Project Presentation: HeatReserves Xiaojing Zhang
HeatReserves: Overview uncertain production
compensate with reserves
HeatReserves Use thermal loads to provide power reserves (ancillary services) Ø
Reduce transmission line loads
Ø
Reduce consumption peaks
Ø
Improve ancillary service market
Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 2
Thermal Loads uncertain production
compensate with reserves
Buildings as Thermal Loads Residential Buildings:
Office Buildings:
Ø Thermostatically controlled loads (TCL)
Ø HVAC systems
Ø Fridges, boilers, heating systems
Ø Heating, ventilation, air conditioning
Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 3
Research Questions uncertain production
compensate with reserves
Work Packages Ø Economic & technical analysis
Ø Building climate control
Ø Aggregation of TCLs
Ø Consumer involvement Ø Field testing Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 4
Work Package 1+2: Building Climate Control (ETHZ) uncertain production
compensate with reserves
Work Packages Ø Economic & technical analysis
Ø Building climate control
Ø Aggregation of TCLs
Ø Consumer involvement Ø Field testing Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 5
Work Packages 1+2: Building Climate Control (ETHZ) request
TSO
Determine Reserve Capacity Ø energy-efficient Ø ensure comfort nominal consumption power
à mathematical framework
reserve request
reserve capacity sold to TSO time Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 6
Framework for Optimal Reserve Capacity
follow reserve requests ensure comfort constraints
Robust Program with Modulated Uncertainty Set Ø Non-conventional optimization problem Ø uncertainty set (reserve capacity
) is decision variable
Ø Tractability ensured if: Ø linear dynamics Ø polyhedral constraints Ø Office buildings can provide reserves Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 7
Stochastic Reserve Requests
P[
Reserve request signal
k (wk )
2 X]
1
✏
Statistics of frequency control signal
Ø Reserve capacity increases up to 12% Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 8
Work package 3: Aggregation of TCLs (ETHZ)
Work Packages Ø Economic & technical analysis
Ø Building climate control
Ø Aggregation of TCLs
Ø Consumer involvement Ø Field testing Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 9
Work package 3: Aggregation of TCLs (ETHZ) Challenges Ø Hybrid/switched systems Ø Large aggregation of small units: Ø
decentralized control, no direct control
Ø
information collection: privacy
Proposed Framework reserve request
Ø Modelling of aggregate power dynamics Ø Communication and estimation schemes for aggregated behaviour Ø Broadcast control signal to individual units Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 10
Work Package 4: Field Testing (EMPA)
Work Packages Ø Economic & technical analysis
Ø Building climate control
Ø Aggregation of TCLs
Ø Consumer involvement Ø Field testing Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 11
requested amount the building conditions. To characterize reserve provision(EMPA) as successful, both Work Package 4: andModelling and Field theTesting
steady-state and dynamic criteria need to be considered. From a steady-state point of view, the buildings must eventually modify their consumption according to the requested signal, without violating comfort zone and HVAC system constraints. From a dynamic point of view, the buildings Building must be able to trackModels the requested signal without significant delays and within a predefined amplitude envelope. Ø Dynamic models of office buildings Ø Establish database of typical Swiss office buildings
NEST Experimental Platform Ø “Building laboratory” with modules Ø Advanced control infrastructure Ø Implement controllers and run experiments Ø Operation starts in January 2016
Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 12
Work Package 5: Consumer Involvement (St. Gallen)
Work Packages Ø Economic & technical analysis
Ø Building climate control
Ø Aggregation of TCLs
Ø Consumer involvement Ø Field testing Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 13
Work Package 5: Consumer Involvement (St. Gallen) Accepted Temp. Deviations Ø Changing HVAC set points will influence room temperature Ø Survey among Swiss households Ø [20, 23] °C acceptable
Incentivizing Customers Ø Increase acceptance through offering punishments instead of rewards Ø Make people think about the future first, and then their hypocritical behaviour
Next Design Phase: Case Studies Ø Which factors determine the household or building manager’s willingness to participate in HeatReserves?
Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 14
Summary and Outlook HeatReserves Ø Use thermal loads to provide ancillary services to power grid Ø Over 35 conference and journal publications so far Ø Fruitful collaborations with ABB and EKZ
Next Steps Ø Study economic potential of thermal loads in ancillary service Ø Testing on NEST building Ø Incentive design for consumer participation
Xiaojing Zhang | NanoTera Annual Meeting | 04th May 2015 | 15