Guercino - Barocco - Marini

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Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, called Guercino (1591-1666) had his workshop in the town of Cento until 1642. After the death of Guido Reni he moved to Bologna. In1649 he lost his brother Paolo Antonio and in the home-workshop in Bologna arrived his sister Lucia with her husband Ercole Gennari. During this third period of his production, the so-called Terza Maniera (third manner), he worked very closely with Bartolomeo and Ercole Gennari. Bartolomeo was an appreciated painter and the younger Ercole, a former doctor, started with Guercino his apprenticeship. The objects described in this short note relate to a couple of oil on canvas of the same measure, 240 x 292 cm, painted in circa 1652, Silvio Finding Dorinda Wounded and Erminia Finding Tancredi Wounded, suggesting us to express sentiments openly disregard race, religion and social differences. Just as baroque writers used the literary artifice of marvels to convey a moral lesson to the readers, 1 Guercino transmitted in this pendant the suggestion of not to hide one's own feelings through the dynamic of the representation of the two highly dramatic events. The scene of the Syrian Princess Erminia or Hermine finding the Christian Prince Tancredi who was wounded close to the walls of the besieged Jerusalem was inspired by Torquato Tasso (15441595), Gerusalemme Liberata,1575, X11, 64-69; The fundamental interests of Tasso were the religiosity, then the war, the heroes, the glory, the love, the fate and the luck, through which he could inspire the moral lesson. The poem narrated the initial disunity and setbacks of the Christians during the First Crusade (on 27th November 1095, ordered by the Pope Urban II) and their ultimate success. The love story of Tancredi and Erminia is not the centrepiece of the poem, but so tragic and representative for the baroque moral to impress Guercino. Erminia lost her father and her town as the Christians occupied her country. She belonged to the prisoners in the hands of the winner who was responsible for the death of her Father, the King Cassano. Tancredi’s elegant, honourable and extremely kind attitude surprised her and led her to fall in love with him. Later she became jealous when she learned that Tancredi loved Clorinda, an Arabian maiden-warrior. On the other side, Tancredi renounced her pure love, seeking to conquer the heart of Clorinda, one of his most dangerous adversaries. Erminia returned to the Muslims, then stole Clorinde's armour, joined a group of shepherds and was captured again by Egyptians soldiers as prisoner. She escaped and the fate brought her to meet Vafrino, the squire of Tancredi, and with him she found Tancredi wounded after the final combat with the Arabian champion Argante. “Al nome di Tancredi ella veloce Accorse, in guisa d’ebbra e forsennata. Vista la faccia scolorita e bella, Non scese no, precipitò di sella.” 1

(Croce, Benedetto, Storia dell'età barocca in Italia. Pensiero. Poesia e letteratura. Vita morale; a cura di Galasso G.; Adelphi, Milano, 1993. )


(Canto XIX,104) With all her love, and also thanks to her medical competence, Erminia was able to save Tancredi’s life. But the fate was not sweet to her. Tancredi was thankful to her but was obliged to go back to his troops and has then lost definitively the contact with her. The tragic destiny of Tancredi was firstly not having understood and appreciated the immense love of Erminia and later, during a night battle as his beloved Clorinda set the Christians besieged tower on fire, not having recognised her and has killed his great love by himself. ************* The other painting tells us a similar tragedy. Silvio finding Dorinda Wounded represented the most dramatic scene of a pastoral play by Battista Guarini, 1538-1612, The Pastor Fido, of 1595. The interest of Guercino was attracted by the dramatic result of the misunderstanding love between the shepherd Silvio and Dorinda and the happy ending of the Poem brought forth thanks to the power of love…….

Silvio, completely passionate by the hunt with companions for the glory of the goddess Cintia (nickname of Diana), had no interest for Dorinda: (Atto Terzo, Scena II, 3.recitativo, Silvio) “Oh! quanto bella gloria è quella del cacciator; ha sempre la vittoria, ne vinto è dallʼamor.” The cruel fate induced Silvio finding Dorinda disguising herself as wolf tarnished in a bush: (5.recitativo, Silvio) Ma veggio, o veder parmi... colà posando in quel cespuglio starsi un non sò che, ch'a fera assomiglia. Oh! felice presagio! e che ritardo? Cintia, nel nome tuo lancio il mio dardo. Having said these words, Silvio injured her with an arrow when she came out of the bush. Dorinda was so sad that Silvio did not love her, yet looked happy being wounded by her loved one. (DORINDA) Oh! dolce uscir di vita per man di te, mio ben. (SILVIO) Ohimè! che miro? Infelice Dorinda! (DORINDA) Quel chʼè tuo saettasti e sol per te nel sen lʼalma risiede Silvio had finally the perception of the immense love of Dorinda and felt strongly responsible for the accident. (SILVIO) (Ah! dʼun fido amor dura mercede!)


Dorinda, ah! dirò mia, se mia non sei, se non quando ti perdo: li disprezzai superbo, or sommesso tʼadoro; pendon ti chiedo, e non già vita; svena questo mio crudo core. (DORINDA) Contenta son, se lo ferisce amore Love was stronger than any accident or misunderstanding and Silvio fell in the arms of Dorinda with new passion. (Scena VIII, 17. Aria) (TIRENIO) Dellʼempia frode il velo squarciare io tenterò: propizio spero il Ciel a un degno amor. (18. Recitativo) (TIRENIO) Cessate ormai, cessate dal crudo sacrifizio; udite, udite: ………….., e quel Fido Pastore, che con lʼalta pietate dʼuna donna infedel purga lʼerrore. Non è più tempo di vendette, o dʼira, ma di grazia ed amore. Oggi comanda la nostra Dea, ………. e Silvio a Dorinda congiunto in dolci nodi. Giubili Arcadia, e renda al Ciel le lodi. ….It was no longer time for revenge, or rage, but grace and love… *********************** A cultivated visitor saw in Guercino’s Bottega the first two versions of Erminia Finding Tancredi Wounded 2 and Silvio Finding Dorinda Wounded 3 destined, as we know, to two different patrons. He was not simply astonished by the surprise of the tragic representation and the effect of the “meraviglia”, but in the meantime he was the first one to discover the fascinating baroque link connecting them. So he wanted both of them and decided to commission the two impressive paintings by Guercino before the models left the workshop. By doing that, he has joined them until nowadays.

2

244 x 287 cm; “This day, the 6th of May 1652 her Serene Highness the Archduchess of Mantova paid by means of Mister Quaranta Sampi of Bologna, the painting representing Erminia and Tancredi that had been ordered by his Eminence Savelli, and there were Ungari n.o 300. That makes Scudi 375” (Account Book of Guercino, 454) - ex Howard Castle, today at the National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh. 3 224 x 291 cm; 16th January 1647, finally paid on July 3, 1647 by the Sig. Count Alfonso di Novellara Lire 617 = scudi 154; today at the Staatliche Gemäldegalerie, Dresden, Katalog der ausgestellten Werke Nr. 367.


In “His life of Guercino” of 1808 J.A. Calvi described in detail (p.32) a picture of two unusual subjects which he had seen in a collection in Bologna, and which he believed to be Guercino’s first version painted for Alfonso di Novellara: but must of course have been the second one. Sir Denis Mahon wrote: “My opinion of the two copies, which must have been painted in Guercino’s workshop before his originals were sent at different times (1647 and 1651) to different patrons, was communicated by me some time ago to Dr. Claudio Metzger. ………. The two copies must have been seen in Guercino’s workshop by someone who realised that the two “pastoral” would make an excellent pair from the iconographical point of view, and bought them both. They remained together ever since. They were engraved together (as originals) by Pietro Bonati in 1805 and 1806. I myself saw both pictures for the first time in the possession of Barone Zezza in Rome in 1949. Denis Mahon 24 January 2003.” The art historian Maurizio Marini is the “pupil” of Sir Denis Mahon who cooperates frequently and closely together. Marini presented the two paintings at the opening conference of the exhibition COLLECTIO at Aion, Ascona on July 31st, 2008 with special attention, confirming the originality and Guercino’s autograph: “Non a caso ho menzionato i cieli del Guercino, infatti alludo a due grandi tele (entrambe cm 240 x 292) d’intenso contenuto lirico-tragico e dal complesso itinerario collezionistico, in quanto intersecato da altre due versione affini, oggi conservate tra le raccolte della Staatliche Gemäldegalerie di Dresda, Silvio trova Dorina ferita, cm 224 x 291, e di Edimburgo, National Gallery of Scotland (già Howard Castel, Yorkshire), Erminia trova Tancredi ferito, cm 244 x 287. Si tratta di due autografi del maestro emiliano, il quale dipana le drammatiche vicende poetiche in un’ottica teatrale (nell’ordine compositivo qual’è ravvisabile nelle ‘repliche’ autografe: Erminia trova Tancredi ferito, episodio tratto dalla “Gerusalemme liberata”, 1575, di Torquato Tasso, e Silvio scopre Dorinda ferita, episodio tratto dalla dramma pastorale “Pastor fido”, 1590, di Giovanni Battista Guarini. Come detto le prime stesure non nacquero abbinate, dipendendo, bensì, da due diversi committenti (controprova il leggero scarto dimensionale dei quei dipinti), mentre, per contro, quelle in oggetto nascono di seguito alle precedenti, ma in coppia, verosimilmente per esplicita deduzione tematica del collezionista, il quale, nel 1652 c, commissiona le ‘repliche’ al Guercino (conseguentemente le tele assumono dimensioni identiche). Ancora una volta il grande artista mette in scena i due momenti letterari collegati quali varianti di un medesimo sentimento, drammaticamente in bilico tra Eros e Thànatos: Amore e Morte in una visione univoca, cui manca solo la parte musicale per essere vere e proprie memorie della messa in scena di un melodramma barocco. In entrambi gli episodi è il Fato a gestire i destini umani. Per esempio, nel Silvio e Dorinda che illustra la Scena IX del IV Atto del suddetto “Pastor Fido”, tutta l’azione è basata sull’inganno che genera la sventura: la ninfa Dorinda, camuffata da lupo tramite una pelle, è per questo scambiata da Silvio, che la coglie con una freccia. Linco, fedele pastore della ninfa, accorre in suo aiuto, mentre Silvio, sconvolto per l’accaduto, offre il proprio arco e scopre eloquentemente il petto perché si possa fare vendetta su di lui. Nell’insieme le soluzioni affidate alla percezione tecnico-visiva evidenziano il timbro malinconico, rustico, con cui è espresso questo episodio: lane e abbigliamenti di pelliccia e scarso


campo a sete e riflessi, sotto un cielo pervinca Silvio staglia il proprio profilo, incorniciato di lauro come un classico Apollo (anche l’arco è tra gli attributi traslati da questa divinità) sul quale Guercino l’ha plasmato. All’opposto metalli rilucenti e seriche stoffe fruscianti caratterizzano l’altro episodio: la foga della corsa scompiglia il chitone di Erminia, mentre dall’armatura di Tancredi riverberano scintilli metallici, vale a dire gli stessi che sprigionano anche dal suo elmo tra le mani dello scudiero. Qui il cielo non è crepuscolare come nel precedente, e la luce si diffonde circolarmente sui protagonisti, mentre Silvio e Dorinda sono sfiorati dal lume come un bassorilievo. Si noti come il volto anziano di Linco, in secondo piano, sia schiarito solo in parte, in quanto semicoperto dalla testa della fanciulla che sorregge. Un’atmosfera di dolce mestizia viene così a stemperare in senso barocco le tragedie in atto. E’ pertanto il desiderio di un collezionista incognito a dirigere le scelte del Guercino fino all’abbinamento di due episodi che l’artista, in una ridda di committenti (dal Cardinal Savelli al Ruffo di Calabria, dal conte Alfonso di Novellara, fino al duca di Mantova), che incrocia le due versioni, Dresda e Edimburgo, restituisce in proporzioni teatrali in una osmosi tra realtà e finzione che dà corpo e concretezza alle due stesure in oggetto, vista d Sir Denis Mahon a Roma, molti anni or sono, presso la raccolta del barone Zezza… I meandri del collezionismo non aiutano a definirne il primo, geniale committente, ma le due opere pervenute sono la testimonianza del sue gusto e della sua percezione nei sensi del melodramma suo contemporaneo. Come detto il collezionismo implica una partecipazione totale di anima, intelletto e sensi nell’unico fine di possedere la ‘bellezza’ che, come ricorda Aristotele “è dono di Dio.** Maurizio Marini” Relazione a cura di Claudio Metzger, Ascona, Luglio 2009


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