““When we are no longer able to change a situation, We are challenged to change ourswlves”
Index • Diabetes • OTC [Cold- Cough] • Forensic • Oncology • OTC [Vomiting- Constipation- Diarrhea] • Drosofila
Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is a disease that prevents body from properly using the energy from the food. Occurs in one of the following situations: The pancreas produces little insulin or no insulin at all..
Type 1 diabetes occurs because the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas (beta cells) are damaged. In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas makes little or no insulin, so sugar can’t get into the body’s cells for use as energy. People with Type 1 diabetes must use insulin injections to control their blood glucose. Type 1 is the most common form of diabetes in people who are under age 30, but it can occur at any age. Ten percent of people with diabetes are diagnosed with Type 1.
In Type 2 diabetes (adult onset diabetes), the pancreas makes insulin, but it either doesn’t produce enough, or the insulin doesn’t work properly. Nine out of 10 people with diabetes have Type 2. This type occurs most often in people who are over 40 years old but can occur even in childhood if there are risk factors present. Type 2 diabetes may sometimes be controlled with a combination of diet, weight management and exercise. However, treatment also may include oral glucose-lowering medications (taken by mouth) or insulin injections (shots).
How is diabetes diagnosed? Diabetes is diagnosed with fasting sugar blood tests or with A1c blood tests, also known as glycated hemoglobin tests
• Blood sugar level is equal to or greater than 126 mg/dl (7 mmol/l). • Have two random blood sugar tests over 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) with symptoms • Have an oral glucose tolerance test with results over 200 mg/dl
Type of test
Normal
Pre-diabetes
Diabetes
Fasting glucose test
Less than 100
100-125
126 or higher
Random (anytime) glucose test
Less than 140
140-199
200 or higher
A1c test
Less than 5.7%
5.7 - 6.4%
6.5% or higher
“if the plan does not work, Change the plan but not the goal”
Cold
OTC
Drugs for cold:
Cold control,Excedrin (diphenhydramine, paracetamol)
Drugs for flu & cold:
Power cap, brufen cold, brufen flu, Dolo-D (Ibuprofen, pseudoephedrine) Power cold and Flu, flu cut, flu stop (Paracetamol, caffeine, pseudoephedrine)
Note: caffeine which helps to increase Note: for hypertension patients, use the pain relief from paracetamol and Paracetamoland vapozol for nasal makes you more alert. These capsules congestant relief are used for the relief of the symptoms of colds and flu, including headache, feverishness (high temperature), nasal and sinus congestion and its associated pressure and pain, catarrh, aches and pains.
Cetal Cold And Flu , Cold Free , Cold Stop , Congestal Tap & Syup , No Flu (Chlorpheniramine, paracetamol, pseudoephedrine) Nasal Drops: Otrivin, Nasostop, Rhinex (xylometazoline hydrochloride)
cough Drugs For Wet Cough: (Mucolytic)
Ambroxol, Bronchopro, Muco, Mucosolvan Acetylcysteine
)
Drugs For Dry Cough:
Selgon, Tussivan -N, Notussil
Common Drugs For Cough:
Oplex , Tusskan ,Coughsed , Ivypront
Forensic pharmacy If you like mystery and thought about working in crime scenes, then you do not miss the chance by being a pharmacist Forensic Pharmacy deals with the application of scientific knowledge to legal problems and legal proceedings. Forensic pharmacy overlaps with the criminal justice system and other branches of forensics. Pharmacists hold a spread of positions with native, state, and governments The role of forensic pharmacists often includes evaluating drugrelated evidence for court cases, test blood samples, examine human tissue and asses drug interactions to determine how drugs were connected to criminal activity, including murder.
In cases where the cause of death is unknown, forensic pharmacists often asses a victim’s medical records, legal and illegal drug habits, prescription medication history and lifestyle habits to determine if drugs were influential in the person’s death. One drug alone might not cause death, but a combination of drugs might be fatal, so forensic pharmacist’s study how drugs interact with each other. For example, in some highprofile celebrity deaths, a mixture of alcohol and drugs was found to be responsible for the deaths.
Egyptians are one of the first civilizations to practice the removal and
examination of internal organs of humans. Their practices ranged from embalming to faith healing to surgery and autopsy. Modern radiological studies, together with various forensic techniques, allowed scientists unique glimpses of the state of health in Egypt 4000 years ago and discovered one of the earliest applications of autopsy, the main element of forensic medicine practice today
How to be forensic pharmacist? • Postgraduate with good degree • Forensic medicine diploma • Pass the exam of the department of the forensic medicine
“Everyone wants to live on top of the mountain, but all the happiness and growth occurs while you are climbing it”
Oncology Treatment Treatment of cancer has undergone a slow evolution from its start in the 1800s, with the sequential development of four main recognised modes of treatment. The first was surgery, which was made possible after the discovery of general anesthetics in the late 1800s.
The second development was radiotherapy, established at the end of the 19th century, which utilizes X-rays and/or G-rays to damage the DNA within tumor cells, thus blocking essential biochemical processes and leading to cell death.
The third development, chemotherapy, was discovered in the 1940s, during World War II, when it was observed that individuals exposed to mustard gas suffered myelosuppression . Clinicians speculated that patients with proliferative diseases (e.g. leukaemia) might benefit from treatment with agents of this type that kill highly proliferating cells.
The fourth development was targeted cancer therapies (also known as precision therapies). This was established with the discovery of imatinib (Glivec; Novartis) in the late 1990s in which The drugs target the molecules involved with the growth or spread of cancer but not in the healthy cells
Until recently, cancer therapy comprised of those four main types of treatment Over the past decade, immuno-oncology (IO) has emerged as a novel and important approach to cancer treatment through the stimulation of the body’s own immune system to kill cancer cells.
How the treatment with Immune oncology works?
Immune checkpoint proteins are found on the surface of T-cells and act as regulators of the immune system. They are crucial for self-tolerance, and prevent the immune system from attacking the body’s own cells indiscriminately. It is known that tumors adopt certain immune checkpoint pathways as a mechanism to evade an immune response towards them. For example, some tumor cell types express these proteins on their surface allowing them to go unnoticed by the immune system and promoting tumor progression and thus interaction between proteins on the surface of tumor cells and and Immune checkpoint happens preventing the immune response. Immonooncology therapies work by preventing the interaction between proteins on the surface of tumor cells and Immune checkpoint by Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis)
The most prevalent Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICPis) are the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents, PD-1 (programmed death 1) is an example of an inhibitory checkpoint receptor protein found on the surface of T-cells that normally acts as an ‘off-switch’ (inhibit the activity of the immune cells )after interaction with the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1), a protein expressed on the surface of normal cells. However, PD-L1 is expressed by many types of tumor cells and upregulated in some, thus activating the ‘off-switch’ and protecting the malignant cells from an immune attack. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents, prevent the interaction between PD-L1 on tumor cells and PD-1 on T-cells, allowing the immune system to launch an antitumor response.
The PD-L1 ligand, which is expressed on the surface of some tumor cell types, is a vital molecular target for around half of all ICPis approved to date IO agents focus on the tumor microenvironment, thus allowing the immune system to produce efficient antitumor responses via negative regulatory pathways such as PD-1/ PD-L1 and CTLA-4 . The ICPis have consistently provided outstanding clinical outcomes across many tumor types leading to many accelerated approvals from the FDA and European Medicines Agency (EMA), regardless of PD-L1 and CTLA4 expression status.
There are current challenges facing IO therapies and the most important are the inability to accurately predict patient response and managing toxicities. However, the lack of information on relevant biomarkers and the high cost of research, development and treatment are also significant concerns
However, this new treatment paradigm is still in its infancy, and there
is a long way to go in optimising the use of these novel therapies, minimising their toxicities and learning how to integrate them into the current standard of care. Furthermore, given their high cost, there are challenges ahead in incorporating them into healthcare systems in an economically sustainable manner, while increasing availability for patients.
“Sometimes we are tested not to show our weakness, but to discover our stregnths�
vomiting
OTC
Emetrex , Danset , Zofran , Cortiplex , Primperan , Vomibreak Note: If vomiting continues for a while, a rehydration solution should be used to replace the lost salts like ORS and lohydran
Constipation Glycerine Sup , Picolax Drops , Lactulose , Minalax , Sennalax , Purgaton Note: Glycerine Sup , Picolax Drops And Lactulose are safe for pregnant
Diarrhea Antinal , Diax , Streptoquin , Nanazoxid
Drosofila The Drosophila fly looks like an ordinary insect, but it represents a very important method for studying the time, and the implications for its passage. Because its life cycle is so short, which allows scientists to study successive generations of it, which is almost impossible to apply to humans during the same time period. Now scientists around the world are using the genome data of the Drosophila fly to study how cells die, how nerves develop in a way that allows them to transmit information, how they start and develop tumors, and how DNA chains inside cells are repaired.
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Given the size of this insect, which does not exceed three millimeters; Millions of them could be placed in the laboratory at one time and the more research we conducted on these insects; We discovered more similarities between us and them. 75 percent of the genes for human diseases have identifiable analogues in the common type of fruit fly, meaning this relative “genetic” affinity. That the results of experiments conducted on “Drosophila”, can be applied effectively to humans Scientific studies look at how the details of the appearance and personality of every living creature on the face of creation are encoded into its genes. There are at least sixty percent of the fly’s genes that can also be found in humans, including those related to medical conditions such as kidney disease, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. And at least 70 percent of the human cancer-causing genes can also be found in fruit flies
“Success begin from not giving up”
Team work Mostafa Mohmmed Amany Reda Nourhan Elsayed Nouran Ahmed Esraa Saied Nadeen Nasr
“Education is not the learning of fact, but the training of the mind to think�