changer for the solar markets in regions with high irradiation," said Martin Pfund, CEO of Siemens Energy's photovoltaic business unit.

The Renewable Energy Laboratory of the US Department of Energy has supported Semprius Inc in this development. <

With its innovation Semprius attracts attention from Nancy Sutley, Chair of the White House Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), and David Price, U.S. Congressman representing North Carolina's Research Triangle. â&#x20AC;&#x153;It was great to visit a leading small business in North Carolina and see firsthand the strides being made in clean energy," said Sutley. "It's impressive to see the innovation underway at Semprius. The work being done here will help us as a nation by creating jobs and helping to bring down the cost of renewable energy."

39 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

AtlaRock and Davenport Newberry Breaking New Ground Attempts to tap energy from the earth are a challenge but with new developments the challenge, if well-responded to, can turn the struggle into a paying proposition. The story of the company Davenport Newberry is tracked here for the milestones it has achieved.

The quest that pulled Davenport Newberry out into the field was very hot geothermal water on 62 square miles of leases based on which it could build a traditional geothermal plant.

The company's search did not prove fruitful. There was no hot water in the area. But it did find something else. This was hot rock, very hot indeed whose temperature was around 600 degrees Fahrenheit. How was the company going to react to the change from water to rock? Abandon the project.

No, it continued with its aim of producing electricity so it has to tap the potential of the area. then Davenport Newberry decided to pair with a company called AltaRock which specializes in research and development of EGS. EGS is a technology that makes reservoirs from connected cracks under the ground at depths going to down to 11,000 feet or more. The reservoirs are made using pressurized cold water to widen existing fissures. Once in place, water is cycled through the reservoirs and heated, then brought to

40 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

the surface as steam, which then can be used to turn a turbine to produce electricity. The steam is condensed into water during the process, and is then injected back into the ground to be reheated.

As the first project to assemble multiple underground reservoirs, the Newberry Demonstration, if successful, would also increase funding opportunities for EGS technology by increasing power output and offering a greater return to investors, making it a better fit for conventional project financing.

Currently, conventional geothermal development costs about as much as a new coal plant. While Engineered Geothermal Systems are more costly - 1.5 times to 3 times more expensive - they can bring down the cost of power if AltaRock can boost their production output.

"What we think we can do at Newberry is at least double the production from each well," said Susan Petty, AltaRock's president and CEO. "If we could double the production of the well we could cut the cost of production from 30 percent to 35 percent. If we are really successful, we could cut it by 40 percent to 45 percent and that would make this a really economically successful proposition."

Petty has been in the geothermal industry for 30 years. A participant in the MIT study, she was inspired enough by the results to launch AltaRock in 2007.

As geothermal technology has to go deep into the earth while creating resrvoirs there is a risk of earthquakes to the neighbourhood. Besides, hydro-shearing may pollute

January 2013

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY underground water which may be potable otherwise. The risks of polluting the environment makes it obligatory on the part of Alta Rock to obtain clearances and permissions to continue its drilling operations.

AltaRock also has other leases and, if development at Newberry isn't permitted, would look for project financing for development on other sites. in the meanwhile Alta Rock is going ahead with its programme. with the limited permissions already with the company.

closer to the surface, requiring less drilling and thus lowering costs."

As for environmental impacts geothermal energy has "markedly lower than conventional fossil-fuel and nuclear power plants."

"This environmental advantage is due to low emissions and

EGS is not altogether new. "The technology has already been proven to work in the few areas where underground heat has been successfully extracted. And further technological improvements can be expected," points out Jefferson W. Tester, who is the H. P. Meissner Professor of Chemical Engineering at MIT. The new assessment of geothermal energy by energy experts, geologists, drilling specialists and others is important for several key reasons, Tester said.

"First, fossil fuels--coal, oil and natural gas-are increasingly expensive and consumed in ever-increasing amounts. Second, oil and gas imports from foreign sources raise concerns over long-term energy security.

Third, burning fossil fuels dumps carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Finally, heat mining has the potential to supply a significant amount of the country's electricity currently being generated by conventional fossil fuel, hydroelectric and nuclear plants.

The study shows that drilling several wells to reach hot rock and connecting them to a fractured rock region that has been stimulated to let water flow through it creates a heat-exchanger that can produce large amounts of hot water or steam to run electric generators at the surface.

Unlike conventional fossil-fuel power plants that burn coal, natural gas or oil, no fuel would be required. And unlike wind and solar systems, a geothermal plant works night and day, offering a non-interruptible source of electric power.

Geothermal resources are available nationwide, although the highest-grade sites are in western states, where hot rocks are

January 2013

the small overall footprint of the entire geothermal system, which results because energy capture and extraction is contained entirely underground, and the surface equipment needed for conversion to electricity is relatively compact," Tester said.

Consequently it is hoped that the project progresses well so that geothermal energy's costs are justified and its scope of low carbon and perennial nature as compared to wind and solar energy is realized by perfecting the technology through AltaRock Newberry project. <

41 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

WORLD

The Attempt to Control Temperature Tim Gore, climate policy adviser at British aid group Oxfam said the Doha deal imperiled the lives and livelihoods of the world's poorest communities, who are the most vulnerable to shifts in climate. â&#x20AC;&#x153;It's nothing short of betrayal of the responsibilities of developed countries," he said. "We are now in the red zone in fighting climate change.

When the land on which houses are built goes under water, as in floods, residents go up on the roofs, waiting for the water to recede. After sometime they climb down to a great loss because their belongings are damaged; some beyond reclamation. Anyway, their regular life starts again when normalcy returns. But what if the floods do not recede at all

The land becomes water logged. The residents cannot climb down from the top as there is water all over for miles and miles as far as they can see. This is what is going to happen in many island nations if the world does not do anything about climate change or the rising temperatures.

The sea water will go underground land defile the source of drinking water for many people. Thus tube wells which supply drinking water will be rendered useless and there will be no water to drink for those who depend on underground water.

This is not all. The rising temperatures will cause heat waves that will damage crops. A world which is already suffering from high prices of food in most of countries will see a large number of people famishing.

Apart from alarming food shortages all across the globe the weather will behave in unpredictable ways. There will be hurricanes, storms, floods and natural calamities of incredible proportions.

All these are consequences of global warming, scientists have warned. Naturally, people tend to believe in science and what the scientists hold, unlike the years gone past,when humanity lived in tribes.

Humanity today lives in nations. And it has progressed with the help of science which has produced technology and continues to do so furnishing better living standards. When something of a global level has to be done representatives from all nations meet and decide to do certain things.

One of such meetings is remembered as the two-decade old climate talks when the nations under the aegis of United Nations

42 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

January 2013

WORLD discussed ways of reducing the rising temperature on account of which global warming happens. This gave what is known as the Kyoto Protocol to the world where in nations became committed to reduce carbon emissions.

This was a major achievement as the 1997 Kyoto Protocol controlled emissions of rich countries since they are the major producers of green gases though US rejected it because it didn't impose any binding commitments on China and other emerging economies.

The agreement was till 2012 so it expired in December last year when the meeting was held in Doha. The decisions in Doha mean that in future years, the talks can focus on the new treaty, which is supposed to apply to both rich and poor countries. It is expected to be adopted in 2015 and take effect five years later, but the details haven't been worked out yet.

Seeking to control global warming, nearly 200 countries agreed to extend the Kyoto Protocol through 2020 to fill the gap until a wider global treaty is expected to take effect. This is a treaty that limits the greenhouse gas output of some rich countries, but will only cover about 15 percent of global emissions because Canada, Japan, New Zealand and Russia have opted out of the new agreement Though expectations were low for the two-week conference in Doha, many developing countries rejected the deal as insufficient to put the world on track to fight the rising temperatures that are shifting weather patterns, melting glaciers and raising sea

levels. Some Pacific island nations see this as a threat to their existence.

Small island nations scored a victory by getting the conference to adopt a text on "loss and damage," a relatively new concept which relates to damages from climate-related disasters."This is not where we wanted to be at the end of the meeting, I assure you," said Nauru Foreign Minister Kieren Keke, who leads an alliance of small island states. "It certainly isn't where we need to be in order to prevent islands from going under and other unimaginable impacts."

The goal of the U.N. talks is to keep temperatures from rising more than 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 Celsius), compared to preindustrial times. Temperatures have already risen about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 Celsius) above that level, according to the latest report by the U.N.'s top climate body.

A recent projection by the World Bank showed temperatures are on track to rise by up to 7.2 Fahrenheit (4 Celsius) by the year 2100.

"For all of the nations wrestling with the new reality of climate change - which includes the United States - this meeting failed to deliver the goods," said Alden Meyer, of the Union of Concerned Scientists.

"At the end of the day, ministers were left with two unpalatable choices: accept an abysmally weak deal, or see the talks collapse in acrimony and despair - with no clear path forward," Meyer said. <

TIDAL ENERGY

2013 Promise A Major Leap When it is the question of renewable energy and how it can be produced the answer is not one as energy is produced from wind, sun, earth, water and tides. As for the former three it can be said that governments the world over find enough reason to support them with incentives and subsidies.

In comparison tidal energy has not been that lucky to enjoy the kind of patronage that the other forms of energy are receiving from governments. In this sense it can said that the world considers them fairly developed. However, tidal energy is not considered that developed.

But over the years even tidal energy has matured. One simple way of assessing whether the industry has come of

44 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

age is to turn your eyes on the suppliers who deliver machinery and equipment to those willing to take the risk of generating marine or tidal power from waves and tides.

Now there are several device developers that have come to be wholly owned by industrial stakeholders, which means that 2013 will be turning point. The industry will start working in earnest towards the EU's target which spells out that EU will reach a 20% share of energy from renewable sources by 2020 The European Commission (EC)'s Communication shows that the 2020 renewable energy policy goals are likely to be met and exceeded if Member States fully implement their national renewable energy action plans and if financing instruments are improved. It also stresses the need for further cooperation between Member States and a better integration of renewable energy into the single European market. Estimates indicate that such measures could lead to 10 billions Euros savings each year.

It can be surmised that the 6th tidal summit must have been an especially important event following a number of acquisitions and promises of commitment from high profile

January 2013

TIDAL ENERGY industrial OEMs/utilities. the event w h i c h w a s t h e S i x t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l T i d a l E n e rg y ex h i b i t i o n w h e n ke y p l ay e rs i n t h e t i d a l e n e rg y c o m m u n i t y d e s c e n d e d u p o n L o n d o n fo r

S u m m i t a n d A w a rd s C e re m o ny fo r t w o d ay s , 2 8 t h a n d 2 9 t h N o v e mber at The Grange Tower Bridge Hotel.

With over 350 attendees, 45 speakers and 25 exhibitors, ITES2012 remains the biggest and most comprehensive networking forum for the international tidal community. A new focus on project finance attracted key financiers as well as major stakeholders looking to mitigate the risk of investing in commercial scale tidal energy installations.

Though the post event report of the event of 2012 is awaited it can be said that the meet had been especially different and that it was a landmark occasion for the tidal industry. It will make the year 2013 a year of exponential growth for EU. As early as the Eighties Central Electricity Authority (CEA), New Delhi undertook a study for the assessment of tidal energy potential in India.

According to the study, there is an estimated potential of about 8000 MW tidal energy in the country. This includes about 7000 MW in the Gulf of Cambay, 1200 MW in the Gulf of Kutch in the State of Gujarat and about 100 MW in the Gangetic Delta in the Sunderbans region in the State of West Bengal. <

January 2013

45 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

RHODE ISLAND

Not Just Subsidy It Grants Energy Security to Each

Though not a very common name, Rhode Island (RI) has some similarity to Jaipur of Rajashtan. While US's jewellery production started in Rhode Island Jaipur is an important hub for jewellery. RI has some fine silverware too. That still does not give much information about RI so Where is Rhode Island? may be a question in the reader's mind.

RI, part of North America, is in the New England region with an interesting history. Its founder Roger Williams guaranteed religious freedom. Thus it became the home of the first Baptist church, the first Jewish synagogue, and one of the first Quaker meetinghouses. In politics, however, it was the last of the original 13 colonies to ratify the Constitution,

46 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

until the Bill of Rights was added.

But of all the firsts of RI the most attractive is that it is the first state to adopt a renewable energy portfolio standard. As it stands, RI has the lowest per capital electricity consumption in the country while the cost of electricity is

among the highest - an encouraging piece of information for going solar.

New legislation passed in June 2012 expanded the eligibility for the Renewable Energy Fund (REF) to include residential installations in addition to commercial and affordable housing projects. With an anticipated $4.25 million in REF funding for 2013, including $1.5 million for small-scale solar and $1 million for project installation, this could accommodate hundreds of homeowners. In RI utilities have to get 16 percent of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020. When Governor Lincoln Chafee and the Rhode Island Economic Development Council (RIEDC) approved new

January 2013

RHODE ISLAND measures to oversee the state's Renewable Energy Fund, it included some good news for homeowners - for the first time, residential applications for grouped projects will be accepted.

In order to be eligible for the grant, applications must be grouped and include more than 3 but fewer than 20 projects.

Real Goods Solar is looking for homeowners interested in taking advantage of the state programme.

Real Goods Solar is the company which happens to be the nation's pioneer in delivering commercial, residential and utility turn-key solar energy solutions. Beginning with the very first photovoltaic panel sold to the public in the U.S. in 1978, the company has installed more than 13,000 solar power systems representing 75 megawatts of clean energy. As one of the nation's largest and most experienced solar power installers, the company has 15 offices across the West and the Northeast. Real Goods Solar makes it easy for customers to save on their energy bill by providing a comprehensive solar solution: from design, financing, permitting and installation to ongoing monitoring, maintenance and support.

Real Goods has experience in catering to those who are inclined to pursuing the grant. The grant including a feed-intariff besides income tax credit together will cut down the cost of residential solar buys by half, increasing the homeowner's return significantly.

"This is the broadest and most inclusive incentive programme Rhode Island has offered in many years," says Ben Swanson, Rhode Island Solar Power Consultant for Real Goods Solar, "and the economics have never been better for homeowners. Real Goods Solar has enabled Rhode Islanders to successfully receive incentive funds under every previous state programme, and as a result we have dozens of happy customers living solar from Lincoln to Little Compton."

There are financial incentives like tax breaks and feed-inJanuary 2013

tariff: one is tax credit and the other is tax exemption. Under the residential renewable tax credit there is Personal Tax Credit which covers 25 percent of system costs up to set ceilings. $15,000 maximum system cost for PV. This is available for three applications, namely, photovoltaic, solar hot water heating and solar space heating.

Under Renewable Energy Sales Tax Exemption scheme the same three technologies are included and the amount of exemption is 100 per cent.

Rhode Island has financial incentives for solar programmes.

It has similar incentives for wind power. RI has a long coast line with the Atlantic Ocean measuring nearly 645 km so it has rich off shore potential of wind resources.

Even though one of the smallest, Rhode Island is one of the most industrialised. It is also thickly populated. In population density it is next to New Jersey. Apart from jewellery production and its famous silverware there is also manufacturing of textiles, electronic equipments, rubber and plastic. In other words, there is scope for alternative energy to flourish in the state with so many large potential

47 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

RHODE ISLAND company if the homeowner so desires, only he has to agree to pay over time in installments.

The signature of the home owner of RI is enough to power his home by solar energy. In Jaipur the signature of the home owner has no value. Yet at some places in and around Jaipur entrepreneurs are installing powerful generating sets fuelled by solar panels without any incentives.

Small companies have begun to find one -room offices in Jaipur to assess the demand and cater to the more brave entrepreneurs who are willing to take risks to grow. Many of these new buyers are in the rural areas and representatives selling solar products like inverters and connectors try to reach them from their Jaipur offices.

buyers of renewable energy when costs decline and more commercial production of wind and solar energies can be taken up.

In the beginning of this write-up we found that there was a similarity between RI and Jaipur. As Rhode Island is explored and discovered more fully with respect to alternative energy there seems to be more dissimilarity between Jaipur and RI than similarity.

Jaipur is a metropolis with a huge population while Rhode Island is a state with Providence as its capital. The sun available in RI is not quite the same as in Jaipur. Jaipur being in the desert receives sunlight round the year. Solar power has tremendous scope in Jaipur as compared to RI. The number of households in Jaipur that can install solar panels on the roof tops are several lakhs without counting those in the rest of the state of Rajasthan. Irrespective of the number of households in Providence, the capital of RI State, the installation of solar technologies is under way all over the state. The entire cost of the capital equipment is borne by the installing 48 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

At the same time it must be said that there are big industries which have been supported by incentives in the state of Rajasthan. For example, Reliance Power's solar plant of 40 MW has been helped to get land and its solar power production is assured of a market through the ready purchase by the state utility. This solar plant has been put up by industrialist Anil Ambani.

In other words, solar power will be widely distributed in terms of production and consumption in RI whereas in Jaipur it will continue to be more or less centralised as compared to RI where it will be a household operation. Consumers will continue to be dependent whereas in RI many will have become skilled in ensuring supply for their own needs.

The great advantage of alternative energy, particularly of solar power, is that it is decentralized. Rhode Island will be able to understand best the fruit of having solar or even wind energy powering their homes and their industries, in short, smoothening their lives. Not just the state of RI but each homeowner will enjoy energy security having become independent of one focused or centralised source. Other countries and people should also try to attain the kind of independence that RI is building up for its inhabitants. < January 2013

INTERSOLAR'S REACH

Grid-Parity: Not Just Rate-wise but Other wise too Intersolar has led the solar industry to new heights ever since it made its debut in a small town of Germany when using the power of the sun for generation of commercial electricity had still not run its trial stage in full measure and confidence.

Intersolar brought the solar industry to the fore and showcased its advantages. The very first event it staged demonstrated to society the great role of the industry. The event plunged deep into the potential bringing out clearly how it can help the world threatened by global warming.

It was not long before Germany, where Intersolar made its debut, actually began to perceive what the event exhibited

50 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

and understood the deeper meaning and implications of the industry. Applying the principles of solar energy Germany became the world leader not just in producing solar power but also in fighting global warming.

If Germany has been one of the first few nations of the world to turn to renewable energy the credit goes to the early developers of solar power in the country and certainly Intersolar has been one of the most significant of them. In other words, the rays of the sun were first recognized here as energy and the solar panels made their way on to the roof.

More importantly the photovoltaic brought about the concept of solar farms for the governments and companies to undertake. Other nations in the EU and the West similarly developed the technology of harnessing solar energy. With subsidies the solar industry has come a long way. it is a promising source of power for the world in the coming years.

Intersolar also developed from a small exhibition of villagelevel in Germany to an event of international level. Today there is not one important region where Intersolar does not hold an exhibition. It started in the EU and has gone to USA,

January 2013

INTERSOLAR'S REACH Africa and Asia, traversing the whole globe.

In the cycle of its movement Intersolar arrived in Germany at Munich towards the close of October, 2012. By this time it is showcasing not so much the development of solar energy but the next generation development stage of solar power.

In other words, the event is on the next generation theme of solar development, namely, Innovative Technologies and New Markets. it event was a huge success. there were 66,000 visitors from 160 countries and 1,909 exhibitors from 49 countries.

The organisers tell us that the event of 2012 was more international than ever. 2,000 attendees from 68 countries also participated in the Intersolar Europe Conference and its side events, held parallel to the exhibition.

The key topics of electricity storage and grid integration, which were also examined at the PV ENERGY WORLD special exhibit, were met with a particularly positive response from visitors and exhibitors alike. In total, 140 international exhibitors presented state-of-the-art solutions and products in this segment. Both of these key topics will play an increasingly crucial role in implementing the energy

MITHRA SOLARZ Complete Solar Energy Solutions

revolution and restructuring energy systems in the future, and as a result the organisers are planning to dedicate an exhibition segment to energy storage systems in hall B5 in 2013. Another important topic next year will be opening up and linking new growth markets for solar technology and especially for photovoltaics (PV). Established markets such as Germany, Italy or France are in transition due to changes in political and economic conditions. Elsewhere, market research companies such as IMS Research from the UK are reporting signs of bolstered demand in up to 60 nations across the world. How companies involved in the industry can benefit from this potential in the future is one of the topics of Intersolar Europe 2013 and the accompanying Intersolar Europe Conference.

Intersolar has some good news for the sector even in the face of nations which traditionally supported solar growth by way of incentives are seeing their generosity shrinking.

However, other countries which did not incentivise the solar industry have become willing to support the development of solar technology. there are as many as 60 nations where new policy decisions favour the growth of solar application.

With the expansion of solar industry the prices have gone down. at the new low cost of installation more and more

INTERSOLAR'S REACH new medium-sized photovoltaics markets are emerging. According to IMS Research, UK, 23 countries will increase their PV capacity by more than 100 megawatts (MW) this year. In 2011, the figure stood at 17 countries. The broad diversification of markets will lead to greater stability in the industry in the long term as development will cease relying on the subsidy policies of individual nations.

IMS Research is predicting that the global photovoltaic capacity will increase by between 27 and 32 gigawatts. In addition to China and India, Japan, South America and many countries in the Middle East in particular will soon be expanding their PV capacities. The Intersolar Europe Conference 2013 and the exhibition itself will provide more information on new markets and opportunities to enter them, bringing leading experts from the most significant growth markets to Munich. The aim is to continue forging links in the international industry and thereby provide companies with access to new geographical markets.

Next level Generation Technology Change in technology will not be quite the vocabulary to describe the new demand. it would be right to address it as next generation as the focus of demand has moved from production to the next problem. Production continues to be worked upon while the new focus is electricity storage and grid integration.

With the production of solar rising it is clear that intermittent nature of solar power has brought into close scrutiny stable supply. Also the demand for power is not constant from consumers so how this fluctuating demand 52 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

can be met from a solar source has caught the industry attention.

Intersolar is grappling with this dimension of solar power producers and solar equipment suppliers. the event has brought out that innovative and inexpensive electricity January 2013

INTERSOLAR'S REACH storage systems have made progress to be able to restructure power supply. They allow solar power to be stored temporarily and consumed during periods of low yields, helping to stabilize the power grids.

In countries where the number of home solar power producers are the end users they are also becoming increasingly interested in consuming more of their own solar power instead of feeding it into the grid. A recent report entitled "End Customers in Focus" by the Bonn-based company EuPD Research confirms this trend.

The report shows that 88% of end customers who installed a system in 2012 or would like to install a system stated that they are thinking about a storage solution. At the same time, consumers accept that yields will be lower because of additional investment costs. For many users, greater independence from energy companies is what matters most. Thus there are many positive sings from the market.

Some of the governments who have cut their support to the solar power industry have indicated that they will encourage power storage technologies. In Germany this positive measure has come from the Federal Ministry for the Environment.

Whatever the swing in different countries towards or away from supporting renewable energy sources development the total world investment in solar power is worth taking note of. World watch said a major development in 2011 was the dominance of solar power in technology-specific investments -- driven by a 50 per cent reduction in price over the year -- with USD 147.4 billion invested in solar, compared with USD 83.8 billion for wind projects and USD 10.6 billion for biomass and waste-to-energy technology.

What is a bit interesting to know is that though some countries want to remove subsidies from solar development the solar industry has received the maximum investment last year as can be seen from the figures. the report said, "Although this was not the first time solar surpassed wind in January 2013

total investment, it was the first time that this involved such a wide margin."

The rate of solar power production is dropping. At the same time when storage technologies improve along with grid integration as is likely to happen with investment on a continued rising trend there will be grid parity pretty soon The day is not far when we will be free from greenhouse effect produced by fossil fuels. In the long run Intersolar will be proud to share the credit for making the clean earth with others. <

53 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

SMART GRID

Increasing Supply of Power

consumer or curtailing it. A two-way traffic is laid down between the consumer and the utility.

The utility is able not just to assess the approximate amount of electricity being consumed by each consumer but what this exact amount is that he is using up in real time.

In addition to knowing the requirement of the consumer the utility will also be able to keep an eye on the physical distribution of power by keeping track of the health of the different constituents in the power distribution grid in real time.

The smart grid is developing so it defies attempts to define it. What is smart in India is already conventional in a developed economy like the USA, nay, not just developed but even developing countries like China. China will call conventional what India puts up as smart as those nations have advanced in respect of efficient power distribution.

The best can be said about it is that it is an evolving process with the aim of achieving higher and higher levels of efficiency in the power distribution. Thus smart grid is to turn distribution smart.

In other words, distribution becomes highly efficient. With high efficiency ruling the grid what happens is that technical and commercial losses, which are considerably huge, are minimised.

The smart grid establishes communication between the power distribution utility and the power consumer while the information of the two parties involved empowers the utility to act when required, allowing more power to flow to the 54 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

Among the major parts of the system are the transformers, typically. When the power trips in certain parts of a city it sometimes happens because there is something wrong with the transformer.

Without the smart grid it is difficult to tell where the fault lies when power suddenly goes off. With the knowledge gained from the smart grid it is possible to tell without going to the field where the fault lies.

When the smart grid is able to quantify the requirements of consumers it is in a position to control the load and it becomes possible to manage the demand -side. Thus the utility comes into a position from where it can control the peak load. The smart grid gives control on peak load management. It gives control on demand-side management.

The smart grid provides the information backup. Based on this the behaviors of the grid is predictable. When there is any disturbance the problem is easily traced to its cause so action can be taken promptly.

The power utility will essentially have complete knowledge of how the grid is behaving on day-to-day basis, and this is the key to detecting and promptly acting upon any grid disturbance.

January 2013

SMART GRID The manner in which a consumer uses power is known. With this it is possible to chart the consumption pattern of the consumer. If there are differential rates, higher during peak demand and lower at other times, the smart grid enables the consumer to schedule his power consumption so as to avail lower tariffs during off-peak time of the day.

When many consumers shift from their regular routine of power consumption to avail of lower tariffs the demand will fall from the peak that was established before the smart grid came into operation. Thus it is a clear advantage to have smart grid installed.

Unfortunately India has not taken up the task of making the grids smart very seriously. However, as the requirement of energy rises the need for efficiency will make it imperative for the country to make the grid smart though it is already late.

Countries like South Africa, Brazil and China have already made much progress in this important sector.

Organisations like IEEE-SA have to be given a large role to play in the power sector of India. They work towards creating standards and benchmarks in the sector. If the political will is the need of the hour it must rise to the occasion otherwise industrialization will become increasingly costly; it will neither be competitive nor sustainable.

The fact is that India needs the smart grid more than other countries because those with some kind of a clout use it to twist and turn the supply of power to their points of consumption. This is what happened when the entire north had to go without power as circuits could not be changed in time to keep pace with the demanded load.

It is better to know what route can be taken in getting the power supply from what points so that unplanned tripping can be avoided and at the same time power can be drawn.

The black outs in north India in late July this year only shows that the country cannot do without making the grid smart.

At the moment Indian grid is vulnerable.

Power consumption is increasing relentlessly putting the grid under greater stress and making the twists and turns to January 2013

adjust to untimely demand very difficult. The populist power regime should not pose a hindrance to the growth of privatisation of power as this is the most resultoriented and can be relied upon to introduce smart grid in earnest.

The policy should be directed towards installation of smart grid for distribution of power. This is the way to achieve efficiency in power consumption much more than saving power in household gadgets with star labeled refrigerators or air conditioners. The smart grid is the way to increase the supply of power as more efficiency will curtail waste besides cutting down losses. <

55 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

INDIA ADVANTAGE

High Efficiency Solar Cells Solar technology is being developed the entire world over. In this global endeavour Germany has come out with a record leap. Fraunhofer Insitute has bagged the German Enviornment Award and drawn the attention of all solar nations. The prize winning development has great opportunity of showing its worth in many countries more so in India.

transform much more light falling on them into electricity. To achieve that, the scientists working in Freiburg use three different materials to create a high-efficiency multijunction photovoltaic cell. Instead of silicon, they use semiconductors gallium-indium-phosphide, gallium-indiumarsenide and germanium, with each of the three materials transforming a different part of the light spectrum into electrical energy.

The 2012 German Environmental Award goes to companies and researchers in the solar industry for developing technology that utilizes sunlight more efficiently than ever before.

German President Joachm Gauck will award the German Environment Prize winners. Apart from the prestige the award has a monetary incentive as large as 500,000 euros ($646,500), making the prize Europe's largest award for environmental work.

The prize recognises the development of a solar cell which has attained record level of efficiency. Andreas Bett, deputy director of the Fraunhofer Insitute for Solar Energy Systems, is working on multi-junction solar cells for over 25 years. He shares German Environmental Award, presented by German Environment Foundation (DBU), with his teammate HansjĂśrg LerchenmĂźller of Soitec Solar, and with GĂźnther Cramer, cofounder of SMA Solar Technology.

Compared to the conventional solar cells currently in the market Betts solar cells perform much better as they can

56 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

"We adjust our three solar cells stacked on top of one another - or semi-conductor structures - to the colors of the rainbow," explains Bett. The top layer uses the short blue wavelengths of light, the middle layer the green wavelengths, and the lower layer the long, infrared wavelengths. Only in this way can efficiency levels peak.

"One can calculate that with a semi-conductor material such as silicon, one can achieve a maximum theoretical efficiency of 33 percent," says Bett. Multijunction photovoltaic cells built at the Fraunhofer Institute, on the other hand, achieve over 41 percent efficiency. That's a world record. Never before has a solar cell transformed more light into electrical energy under laboratory conditions.

The solar cells developed at the ISE are really small. they are

January 2013

INDIA ADVANTAGE concentrate the sunlight with an optical lens and direct it onto a very small semi-conductor surface," he explains.

This lens can concentrate the light by a factor of 500, thereby reducing the amount of expensive multi-junction solar cells necessary by the same proportion. "Since I capture the light onto a relatively inexpensive lens and guide it onto one spot where a small, expensive semi-conductor material is located, I can generate relatively cost-effective power with the system as a whole," says the solar pioneer.

Fraunhofer in Germany

about the size of a pin head barely visible but they are potentially just the opposite - huge. A small plate hardly bigger than a match-box carries the tiny cells. In a round disc called 'wafer' much like a DD in shape and size, as many as 1,000 cells can be carried.

And Klaus-Dieter Rasch, managing director of AZUR Space Solar Power, is proud that around 150,000 such wafers roll off the conveyor belt at his company each year, but such mass production was complex in the making. "We had to use standard systems from LED production, but found they were not good enough," said Rasch. So production lines and software were altered to better accommodate multifunction solar cell production - with the result that over 400 nonmilitary satellites tap their power via the photovoltaic cells bearing the "Made in Heilbronn" label.

As for application of these cells there are quite a few options. Different sectors can use them depending on their work. AZUR Space Solar Power, based in Heilbronn, Germany, for example, applies the ISE technology to create high-efficiency multifunction solar cells primarily for supplying power to communications satellites.

Solar have been used in space missions. In that sense they are not new. But in space the cost factor was not a constraint. However, for terrestrial use cost is an important factor so a change has been made. This change has been accomplished by a small trick.

Andreas Bett demonstrates the trick in the Freiburg laboratory. He places a metal plate covered with several photovoltaic cells into a rectangular-shaped box. He then clamps a matte silicon wafer over it. "The trick is to January 2013

The solar cells will be tried first with Bett's team player' Hansjörg Lerchenmüller' with whom he shares his prize.

Hansjörg's Solar , a major player in solar market, does business around the world. they have thirteen demonstration solar power plants are located in sunny countries such as the United States, Jordan and Spain. The first power plant went on the grid in Spain in 2007, with several hundred concentrator modules lined up next to each another, transforming light into power. Installed capacity of two megawatts supplies 1,000 households with clean power.

The breakthrough came in 2010, said the former Fraunhofer employee, when Soitec Solar built its first commercial concentrator photovoltaic plant in the US state of New Mexico. "It was a decisive project because it was the first time a power company had chosen the concentrator photovoltaic technology," Lerchenmüller said. Still, while he expects rapid market growth, especially in the United States, Lerchenmüller said the young technology has a lot of catching up to do. While solar plants around the world boast of 33,000 megawatts of installed capacity, the concentrator technology is scraping by with 28 megawatts of installed capacity.

But research experts and companies alike say the future is bright for these tiny solar cells. Andreas Bett estimates that concentrator solar cells will gain up to a 15 percent share of the solar market in just a few years. "That won't be a small niche market anymore, but one worth billions," says the researcher.

The prime condition for success, however, is still a clear blue sky and lots of direct sunlight. Only then can the optical lens optimally capture and guide it, making the solar cell function properly. So the engineers of the concentrator photovoltaic technology have set their sights on the world's sun belt.

India falls in the required radar of sunlight, the solar cells have an advantage in India over other more cloud-prone countries. < 57 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

WIND TURBINES

Improving Performance over their Life

C

hange is often discouraged by those who do not want to go through the pain of taking to the new. They are comfortable as they are so they want to maintain status quo. For them it is easy to find faults. They become skeptical and point out the negative features of what is introduced afresh. The promotion of wind energy by the government as well as a certain section of society interested in investing in or migrating to renewable sources of energy from the conventional sources of electricity have come

58 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

under criticism by some. At places the criticism has taken a slightly more vigorous form.

In the U.K., for example, certain conservatives are resisting the coming of wind power industry. When the wind turbine towers are planted they fill the landscape. Some of those who are opposed complain that these towers are ugly and the view of the landscape is spoilt.

Also the opposition warns the champions of the wind industry that the future of wind turbines is not quite as rosy

as it is believed to be. The hope that wind will churn out money for nearly quarter of a century after turbines are installed and put into operation may turn out to be merely a dream because there is no solid basis for such anticipation.

On the other hand, there has emerged a basis for quite the contrary. That is to say the wind will continue to blow but the turbines will not be able to keep pace with the power of wind. Just as an aging person finds his body failing; he cannot run or even walk the way he did, or cannot eat as he January 2013

WIND TURBINES did, similarly the turbines will not produce as they did.

Though the old man does not die he notices his energy level come down much as the turbines will fail to supply as they did.

According to a study the effective life over which a turbine generates power is 12 to 15 years whereas the wind industry as well as the government promoting it base their calculations on a life span of 20 to 25 years. The report concludes that a wind turbine will produce more than twice as much electricity in its first year than when it is 15 years old.

Prof Gordon Hughes, an economist at Edinburgh University and a former energy adviser to the World Bank and who has written the report, assessed that the efficiency rating of a turbine is reduced from 24 per cent in the first 12 months of operation to just 11 per cent after 15 years.

He has studied Danish offshore wind farms where the output has reduced even more. He found that the load factor for turbines built on platforms in the sea is reduced from 39 per cent to 15 per cent after 10 years.

He said: "I strongly believe the bigger turbines are proving more difficult to manage and more likely to interfere with one another.

"British turbines have got bigger and wind farms have got

bigger and they are creating turbulence which puts more stress on them.

"It is this stress that causes the breakdowns and maintenance requirements that is underlying the problem in performance that I have been seeing."

Prof Hughes said in his conclusion: "Adjusted for age and wind availability, the overall performance of wind farms in the UK has deteriorated markedly since the beginning of the century.In addition, larger wind farms have systematically worse performance than smaller wind farms."

The report, published last week by the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF), a think tank that has campaigned against wind farms, will give ammunition to sceptics, especially within the Conservative Party, who believe the cost of subsidies to the wind industry is far too high and that the growing number of turbines are blighting the countryside.

The report has been disputed by the wind industry on the grounds that subsidy is paid only when turbines produce electricity so no investor will let the turbine go sluggish and inoperative. Rather they will be wellmaintained to prevent their wear and tear.

Not only that, Dr Gordon Edge, director of policy in UK said: "Wind farm developers only earn money for the clean

WIND TURBINES electricity so they ensure, 'better turbines are being developed all the time, so it's absurd to focus purely on the past as this report does, and pretend that that's the way things are going to be in the future."

One point where wear and tear happens is when the wind farm has to curtail according to the requirement of the grid. Subsequently there is demand and the wind farm has to adjust again to the high requirement.

When each turbine means an independent engine that must be throttled on or off or has to output to ebb and tide to keep pace with the grid's changing demand there is certainly wear and tear. However, solution has been found. This may not have been possible in earlier days of the renewable industry because the technology had not developed.

The situation is different today. GE has developed WindCONTROL software which allows for the automation of most decisions about wind turbine operation and electrical output during periods of curtailment. The software evaluates the wind farm's operations and automatically dials down the output based on a host of factors, including wind conditions and turbine configuration. Human decisions about which turbines to turn on and which to turn off are no longer required. the software signals each turbine at a wind farm to produce at a certain level.

Minesh Shah, manager of the Electrical and Controls Centtre of Excellence at GE Renewable Energy, says, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Then the turbines use blade-pitching technology to reduce electrical output to the desired level.â&#x20AC;?

making smaller changes by blade pitching that will simply reduce the power."

"Hence, we avoid having to turn the turbines off and on," Shah said. "The continual start and stop of the turbines creates more wear and tear on the turbine components than

Other developments are underway too that will help wind turbines to be efficient and their operation so planned that the life of turbines is not shortened. <

60 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

January 2013

WIND POWER

USA Galloped to Build Capacity The energy companies of the United States of America raced to install wind turbines to bag the subsidy. The Production Tax Credit entitles the entrepreneur to 2.2¢ per kilowatt hour (kWh) of electricity generated during the first ten years of a project's life. On a pre-tax basis, the subsidy is equal to

Rob Gramlich

3.5¢/kWh, which in some areas exceeds the wholesale price of electricity.

The other option, namely that of ITC or Investment Tax Credit, allows a wind farm developer to receive upfront in cash 30% of the cost of the project in lieu of the PTC At the end of the year the tax credit expired. The deadline was absolute - to get the money the blades on new installations must be churning out power before the 31st of December. The subsidy amounts to around $1m (£620,000) for every large turbine.

Experts say that wind power has exceeded the construction of natural gas plants in recent months. According to industry analysts, the federal government's production tax credit has played an important role in the expansion of wind energy across the US since it was first introduced in 1992.

There was a lot of rushi to get projects completed by the end of the year," observed Rob Gramlich, senior vice president at the American Wind Energy Association.

WIND POWER

AWEA's senior vice president for public policy Rob Gramlich has agreed to serve as interim CEO until a permanent replacement is found. Bode retires after four years and will return to private practice as a tax lawyer and will continue to advise AWEA. He held, "It was not a great way to run a business with this policy-induced uncertainty."

Some of the lawmakers found the incentive too generous. It lapsed previously in 1999, 2001 and 2003 and each time it hurt the new construction. .

The American Wind Energy Association is hoping the tax credit will be passed as part of a compromise package of legislation to help the US avoid the so-called fiscal cliff. They say the most likely outcome is a short term extension of the subsidy.

"There's a good chance we could get this extension, it is very hard to predict, but the industry was not making bets on the Congress getting it done," felt Gramlich, Even if there is an extension there is likely to be a slow down on the installation rate. Wind energy companies say they need longer time frames to sign deals to sell the power they generate.

The prospects for new turbines in 2013 are slim according to Paul Copleman, communications manager for Iberdrola.

Iberdrola Renewables is the second largest developer of wind power projects in the United States.

"Even if the tax credit is extended, our new construction plans likely will be ramped back substantially in 2013 compared with the last few years. So much time has passed without certainty that a normal one-year extension would not be a game-changer for our 2013 build plans."

LLC - US Headquarters

"Wind produces power at a fraction of its stated capacity, and is increasingly adding unnecessary costs to consumers, just as it is in the UK," he said "They are creations of government and serve only to make their builders and owners wealthy at the expense of the public."

Thus the picture that emerges on the horizon is one of mist and fog. it is difficult to decide to lay out huge investments for a longish term in this kind of weather because the wind may blow in favour one moment and against the other.

But it is clear that for the last decade starting from 1992 up till last year there was significant addition to capacity of wind power. Initially it was less than 1.5 gigawatts across the whole country and it grew to as much as 12 gigawatts till last year.

What is noteworthy is that this amount is more than natural gas projects which have flourished on the back of cheap shale.

Some analysts argue that all subsidies to wind should end and the industry should stand on its own two feet. They say that the current arrangements mean that energy companies continue to make money even when there is a surplus of wind and the market price is negative.

The last decade supports the perspective that federal government's blessings will go a long way in building energy security for the nation and will certainly brighten up the job scene. A six-year phase-out of the production tax credit (PTC) would enable the US wind industry to become fully cost-competitive, according to the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA).

Dan Kish is with the Institute for Energy Research, a body long critical of subsidies for renewables. He told BBC News the extension of the tax credit was expensive, unnecessary and destabilising to the electricity grid.

The energy matters for the country which has to get back to its usual status in the domestic sphere of economic standing and in the international sphere of social and political standing. <

January 2013

63 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

IWTMA

The Call to Let the Wind Play its Natural Role

will be able to multiply the figure multifold if the policy does not roll out disincentives to block its highway of growth.

Also the target aimed at by the end of the Vth plan is an addition of 15,000 MW. This is substantial capacity calling for a large amount of investment as the start-up cost of a wind farm is high compared to alternate industries where capital can flow

The wind energy industry, in its pre-budget memorandum to the finance ministry, has made a strong pitch for the restoration of accelerated depreciation (AD), waiver in the uniform customs duty of five per cent for components used in generation and inclusion of projects under the priority lending category for the fast implementation.

These projects have an unfathomable fortune waiting for them and India has an ever-gushing fountain of energy ready to be tapped because such are the wind resources in the country, provided wind farms are encouraged.

Portions of Karnataka are lying idle in terms of land. If this idle or wasteland is used Karnataka alone will be able to generate as much as 50,000 MW with 80 m turbines. This is not a claim of wnd entrepreneurs but the findings of the Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy.

CSTEP has made a detailed study of different places in the state and come out with a report in which it points out how much potential the state has. The study has identified Haveri, Chikkaballapur, Hassan, Bijapur and Kolar districts, apart from Bellary, Chamarajnagar and Chitradurga, for having the potential for generation of wind energy. This is the story of just one state. The country as a whole has huge resources of wind that need to be tapped.

With a generous attitude of the government the wind industry has been enabled to provide 18,000 MW of installed capacity to the country.

Wind power has made a record addition of 3,200 MW, highest installation in any single year. Already wind energy constitutes 70 per cent of the total renewable energy in India and 64 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

January 2013

IWTMA

easily. In order to keep up the attraction of capital-flow into this clean energy the industry has to be incentivized.

Without the expansion of wind energy the target of the current Plan will not be attained.

Concrete plans are afoot by entrepreneurs and companies to start new wind farms based on the incentives provided. One of the two giants of the country in the aluminum industry is setting up its second wind power plant in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan with a capacity of 47.6 MW. This is the second initiative from the PSU, NALCO. The Rs 283 crore wind power project will be executed at Ludarva in Jaisalmer district through M/s Gamesa Wind Turbines Private Ltd, which involves erection of 56 wind turbines, each of 850 KW rating as per the company sources.

This is the second green one from NALCO to promote sustainable development by harnessing unconventional and renewable energy sources.

It is understood that the 'Navaratna' PSU will be treated with incentives from the government for its initiative.

However, if the government takes away from its liberal policy towards the wind industry it would upset the apple cart of the PSU. This has been the experience.

For example there was a surge in China yet clean energy investment reduced last year. This investment was cut to 11 per cent after governments in industrial nations slashed subsidies for technologies ranging from wind turbines to solar power and biomass. The $US268.7 billion ($254.4 billion) invested in the industry last year was down from a record $US302.3 billion in 2011, the second highest reading ever and was five times the level in 2004, according to data compiled by Bloomberg New Energy Finance.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The wind sector has been severely hit post-March 31, 2012, after the discontinuation of the AD, which has reflected in capacity addition during the first half of the year. We want the AD for the wind energy sector to be reinstated," said D V Giri, Secretary General of the Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association (IWTMA).

As the existing incentive under the sunset clause of Section 80 IA is expiring with the current financial year, IWTMA has requested an extension for setting up of the project up to March 31, 2020.

IWTMA has demanded that benefit of Concessional Customs Duty Certificate (CCDC) be restored to raw material & parts suppliers to wind turbine blades, inclusion of construction activities involved in the installation of wind power projects, operation and maintenance work in the specified infrastructure and exemption from service tax. Besides, it has called for the exclusion of 'H Glass Roving' from the anti-dumping duty notified vide notification as there are no roving manufacturers for specific high performance glass fabrics in the country IWTMA has drawn attention to waning market of the REC certificate because of a lack of interest on the part of states to comply with Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO). The association wants to add a clause for compliance by states so that the RPO market does not sag and sink into a limbo. Perahps a penalty may be the answer.

According to the association, those manufacturers who are increasing the percentage of localisation in manufacturing should be incentivised and the green Energy Fund announced in 2010 should be used. The incentives will have wind industry look up and india can hope t be able to have much more clean energy than without incentives. <

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January 2013

WIND DIRECTION

Go Big &

Cost Small There are some manufacturers which have introduced huge products to cut down costs for the buying company which installs these large products.

The size is so big that it is difficult to see how the products will perform after their installed.

Consequently these products have to be tested before putting them into commercial operation. Their manufacturers are keen to see that the large sized products pass the tests. If the new launches operate as intended by the manufacturer probably they will change the scene of the wind industry in the time to come, because they will pass the test.

Accordingly Alstom's next generation Haliade 150 offshore wind turbine is undergoing testing at Le Carnet, France, to measure power performance and power quality. The 6MW turbine is set to be used in three offshore wind projects in France led

by EDF, which will see 240 turbines deployed in total.

Alstom offshore wind vice president, Frederic Hendrick, said: "We are particularly satisfied with the excellent Pure Torque January 2013

results of the generator's air gap stability, which confirms our decision to develop a turbine with no gearbox."

Similarly Vestas has agreed with Dong Energy to conduct the test.and give it clearance. The hope is to bring down the cost of generating wind power and keep investment to a level where it is justified. have its prouct tested. < 69 < Renewable Energy & Climate Change

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