ENVI-met World Tour: Adapting Dubai’s fabric for pedestrian comfort by Studio 4215 by ENVI-met GmbH

Adapting Dubai’s fabric for pedestrian comfort Dubai, UAE

Studio 4215

Introduction

Why Dubai ? As the world turned to Dubai for the World Expo 2020/2021 (2021/2022), it becomes important to highlight the lessons the city of Dubai has to offer for developments in extreme (hot) climates. As the world turns to Dubai for the World Expo 2020/

The study analyses the current conditions and propos-

2021 (2021/2022), it becomes important to highlight

es a set of passive design interventions to improve the

the lessons the city of Dubai has to offer for develop-

environmental performance of outdoor open spaces.

ments in extreme (hot) climates. Several character-

Undoubtedly, the study could be expanded further in

istics in Dubai make it an ideal case study, some of

passive design and comfort improvement measures/

which are listed below:

opportunities, in both the scenarios of Deira and the Burj.

1. The contrast between different parts of the city in terms of the urban density, building heights and

Disclaimer

general ‘tightness or looseness’ of its urban fabric.

The study is for academic purposes only and even though every care has been taken to accurately depict

2. Extreme weather conditions and learnings for our warming cities (effect of climate change).

the current scenario in terms of existing buildings, temperature and humidity conditions and other parameters, there may be instances where some dis-

3. Day to Night variations and changes in occupancy

crepancies exist.

patterns of outdoor public spaces. 4. Importance of passive design measures such as shading, landscape and water features in providing relief from extreme weather conditions. 5. Understanding various factors associated with outdoor comfort. Often only the air temperature is considered. Dubai provides an opportunity to understand the significant change in conditions one could experience even within short walking distances.distances.

Sudio 4215 www.studio4215.com

Introduction

Urban fabric comparisons

Representation of (Deira’s) dense and compact urban

Representation of the open and loose urban fabric

fabric.

(near the Burj Khalifa).

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Introduction

Research question

Impact of urban density The first part of the research compares and investigates the differences between the urban fabric of what could be considered as old and new Dubai. The differences in looseness/tightness of the urban

The study begins introducing the 2 sites and modelling

fabric, the ability of the buildings to protect/shade

the current situation in ENVI-met. Based on the sim-

each other and shade the public spaces in between.

ulation results, improvements in the outdoor thermal

As new parts of Dubai get iconic buildings, the old part

comfort are developed through changes in the land-

of Dubai, Deira, once the commercial centre of the city,

scape and urban fabric.

continues to function with an equally high footfall. The study analyses the current environmental perforThe research investigates the differences in the built

mance of the two sites/areas and suggests some initial

density and its impact on the pedestrian comfort con-

passive design interventions to improve pedestrian

ditions.

comfort. To evaluate and quantify these interventions, the microclimate model ENVI-met is used.

This research becomes relevant as the world turns to Dubai for the World Expo 2020/2021 (2021/2022) and the lessons it has for developments in extreme (hot) climates.

Research question

Images from Deira, Dubai highlighting the tight urban fabric.

Images from the Burj Dubai area highlight the open/loose urban fabric with landscape elements of some greens and large water features.

ENVI-met model analysed for Deira

ENVI-met model analysed for Burj

Winds NW

500 m

4 floor high buildings

50 0

Tower

Taller palm trees

Grass + Trees

Row of light trees

Opening up the dense urban fabric to allow for airflow, vegetation and other passive cooling measures. Creating a denser urban fabric at low level that responds to people and their comfort needs.

Suggested interventions

Opening up the dense urban fabric...

Creating a denser urban fabric at low level...

... to allow for airflow, vegetation and other passive

...that responds to people and their comfort needs.

cooling measures.

Methodology

Analysis tools

Components of outdoor comfort

Figure 1: Deira24 12.00.00 21.06.2018

480.00 460.00

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

440.00 420.00 400.00

Various factors define and determine outdoor comfort. 380.00

of comfort but as can be seen from layer 1 on the right, air temperature does not tend to vary significantly,

et _m VI EN

mainly due to air movement.

Y (m)

(m) YY(m)

Y (m)

Y (m) Y (m)

Y (m)

YY (m) (m)

Y (m) Y (m) Y (m)

Min: 35 °C Max: 37 °C

below 35 °C 35 to 36 °C above 36 °C

Potential Air Temperature

Y (m)

Figure 1: Deira24 12.00.00 21.06.2018

Y (m)

YY (m) (m)

Y (m)

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

40.00

X (m)

0.0020.0040.0060.0080.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00

20.00

0.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

180.00

160.00

140.00

200.00

260.00

240.00

220.00

340.00

320.00

300.00

280.00

400.00

380.00

360.00

440.00

420.00

= (z

480.00

1: 21. 0

0 = tk

ure

ta Cu

R <

ht ig

> ot fo

below 0.5 1-2 2-3 Wind Speeds (m/s) 3-4 below 0.5 above 4.5 <Right foot> 1-2 2-3 3-4 <Right foot> above 4.5 <Right foot>

Fig y x/

460.00

= (z

Y (m)

0 = tk

ta Cu

Y (m)

y x/

Y (m) Y (m)

= (z

Y (m)

0 = tk

ta Cu

Y (m)

y x/

or kt

Max: 1.0 above 0.6 1.0 below 0.5 m/s N 0.5 to 1.0 m/s Min: 0.0 1.0 to 1.5 m/s Wind Speed Max: 1.0 1.5 to 2.0 m/s N m/s below 0.5 2.0 to N 2.5 m/s 0.5 to 1.0 m/s 2.5 to 3.0 m/s 1.0 to 1.5 m/s 3.0 to 3.5 m/s 1.5 to 2.0 m/s 3.5 to 4.0 m/s 2.0 to 2.5 m/s 4.0 to 4.5 m/s 2.5 to 3.0 m/s

a -F ew

0.2 to 0.4 N

Min: 0.0 0.4 to 0.6Ma Min: 0 Wind Speed x: .0

below 0.2 0.2 - 0.4 <Right foot> <Right foot> 0.4 - 0.6 Sky view factor 0.6 - 0.8 below 0.2 0.2 - 0.4 belo <Right foot> 0.2 wfoot> 0.2 to foot> 0<Right <Right .4 abo to 0 0.4 0.4 - 0.6 ve .6 0.6 - 0.8 (m/s) Wind0.6 Speeds Vi ySk

above 0.6 below 0.2

)

Y (m)

= (z

Min: 50 °C below N x/y Cut at k=00.2 (z=1.0000 m) Min: 70 0.0°C m/s N N Max: 0.2 to 0.4 Max: 7.4 m/s 0.4 to 0.6 Sky-View-Faktor > ot fo

Y (m)

0 = tk

p. em tT an di

ht ig

Analysis tools

1: 21. 0

above 68 °C

Figure 1: above Deira24 15.00.00 4.5 m/s Sky-View-Faktor Skyfoot> view factor <Rightfoot> 21.06.2018 <Right N R <

• Analysis plane: 1m above ground

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• Clothing level: 0.35 Clo = light summer clothing

ure

• Wind Speed: 5m/s

Fig

• Wind Direction: NW

1: 21. 0

n ea M

• Humidity: 50%

ure

> ot fo

• Min. Air Temp (at 06:00): 27 C

Fig

ht ig

• Max. Air Temp (at 16:00): 43 C

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• Day/time: 21 June at 12:00 (mid day)

1: 21. 0

d ee Sp

ure

following assumptions:

Fig

The analysis included in this study is based on the

o o 35 - 3636 CC MRT (Radiant) below o ooC below above 36 36 - 4153 CC o 53 41 -- 56 46oCC 41 to 46 °C 41 to to 56 46 °C °C 53 o x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) 56 46 -- 59 51oCC Figure 46 to 51 °C 46Deira24 to 59 51 °C °C12.00.00 Min: 35 1: °C 56 to o 59 Max: 37 51 -- 62 56oCC 21.06.2018 Figure 1:°C Deira24 12.00.00 51 to 56 °C 51 to to 62 56 °C °C 59 PET PET (at 62 -0.35 65ooCclo) x/y21.06.2018 Cut k=065 (z=1.0000 56 to 61 °C 56atto to 61 °C m) <Right foot>56 - 61 C o 62 °C PET below C oC 65 - 68o36 below 36 °C above 61 C 61 °C above 61°C °C m) x/y Cutabove at k=0 65 to (z=1.0000 68 o o 36 - 4168 CC above 36 to 68 41 °C below 41 °C °C above o Min: 341: °C41 Figure 1: Deira24 12.00.00 41 46 C Figure Deira24 15.00.00 b e to 46 °C 41 to 46 °C 41 low 4 to Max: 54 °C °C 1° 46 o Min: 45 21.06.2018 46 46 C - 51 C to 21.06.2018 51 46 46 to to 51 51 °C °C °C 51 to 5 °C Max: 50 68°C °C 56 Min ab 6 to Min: °C (Radiant) MTemp. 61 MRT :N Mean Radiant Figure STR x/y Cut at1: k=0 m)ove 6ws aDeira 51 - 56oC 4°C x56 x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) 51 to 56 ° 51 to °C 9 :(z=0.0000 66 °to Figure 14 bc1 °C C °C C Max: 701: °CBurjNN10 o oC below 12.00.00 21.06.2021 56 - 6153 C 56 °C 56 to to 61 61 °C below 53 °C 12.00.00 21.06.2018 o o 53 -factor 5661 CC Sky-View-Faktor x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) above above 61 °C Sky view above 61 °C 53 to 56 °C x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) o 56 - 590.2 C below 561: to 0.2 59 °C STR ws below Figure Deira o Min: 34 °C Figure 1: Deira24 12.00.00 59 -- 62 Figure 1: 59 Burj 10°C to 14 bc 0.4C to 0.4 62 0.2 to 21.06.2021 <Right 0.2 foot> Max: 54 °C °C Min: 12.00.00 45 o 21.06.2018 62 -- 65 12.00.00 21.06.2018 <Right 0.4 0.6C <Rightfoot> foot> Potential Air Temperature 62 to 65(z=1.0000 °C Max: 68x/y0.4 °C Cutto at 0.6 k=0 m) o MRT(Air (Radiant) DBT Mean Radiant Temp. x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m) 65 temp.) -- 68 x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) 0.6 0.8Co o 65 to 0.6 68 °C above N °C below 53 below below 35 C above35 68CoC below 53 above 68 °C °C o N 53- -36 56oC C 35 35 Deira24 to 36 °C Figure 1: 53 to 56 °C15.00.00 oo 56 59 C above 36 C above 36 °C Potential Air Temperature Min: 0.0 21.06.2018 Wind Speed 56 to 59 °C DBT (Air temp.) Max: 59 - 62oC Min: 1.0 50 °C at k=0 (z=1.0000 x/y Cut Windbelow Speeds 35oo(m/s) C 59 to 0.5 62°CN°C m) below N m/s Max: 70below °C 35 62 - 65 C Figure Deira24 12.00.00 N65 <Right foot> below 0.5 Min: 35 1: °C 62 to °C 35 - 36oC 35 to 36 °C 0.5 to 1.0 m/s o b65 68 C e lo Max: 37 °C Sky-View-Faktor 21.06.2018 0.5view Sky 1to -w 02.5 factor 65 to to36 68°C °C 36oC above 1.0 above 1.0 1.5 m/s PET m 68oC 1.0 to(at 1.5 PET 0.35 above m /s clo) .5below x/y Cutabove at k=0 (z=1.0000 0.2 68 m/s °C m) 2.5 2.0 to to 2.0 12 m- 3/s below 0.2 1.5 to 2.0 m /s 2.5 below PET to 3.0 36oC Figure below 1: Deira24 m/ /s 3.0 36 °C 15.00.00 to 3.5 0.2 m/ s 3 3.5 - 4- 0.4 to 4.0 0.2 to 0.4 12.00.00 s foot> o 2.0 to m<Right 4.0 Figure Deira24 Min 2.5 m/s abo to Min: 35 1: °C 36 41 C 21.06.2018 m/ /s foot> 4.5 <Right Mto v 36 °C below °C e ax: : 41 041 .0 m/ s 4.5 0.4 - 0.6 above 4.5 m s 0.4 to to7.43.0 0.6 Max: °C m/ <Right 2.5 21.06.2018 foot> Min: 37 50 °C m /s m/s 41 - 46oC N x/y 41 Cut to at m) s 46 °C 41 tok=0 46/s(z=1.0000 °C PET - 0.8 PET (at0.6 0.35 clo) N m/s m) above 0.6 Max:x/y70 °C 3.0 to 3.5 Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 46 - 51oCo 46 46 to to 51 51 °C °C PET below 36 C below 3.5 to 36 4.0°Cm/s 51 - 56ooC Sky-View-Faktor Sky36 view 51 51 to to 56 56 °C °C - 41factor C 36 below 41 °C 4.0toto 41 4.5°C m/s o Min: 0.0 56 61 C 56 to 61 °C below 0.2 56 to 61 °C o Wind Speed below 0.2°C 41 - 46 C o to 41 to 46 46 °C above 4.5 m/s Max: 1.041 above C above 61 °C above 61 °C - 0.4 o61 (m/s) Wind Speeds 0.2to 0.4°C C 460.2 - 51 <Right foot> below 0.5 46 46 toto51 51 °Cm/s <Right foot> N 0.4 - 0.6 o 0.5 0.4to to56 0.6°C 51below - 56 C 0.5 1.0 51 51 toto 56 °Cm/s Min: 34 1: °C Figure Deira24 12.00.00 N Min: 0.0 m/s o 1 -- 61 2- 0.8 above 0.6°C 560.6 C Max: 54 °C °C Min: 1.0 1.5 to 56 toto61 61 °Cm/s 21.06.2018 Max: 45 7.4 56 m/s 2 - 3 61oC Max: 68 above °C1.5 to61 2.0 °C above 61 °Cm/s m) MRT above (Radiant) Mean x/y Radiant Temp. Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 3 4 below 53oC Min: 0.0 2.0 toN2.5 m/s Wind below 53 °C12.00.00 Min: 34 Speed °C Figure 1: Deira24 above Max: 1.0 2.5 to 3.0 m/s 53 - 56oC4.5 <Right foot> Max: 54 °C °C Min: 45 Wind (m/s) 53 to 56 °C 21.06.2018 <Right foot>Speeds o below 3.0 to 0.5 3.5 m/s m/s belo56 - 59 C Max: 68 °C N °C w below 0.5 53 (Radiant) 56 59 MRT Mean x/y Radiant Temp. Cut at to k=0 53 to 0.5 to 1.0 o 56 3.5 to (z=0.0000 4.0 m/s m/s m) 559 to 6 ° °-C 62 Co 59 5 to 9 °below 62 1C - 2 53 C 59 to N62 °C 1.0 1.5 m/s 4.0 to to53 4.5 m/s abo 65 to to 65 °62 °C C62 - 65ooC below M in °C 68 ve <Right C 532 -- 56 3 C x: : 6°C 62 to Ma65 °C foot> 68 °C 72 3 m/s 1.5 2.0 °C above 4.5 53 toto56 °C °Cm/s 65 - 68ooC 65 toto 68 °C 563 -- 59 4 C 2.0to 2.5°C m/s 56 59 above o68oC above 68 59above - 62 C4.5 2.5toto62 3.0°C m/s <Right foot> 59 Figure Deira24 NN °C 15.00.00 Min: 0.01:m/s 62 - 65oC 3.0toto65 3.5°Cm/s <Right foot> 21.06.2018 Max: 7.462 m/s 65 - 68oC 3.5toto68 4.0°Cm/s Min: 50 °C 65 N x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) above 68oC Max: 70 °C4.0 toN4.5 m/s

in W

radiation losses) during night respectively.

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

> ot fo

the day and heat losses (to the far sky via longwave

Max: 68 °C PET x/y 35 36 °C Mean Radiant Temp. Cut at to k=0 (z=0.0000 below 36 °C m)

Figure 1:above Deira24 12.00.00 N36 °C 36 to 53 41 °C below 41°C °C below 21.06.2018

ht ig

the heat gains (due to direct solar radiation) during

above 61oC

R <

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view factors are also used in the study to understand

°C

ta Cu

°C

Aspects like Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and sky

°C

y x/

offer.

above above 61 61 °C °C

T PE

variations that even small parts of an urban fabric can

1: 21. 0

> ot fo

understand ‘feels like’ conditions and also large

ure

ht ig

precisely the level of detail one needs to go into to

Fig

Figure Deira24 12.00.00 Min: 35 1: °CAir Potential Temperature Min: 34 1: °C Deira24 12.00.00 DBT (Air temp.) Figure Max: 37 °C 21.06.2018 o Max: 54 °C °C Min: below C PET 45 below 35 °C 21.06.2018 PET (at 0.3535 clo)

R <

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humidity and wind speed. PET, therefore, represents

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

= (z

PET (at 0.35N clo) below 36oC below 36 °C 36 - 41oC 36 to 41 41 °C °C Potentialbelow Air Temperature (Air- temp.) Figure Deira wsDBT 41 46oC 41 to °C 41 Burj to1:46 46 °C toSTR Figure 1: 10 14 bc o below below 3521.06.2021 °C 12.00.00 C C 46 - 51o35 46 51 °C 46 to to 21.06.2018 51 °C 12.00.00 ooC 35 36 35 to 36 °C belo 51 56 C x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) 51 51 to to 56 56 °C °C w 3 Min x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) abo 5 to 35 ° o : 36 C above o36 C ve above 36Ma°C x°C °C 56 - 61 C : 35 36 56 56 to to 61 61 °C

PET PET

0 = tk ta Cu

cooling of surrounding surfaces, clothing level,

y x/

of air temperature, radiation from sun and heating/

x/y above Cut at k=036 (z=1.0000 m) °C

Figure 1: Deira STR ws Figure 1: Burj 10 to 14 bc 21.06.2021 Figure 1: 12.00.00 Min: 12.00.00 3512.00.00 °C Deira24 21.06.2018 Max: 37 °C x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) 21.06.2018

re tu ra pe m Te

of what a person would feel as it is a combined effect

DBT (Air temp.) below 35oC 35 - 36oC 50 36oC above 0

Figure 1: Deira24 below 35 °C 12.00.00 21.06.2018 35 to 36 °C

ir lA

Temperature (PET) is a much more accurate measure

Potential Air Temperature

ia nt te Po

Layer 2, representing Physiological Equivalent

x/y x/yCut Cutat atk=0 k=0(z=1.0000 (z=1.0000 m) m)

Y (m)

Often air temperature is understood to be the measure

Figure 1: Deira STR ws Figure 1: 1: Deira24 Burj 10 to 14 bc Figure 12.00.00 12.00.00 21.06.2021 12.00.00 21.06.2018 21.06.2018 x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

480.00 340.00 48 480.00 460 0.00 460.00 .00 320.00 44 420 0.00 .0 460.00 400 0 440.00 .00 38 300.00 360 0.00 .00 34 440.00 420.00 320 0.00 280.00 .0 30 0 280 0.00 420.00 ) 2 400.00 (m 60.0o .00 ) 260.00 Y 2 0 C 4 220 0.00T 400.00 .0 200 380.00 240.00 .00 D 18 ( 0B 480.00 160 0.00e 380.00 .00 r 14 360.00 u 220.00 120 0.0a 0 t 460.00 .0 r 100 .00 e 360.00 80 p0 340.00 200.00 0 60.0 .0m 440.00 0e 40 480.00 340.00 0 T 20.0 .0r 320.00 i 180.00 0 0.0 A 420.00 0 480.00 460.00 320.00 480.00 0.0 300.00 020 160.00 .040 400.00 0.0 460.00 060.0 440.00 300.00 460.00 800.0 280.00 140.00 1000 380.00 .0120 440.00 0.01 420.00 400.0 280.00 440.00 1060 260.00 120.00 .0180 360.00 0.02 420.00 00.0 48 400.00 260.00 2200 420.00 460 0.00 .0240 240.00 100.00 0.02 .00 480.00 440 340.00 060.0 X( 400.00 .00 2800 42 m) 380.00 240.00 400.00 .030 400 0.00 480.00 0.03 220.00 80.00 .0 2 0 460.00 38 0 0.03 320.00 380.00 400.0 360 0.00 3060 360.00 220.00 .00 380.00 .03 340 460.00 200.00 60.00 32 800.0 4.0 440.00 00 300.00 360.00 300 0.00 0.04200 340.00 .0 .0 200.00 4 360.00 280 400.0 0 ) 2 440.00 180.00 4060 40.00 (m 60.0 .00 420.00 .0480 280.00 Y 2 340.00 0.0 0 40.0 0 320.00 180.00 22 0 340.00 420.00 160.00 20.00 200 0.00 400.00 .0 260.00 1 0) 320.00 80.0 480.00 o 1 300.00 160.00 0 6 C 320.00 0.0 480.00 400.00 140 140.00 0 0.00 380.00 .00 p 240.00 12 300.00 460.00 100 0.00 em 280.00 140.00 300.00 .00 t380.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 460.00 380.000.0020.00 120.00 80 360.00 t 360.00 220.00 60.0 .00el 280.00 440.00 f 0 4 260.00 ( 120.00 0 280.00 X (m) 440.00 360.00 20.0 .00T 100.00 480.00 340.00 0 E 200.00 0.0 P 260.00 420.00 0 100.00 240.00 260.00 0.0 420.00 340.00 80.00 460.00 020 320.00 180.00 .040 240.00 400.00 0.0 80.00 220.00 060.0 240.00 400.00 320.00 800.0 480.00 60.00 440.00 300.00 1000 160.00 220.00 .0120 380.00 0.01 60.00 200.00 220.00 480.00 400.0 380.00 300.00 460.00 40.00 1060 ENVI_met 420.00 280.00 .0180 140.00 200.00 360.00 0.02 00.0 40.00 180.00 200.00 48 460.00 2200 360.00 280.00 440.00 20.00 460 0.00 .0240 400.00 260.00 120.00 0.02 .00 440 180.00 340.00 060.0 X( .00 2800 20.00 42 160.00 m) 180.00 440.00 .030 340.00 260.00 420.00 400 0.00 0.00 0.03 380.00 240.00 .0 100.00 200.0 38 0 160.00 320.00 3400 360 0.00 480.00 0.00 140.000.0020.00 .0306 160.00 480.00 420.00 .00 0.03 34 320.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 240.00 400.00 360.00 0.0 220.00 80.00 32 800.0 4 0 140.00 300.00 .00 00.0420 0.0020.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 300 0480.00 460.00 120.00 460.00 0.04 140.00 400.00 .0 280 300.00 400.0 220.00 0 X (m) 480.00 380.00 ) 2 340.00 4060 200.00 60.00 (m 60.0 .00 .0480 120.00 Y 2 280.00 0.0 0 XX (m) 40.0 (m) 440.00 100.00 120.00 440.00 0 480.00 380.00 22 0 280.00 200.00 460.00 360.00 320.00 200 0.00 180.00 40.00 100.00 .0 260.00 180 0) 420.00 .0 80.00 100.00 420.00 460.00 1 360.00 s 0 60.0 260.00 180.00 / 440.00 340.00 300.00 1 0 4 160.00 20.00 0.0 80.00 12 240.00 0 (m 400.00 480.00 60.00 80.00 400.00 100 0.00 d 440.00 340.00 160.00 240.00 .00 e 420.00 320.00 80 480.00 e ENVI-met280.00 140.00 0.00 60.00 220.00 60.0 .00 p 480.00 380.00 S ENVI_met 460.00 60.00 40.00 380.00 0 420.00 4 ENVI_met 320.00 0.0 d 220.00 140.000.0020.00 300.00 400.00 0n340.00 260.00 20.0320.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 460.00 120.00 0 i 40.00 200.00 460.00 0.0 W 360.00 0 440.00 360.00 20.00 40.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 120.00 280.00 380.00 0.0 240.00 X (m) 440.00 100.00 020 20.00 180.00 .040 440.00 340.00 0.0 420.00 20.00 340.00 0.00 380.00 280.00 060.0 180.00 100.00 260.00 360.00 220.00 800.0 420.00 80.00 1000 0.00 160.00 480.00 420.00 .0120 240.00 320.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 260.00 400.00 0.0020.00 0.00 320.00 360.00 0.01 260.00 160.00 80.00 400.0 240.00 340.00 200.00 400.00 0.0020.00 1060380.00 60.00 4 0.00 6 0.00 8 0.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 .0180 460.00 140.000.0020.00 400.00 0.02400.00 4 0.00 6 0.00 8 0.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 300.00 X (m) 300.00 380.00 340.00 00.0 240.00 48 60.00 140.00 220.00 2200 320.00 180.00 380.00 460 0.00 .0240 40.00 X (m) ENVI_met 380.00 0.02 .00 120.00 440.00 440 060.0 280.00 X (m) X( 280.00 360.00 .00 320.00 220.00 2800 480.00 42 m) 120.00 40.00 200.00 300.00 .030 160.00 400 0.00 360.00 0.03 20.00 .0 100.00 200.0 420.00 360.00 38 0 260.00 3400 260.00 340.00 300.00 360 0.00 200.00 460.00 .0306 100.00 20.00 180.00 .00 280.00 0.03 34 140.00 340.00 0.0 0.00 32 800.0 80.00 400.00 40 0 340.00 240.00 320.00 240.00 300 0.00 0.04200 280.00 180.00 440.00 80.00 0.00 ENVI-met .0 160.00 .0 480.00 4400 260.00 0.0020.00 120.00 320.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 (m) 2 280.00 0 .0406 ENVI_met 480.00 60.00 380.00 0.04 60.0 320.00 Y 2 220.00 800.0 220.00 0 460.00 300.00 260.00 40.0440.00 ENVI_met 160.00 420.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 480.00 60.00 0.0020.00 0 460.00 140.00 22 240.00 0 100.00 300.00 X (m) 200 0.00 360.00 40.00 300.00 460.00 .0 200.00 180 0 200.00 280.00 240.00 140.00 400.00 X (m) .0 40.00 ) 1 120.00 440.00 60.0 o 0C 220.00 80.00 280.00 1 0 4 0.0 t 20.00 340.00 280.00 440.00 12 180.00 0 180.00 260.00 220.00 120.00 380.00 20.00 100 0.00ian 100.00 420.00 200.00 60.00 .00 d 260.00 80 0.00 320.00 260.00 420.00 0 a 160.00 60.0 .0R 160.00 240.00 200.00 100.00 360.00 ( 0 0.00 4 80.00 400.00 0.0 180.00 40.00 240.00 0 T 20.0320.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 300.00 0.0020.00 240.00 ENVI-met 0 R 400.00 140.00 0.0 320.00 140.00 180.00 220.00 80.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 0 M 340.00 ENVI_met 340.00 60.000.0020.00 380.00 160.00 20.00 220.00 0.0 X (m) 020 280.00 220.00 380.00 .040 120.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 60.00 0.0 320.00 X (m) 360.00 40.00 060.0 480.00 140.00 0.00 200.00 800.0 260.00 200.00 1000 360.00 100.00 st 100.00 .0120 140.00 180.00 40.00 300.00 0.01 380.00 20.00 340.00 0.00 20.00 4 0.00 6 0.00 8 0.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 460.00 120.00 400.0 180.00 1060 240.00 180.00 340.00 .0180 80.00 80.00 120.00 0.02 160.00 20.00 280.00 00.0 0.00 320.00 X (m) 440.00 48 100.00 160.00 2200 o 460 0.00 .0240 220.00 160.00 ENVI_met 320.00 0.02 .00 60.00 440 60.00 480.00 100.00 140.00 060.0 440.00 0.00 260.00 X ( 420.00 0.0020.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 460.00 480.00 .00 300.00 2800 ENVI_met 420.00 42 m) 80.00 140.00 .030 400 0.00 0.03 200.00 140.00 300.00 .00 200.0 480.00 38 40.00 0.0020.00 40.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 460.00 40.00 80.00 120.00 3400 240.00 o60.0080.00 X260.00 (m)280.00 360 0.00 280.00 400.00 .0306 60.00 120.00 .00 0.03 34 0.0 180.00 120.00 280.00 32 800.0 20.00 40 0 20.00 X (m) 440.00 60.00 100.00 220.00 300 0.00 0.04200 260.00 380.00 40.00 .0440 .00 100.00 ENVI_met 280 0.04 ) 2 160.00 100.00 260.00 060.0 (m 60.0 .00 0.00 0.00 420.00 4800 Y 2 40.00 80.00 200.00 0 4 .00 240.00 360.00 20.00 80.00 220 0.00 .00) 440.00 140.00 80.00 200 420.00 0.00 20.00 4 0.00 6 0.00 8 0.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 460.00 480.00 240.00 0.00 20.00 4 0.00 6 0.00 8 0.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 400.00 .0% 20.00 60.00 180 180.00 0 220.00 ( .0 ENVI_met 340.00 0.00 160 60.00 0 .00or 120.00 1 60.00 4 220.00 (m) t XX (m) 380.00 0.00 120 0.00c 160.00 40.00 0.0020.00 480.00 ENVI_met 200.00 .00 a 320.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 260.00 100 240.00 40.00 100.00 80.0 .0 40.00 0.0020.00 w0 f380.00 200.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 360.00 0360.00 6340.00 20.00 460.00 140.00 0.0 vie 180.00 300.00 X (m) 0 40.0 20.00 0y 20.0 k 80.00 20.00 180.00 X (m) 0 340.00 S 0 120.00 0.00 440.00 .0 160.00 280.00 0 0.00 0.0 60.00 0.00 160.00 020 200.00 ENVI_met 480.00 320.00 0.0020.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 .040 ENVI_met 100.00 420.00 0.0 340.00 140.00 0.0020.00 260.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 060.0 0.00 20.00 4 0.00 6 0.00 8 0.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 40.00 800.0 360.00 460.00 140.00 1000 300.00 X (m) 80.00 400.00 .0120 120.00 240.00 X (m) 0.01 400.0 ENVI-met X (m) 20.00 1060 120.00 440.00 280.00 .0180 ENVI_met 60.00 380.00 0.02 100.00 220.00 00.0 2200 0.00 100.00 420.00 .0240 260.00 0.02 360.00 40.00 060.0 80.00 200.00 X( 2800 m) 420.00 0.0020.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 .030 80.00 400.00 0.03 240.00 200.0 20.00 340.00 60.00 3400 ENVI-met 180.00 .0306 ENVI_met X (m) 0.03 ENVI_met 60.00 380.00 800.0 220.00 400 0.00 320.00 40.00 160.00 .0420 0.04 40 360.00 40.00 0.0020.00 200.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 0.04060.0480 300.00 20.00 140.00 0.0 0 20.00 340.00 180.00 X (m) 280.00 0.00 120.00 ENVI_met 320.00 0.00 160.00 260.00 0.0020.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 100.00 0.0020.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 300.00 140.00 240.00 X (m) 80.00 X (m) 280.00 120.00 220.00 ENVI_met 60.00 260.00 100.00 200.00 40.00 240.00 80.00 180.00 20.00 ENVI_met 220.00

ENVI_met

360.00

PET - Physiological Equivalent Temperature Images showing the factors considered during the calculation of the PET and why it is a more accurate measure of comfort rather than air / dry bulb temperature. Measured in degree C (oC), difference measured in Kelvin (K).

+ Metabolic rate + Clothing level (clo value)

Effect of radiation (Mean

Air Temperature

Radiant Temp - MRT - C)

(Dry Bulb - DBT - C)

Air Movement

Humidity

(Wind Speed- m/s)

(Relative Humidity %)

Analysis tools

Figure 480.00 1: Deira STR ws re 1: Burj 10 to 14 bc 12.00.00 21.06.2021 2.00.00460.00 21.06.2018

Figure 1: Deira STR ws Figure 1: Burj 10 to 14 bc 12.00.00 21.06.2021 12.00.00 21.06.2018

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

440.00 420.00

ntial Air400.00 Temperature

Potential Air Temperature

DBT (Air temp.) below 35oC 35 - 36oC above 36oC

below 35 °C 380.00 35 to 36 °C 360.00 above 36 °C 340.00

DBT (Air temp.) below 35oC 35 - 36oC above 36oC

below 35 °C 35 to 36 °C above 36 °C

Outcomes

Current environmental performance

320.00 re 35 1: °C Deira24 12.00.00 37 °C 300.00 21.06.2018 x/y Cut at 280.00 k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

Y (m)

below 36 °C 260.00 36 to 41 below 41 °C °C 240.00 41 46 41 to to 46 °C °C

46 51 46 to to 51 °C °C 220.00 51 51 to to 56 56 °C °C 200.00 56 56 to to 61 61 °C °C 180.00 above 61 above 61 °C °C 160.00

Figure Min: 35 1: °C Deira24 12.00.00 Max: 37 °C 21.06.2018 PET PET

PET (at 0.35 clo) below 36oC 36 - 41oC 41 - 46oC 46 - 51oC 51 - 56oC 56 - 61oC above 61oC

68 °C

MRT (Radiant) 0.00 80.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 n06x/y Radiant Temp. 120.00 Cut at 100.00 k=0 (z=0.0000 m) 460.00 460.00 o N belowX53(m) C 100.00 below 53 °C 440.00 440.00 53 - 56oC 53 to80.00 56 °C o 56 - 59 C 420.00 420.00 56 to 59 °C 60.00 400.00 59 - 62oC 59 to 62 °C400.00 62 - 65oC 40.00 <Right foot> 62 to 65 °C380.00 380.00

65 to20.00 68 °C360.00 360.00 above 68 °C 0.00 340.00 340.00

120.00 120.00 100.00 100.00

X (m)

above 68 °C 340.00 340.00 Min: 50 °C Max: 70 °C

Y (m)

0.2 to 0.4 0.4 to 0.6

above 0.6

320.00 320.00

300.00 Mean 300.00 MeanRadiant RadiantTemp. Temp. 280.00 280.00

below below 5353°C°C Sky view factor 5353toto0.2 5656°C°C below 5656-to0.4 to5959°C°C 240.00 0.2 240.00 <Right foot> 5959toto6262°C°C 0.4 - 0.6 220.00 <Right foot> 220.00 6262toto6565°C°C 0.6 - 0.8 200.00 260.00 260.00

200.00

180.00 180.00

Min: 0.0 Max: 1.0

6565toto6868°C°C above above6868°C°C

160.00 160.00 N

Tower

s 5

Min:6363°C°C 140.00 Min: 140.00 Max: Max:7272°C°C 120.00 120.00 100.00 100.00

80.00 80.00

60.00 60.00

60.00 60.00 <Right foot>

40.00 40.00

20.00 20.00

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 0 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 X X(m) (m) N X (m)

Mean Radiant Temp. - MRT ( C) o

ENVI_met ENVI_met

Sky-View-Faktor

180.00 180.00

x/y x/y Cut Cut atat k=0 k=0 (z=1.0000 (z=1.0000 m)m) o

below 53 C 53 - 56oC 56 - 59oC 59 - 62oC 62 - 65oC <Right foot> 62 to 65 °C380.00 380.00 65 - 68oC 65 to 68 °C 360.00 360.00 above 68oC

below 0.2

0.0 160.00 160.00 1.0 0 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 140.00 140.00 N

460.00 460.00 N below 53 °C 440.00 440.00 53 to 56 °C 420.00 56 to 59 °C420.00 400.00 59 to 62 °C400.00

above 0.6

Mean x/y Radiant Temp. Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m)

Y (m)

Y (m) Y (m)

0.2 to 0.4 0.4 to 0.6

Burj at Daytime at 12:00, 21/06

lp row of tal

below 0.2

Sky view factor below 0.2 240.00 240.00 0.2 - 0.4 <Right foot> 0.4 - 0.6 220.00 220.00<Right foot> 0.6 - 0.8 200.00 200.00 260.00 260.00

PET (at 0.35 clo) below 36oC 36 - 41oC 41 - 46oC 46 - 51oC 51 - 56oC 56 - 61oC above 61oC

Min: 34 1: °C Deira24 12.00.00 Figure Figure1:1:Deira24 Deira2412.00.00 12.00.00 Max: 54 °C °C Min: 45 21.06.2018480.00 Figure 480.00 21.06.2018 21.06.2018 Max: 68 °C MRT (Radiant)

65 - 68oC above 68oC

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 320.00 320.00 00 60.00 100.00 120.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 50 °C80.00 N 140.00 X (m) 300.00 300.00 N 70 °C X (m) 280.00 280.00

below 36 °C 36 to 41 below 41 °C °C 41 41 to to 46 46 °C °C

46 46 to to 51 51 °C °C 51 51 to to 56 56 °C °C 56 to 61 °C 56 to 61 °C above above 61 61 °C °C

Deira at Daytime at 12:00, 21/06

34 1: °C Deira24 12.00.00 re 54 °C °C 140.00 45 21.06.2018 480.00 480.00

View-Faktor

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

1. The highest radiant temperatures are less <Right foot>

0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 0.00 20.00 440.00 660.00 880.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 NN

ENVI_met ENVI_met

(m) X X(m)

4. The Burj being a tall building provides a large patch <Right foot>

prominent in Deira’s dense urban fabric due to

of shade on the ground.

mutual shading from buildings. 5. The lowest temperatures are seen in areas with a 2. Average MRT values over the 500x500m area for

group of trees/denser patches of vegetation.

Deira are around 2-3K lower compared to Burj. 6. Less dense vegetation in form of tall palms has a 3. Narrow streets offer the most shaded routes.

less significant impact on MRT.

Outcomes

Burj at Daytime at 12:00, 21/06

Deira at Daytime at 12:00, 21/06

re 1: Deira24 12.00.00 480.00 480.00 21.06.2018 460.00 x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) 460.00 440.00 440.00

Figure 1: Deira24 12.00.00 Figure Figure1:1:Deira24 Deira2412.00.00 12.00.00 480.00 21.06.2018480.00 21.06.2018 21.06.2018

420.00 420.00

x/y Cut atat k=0 (z=1.0000 m)m) x/y Cut k=0 (z=1.0000

440.00 440.00

420.00 420.00

400.00 400.00

380.00 380.00

360.00 360.00

Figure 1: Deira STR ws 340.00 480.00 ure 1: Burj 10340.00 to 14 bc 12.00.00 21.06.2021 320.00 2.00.00 21.06.2018 320.00 460.00

360.00 360.00

Figure 1: Deira340.00 STR ws 340.00 Figure 1: Burj 10 to 14 bc 12.00.00 21.06.2021 12.00.00 21.06.2018 320.00 320.00

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) 300.00 300.00

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) 300.00

300.00

440.00

280.00 280.00

Mean Radiant Temp. PET

260.00 260.00 Potential Air Temperature Y (m)

Y (m)

Y (m) Y (m)

280.00 420.00 280.00 260.00 260.00 ntial Air400.00 Temperature DBT (Air temp.) 240.00 below 35oC below 35 °C240.00 380.00 35 - 36oC 220.00 35 to 36 °C220.00 360.00 above 36oC above 36 °C200.00 200.00 340.00 180.00 180.00 320.00 12.00.00 re 35 1: °C Deira24160.00 160.00 37 °C 300.00 21.06.2018 140.00 140.00 PET (at 0.35 clo) x/y Cut at280.00 k=0 (z=1.0000 m) below 36oC 120.00 below 36 °C120.00 260.00 36 - 41oC 36 to 41 below 41 °C °C100.00 100.00 41 - 46oC 41 to 41 240.00 to 46 46 °C °C 80.00 80.00 46 - 51oC 46 to 46 220.00 to 51 51 °C °C 60.00 60.00 51 - 56oC 51 51 to to 56 56 °C °C 200.00 40.00 56 - 61oC 56 56 to to 61 61 °C °C 40.00 180.00 above 61oC above 61 above 61 °C °C20.00 20.00

240.00 below 35 °C 240.00 220.00 35 to 36 °C 220.00

above 36 °C 200.00 200.00 180.00 180.00

Y (m)

160.00

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) 460.00 460.00

below 53 °C below 41 °C 53 to 56 °C

41temp.) to 46 °C DBT (Air 56 to 59 °C below 46 to 35 51oC°C 59 too 62 °C to C 56 °C 3551- 36 62 to 65 °C 56 to 36 61oC°C above

65 to 68 °C above 61 °C above 68 °C

Figure Min: 35 1: °C Deira24 12.00.00 160.00 160.00 Min: 49 °C Max: 37 °C 21.06.2018 Min: 63 °C PET PET

140.00 Max: PET66(at°C0.35 clo) 140.00 Max: 72 °C o

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

120.00 below 36 °C 120.00 36 to 41 below 41 °C °C 100.00 100.00 41 41 to to 46 46 °C °C 80.00 80.00 46 46 to to 51 51 °C °C 60.00 51 51 to to 56 56 °C °C 60.00 40.00 56 56 to to 61 61 °C °C 40.00

above above 61 61 °C °C 20.00 20.00

0.00 0.00 12.00.00

2 4

below 36 C 36 - 41oC 41 - 46oC 46 - 51oC 51 - 56oC 56 - 61oC above 61oC

Evaluation

0.00 0.00 12.00.00

Min: 34 1: °C Deira24 Figure Max: 54 °C Min: 45 °C 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 0.00 20.00 440.00 660.00 880.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 21.06.2018 Max: 68 °C 68 °C NN MRT (Radiant) MRT (Radiant) 0 60.00 80.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 Mean x/y Radiant Temp. n Radiant Temp. 120.00 Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m) X X(m) x/y Cut at100.00 k=0 (z=0.0000 m) (m) (m) X X(m)

34 1: °C Deira24 re 140.00 54 °C °C 45 21.06.2018 N

below 53 C Physiological Equivalent Temp. - PET (oC) 53 - 56 C

100.00 below 53 °C 53 to80.00 56 °C

56 to 59 °C

60.00 ENVI_met ENVI_met

59 to 62 °C 62 to40.00 65 °C

X (m)

56 - 59oC 59 - 62oC 62 - 65oC <Right foot> 65 - 68oC above 68oC

56 to 59 °C ENVI_met ENVI_met

1. Narrow streets also limit air movement which is an

65 to20.00 68 °C above 68 °C 0.00

important comfort factor for high temperature and

0.0020.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 0 650 0.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 °C N 140.00 X (m) N 70 °C X (m)

View-Faktor

below 0.2 0.2 to 0.4 0.4 to 0.6 above 0.6

low clothing (clo) values. Sky view factor below 0.2 0.2 - 0.4 <Right foot> <Right foot> 0.4 - 0.6 0.6 - 0.8

below 53 °C 53 to 56 °C

59 to 62 °C 62 to 65 °C

4. Impact of dense vegetation cluster.

65 to 68 °C above 68 °C

Min: 50 °C Max: 70 °C

Sky-View-Faktor

5. Lack of comfort provided by tall palm trees.

below 0.2 0.2 to 0.4 0.4 to 0.6

2. Impact of shading from the tower.

below 53oC 53 - 56oC 56 - 59oC 59 - 62oC 62 - 65oC <Right foot> 65 - 68oC above 68oC

above 0.6

Sky view factor below 0.2 0.2 - 0.4 <Right foot> <Right foot> 0.4 - 0.6 0.6 - 0.8

3. Impact of air movement, though both points areMax: in 1.0

0.0 1.0 0 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 N

X (m) sun). shade (from

Min: 0.0

0 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 N

X (m)

Outcomes

Interventions

Passive design strategies On one hand Dubai experiences extremely high daytime air temperatures, while at night the heat ceases to offer relief from the daytime heat stress. 480.00

460.00

420.00

400.00

380.00

360.00

340.00

320.00

300.00

280.00

260.00

Sky-View-Faktor

260.00

below 0.2

240.00

0.2 to 0.4

220.00

0.4 to 0.6

200.00

180.00

160.00

140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

Y (m)

440.00

420.00

240.00

20.00 0.00

above 0.6 Min: 0.2 Max: 1.0

Burj

20.00

0.00 0.0020.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 0.00200.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00

X (m)

ENVI_met

air

earth

The night time cooling is a result of lower air tempera-

X (m)

<Right foo

air water

sky

s sink at

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m)

460.00

440.00

s sink t a

Figure 1: Deira24 18.00.00 21.06.2018

Deira

480.00

water

sky earth

reduces the potential for radiative cooling at night.

tures, cooler sea breezes as well as longwave radiation losses through the clear night sky.

Hence Deira and Burj represent good examples of day and night time performance respectively.

Larger open areas/spaces are easily able to lose heat to the night sky (one of the four natural heat sinks)

An idea solution sits in between the two, loosening up

due to their high sky view factor. For this very reason,

of the Deira fabric and allowing provisions for land-

the area around the Burj cools faster at night and is a

scaping and comfortable night-time spaces, while

popular and comfortable destination for people during

tightening of the Burj Fabric at pedestrian level creat-

the late evening/night hours.

ing a weather protected walking environment.

Most open spaces (streets and squares) in Deira have a

These interventions were tested using ENVI-met and

sky view factor of 0.4 to 0.6. While the narrow streets

are presented on the subsequent pages.

offer shade during the day, their lower sky view factor

Interventions

Opening Deira urban fabric to allow night time losses

Tighter urban fabric for Burj to create shading and

and cooling through radiation and convection

weather protection opportunities

Interventions

Passive design strategies - Deira 00 0. 48 .00 0 46 .00 0 44 .00 0 42 .00 0 40 .00 0 38 .00 0 36 .00 0 34 .00 0 32 .00 0 30 .00 0 28 .00 0 26 .00 0 24 00 0. 22 .00 0 20 .00 0 18 .00 0 16 00 0. 14 .00 0 12 .00 0 10 .00 80 0 .0 60 Y

)

Step 1: Opening up

0 .0 40 0 .0 20

00 00 00 0. 0. 0. 48 .00 48 .00 48 .00 0 0 0 46 00 46 00 46 00 0. 0. 0. 44 00 44 00 44 00 00 0. 0. 0. 0. 4080 42 00 42 00 42 00 0. 0. 0. 0. 0406 40 00 40 00 40 00 0. 0. 0. 0. 4040 38 00 38 00 0. 38 00 . 0. 0. 4020 60 0 0 0 0. 36 36 3 0 0 .0 400 0. 0. 0. 40 0 0 0 34 34 3 0 0 0 3080 0. 0. 0. 0. 32 00 32 00 32 00 0306 0. 0. 0. 0. 30 .00 30 .00 3040 30 .00 0. 0 0 80 0 .3020 0 0 28 28 2 0 0 00 0. 0. 030. 0 26 .00 26 .00 260. 00 0 0 2080 0. T PE

00 0. 4080 0. 0406 0. 4040 0. 4020 0. 400 0. 3080 0. 0306 0. 3040 0. 3020 0. 300 0. 2080 0. 0206 0. 2040 m) ( 0. X 2020 0. 200 0. 1080 0. 0106

00 0. .0 12 24 8 ) ra 1 0 m ei 20 00 D 6. =1.0 1: 1.0 0 (z re 2 at k= t gu Cu Fi x/y

. 400 .10 200 .10 00 010 0. 080 0. 006 0. 040 0. 00 002 0. 0.

°C 41 °C w 6 lo 4 °C be to 51 °C 41 to 56 C ° 46 to 61 C ° 51 to 61 56 ve o ab

°C C 49 ° : 6 in 6 M ax: M

wider streets + introduction of

landscaping

R <

ht ig

ot> fo

e lt t (fe

5 to 36 °C bove 36 °C

Deira24 12.00.00

C1.06.2018

6 to 46 to 51 51 °C °C 1 to 51 to 56 56 °C °C 6 to 56 to 61 61 °C °C bove bove 61 61 °C °C

Deira24 12.00.00 C1.06.2018

iant Temp. at k=0 (z=0.0000 m) N

6 to 59 °C

5 to 68 °C bove 68 °C

Faktor

elow 0.2

2 to 0.4 4 to 0.6

Step 2: adding local water features

53 - 56oC 56 - 59oC 59 - 62oC 62 - 65oC <Right foot> 65 - 68oC above 68oC

Interventions

Further from effects of increased air movement and vegetation, passive evaporative cooling from water sprays (in specific locations) was adopted as the next step to improve outdoor comfort.

The collective benefit from the interventions offered 20-25K improvement in PET conditions,

reducing the heat stress scale from

Extreme down to Moderate in specific areas.

Extreme to Strong.

ET(Radiant) PMRT below 53 C

Sky view factor below 0.2 0.2 - 0.4 <Right foot> <Right foot> 0.4 - 0.6 0.6 - 0.8

comparable to the open environment

PET heat stress levels reduced from

Strong

and airflow. The conditions are now experienced around the Burj.

Extreme heat stress o C) p m e lt t (fe

0 3040 0. 3020 0. 300 0. 2080

bove 0.6

°C C 49 ° : 6 in 6 M ax: M

9 to 62 °C 2 to 65 °C

allowing space for both vegetation

t 6 °C 51 to 61 56 ve o ab

elow 53 °C 3 to 56 °C

Moderate

PET (at 0.35 clo) below 36oC 36 - 41oC 41 - 46oC 46 - 51oC 51 - 56oC 56 - 61oC above 61oC

at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

elow 36 °C 6 to 41 elow 41 °C °C 1 to 41 to 46 46 °C °C

p tem t l (fe

DBT (Air temp.) below 35oC 35 - 36oC above 36oC

elow 35 °C

by opening of the urban fabric and

20 -25oC reduction

re 1: Deira STR ws : Burj 10 to 14 bc 00.00 21.06.2021 .00 21.06.2018

Air Temperature

like temperatures) can be achieved

at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

A 10-15 degrees relief in PET (felt

10-15oC reduction

Deira24 12.00.00 1.06.2018

the urban fabric

Interventions

Passive design strategies - Burj Y

(m )

00 0. 48 00 0. 46 00 0. 0 44 00 .0 0. 800 42 00 .40 0. 060 .04 40 00 400 0. .40 38 .00 200 0 .40 36 .00 00 0 .40 34 .00 800 .30 0 060 32 .00 .03 0 400 30 .00 .30 0 200 28 .00 .30 0 00 .30 26 .00 800 0 .20 0 24 0 060 0. .02 0 22 400 0 .20 m) 0. 200 X ( 20 00 .20 0. 00 18 00 .20 0. 800 16 00 .10 0. 060 .01 14 00 400 0. .10 12 00 200 0. .10 10 .00 00 010 80 0 0. .0 080 60 0 0. .0 006 0. 40 0 040 .0 0. 20 0 0 002 0. 0.

large shading canopy added

VI _m

bc 14 8 to 01 10 .2 rj .06 Bu 21 1: 00 re 0. gu .0 Fi 12

00 0. 48 00 0. 46 .00 0 44 00 0. 42 .00 0 40 00 0. 38 .00 0 36 00 0. 34 .00 0 32 00 0. 30 .00 0 28 00 0. 26 .00 0 24 00 0. 22 .00 0 20 00 0. 18 .00 0 16 00 0. 14 .00 0 12 00 0. 10 .00 80 EN

x/y

Cu t at

k= 0 (z

=1.

0000

T PE

°C 41 °C w 6 lo 4 °C be to 51 °C 41 to 56 C ° 46 to 61 C ° 51 to 61 56 ve o ab

°C C 45 ° : 8 in 6 M ax: M

)

ight

e lt t e f (

5-10oC reduction

10-15oC reduction

5–10K reduction in PET.

T PE

shaded route fo >

Since native plants/tree species were

vegetation cover is considered.

te ra

0 0106

. 400 .30 200 .30 00 .30 800 .20 060 .02 400 .20 m) 200 X ( .20 00 .20 800 .10

3-5oC more N effective

It can be seen here that a solid canopy is more effective than landscaping alone in reducing both Mean Radiant

°C C 43 ° : 0 in 7 M ax: M

80 .40

0 0406

. 400 .40 200 .40 00 .40 800 .30

Interventions

p. em

t T °C an 53 °C di 6 Ra elow 5 °C o 9 n b t 5 °C ea 53 to 62 C M ° 56 o 5 t 6 °C 59 to 68 C ° 62 to 68 65 ve o ab

and PET temperatures.

0 0306

tree cover

. 400 .10 200 .10

below 0.2

Sky view factor below 0.2

a medium rather than a high density

canopy

0 00 .01

w-Faktor

adopted for creating the shaded path,

°C C 40 ° : 6 in 6 M ax: M

°C 41 °C w 6 lo 4 °C be to 51 °C 41 to 6 C 5 ° 46 to 61 C ° 51 to 61 56 ve o ab

Extreme heat stress

°C °C

te ra

to form a continuous

Strong

PET (at(Air 0.35 clo) DBT temp.) o below below3635CoC o o 3635- 41 - 36C C 41above - 46oC36oC 1 to °C 41 to 46 4636 °C°C above 46 - 51oC 6 to 46 to 51 51 °C °C 51 - 56oC 1 to 51 to 56 56 °C °C 1: °C Deira24 12.00.00 56 - 61oC 621.06.2018 to 56 to 61 61 °C °C °C above 61oclo) C bove bove 61 61 °C °C PET (at 0.35 Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) below 36oC below 36 °C Deira24 12.00.00 o 36 - 41 C 36 to 41 41 °C °C Cbelow 1.06.2018 41 - 46oC C41 41 to to 46 46 °C °C MRT (Radiant)o iant Temp. at k=0 (z=0.0000 m) 46 - 51 C 46 46 to toN 51 51 °C °C below 53ooC elow °C°C 51 - 56 C 51 51 to to5356 56 °C 53 - 56oCo 356 toto °C°C 56 - 61 C 56 to5661 61 °C 56 - 59oC o 6 to 5961 °C°C above 61 C above above 61 °C 59 - 62oC 9 to 62 °C 62 - 65oC °C 1: Deira24 12.00.00 <Right foot> 2 to 65 °C °C 65 - 68oC °C 21.06.2018 5 to 68 °C °C 68oC MRTabove (Radiant) diant Temp. Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m) bove 68 °C N below 53oC below 53 °C 53 - 56oC 53 to 56 °C N 56 - 59oC C 56 toN 59 °C 59 - 62oC 59 to 62 °C Faktor Sky view 62 factor - 65oC <Right foot> 62 to 65 °C below 0.2oC 65 - 68 elow 0.268 °C 65 to 0.2 - 0.4 68oC above 2 to 0.468 °C <Right foot> above <Right foot> 0.4 - 0.6 4 to 0.6 0.6 - 0.8 bove 0.6 at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

landscaping extended N

0 0106

. 400 .10 200 .10

l Air Temperature

elow °C°C below3635 635 toto41 °C elow 4136 °C°C

x/y

Moderate ) Y

0 00 .01

Deira24 12.00.00

C1.06.2018

DBT (Air temp.) below 35oC 35 - 36oC above 36oC

ure 1: Deira STR ws 1: 10 to 14 bc 5 toBurj 36 °C 2.00.00 21.06.2021 0.0036 21.06.2018 bove °C

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

a continuous shaded path, offering a

°C C 45 ° : 8 in 6 M ax: M

Air Temperature

elow 35 °C

SE of the tower were extended to form

y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

Also, the row of trees located on the

t fel

( ET

°C 41 °C w 6 lo 4 °C be to 51 °C 41 to 56 C ° 46 to 61 C ° 51 to 61 56 e

p tem

1: Deira24 12.00.00 21.06.2018 re 1:k=0Deira STR Cut at (z=1.0000 m) ws : Burj 10 to 14 bc 00.00 21.06.2021 .00 21.06.2018

conditions.

at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

Burj saw a reduction of 15K in PET

0 0106

) (m

of a large canopy, the area around the

F 12

. 400 .10 200 .10

0 00 .01

Deira24 12.00.00 1.06.2018

With the introducing of shading in form

00 00 0. 0. 48 .00 48 .00 0 0 46 00 46 00 0. 0. 4040 00 44 00 00 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 8 4080 42 00 42 00 .40 0. 0 0. 0. 6 0 0406 .04 40 .00 40 .00 0. 400 0 0 4040 0 4 8 3 38 00 0. 0. 00 0. 0. 4020 4020 0 0 0. 0. 36 36 0 0 0 400 0. 0. .40 0. 0 0 34 34 800 0 0 3080 .30 0. 0. 0. 0 0 060 32 32 0 0 0306 . .03 0 0. 0. 400 0 0 30 30 3040 0 3 0 0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0 2 3020 28 .00 28 .00 .30 0. 0 0 00 6 300 0 3 2 26 .00 00 0. 0. 0. 0 2080 2080 24 00 0. 24 00 0. 0. .0206 0. .0206 22 400 .00 ) 22 400 00 20 .20 0. m) 0. 00 (m 0 200 20 X ( .00 2020 2 X 0.0 .20 0 0. 00 18 .00 18 .00 200 .20 0. 0 0 800 0 0 1080 16 16 . .10 0 0 00

T PE

foot

x/y

Conclusion

Dubai offers a huge diversity in its urban fabric and open spaces. 480.00

Figure 1: Deira24 12.00.00 21.06.2018

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

The combination of the extreme climatic conditions and the diversity of the urban fabric makes Dubai an ideal case to explore strategies for mitigating urban heat and improving pedestrian comfort. 460.00 440.00 420.00 400.00 380.00 360.00

Figure 1: Deira STR ws

480.00 340.00 Figure 1: Burj 10 to 14 bc 12.00.00 21.06.2021 480.00 12.00.00 460.00 21.06.2018 320.00 x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) 460.00 440.00 300.00 440.00 420.00 280.00 420.00 Potential Air Temperature 400.00 260.00 DBT (Air temp.) 400.00 below 35oC below 35 °C 380.00 240.00 35 - 36oC 35 to 36 °C 380.00 360.00 220.00 above 36oC above 36 °C 360.00 340.00 200.00 340.00 320.00 180.00 Figure Min: 35 1: °C Deira24 12.00.00 320.00 480.00 Max: 37 °C 300.00 21.06.2018 160.00 PET PET (at 0.35 clo) 300.00 460.00 x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) 140.00 PET 280.00 below 36oC below 36 °C 280.00 440.00 260.00 120.00 36 - 41oC 36 to 41 below 41 °C °C 260.00 420.00 41 - 46oC 240.00 100.00 41 41 to to 46 46 °C °C 46 - 51oC 240.00 400.00 46 to 51 °C 46 to 51 °C 220.00 80.00 51 - 56oC 51 51 to to 56 56 °C °C 220.00 380.00 200.00 60.00 56 - 61oC 56 56 to to 61 61 °C °C 200.00 360.00 180.00 40.00 above 61oC above above 61 61 °C °C Figure Figure1:1:Deira24 Deira2415.00.00 12.00.00 180.00 340.00 480.00 480.00 480.00 480.00 21.06.2018 21.06.2018 160.00 20.00 Min: 34 1: °C Deira24 12.00.00 Figure 160.00 460.00 460.00 460.00 320.00 x/y x/y Cut Cut atat k=0 k=0 (z=1.0000 (z=1.0000 m)m) 460.00 480.00 Max: 54 °C 140.00 0.00 Min: 45 °C 21.06.2018 Max: 68 °C 140.000.0020.00 440.00 440.00 440.00 300.00 440.00 MRT (Radiant) 4 00.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 460.00 Mean Radiant Temp. 120.00 x/y Cut120.00 at k=0 (z=0.0000 m) 200.00 N below 53oC 420.00 420.00 420.00 120.00 280.00 420.00 X (m) X (m) 440.00 100.00 below 53 °C 53 - 56oC 400.00 400.00 400.00 100.00 400.00 260.00 53 to 56 °C 420.00 80.00 56 - 59oC 380.00 380.00 380.00 56 to 59 °C 380.00 80.00 240.00 400.00 60.00 59 - 62oC 59 to 62 °C 360.00 360.00 360.00 o 360.00 60.00 220.00 C 62 65 380.00 40.00 ENVI_met <Right foot> 62 to 65 °C 340.00 340.00 340.00 340.00 65 - 68oC 40.00 200.00 360.00 65 to 68 °C 20.00 above 68oC 320.00 320.00 320.00 Wind Speed 320.00 20.00 above 68 °C 180.00 340.00 0.00 Figure 1: Deira24 15.00.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 Mean Radiant 300.00 below 0.5 m/s Temp. 0.00 160.00 480.00 320.00 00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 0.0020.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 21.06.2018 0.5 to 1.0 m/s 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 50 °C120.00 4 00.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 40.00 6Min: 0.00 80.00 100.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 below 53 °C 460.00 N 140.00 0.0020.00 x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) 300.00 X (m) X (m) 1.0 to 1.5 m/s N Max: 70 °C 260.00 260.00 260.00 53 to 56 °C 260.00 X (m) X (m) 120.00 440.00 1.5 to 2.0 m/s 280.00 56 to 59 °C Sky-View-Faktor 240.00 240.00 240.00 Sky view factor 240.00 2.0 to 2.5 m/s 100.00 420.00 260.00 59 to 62 °C below 0.2 220.00 220.00 220.00 2.5 to 3.0 m/s 220.00 below 0.2 62 to 65 °C 80.00 400.00 240.00 0.2 - 0.4 3.0 to 3.5 m/s 0.2 to 0.4 200.00 200.00 200.00 ENVI-met <Right foot> 200.00 65 to 68 °C ENVI_met <Right foot> 60.00 380.00 0.4 - 0.6 3.5 to 4.0 m/s 220.00 0.4 to 0.6 above 68 °C 180.00 180.00 180.00 180.00 4.0 to 4.5 m/s 0.6 - 0.8 above 0.6 360.00 40.00 200.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 above 4.5 m/s 20.00 340.00 180.00 140.00 140.00 140.00 Min: 63 °C 140.00 Max: 72 °C Min: 0.0 0.00 320.00 Wind Speed 160.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 Min: 0.0 m/s 120.00 Max: 1.0 Wind Speeds (m/s) 4 00.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 0.0020.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 Max: 7.4 m/s 300.00 below 0.5 m/s 140.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 N below 0.5 0.5 to 1.0 m/s X (m) X (m) 280.00 120.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 1-2 1.0 to 1.5 m/s 260.00 100.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 2-3 60.00 1.5 to 2.0 m/s 240.00 3-4 80.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 2.0 to 2.5 m/s 40.00 above 4.5 220.00 2.5 to 3.0 m/s ENVI_met <Right foot> 60.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00

The dense urban fabric of Deira showed significant

Figure 1: Deira STR ws Figure 1: Burj 10 to 14 bc 12.00.00 21.06.2021 12.00.00 21.06.2018 x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

The area next to the Burj, due to its shear scale, showed Potential Air Temperature DBT (Air temp.)

below 35 Cbut 35 °C moderate improvements to thebelow applied strategies

Y (m)

improvements and responded well to the applied

35 - 36oC above 36oC

35 to 36 °C above 36 °C

passive/low energy design strategies, reducing heat

nonetheless offers a continuous scope for improvement

stress levels from Extreme to Moderate. This is largely

in pedestrian comfort.

due to a dense urban fabric and its ability to ‘contain’ Y (m)

Y (m)

the effect of the applied strategies.

Y (m)

Y (m) Y (m)

Y (m) (m) Y

Y (m)

3.0 to 3.5 m/s 200.00 40.00 3.5 to 4.0 m/s 180.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 20.00 4.0 to 4.5 m/s 160.00 X X (m) (m) above 4.5 m/s 0.00

0.00 0.00

Figure Min: 35 1: °C Deira24 12.00.00 Max: 37 °C 21.06.2018 PET PET

x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m)

below 36 °C 36 to 41 below 41 °C °C 41 41 to to 46 46 °C °C

46 46 to to 51 51 °C °C 51 51 to to 56 56 °C °C 56 56 to to 61 61 °C °C above above 61 61 °C °C

PET (at 0.35 clo) below 36oC 36 - 41oC 41 - 46oC 46 - 51oC 51 - 56oC 56 - 61oC above 61oC

Min: 34 1: °C Deira24 12.00.00 Figure Max: 54 °C °C Min: 45 21.06.2018

Max: 68 °C

Mean x/y Radiant Temp. Cut at k=0 (z=0.0000 m) N

below 53 °C 53 to 56 °C 56 to 59 °C 59 to 62 °C 62 to 65 °C 65 to 68 °C above 68 °C

MRT (Radiant) below 53oC 53 - 56oC 56 - 59oC 59 - 62oC 62 - 65oC <Right foot> 65 - 68oC above 68oC

Figure 1: Deira24 15.00.00 21.06.2018 Min: 50 °C N x/y Cut at k=0 (z=1.0000 m) N Max: 70 °C

Sky-View-Faktor below 0.2 0.2 to 0.4 0.4 to 0.6 above 0.6 Min: Wind0.0 Speed Max: 1.0 below 0.5 m/s N 0.5 to 1.0 m/s 1.0 to 1.5 m/s 1.5 to 2.0 m/s 2.0 to 2.5 m/s 2.5 to 3.0 m/s

Sky view factor below 0.2 0.2 - 0.4 <Right foot> <Right foot> 0.4 - 0.6 0.6 - 0.8

Wind Speeds (m/s) below 0.5 1-2 2-3 3-4 above 4.5 <Right foot>

3.0 to 3.5 m/s

3.5 to 4.0 m/s 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 0.00 20.00 440.00 660.00 880.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 4.0280.00 to 300.00 4.5 m/s NN X (m) X (m)above 4.5 m/s

The wind plots for both Deira and Burj. Direction: NW, Speed: 5m/s

140.00 0.0020.00 4 00.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 120.00

X (m)

100.00

ENVI_met ENVI_met

Min: 0.0 m/s Max: 7.4 m/s

X (m) ENVI_met ENVI_met

Min: 0.0 m/s Max: 7.4 m/s

80.00 ENVI_met

60.00

40.00 20.00 0.00

4 00.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00

0.0020.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00 220.00 240.00 260.00 280.00 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 460.00 480.00 N

X (m)

ENVI_met

X (m)

Conclusion