EQNipedia by Equestrian Neightion

- A Glossary of -

Common Equestrian Related Terms

- A Glossary of -

Common Equestrian Related Terms

Ab ov e th e Bit :

This is an expression that describes how a horse evades the rider’s aids by raising his head above the level of the rider’s hands. This reduces the amount of control the rider has over the horse.

Ace or ACP: Slang for the drug acepromazine or acetyl promazine (trade names Atravet or Acezine), which is a sedative commonly used on horses during veterinary treatment, but also illegal in the show ring. Aco rn : A type of nut that is poisonous to horses if eaten in large quantities. A c re:

Measurement of land area. Horses and ponies generally require a minimum of 2 to 3 acres each to allow for grazing, exercise and turnout. That amount varies based upon how much their diet depends on grass and also what local zoning laws permit. A c ti o n :

The way a horse moves at various gaits. Aged:

A term used to describe a horse that is 15 years or older. Prior to this age, experienced horsemen can estimate the age of a horse by examining the teeth, specifically the Galvayne’s Groove. Aging:

The process of estimating the age of a horse by examining the appearance and development of the teeth. Aids:

Signals or cues by which the rider communicates his wishes to the horse. The “natural” aids include the voice, the legs, the hands and the weight. “Artificial” aids include the whip and spurs. A l f a l f a ( m e d i c a g o s t i v a) :

A flowering plant cultivated as an important forage crop used primarily in hay. Alfalfa hay:

Alfalfa hay is derived from the alfalfa plant, and it is the most popular and important forage legume in the United States. Alfalfa hay is fed as baled hay, chopped hay, cubes, or pellets, and it contains high protein, vitamins and minerals. A l p h a H o rs e :

Within a herd, the dominant horse is the alpha. A m a t e u r:

A rider over the age of eighteen who is not paid to perform (ride). A m a t e u r O w n e r:

Refers to horse show classes or a division, where only a horse’s owner who is 18 years old or older is eligible to compete. A n h i d ro s i s :

A condition in which the horse has a limited ability or fails to sweat. A n th e l m i n ti cs :

The name given to the various de-worming medications used to control equine internal parasites. A ppa l o o s a :

Known for its spotted coat pattern, striped hooves, mottled (spotted) skin (most visible around their eyes and their muzzle), and white sclera around the eye. Appaloosas can have blue, brown or hazel eyes, and sometimes have eyes of two different colors. The original Appaloosa had a sparse or thin mane and tail, and is characterized by the “rat tail”, which is being bred away. A pp o i n t m e n t s :

Horse tack and riding apparel considered appropriate for competition. A p ro n :

A heavy-duty garment usually made of leather or protective nylon fabric. A farrier to protect his body from hot horseshoes, nails or thrashing hooves wears an apron.

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A rabia n :

The Arabian averages about 14.2 to 15 hands high. Their colors are predominantly chestnut, grey, bay and black. They have wide nostrils, small heads with narrow muzzles and broad foreheads, and small ears. They are known for their graceful curving neck, long sloping shoulders and defined withers. The Arabian breed is noted for its intelligence and spirit, as well as being nervous. A re n a :

Refers to a measurement of hay that is comprised of approximately 10 sections or flakes. Ba l k :

To stop and refuse to move forward out of fear or stubbornness. Ba l l o f t h e F o o t :

The part of the rider’s foot just beyond the base of the toes where the stirrup should be placed for proper balance. Ba n g e d Ta i l :

Refers to a blunt trim at the bottom of a horse’s tail which presents a straight, even look. This style tail is often seen in the dressage and hunter show ring.

An enclosed area either outdoors or indoors in which horses are ridden, shown or trained. A rtifi c ial A ids :

Ba r e b a c k :

Mechanical means by which the rider conveys his wishes to the horse. Includes spurs, crop, or whip.

Riding without a saddle. Ba r e b a c k P a d :

Ascarids:

An equine internal parasite, commonly known as roundworms. Ascarids can infect horses through contaminated food or water. If swallowed, the larvae pass through the intestine and penetrate intestinal walls. They can lead to nutrient deficiency, bad coat quality, and a large belly. In its advanced stage, ascarids can lead to lung and liver damage, and even death. A STM /SEI :

Two organizations that are responsible for the helmet safety standards in equestrian sports. ASTM stands for American Standard for Testing Materials. SEI stands for Safety Equipment Institute. Astrid e:

Refers to a rider’s sitting position on a horse facing forward, with one leg on each side of the horse. A ttire :

A fitted pad that provides a barrier between the rider and the horse. The pad will provide a more secure seat and will also make the ride more comfortable. The pad has a girth, like a saddle and some may have stirrups as well. Ba r e f o o t :

A horse who does not wear shoes. Ba r n S o u r:

A term that describes a horse that objects to being ridden away from the barn, as well as herd-bound horses that object to leaving their pasture mates. Ba r r e l Ra c i n g :

The clothing a rider wears.

A Western riding competition where horse and rider traverse a three-barrel cloverleaf pattern riding against the clock, with fastest ride winning.

A u r a l F l a t Wa r t s :

Caused by the papilloma virus, aural flat warts are found on the ears of affected horses. A u t o m a ti c Re l e a s e :

The type of release of the horse’s mouth in which the rider slides the hands slightly forward along the sides of the horse’s neck while jumping over the top of the a jump in order to allow the horse freedom of movement, while always remaining direct contact with the horse’s mouth. There is a straight line from the rider’s elbow, through the reins, to the horse’s mouth over the top of the jump. Ax is:

When shoeing a horse, the farrier will pay close attention to the axis or central line of a body part on or near the point of structural rotation.

Ba l e :

Azotu ria :

Condition in which the horse experiences prolonged muscle contractions during exercise. Commonly known as Tying-up and Monday Morning sickness, because the condition often appears in fit horses following a period of rest.

Ba r r e l :

The area of the horse’s body between the forelegs and the loins. Rider’s legs should lie against the horse’s barrel to communicate leg aids. Ba rs :

In the horse’s mouth, the bars refer to the fleshy area between the incisors and the premolar teeth, where the bit rests. Ba s c u l e :

A term used to describe the arc a horse makes as it jumps a fence. Ba s e :

Refers to the rider’s seat and weight distribution while seated on the horse. Ba t :

A small crop/whip that is short in length. An artificial aid that the rider may use to enforce the natural aids of her seat and legs. Used to encourage reluctant or lazy horses to move forward. Sometimes used to punish. A bat is slightly shorter than a whip or crop. Ba y :

Ba c k a t t h e k n e e :

A conformation fault of the foreleg in which the lower limb below the knee appears to be concave.

A horse coat color, that ranges from light tan to dark brown with reddish tones. Bay horses always have black manes and tails but often have highlights of red and gold. Their legs may be black below the knee. B e a ri n g re i n , o v e rch e c k o r ch e c kre i n :

On a saddle, a back or calf block is padding that falls behind the rider’s lower leg, helping to keep it in place and stabilize the rider. It is typically removable.

A strap running from a horse’s back, over the head, to a bit, to prevent the horse from lowering its head beyond a fixed point. Used with harnessed horses. A riding aid where the rein is applied to the horse’s neck on the side towards the turn. Opposite of a neck rein.

The correct term for backing up is to “rein-back.” This involves the rider, while seated on the horse, moving the horse backwards in a straight line.

Each single step of a gait is a beat. Walking is a 4-beat gait, trotting is a 2-beat gait, cantering is a 3-beat gait and the gallop is a 4-beat gait.

Ba c k B l o c k :

Ba c k i n g u p :

Beat:

Ba l a n c e :

Bedding:

Ba l d Fa c e :

Beet Pulp:

In regard to movement, a state of equilibrium; in regard to conformation, desirable proportions. It means the equal the distribution of weight between horse and rider. A facial marking of white that extends to or past the width of the horse’s eyes.

Padding material (typically shavings or straw), which covers the floor of the stall to absorb moisture and manure. The remaining material when sugar is extracted from sugar beets. It is soaked in water for 3 to 4 hours to prevent choking, and is fed to horses to promote weight gain. It is high in fiber and energy and los in nonstructured carbohydrates, making it easy for horses to digest. It lacks Vitamin A.

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B e h in d th e Bit :

An expression that describes the evasion by a horse when he holds his head behind the vertical, and decreases contact with the rider’s hand, thereby decreasing the rider’s control. See Overbent/Overflexed. Being Deep:

An expression used to describe the take-off point or point of departure in front of a jump where the horse leaves the ground too close to the jump, resulting in a shorter arc or bascule, and a noticeably stalled rhythm. Bell Boots:

Bell shaped rubber boots that are worn on the horse’s front hooves to protect the coronet band, the bulbs of the heels, and the rest of the hoof. Bell boots are recommended for horses that overreach or forge, to protect from heel abrasions or pulling shoes. Bench K nee:

B l o o d Ba y :

The color of a horse that has a reddish brown coat with black mane and tail. Blo o dlin es:

The lineage, history and ancestry of a horse or pony breed. B l o o d h o rs e :

A term describing Thoroughbred’s who are bred for racing. Blo o dwo rm :

An iodine solution used to clean wounds or abrasions to reduce the risk of infection.

Also known as strongyles live in the large intestine. Adult strongyles produce eggs that are passed out in the feces into the horse’s environment. These eggs then develop into infective larvae that exist on the pasture vegetation or in stalls. The horse is infected when it consumes grass, feed, or water contaminated with infected larvae.

B i l l e t S t r ap s :

Blu e Ribb on :

A conformation term that describes the cannon bone as being offset. B e ta dy n e S o l u ti o n :

Billets are straps (girth straps) made of leather or webbing that the girth buckles attach to. On a dressage saddle the billet straps will be quite long, extending below the flaps. On forward seat, or all purpose saddles the billet straps are shorter and stop beneath the flaps. Bin o cula r Vision :

The color of a first place ribbon at competitions in the U.S. B o a rd :

Refers to the costs associated with stabling your horse or pony. B o d y C l i pp i n g :

The ability to focus both eyes on something. bit :

The method of giving your horse a haircut. Clippers are used to clip away the horse’s excess hair. Different blade sizes are used for the body, the face and the legs.

Bite:

A soft synovial swelling of the hock joint found on the front and outside of the hock. Does not usually cause lameness, unlike regular spavin.

B i t G u a rd :

The action of a horse that takes off violently with his rider or bolts from an enclosed area such as a stall or paddock.

Biti n g:

A well behaved horse or pony who doesn’t easily spook and who is very forgiving of his rider and environment.

Bla ck:

The bony growth in the lower hock joint, caused by arthritis. It can cause varying degrees of lameness.

A device or mouthpiece that sits in a horse’s mouth to allow the person riding it to control its movements. See page appendix for details. The slack or extra reins that hang down from your hands while you are holding your reins. The bite should rest on the horse’s right shoulder. A round flexible disk that fits on a snaffle bit and rests between the horses mouth and bridle. The guard prevents irritation and pinching. A vice and sign that means a horse is irritated and for you to use caution. A horse color described as either fading black or non-fading black. Sunlight can fade a black horse to a brownish color. Black foals can be born gray or dun and over time their coat darkens. Bla ck:

The color of a horse that has black skin, wholly black hair coats, and black mane and tail. Bla n ke t (1) :

A soft fabric covering usually with front closures at the chest and surcingle straps that fit around the belly. Blankets are available in a wide variety of fabrics and weights. They are used to manage a horse’s comfort in cool or cold weather. B l a n k e t ( 2) :

(Appaloosa coat pattern) Refers to a horse which has a solid white area normally over, but not limited to, the hip area with a contrasting base color. B l a n k e t W i t h Sp o t s :

Refers to a horse with a white blanket, which has dark spots within the white. The spots are usually the same color as the horse’s base color. Blaze:

B o g Spa v i n : Bolt:

B o m b p ro o f :

B o n e Spa v i n : Boots:

Protective covering for the front and or back legs of a horse; or boots can refer to a rider’s footwear (i.e. tall boots and paddock boots). Bots:

Bots are larvae from the small Bot fly. The size of a honeybee, the Bot fly glues their tiny eggs or nits to the hair of horses. They are usually found on the hairs of the fore legs but can be found in the mane and on the flank. The eggs of horse bots hatch after a 2 to 5 day incubation period, and newly hatched Bot larvae spend about 3 weeks in the soft tissue of the lips, tongue, or gums, and get taken in by the horse’s mouth. They then move into the stomach, causing gastrointestinal disorders. Bounce:

A combination of two fences set 9 to 11 feet apart that does not have a full stride in between. The horse’s front feet land and then are picked immediately back up to take off for the second jump. Bowed Hock s:

When the horse’s hind legs are turned outward, placing the hocks too far outside of the alignment of the body. The horse’s toes appear turned inward.

A large white marking that spans from forehead to nose but is narrower than the distance between the horse’s eyes.

Bowed K nee:

Ble mish :

Bowed Tendon:

A visible defect such as a scar, growth or lump. A blemish does not impact a horse ability to perform. Bliste rin g:

The process of applying an agent to the leg to make it blister with the intended affect of stimulating blood flow which encourages internal healing, strengthening and tightening of the tendons or ligaments. Formerly and, occasionally, it is still used in the treatment of a number of conditions, such as spavin, ringbone and bowed tendon.

When the horse’s front legs are turned outward at the knees. Injury to superficial digital flexor tendon, which runs down the back of the lower leg, between the knee and the fetlock. The result looks like the tendon’s profile is “bowing” out, away from the bone. B r a n Ma s h :

A mixture of wheat bran and warm water, and sometimes mineral oil for the purpose of helping a horse’s digestion, particularly when the weather changes or stressful events.

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Braidin g:

Horses and ponies will have their manes and tails braided for competition. In manes, there should be as many braids as possible, approximately 20. The mane should be about 4 inches long and relatively thin. Pulling the mane, not cutting, is the way to shorten and thin a mane for maintenance and braiding, except that the forelock can be longer. Braids are secured with yarn at the end of the braid, and then folded underneath themselves by using a pull through to bring the yarn through the top of the braid. A knot is made about three quarters of the way up the braid to secure it in place. Tails are braided “French-style” and extend about two-thirds of the way down the tail. The end of the braided tail is rolled like a wheel, then secured to the tail with yarn. Avoid using detangler sprays prior to braiding which would make the mane and tail too slippery to handle. Bra n d :

A distinctive marking on a horse, which identifies that animal as a specific breed or type. Bre a ki n g , o r Bre a ki n g - I n :

The early education of the young horse, where it is taught the skills it will need for its future life as a riding or driving horse. Bre astplate:

Used on both English and Western saddles, the breastplate is a piece of riding equipment or tack used on horse to anchor the saddle. The breastplate can help to prevent the saddle from sliding back or sideways. Bre e d :

An equine group with a similar appearance, behavior, bloodlines, characteristics that distinguish it from other horses. B r e e d e r:

A person who breeds purebred horse or ponies. Bre e din g:

The act of mating between a mare and stallion. Bre e din g Sh e d :

The building or location where horse breeding takes place. Bre e din g Sto ck:

A mare or stallion who meets all of the requirements of a specific breed criteria and therefore is eligible to be registered as a distinct breed. Bridl e P ath :

1) A clipped or shaved area of the mane just behind the ears, at the poll, which allows for the crown piece of the bridle to rest. 2) Bridle path also refers to a trail used for riding horses. Bridle:

Item of equipment worn on the horse’s head, enabling the rider to communicate his wishes through use of the bit and the reins. Brin dle:

A rare horse color. Characteristics include any markings with zebra-like strips running vertically and horizontally across the body. It is most common in light brown horses. Britches:

Britches are form fitting riding pants that are worn with tall riding boots, and are mainly used in English riding disciplines such as dressage and show jumping. They are shorter than jodhpurs to accommodate tall riding boots. B ro k e t o R i d e :

A horse that has been accustomed to the tack and the rider, and has some training. B ro k e n W i n d e d :

A layman’s term used to describe horses having an abnormal breathing pattern due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Commonly known as Heaves. B ro o d Ma r e :

Buck:

When a horse leaps in the air with the head lowered, the back rounded, and the hind end lifted off the ground. Bucke d K n e e:

When the knee protrudes over the front of the cannon bone. This is a conformation defect commonly called “over the knee”. Bucke d Sh in s:

Swelling of the front of the cannon bone. B u ck ski n :

The color of a horse with a gold-ish color coat with black mane and tail. Bulb of He el:

Above the heels and the frog, there are two oval bulges called “bulbs.” Bump:

A movement performed by a rider, which involves a pull and release of the reins for a brief contact with the horse’s mouth.

Bute:

Common term for Phenylbutazone, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to control pain and swelling in horses. Some racing commissions and showing authorities restrict its use prior to competition in order to reduce the risk of injury to horses. It is banned in most endurance riding competition.

Ca d e n c e :

The rhythmic nature of a horse’s gait. Ca n n o n B o n e (f ro n t) :

This bone extends from beneath the structures of the knee to the fetlock joint below. Ca n n o n B o n e (h i n d l e g ) :

The cannon bone on the hind leg extends from the hock joint to the fetlock joint.

Ca n t e r:

Three beat gait of the horse. The sequence of the horse’s leg movement is (1) outside hind, (2) inside hind and outside front, then (3) inside front. Ca n t l e :

The part of the saddle that rises up at the back of the seat of the saddle. Capp e d E l b o w :

Occurs on the horse’s front legs at the elbow, it is swelling caused by hitting the elbow while lying down. Capp e d H o c k s :

Swelling or puffiness on the point of the hock. Can be caused by a blow or injury, or may be caused by a horse lying down repeatedly in a stable with insufficient bedding. Cap r i o l e :

A dressage move in which a horse leaps into the air with all four legs and while in the air, kicks out with the hind legs. Ca s t :

A horse that rolls and gets stuck, either up against the wall of his stall, or near a fence, is “cast”. Human intervention can be necessary to release the horse. Ca s t r a t i o n :

The process by which the male reproductive organs are removed. Ca u l k :

B ro w Ba n d :

Referred to as studs. They are metal devices that are screwed or driven into the bottom of a horse’s shoe. By protruding from the bottom of the shoe, they can help to provide traction over muddy or deep footing and help your horse to jump more confidently.

B ro w n R i b b o n :

Low wooden poles on the ground used in the schooling and strengthening of horse and rider. Poles can be slightly raised off the ground and are called “raised cavalettis”.

A mare used for breeding purposes. A part of the bridle. The brow band fits across the horse’s forehead just under the forelock preventing the bridle from sliding behind the poll and onto the upper neck. An 8th place prize awarded at a horse show in the U.S. Bru s h i n g:

The action whereby the hoof or shoe hits the inside of the opposite leg, at or near the fetlock. Usually caused by poor conformation or action.

Ca v e l e t t i :

Ca v e s s o n :

The part of the bridle that wraps around the horse’s nose, sitting just under the jawbone, and fastening underneath. It has its own headpiece, and has the function of holding a horse’s mouth closed as well as attaching equipment such as the martingale or other additional nosebands.

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Cecum:

Coat:

Cha mpion sh ip Ribbon :

Cob:

A large sock like pouch found between the large and small intestines of a horse. The cecum is critical to the digestion of cellulose. Exhibitors, (riders or horses) are awarded points based upon placing within the classes of a show division. Each placing is assigned a point value, with the highest value being first place, and declining in value to 6th place. Exhibitors with the highest cumulative point value in a division are champions. Championship ribbons are blue, red and yellow. Cha n g e Re in :

The thin layer of hair on a horse that grows thicker in colder weather and sheds or thins out in warmer weather. A type of horse, rather than a breed, a cob is a horse of small stature but larger than a pony. Cof fi n B o n e :

The distal phalanx or toe of the forelimb incorporated within the hoof and also the small bone within the hoof. Cof fi n Jo i n t :

To change direction. C h ap s :

The joint found within the hoof of the horse between the short pastern bone and coffin bone, also including the navicular bone.

Cheek Pieces:

A blood test for Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). Horses that test positive may be required by the state in which they live to be destroyed or permanently quarantined. See EIA.

Chaps are rider apparel that is protective, leather coverings that cover the full leg of the rider. They are worn over jeans or britches and with paddock boots. The cheek pieces consist of two leather straps on either side of the crown piece. The straps run down the side of the horse’s face and cheekbone, attaching at the bit rings. Cheek:

The wide flat area on the side of the horse’s face. Chest:

The area of the horse in between and above the front legs. An ideal chest is deep and has well developed muscle mass. C h e s t n u t c o l o r:

A horse coat color, that is reddish to brown with a mane and tail the same color or lighter, usually with many red and yellow highlights. There is no black hair on any part of a chestnut. The skin underneath any white markings is pink. Chestnut-colored horses usually have white markings on their legs and face. Distinctive coloring includes sorrel (color of a new penny) or liver chestnut, which is dark red. Chestnut:

The chestnut is located on the inside of the cannon bone, just a few inches above the knee and the inside of the hocks. It is made of soft, hoof-like material and grows slowly. It is the remnant of a prehistoric “toe”. Ch e v al D e S e ll e Fra n cais :

A French sport horse breed established in 1958. It is considered to be one of the more modern Warmblood breeds. The name means “French Saddle Horse.” Bred to be strong, powerful and athletic, the typical Selle Francais, measures 16 to 17 hands. They can be found in any color, but bays and chestnuts are predominant. Crossbreeding native French breed mares with trotters, Thoroughbreds, Arabians and Anglo-Arabian types established the Selle Francais breed. Competitively, they excel at show jumping but are also popular for dressage, racing and eventing. C h i pp i n g i n :

A term that refers to when a rider miscalculates the take-off point to a jump, but the horse or pony adds a very short, extra stride, resulting in an inaccurate ride and a poor form for both the horse and rider. C h ro m e :

A slang term used to refer to a horse or pony with flashy white markings. Cinch:

A western term for the strap that holds a saddle in place around a horse’s body. C i n c h S t r ap :

The leather strap that is looped through the cinch to keep the saddle in place. C l e a n Ro u n d :

Cog gins Test:

Cold-backe d: A horse that arches his back and may buck slightly when first mounted. Cold Blo o d e d : Refers to horse with bloodlines, which trace back to draft or warhorse like breeds. Large heavy bodies and thick hair coats typify the breeds. C o l d T h e r ap y :

Applying ice or cold hosing after a leg injury or as a therapeutic treatment, decreases blood flow to the affected area and slows the metabolism of the surrounding tissue so it is less likely to suffer damage from swelling. It reduces inflammation and swelling, slows bleeding and alleviates pain. Colic:

A term that refers to any gastrointestinal disorder. Colic is one of the leading causes of death in horses. Signs that a horse is experiencing colic include lack of appetite, lip curling, rolling, kicking, blowing, bloating, lying down and not wanting to get up, not eating or drinking, sweating, contracting his belly, and biting at his sides. A veterinarian should be contacted immediately if your horse shows signs of colic. C o ll e c ti o n of S trid e :

A term to describe the shortening of the horse’s gait, asking the horse to maintain a smaller stride. The rider, by combination of carefully balanced driving and restraining aids, causes the horse’s frame to become compacted and the horse light and supple in the hand. The top line is shortened, the croup is lowered, the shoulder is raised and the head is held on the vertical. Colt:

Non-castrated male horse up to four years of age. C o m bi n a ti o n :

A combination is a set of two or more fences set within one to two strides of each other. Two jumps in a row is called a double combination or “in and out”. Three jumps in a row are called a triple combination. If a horse refuses the second or third element of a combination in competition, the rider is required to jump all elements again, not just the obstacle they missed. Co mbin e d Train in g:

An equestrian competition also known as a three-day event or eventing. The competition takes place over three days and includes dressage, cross-country and show jumping. C o m m o n ty p e :

A horse or pony lacking any outstanding characteristics.

A term used in show jumping that describes the completion of a jumper course with no faults within the time allowed. See Faults.

C o n d iti o n i n g:

Clinches:

C o nfo rm a ti o n :

The folded-over ends of horseshoe nails on the outside of a shod horse’s hooves. C l o v e r:

A legume or flowering plant used for hay and also commonly found in grazing pastures. Clu bfo o t :

A deformity of the hoof causing it to appear to have a bulge at the coronet band and a raised heel. The slope of the hoof wall is steeper than a normal hoof, and the toe of the hoof develops a dished look. A horse can be born with this deformity or it can be caused by tendon contracture. Clu ste r ma re:

A cluster mare is a Thoroughbred brood mare that has produced two or more winners of five or more of the eight most important and valuable races, within six generations.

The act of preparing a horse both mentally and physically for work or competition. The overall way in which a horse is put together, and the relationship of specific parts of the horse in regards to its proportions. It is also a competitive division for hunters. Contact:

The connection between the rider’s hands and the horse’s mouth. Contact is measured in pounds of pressure and can be light, moderate or strong. It should be a harmonious elastic connection with your horse, so that you have a smooth line of communication. C o o l e r:

A medium weight wool blanket used to “cool out” a sweaty horse and prevent them from getting a chill. A cooler can be used to and from the barn or arena as protection against cold weather.

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CO P D :

C ro w h o pp i n g :

Co rk sc re w Bit :

C ro w n P i e c e :

C o ro n e t Ba n d :

C r u pp e r:

Abbreviation for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or Heaves. Brought on by allergies and characterized by abnormal breathing pattern and reduced tolerance to exercise. See Broken Winded. This bit is slightly harsher than the slow twist. The mouthpiece has more twists than the slow twist, and looks similar to a wine corkscrew. The top of the hoof where the skin and hair begin and the hoof ends. Co rre ct L e a d :

When a horse hops or leaps repeatedly in the air, with all four feet off the ground at the same time, he is said to be crow hopping. Refers to the headpiece that goes over the horse’s head just behind the ears, at the poll. The strap from the crown piece anchors the bridle on the horse’s head. A leather strap that loops around the tail and attaches to the back of the saddle gullet. It is used to prevent the saddle from slipping forward on horses with non-prominent withers.

A horse is on the correct lead when its lead leg, the leg that extends the furthest at the canter, is on the inside, closest to the center of the ring or circle of travel.

Cues:

C o u n t e r c a n t e r:

Curb Chain :

A form of the canter where the horse is deliberately asked to canter on a curve with the outside leg leading, which is opposite of usual. Also known as galop faux, false canter, or counter lead. It is used to help build muscle and suppleness in a horse. Coupling: The sunken area below the lumbar vertebrae or the horse’s back, behind the last rib and in front of the point of the hip. Ideally is to be as short as possible. The term is sometimes expanded to include where the lumbar region attaches to the sacrum. Cow -h o cke d: Hocks are turned inward, and toes are turned outward. Opposite of Bow-hocked. C ra d l e :

A device, which is placed on a horse’s neck to discourage biting or licking of its body. C re e p :

An area, which can be found in breeding facilities, which is large enough to allow a foal to enter and feed without the interference of its mother. C rest Rel e as e:

While in the two-point position, the rider rests his hands on the crest of the horse’s neck to stabilize his balance for an obstacle, giving the horse the freedom to jump. Unlike the Automatic Release, there is usually some slack in the rein, and the line of the reins break in angle from the horse’s mouth to the top of the crest to the rider’s hand. Novice riders learn the Crest Release prior to learning the Automatic Release where more balance is necessary. C rest :

The top line of the neck, from where the mane grows. C r i b- B i t i n g /C r i b b i n g :

A stable vice in which the horse hooks his teeth onto something solid, such as the door of his stable, and sucks air through his open mouth. It is believed to be an addictive behavior. “Cribbing straps” and collars have varying degrees of effectiveness at discouraging the behavior. Horses that suck air without latching their teeth on to something are said to be wind sucking. Cricket :

A cooper attachment to a bit’s port, which will spin in a horse’s mouth as he moves his tongue. The device helps to pacify and also keeps the mouth moist by encouraging salivation. C ro p :

Artificial aid by which the rider may emphasize and back up the natural aids of seat and legs. Used to encourage reluctant or lazy horses to move forward. Sometimes used to punish. A crop is longer than a bat and shorter than a whip. C ro s s Ca n t e r:

Canter in which the horse’s legs are out of sequence; the front legs and hind legs are on opposing leads. C ro s s Ra i l :

A cross rail is a fence composed of two poles that make an “X”, and is used to warm up the horse or pony for jumping. Cross rails are used to teach the horse or rider to navigate the center of a jump. C ro s s T i e s :

Another name for aids. Signals used by the rider to communicate to the horse. The chain attached to the bit passing under the horses chin. C u rb o r L e v e rag e Bits :

In contrast to snaffles, curb bits work more on the bars of the horse’s mouth and use leverage to help communicate to the horse. This is achieved through pressure exerted on the poll of the horse’s head and on the underside of the horses jaw through the curb chain. Because of the way that the curb is constructed, when pressure is applied to the bit from the reins, the horse can feel that energy transferred to the crownpiece of the bridle. Rein pressure also engages the shank of the bit, which presses the curb into the horses chin. The result is often more flexion at the poll. C u r b S t r ap :

The leather strap on the bit passing under the horse’s chin. Curry Comb:

A grooming tool made of rubber or plastic, it is used in a circular motion to loosen dirt, shed hair, and exfoliate dead skin.

Da i s y c u t t e r: A horse that moves with long but low movement. Considered highly desirable in hunter-type horses. D- Rin g Bit :

Probably the most popular style of snaffle in the hunter ring today, the cheek piece of the bit resembles the letter “D” because the ends are fixed not loose. Because the ends are fixed, when you pull on the reins, pressure is directly applied wherever the bit sits on the bars of the mouth and tongue.

D - Ri n g Fitti n g:

A metal “D”-shaped ring on the front of an English saddle, to which certain pieces of equipment such as breastplates can be attached. D .V. M . :

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. Da m :

A horse’s female parent. Da n d y B r u s h : A brush made of softer, short bristles and has a leather handle. The dandy brush smoothes the coat and brushes away loosened dirt and hair. Dapp l e s :

A physical attribute that can be found on any color horse. These are circular patches of lighter colored hair that show up usually around the flank area. Young grey horses can have dapples all over their body, including their neck, barrel, and rump. They can also appear from grooming.

The term that describes the area with a set of two long ropes with clips that connect to the sides of the halter. They are found in barn aisles or grooming stalls to restrain your horse.

Da r k Ba y :

C ro u p :

D e pth of Girth :

The croup is the area from the highest point of the hindquarters to the top of the tail.

The color of a horse or pony with a dark brown coat and dark brown or black mane and tail. This is the measurement taken from wither to elbow. A good depth of girth implies a good lung capacity and therefore is a desirable conformation feature.

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Diagonals:

D ro p N o s e b a n d :

Diet:

D u cki n g:

The horse’s legs move in pairs at the trot, called diagonals. The left diagonal is when the left foreleg and right hind leg move in tandem; the right diagonal is when the right foreleg and the left hind leg move. The rider rises out of the saddle on every other trot step, commonly known as posting, as the outside foreleg moves forward, and sits when the outside foreleg moves backward. Horses eat about 2 to 3 pounds per 100 pounds of their body weight of hay per day, and about a half a pound per 100 pounds of their body weight of grain per day. 14% of their diet should consist of protein. Their diet consists of hay or grass, called forage, grain, and other supplements. D i pp e d Ba c k :

A hollow space between the withers and the croup. Horses with dipped backs are often older. Dire ct Re in :

A rein aid where the contact is flowing directly in a straight line from the horse’s mouth through the rein to the rider’s hand, forearm, and elbow. When administering a direct rein aid, direct pressure is applied evenly and straight back on the bit, the rider’s hand stays on its side of the horse’s neck. It can be used to straighten, balance, bend and slow a horse. D i s h e d Fa c e :

A distinctive profile feature of horses such as Arabians. The dish refers to the slightly concave quality of the face between the eyes and nostrils. Dismount:

To get off of a horse or pony. Riders mount and dismount from the left side of the horse. D is p o siti o n :

The temperament of a horse or pony. Temperament is an important factor in matching a horse to a rider. Dock:

The base of the horse’s tail. D o m e s t i c H o rs e : Equus ferus caballus, the subspecies of the Wild Horse (Equus ferus) that has gone through the process of domestication. Donut boot: A device used on a horse’s hind leg, around the coronet area, to prevent contact by the opposite foot or shoe. doping: To use a medication that is illegal or used in an illegal manner in order to improve a horse’s performance in either racing or showing, or, by an opponent, to harm an animal and cause it to perform poorly. D r. B r i s t o l B i t : Instead of a mouthpiece that is broken into two sections the Dr. Bristol has a flat middle section, sometime called a key that divides the bit into three sections. The flat middle section allows the bit to lie flat on the horses tongue. It helps out a horse with a low palate, or that is bothered when the joint of a snaffle rubs against the roof of their mouth; however, the middle link can become severe if it does not lie flat. D r a f t H o rs e :

A large, thick-coated body characterizes a cold-blooded horse type. Percherons and Clydesdales are draft type horses. D ra w Re in :

A rein that attaches to the girth or breastplate at one end, passes through the rings of the bit, and back to the rider’s hands. Used to increase control and give a better head position, it is an artificial aid that should only be used by skilled riders for training purposes. D ressag e:

A French term that means “training”, it is a riding discipline that is commonly referred to as “Ballet on Horseback”. Dressage is the art of riding through the development of the horse’s natural willingness and ability to perform. Dressage is only performed “on the flat”; no jumping is involved. D riving:

The act of pulling a wagon or cart. Both ponies and horses are used for driving.

A noseband that wraps around the nose and chin area, just under the chin groove, sitting just below the bit. The strap sits on the nasal bone and reminds the horse to keep his mouth closed and prevents him from crossing his jaw. Due to its position near the nostrils, tack, such as martingales, would NOT be used in conjunction with a drop noseband. A term to describe when a rider makes an exaggerated and quick movement of throwing her body forward and onto the horse’s neck as the horse jumps. Ducking is penalized in the equitation division. Dun:

A horse coat color that is gray-gold or tan. Classic body coloring ranges from sandy yellow to reddish-brown with a dark stripe running down the middle of the back. The mane and tail are darker than the body color and the face and legs are dark as well. D u t c h Wa r m b l o o d :

The Dutch Warmblood breed originates from Holland and is considered to be a modern breed. The Gelderlander and Groningen breeds are the bases providing the characteristics of this type. As with other Warmblood’s, Thoroughbred bloodlines refine and define the breed. Calm and willing, these horses are extremely athletic and well suited to any English riding discipline but are favorites by far in equitation, hunters, dressage and show jumping. Typically, 16 hands or more, Dutch Warmblood’s present an elegant frame and are prized for their fluid gaits, scope and stamina. Prominent colors for this breed include bay, chestnut, black and gray.

E.E.E. :

Eastern equine encephalomyelitis is a viral disease of horses, which affects the brain. Ea s y k e e p e r :

A horse needing relatively little food to maintain condition and may be prone to obesity. EI A :

Equine infectious anemia also known as swamp fever is a disease caused by a virus which is spread by flies, insects, unsanitary conditions, shared needles or lack of hygiene around open wounds or sores. Equine Infectious Anemia is a viral disease for which there is no known cure or vaccine. See Coggins Test. Clinical signs include fever, loss of appetite, and depression, as well as swollen belly and legs, and edema. Elbow:

The point just in front of the girth area that is formed by the top of the forearm bone (radius bone). E l e c t ro l y t e s :

A supplement added to horses’ grain or water to replace or reinforce the normal salts of the blood during very hot or very cold weather when dehydration is common. E li m i n a ti o n :

A term used in competition, elimination occurs if the rider has fallen off, gone off-course, or broken a competition rule. Engagement:

Use of the horse’s back and hindquarters to create energy and impulsion to forward movement. An “engaged” horse has a rounded top line, dropped croup, flexed abdominals, and elevated head and neck. The horse’s hind legs are reaching well under the body, and pushing the horse into propulsion. English :

A specific style of riding, which requires English style tack and attire. EPM:

Equine Protozoal Myleoencephalitis is a neurological disorder caused by protozoa that invades the spinal cord, causing a variety of symptoms attributed to nerve damage such as stumbling, loss of coordination, and muscle atrophy. E P SM :

Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy. Muscle wasting condition. E qu estrian :

Of or pertaining to horses or people who are horsemen or women. An Equestrian is a person who is knowledgeable about horsemanship and riding on horseback. E qu estrianism :

The skill required to ride or drive a horse. E q u ita ti o n :

The art and practice of riding a horse, with specific emphasis on the rider’s position and effectiveness.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Equus: The genus including the horse, donkey, zebra and all other surviving members of the Equidae family. E rgo t :

Ergot is thought to be another vestige of a toe similar to the chestnut. It grows from the rear underside of the fetlock joint. A farrier can trim the ergot. E s tru s :

The reproductive period in a female horse, a “mare”, when she will accept a stallion. The cycle lasts 19 to 26 days. Evasion :

Avoidance of an aid; for example, a horse that over flexes or gets “behind the bit” to keep from accepting contact with the bit. E v e n ti n g:

An English riding discipline, also called combined training. Eventing includes dressage, cross–country and show or stadium jumping. Ex t e n si o n of S trid e :

Longer strides in any gait while maintaining the original rhythm. The outline of the horse should appear to lengthen with the head and neck stretching forward. The stride should have more impulsion. The opposite of Collection.

F E x t e n s o r:

A muscle responsible for opening the angle of a joint. Ex t e n s o r T e n d o n s :

Filly:

Female horse under four years old. A female foal is called a “filly foal”. Flake:

A flake of hay is essentially a “slice” of a bale of hay. The average hay bale is comprised of approximately 10 flakes or sections. Fla nk:

The slightly indented area behind the area of the barrel. This is the area you watch to count your horse’s respiration. F l ap s :

The wide flap of leather on a saddle, that protects the rider’s legs from contact with the billet straps and buckles. Flash :

An additional noseband that attaches to the front of the cavesson, and wraps around the horse’s mouth below the bit. It is fastened on the left side of the mouth, and it prevents the horse from opening its mouth to “take hold of” the bit and ignore the riders rein aids. Flat :

Competitive show class where horse and rider (depending upon the class) are judged based on their performance in a closed ring at the walk, trot and canter gaits. Flaxe n :

The golden color of a horse or pony’s mane and tail. Fl e a Bitte n :

Refers to a horse who has a gray coat color that is freckled or flecked with dark hairs across his body. Fl e h m e n :

Tendons located at the front of a horses limb.

When a horse curls his upper lip. This usually occurs as a reaction to odd smells or tastes. Fl ex i o n :

Fa r r i e r:

Skilled craftsman/blacksmith who trims hooves and shoes horses. Fa u l t s :

A term used in show jumping, it is the penalty assigned to (i) lowering the height of the jump, (ii) refusing a jump, (iii) elimination, or (iv) exceeding the time limit allowed. Lowering the height of the jump is four faults per obstacle. A refusal is four faults, with the second refusal resulting in elimination. Off-course results in elimination. Exceeding the time limit allowed is one-quarter fault for every second over the time limit, as defined by the course designer. Fa v o r:

Characteristic of a supple and collected horse, there are two types of flexion: 1. Vertical or longitudinal, which is often mistakenly associated with “headset”. It is an engagement of the entire body (abdomen, hindquarters, back, neck, and head) when the horse yields the lower jaw to the bit, and the neck is bent at the poll. 2. Lateral, which is flexion from a side-to-side arc or bending characteristic of circular work. 3. In addition, the term describes the full bending of the hock joints. Vets perform “flexion tests” when diagnosing lameness. F l e x o r:

Muscles responsible for closing the angle of a joint. Fl ex o r T e n d o n :

These are the tendons located on the back of the horse’s leg.

To limp slightly.

Fl o a ti n g:

F e a t h e r i n g o r f e a t h e r:

Long hair on the fetlocks of horses.[99] Most horses have some feather, at least in their winter coats, but in some types (especially certain heavy draft breeds) it may cover the feet and even extend up the rear of the legs. The feather is centered on the ergot (q.v.) on the rear of the fetlock. F e e d Ba g :

A canvas or nylon feeding sack that is held on to the horse’s face/ nose by a strap that extends behind the ears. FEI :

The action of smoothing or contouring the horse’s teeth. Fly Sh e e t :

This type of sheet is very light weight and is used to simply give a thin layer of protection from flies and other biting insects. Flyin g Cha n g e:

Change of canter lead without changing gaits performed by the horse to rebalance during turns and changes of direction.

Federation Equestre Internationale is the international governing body for equestrian sports.

Fo al:

F e r a l h o rs e :

A horse that is a free roaming, domesticated horse.

Fo alin g:

Fe tlo ck:

Fo o ti n g:

Colt, filly or gelding up to one year of age. The process of a mare giving birth.

The joints between the cannon bone and the longer pastern bone form the fetlock. At the back of the fetlock joint is a small bone called the “sesamoid”. Figu re E ig h t N o s e ba n d :

This type of noseband crosses from the top of the cheekbone, over the nose, down to the chin groove, and back up again to the opposite cheekbone. It allows the nostrils to expand while keeping the horse’s mouth closed and prevents him from crossing his jaw. It is most popular in show jumping.

Refers to the surface upon which a horse is ridden. To begin, be sure that the ring is situated on level ground. Once you have established the area for your ring, you will want to build upon a solid sub-base with excellent drainage. From this foundation, a sturdy base constructed of material such as stone dust is layered and finished with a top cushion layer, which should be no deeper than 3 inches. There are many natural and synthetic surfaces to choose from including sand, un- compacted stone dust, crumb rubber and Travelright footing to name a few.

Figu re E ig h t :

Fo rag e :

The term refers to plants, leaves and grasses that are eaten by horses and other grazing livestock.

An exercise where the rider navigates the horse onto two circles that share a common middle track, each circle is executed in a different direction, changing rein on the shared middle track. Figure eights are started by tracking to the right and can be done at any gait.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Fo re a rm :

The underlying bone of the forearm is the radius bone. A long forearm is desirable as it can signify a long smooth stride. Fo re ha n d :

The horse’s head, neck, shoulder, withers and forelegs. Horses in lower levels of training, who have not yet learned to balance themselves in self-carriage and are heavy in the bridle are said to be on the forehand. Fo re h e a d :

Forehead is the area between and just above the eyes. Foreheads can be concave, flat, or convex. Fo relo ck:

The tuft of hair that falls between the ears onto the forehead. Fo rg i n g:

Horses forge when the hind hooves overreach and step on the heels of the front feet. Overgrown hooves or shoes, lack of balance, or inadequate conformation can contribute. Bell boots can help protect the front hooves from forging. Fo rk:

Part of the swells of a saddle that makes up the gullet. Fo rm :

Refers to the overall condition of a horse or pony. Fo u n d a ti o n sire :

A sire, or stallion, to which all members of a breed trace. Examples include the Byerly Turk, Godolphin Arabian, and Darley Arabian for the Thoroughbred breed; and Justin Morgan, aka Figure for the Morgan breed. F o u n d e r:

Term used to describe the detachment and rotation of the coffin bone that happens in severe cases of Laminitis. If this happens, the horse is said to have foundered. Causes severe lameness. Fox H u n ti n g:

Fu rlong:

A unit of measurement in flat horse racing. Equals one-eighth of a mile or 220 yards (200 m). F u t u r i ty :

1.A stakes race for two-year-olds where the owners nominate the horse before birth and then pay additional fees as the horse grows up to continue the ability to enter the horse in the race. 2. Can also refer to a horse show competition for horses of a specified age, where the owners nominate the horse either before birth or as a young foal and then pay additional fees as the horse grows up to continue the eligibility to enter the horse in the class at the proper time.

Ga g B i t :

A gag takes the idea of a bit with leverage to the extreme. Generally the mouthpiece is very mild. The real control of this bit comes from the pressure that is applied to the horse’s poll. The reins are attached to a rope or leather cheek pieces that slide (if necessary) through rings of the bit. Gags help to elevate the horse’s head, and are very helpful when a horse likes to drag a rider. Ga i t :

The paces at which horses move; the walk, trot, canter, and gallop.

Ga l l o p :

Four-beat gait of the horse, in which each foot touches the ground separately, as opposed to the canter, which is a three-beat gait. It is the fastest gait, as high as 25 to 30 miles per hour. Unlike the canter, the sequence of the gallop is: (1) the outside hind, (2) the inside hind, (3) the outside front, and (4) the inside front. When all four feet are off the ground in suspension, all legs are bent. Ga l v a y n e ’ s G ro o v e :

Dark line which appears on the upper corner incisor of horses between 8 and 10 years of age. Since it extends downward gradually, it can be used to estimate the age of a horse.

An equestrian sport with roots that go back to 16th century England. Fox Hunting in its traditional form involves tracking, chasing and catching a fox. The chase is led on horseback and on foot by a master of foxhounds. Today most fox hunting is done by tracking a scent not a live animal.

Ga s k i n :

Fra m e :

A gel pad provides added protection between a horse’s back and the rider’s saddle. Gel pads are used on horses that have low withers or a really round back.

To put a horse into a “frame” or “on-the-bit,” the rider will create impulsion through driving aids. Impulsion causes the horse to engage his hind end, lift his back and finally results in the horse flexing at the poll. The rider will maintain an elastic contact with the bit, stretching forward and down. F r e e Wa l k :

Allowing a horse to walk on a loose rein to stretch out his back and neck and bring the head down and forward. Fre eze Bra n din g:

A brand that leaves white marks, usually numbers or letters and shows the bloodline. Fre n ch Link Bit :

Similar to the Dr. Bristol except that the centerpiece is shaped more like a jellybean and is slightly curved. It is considered to be milder than a Dr. Bristol, and allows the horse to have some play in the bit. F ro g :

The V-shaped structure on the bottom of the horse’s hoof that helps blood flow to and from the hoof. F ro n t B l o c k :

On a saddle, padding that falls in front of the rider’s lower leg, helping to keep it in place and stabilize the rider. Blocks are usually removable. F u l l b o a rd :

When a horse is kept at a stable other than that owned by the horse’s owner. The owner pays for complete care of the horse. Usually including all feed, stall and pasture, grooming, lessons, etc. Full Ch e ek Bit :

A popular bit, the full cheek is a good choice for horses that need a little encouragement to turn their noses in at the corners. That’s because the shape of the bit, with its upper and lower extensions, presses gently on the sides of the horses lips and mouth as pressure in the opposite rein is increased. For example: when you pull on the right rein directly, the extensions on the bit on the left side of the horses mouth exerts pressure and help to push the horse’s nose to the right. Therefore, the full cheek helps the rider to steer the horse. It can be worn with leather keepers to ensure that it stays steady on the horse’s mouth. Full Seat :

When the weight of the upper body is carried in the saddle through a supple, straight, vertical back. The rider is in the 3-point position.

The gaskin is the muscular area between the stifle and the hock. Gel Pad: Geld:

To castrate a male horse. Gelding:

Castrated male horse. G e s ta ti o n :

Referring to the period of time a horse is pregnant, the time between conception and birth, pregnancy in a horse lasts from 330 to 345 days. G e tti n g A h e a d :

When a rider shifts her balance or position forward prior to the horse actually leaving the ground to jump. G i r t h Ga l l s :

Open sores that form just behind the horse’s elbow and are caused by the girth pinching and rubbing the loose folds of the horse’s skin. They can be very painful. Causes of girth galls can be the horse’s conformation, whereby an upright shoulder causes the girth to stay very close to the horse’s elbow. Another cause could be a recent change in tack, poorly fitted tack, new tack, or dirty tack. G i r t h S t r ap s :

Billets (girth straps) are straps, which are secured from the saddle tree and hang down, to which the girth is buckled. They have several holes in them to adjust the tightness of the girth. There are generally three billets (one spare), although some saddles have two long billets to buckle the girth lower down (below the saddle flap). Girth :

(1) The circumference of the body measured from behind the withers around the barrel. (2) Means by which an English saddle is secured to the horse, which attaches to the saddle on one side, running under the barrel just behind the legs to the other side. Called a cinch in Western Riding.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Gloves:

Help prevent blisters and provide a better grip and contact with the horse’s mouth. G ra d e :

Refers to a horse or pony, which is not registered under any recognized breed type or name. G rain s :

grasses that are cultivated for the edible part of their fruit seeds. G ra n d P rix :

The pinnacle of show jumping and dressage competition where top riders compete for cash prizes. G rass :

An important source of forage for horses. Varieties are dependent upon climate and geography. G ray:

While gray is visually a distinct coat color, it is genetically a pattern that is imposed over other colors. Horses are not just ‘gray’; they can be bay grays, cremello grays, silver grullo roan grays, etc. Gray is a pattern that is dominant over all other colors. For that reason, when you see a gray horse, it is impossible to tell what genes it has. A gray horse’s foal color should be noted for this reason. G ray Ribb o n :

The color of a ninth place prize awarded at a horse show. G r a y Ro a n :

A horse with a coat of mixed gray and white hairs G re e n Ribb o n :

A sixth place prize awarded at a horse show. G re e n :

A horse that is in the early learning stage of his particular discipline is said to be green. G r e e n- b ro k e :

A horse that has just begun its training and is inexperienced with riders. Usually references horses that have been ridden under saddle a few times, less often applied to harness horses. G rey:

The color of a horse that can have a white or grey coat, and the mane and tail can be grey, dark grey or black. G ri n d i n g T e e th ( s e e Biti n g ) :

G ru ll o :

A type of dun body color that is smoky or mouse-colored with a black mane and tail and lower legs. The horse will also have a dark stripe running down the spine from withers to tail. Gullet:

A part of the saddle located on the underside, below the pommel. G ymk hana:

An event featuring competitive games on horseback, many of which are timed. G y m n a s ti c:

Combination of multiple fences set in a row on a straight line, placed at relative distances to each other, used in the training of the jumping horse. This series of more than 2 jumps are not usually more than 3 strides between obstacles. They are used to train the rider to stay with the motion of the horse over fences, strengthen balance and jumping position and appropriate release.

Ha c k :

to ride independently without instruction. Ha c k a m o r e :

A hackamore traditionally has no mouthpiece. Hackamores can come in many varieties. The main component of the hackamore is the noseband; it can be flat and wide, or narrow and rounded. Some hackamores have a curb chain, and some do not. The main way that a hackamore functions is that pressure is placed on the bridge of the horse’s nose through the rein aid when applied. Ha i r B o w :

A decorative ribbon tied into a bow at the bottom of a braid. Young horse show competitors wear two pigtail braids.

Ha i r N e t :

An elasticized mesh covering worn over the hair, to keep long hair up under the helmet during competition. Ha l f C h ap s :

Protective leather leg coverings that only cover each of the lower legs of the rider, usually worn with paddock boots.

means a horse is irritated and for you to use caution. G ro b :

A combination jump consisting of a slope down to a ditch and arise back up. There may be a jump going in, followed by either one or two strides to the ditch, which may or may not have a jump over it, followed by one or two strides up, which may or may not have a jump over it. Called a Devil’s Dyke. G ro o m : An employee who looks after horses. G ro o m i n g :

Cleaning horses for hygienic, practical or esthetic reasons. G ro o m i n g K i t : The various brushes, combs and other equipment used to clean the horse’s coat, mane, tail and hooves. G ro o m i n g S t a l l :

The area in a barn where horses can be safely tied with cross ties in order to groom, tack-up, blanket or administer care. Grooming stalls should be free of clutter and debris and should be well lit. G ro u n d L i n e :

Pole placed on the ground in front of a fence to help the horse and/or rider judge the take-off point and allows the horse to better negotiate the height of the jump. Ground lines are placed on the side of the jump from which the horse and rider takes off.

Ha l f Ha l t :

A rein aid that is a method of correcting the horse’s balance. This barely visible combination of seat, legs, and hands momentarily slows the pace before asking him to move forward again. It is a cue that is given by the rider to the horse to increase control, improve the horse’s posture, balance and attention. Often used to communicate to the horse that the rider is about to ask for some change of direction or gait, or other exercise or movement. Ha l f P a s s :

Dressage movement performed on two tracks in which the horse moves sideways and forwards at the same time. Ha l f S e a t :

When the rider’s seat is light, but not completely out of the saddle as in the two-point position. Half seat refers to the rider’s inside thigh being close to the saddle and the seat lightly touching or slightly above the saddle. It is the transitional position between full seat and two-point. Ha l t e r:

A leather harness that fits over the nose and around the ears. A lead rope of shank attaches to the bottom ring of the halter, under the horse’s nose, so that the horse can be lead safely. Ha l t e r c l a s s :

class where horses are judged on conformation.

G ro u n d Ma n n e rs :

Term used to describe the behavior of a horse while being handled on the ground, being groomed, saddled, in the stable etc.

Ha l t e r b ro k e :

G ro u n d W o r k :

Ha n d B r e e d i n g :

Training of a horse or pony that takes place on the ground. Training may include in-hand work, manners, lunging, leading and basic commands.

Term used to describe a young horse that has been accustomed to the very basics of wearing a halter. The breeding of a mare to a stallion under controlled conditions. Usually, a vet and or other professionals are available to ensure a safe breeding session.

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Ha n d Ga l l o p :

H e avy Blanke t :

Extended Canter in the two-point position. Ha n d :

Unit of measure used to describe a horse. One hand equals 4 inches, partial measurements being described as 14.1 (fourteen hands one inch). Ha n o v e r i a n :

The Hanoverian is a breed, which originated in Germany. Known for a good temperament and sturdy build, the breed is athletic and graceful. They are popular in a variety of disciplines including dressage, show jumping, hunters and equitation. Hanoverians come in many colors but the most typical are chestnut, bay and gray. Originally bred as carriage horses, the breed was lightened by introducing Thoroughbred bloodlines, which produced a more streamlined, agile mover. Ha r n e s s : A type of horse tack placed upon a horse or other animal in order to hitch it to a cart, plow, wagon or other horse-drawn vehicle. Ha u n c h e s : The hindquarters of a horse.

The heavy blanket would be used in very cold weather and could be used as a third layer on top of the sheet and the midweight. A heavy blanket is used in temperatures below 35 degrees Fahrenheit. Helmet:

A piece of equipment worn by the rider when handling a horse on the ground or when riding. It used to protect the head against impact. H e r b i v o ro u s :

A plant eater. Horses are herbivorous. H i n d Q u a r t e rs :

The part of the horse’s body from the rear of the flank to the top of the tail down to the top of the gaskin. Hives:

An allergic reaction characterized by bumps or swellings on the skin. More properly called Urticaria. Hock:

Ha u n c h e s I n :

Two-track movement in which the horse is evenly bent along the length of its spine in the direction in which it is moving. The front legs move along one track, and the hind legs or haunches move along the track just to the inside of the track of the front legs.

Refers to the tarsal joint which is the large joint on the hind limb. The hock is between the gaskin and the cannon bone. The bony protuberance at the back of the hock is called the point of hock. Hogsback:

A type of oxer formed by three poles, with the middle pole being the tallest.

Ha u t e É c o l e :

Hole Punch:

Ha v i n g A Ra i l :

H ollow M o u th Bit :

Ha y : Grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried, and stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for grazing livestock such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep. Hay is also fed to pets such as rabbits and guinea pigs.

H o l s t e i n e r:

The most elaborate and specialized form of dressage, reaching its ultimate development at the Vienna school in its traditional white Lippizaner horses. An expression to describe when a horse lowers the height of a fence.

Ha y l o f t :

A floored space above a barn or stable where hay is stored, often being fed through hatches in the floor directly into hay-racks in the animal enclosures below. Head Sh y: Refers to a horse or pony that shies away from having his head touched or handled.

A must have barn necessity. A leather hole punch allows you to add holes to bridles, saddles, stirrup leathers, belts and more. Called this because the mouthpieces of the bit is hollow and thick and considered mild. The Holsteiner originates from Germany, and is thought to be one of the oldest Warmblood breeds. They are a hardy breed tending to be 16 hands or more, when fully grown. Their powerful bodies have made them favorites in the world of show jumping and eventing. The breed is also well represented in dressage, driving and hunt seat. Coloration tends to range from light to dark bay and they are known for their arched, high set neck, which can be traced back to early breeding for farm and military utility. Also notable, their pleasant temperament and willing disposition make them fast learners and wonderful teachers. H o o f C o n d i t i o n e r:

A cream or liquid substance put on the horse’s hoof used to moisturize and improve the health of the hoof. H oof H o rn :

H e a d s Up :

An expression used to alert others around the barn or ring area of oncoming horse traffic, and to be careful.

Beneath the hoof wall is the “Hoof Horn” which is attached to the sensitive laminae and attached to the third phalanx, a major bone in the hoof. The hoof horn is slightly elastic horny material, which forms the protective outer wall of the foot.

Headstalls:

Hoof Oil:

Hoof oil is used to make hooves look shiny for competition, but does not necessarily moisten or condition.

H e a rt Girth :

H o of P a cki n g:

Another name for a bridle. The area on a horse, which is measured to determine the horse’s weight. To measure correctly, measure (in inches) from the base of the withers down to a couple of inches behind the horse’s front legs, under the belly, then up the opposite side to where you started. Then, you perform the following calculation: Heart girth X heart girth X length, divided by 300, + 50 = weight. Heaves:

Heaves or “broken wind” is a respiratory disease of horses resulting in signs of chronic coughing, decreased exercise tolerance, difficulty breathing and abnormal lung sounds. These signs occur as the result of narrowing of the small airways of the lungs caused by: inflammation and thickening of their tissues; constriction of the smooth muscles that surround them; and accumulation of mucous and exudates within their lumens. The end result is trapping of air in the lungs (emphysema). Technically heaves is called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, recurrent airway obstruction may be a better name because most cases go into remission when their environment is changed. Difficulty in breathing recurs when susceptible horses are again exposed to moldy feeds or dusty conditions. Animals with clinical signs adopt a characteristic breathing strategy with very high peak flows at the start of exhalation, which decreases rapidly as exhalation continues.

Used to treat problems such as soreness, thrush, bruising or abscesses. Clay poultices are often used for this purpose. Hoof Pick:

A metal tool that has a hook at the end and is used to clean out the underside of the horses hoof that tends to get packed with mud, shavings, manure and other debris, which could cause soreness or lameness. H o o f T e s t e rs :

Plier like pincers, designed for applying local pressure to various areas of the horse’s hoof. Hoof:

The hoof looks like a solid structure but it is really very intricate. The tough hoof wall encases several different types of tissue as well as bone. H o rs e :

A hoofed subspecies of the family Equidae. The horse has evolved to it’s current form and is largely domesticated. Horse’s are 14.2 hands high and larger and reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years.

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H o rs e B i r t h d a y :

All horse’s become one year older on January first of each year for purposes of competition. H o rs e pa s s p o r t : A document required in European Union countries for every equine animal, including a detailed description of the animal. May be linked to a microchip implant. H o rs e p o w e r: A unit of power, originally used to compare the power of mechanical devices to that of a draft horse. Roughly equivalent to the normal sustained power output of one horse – however the maximum power of a horse is much more than one horsepower. Many definitions for different purposes, but most are about 735 to 746 watts. H o rs e r a c i n g : The sport of racing horses, a major industry in many parts of the world. Racehorses are usually Thoroughbreds (or Arabs) ridden at the gallop, but other breeds are also raced, and horses or ponies may also be raced at the trot or pace, when they are usually in harness. H o rs e s h o w :

Is a judged competition of horses and ponies. The average horse show runs from one to three days. That said, there are many competitions that extend over entire seasons. Each performance is judged as a “class” and is comprised of a group of horse’s and riders competing at specific levels. In addition to ribbons, riders can compete for prize money in certain classes and disciplines. H o rs e m a n s h i p : The riding, training, or management of horses.

An expression used to describe a horse that pulls or hangs heavily on the rider’s hand. I n Ha n d :

When a horse is controlled from the ground rather than being ridden. In Season:

When a mare is in heat. In dire ct Re in :

The opposite rein to the direction in which the horse is moving. When giving an indirect rein aid, contact is increased or pressure is applied on that rein diagonally towards the wither. In doo r Riding Ring:

A sheltered riding space, which can vary in size and layout. Indoor rings or arenas are necessary in areas where wet and cold weather is prevalent. In sid e:

A riding term that refers to a direction that is closest to the center of the ring. Riders should call out the direction from which they are passing other riders on horseback. If a rider passes another rider closest to the center of the ring, that rider calls out, “Inside” to alert the other rider of her direction. Conversely, if the rider passes another rider on the side closest to the rail, that rider calls out, “Outside”. This is to avoid injury or collision. Inside Leg refers to the legs of horse and rider that are located closest to the center of the ring or circle being travelled. I n t e rd e n t a l Spa c e :

The space in a horse’s mouth where a bit fits. It lies between the horse’s jawbone, between the incisors and pre-molars where there are no teeth. I n v e rs i o n :

A dangerous condition where a horse’s respiration rate is higher than its pulse rate. I ro n s :

The metal pieces attached to the saddle by means of leather straps in which the rider places his feet. See “Stirrups”.

Hot:

Easily excitable horses with a hyper temperament.

I s o e r y t h ro l y s i s :

Hunt Coat:

Blazer styled coats with three buttons and two pockets that are used strictly for showing and competition. H u n t e r:

In England, a type of horse, rather than a breed, suitable for being ridden to hounds. In the U.S., a well mannered, smooth gaited jumping horse shown in Hunter Under Saddle and Hunter Over Fences classes. Hunters are judged on way of going, style of jumping and smoothness of gait. Hunter Derb y :

Hunter Derbies are competitions designed to more closely resemble the hunt field, encouraging and rewarding brilliance and daring from the rider and true athletic ability from the horses. The courses have fewer ground lines, taller, narrower fences, ditches, gates, banks, walls, hedges, and more. The approaches to jumps vary greatly, from short to long to serpentine, and are completely negotiable. Riders are rewarded for choosing more difficult routes, which can even include optional jumps. Each Hunter Derby consists of two rounds: the Hunter Classic Course and the Handy Hunter Course.

I n F ro n t o f t h e B i t :

I m pa c t i o n : A blockage of the digestive tract with food material. Impaction can lead to or cause colic in a horse. I m p ri n ti n g:

A form of training of newborn foals in an effort to “imprint” sensory experiences such as touch, sound and smell. Imprinting aids in familiarizing a foal with the outside world. Upon birth, the foal is handled and petted, the feet are picked up and tapped and the mouth and ears are petted. The foal may also be exposed to loud noises. Once this is completed, the foal is left alone to bond with its mother.

Impulsion :

Energy level. Strong but controlled forward movement in the horse (not to be confused with speed). Impulsion is controlled energy, stemming from increased activity and mobility in the joints within the hindquarters. In and Out:

A combination of jumps that is a set with two obstacles within one stride of each other.

A medical condition in mare’s, where antibodies in the mare’s colostrum destroy the foal’s red blood cells. Jibah :

The shield-shaped bulge on the forehead of the Arabian horse. Jo ckey:

The rider of a horse in horse racing. J o d h p u rs :

Form-fitting riding pants to be worn with ankle high paddock boots. Jodhpurs have cuffs and an elastic band that goes under the heel of the paddock boot. Jog:

A slow trot that is moderately collected, usually ridden without posting. Most often seen in western riding.

Jog ging:

Refers to a slow trot in hand, whereby a horse is inspected for soundness either in the competition ring or by a vet. Ju mp Of f: In a jumping competition, if there is a tie, the course is altered and the remaining competitors must jump the new or shortened course that is scored on the fastest time with the least amount of faults. J u m p S t a n d a rd s :

The upright supports that hold the rails, planks or gates in place. They are typically made of wood or PVC material and have holes drilled vertically so that jump cups may slide up and down to adjust the height of the rails. J u m p e r:

Type of horse suited for jumping obstacles of large height and width with ease, speed, and carefulness.

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K J u n i o r:

Refers to a rider who is under the age of 18 years old as of January 1st of any year.

La t e r a l M o v e m e n t :

Work in which the horse moves with the forehand and haunches on different tracks. Shoulder-in, haunches-in (traverse), haunches-out (renverse), and half-passes are lateral movements. L e a d Ro p e :

K e e p e rs :

A leather loop or strap fitted with two loops used to keep bits, straps and other ends in place on a bridle or saddle. K i c k i n g B o a rd s :

The wooden boards placed around the inside wall of a horses stall. Kicki n g B o o ts :

When a mare is being bred, felt kicking boots are placed on the back feet to protect the stallion from being kicked. Ki mb e rw icke Bit :

The rings on the bit make it look similar to a D snaffle, but because of the curb chain and the different slots along the rings of the bit to attach the reins, it is a curb bit. It acts similar to a Pelham, but with only one rein. Therefore, the curb chain is used any time that you pull on the reins and cannot be used independently as with a Pelham. K n e e Blo ck:

Particularly important for those who jump or ride extensively downhill, the knee block can make riders feel more secure and relieve a bit of fatigue on challenging terrain. Mounted on Velcro, knee blocks are easily adjustable.

A rope with a snap that connects to a ring underneath horse’s nose. A lead rope with a chain attachment is called a shank. Lead:

The term used to indicate the horse’s leading leg in canter i.e. “right lead canter” or “left lead canter”. Lead change: The act of a horse changing from one lead to the other at the canter or gallop. When the horse is dropped to a slower gait and then asked to canter again but on the opposite lead, it is a “simple change.” Performing a flying change with every stride is an advanced dressage movement known as a tempi change. Leaving Long: An expression used to describe the take-off point or point of departure in front of a jump where the horse leaves the ground with too much room in front of the jump, resulting in a flatter arc or bascule, and a shallow landing. Left Beh in d:

The act of a rider falling behind the motion of the horse’s jump in mid-air. L e g Up :

K n e e Ga r t e rs :

Method of mounting in which an assistant stands behind the rider and supports the lower part of his left leg and gives a boost as necessary as the rider springs up off the ground. The leg up is done from the left side of the horse.

K n e e Ro l l :

A lateral movement where the horse yields to the riders leg by moving away from it, crossing one fore and one hind leg in front of the other fore and hind leg. The horse moves forward and sideways at the same time.

Long, thin leather straps that loop around the calf just below the knee and are only worn with jodhpurs. They are usually worn during horse shows and not for every day riding. The knee roll provides some support and padding under the rider’s knee. They are more pronounced on forward seat and all-purpose saddles and often made of suede or rough-out leather for grip. K nee:

The knee of the horse is made of several small bones. Although it is called the knee and bends forward like a human knee, it is different in structure. A human’s knee joint is a ball and socket joint. A horse’s knee is composed of several bones held together by small muscles, tendons and ligaments. The bones in the knee are similar to the bones of a human’s wrists. K nock K need:

A confirmation defect in which a horse’s knees appear to bow in toward each other. K u r:

Musical freestyle in dressage.

Leg yield: Legume:

Is a type of plant that has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. This reduces the need for fertilizer and also replenishes soil, which is depleted of nitrogen. Legumes are high in protein making them highly desirable to farmers. Common legumes include Alfalfa and clover both of which are found in hay. Ligaments:

Help to limit the movement of joints according to their functions; e.g. the fetlock, pastern and coffin joints all have ligaments that allow the joint to move forward and backward only. They are poorly supplied with blood and are very slow to heal after injury and do not withstand prolonged stretching. They are made of bands of white and yellow fibrous tissue, the white being inelastic, and the yellow elastic. There are four different types of ligament: - Supporting or suspending - the suspensory ligament; Annular - a broad band of ligament, which directs the pull on a tendon; Inter-osseus - ties bone together, e.g. the pedal and navicular, and Funicular (or cord like) - holds bones together. Liniment:

La m e n e s s :

An abnormality of gait that is caused by pain and or restriction of movement. La m i n a e :

Refers to a sensitive layer of tissue that carries blood to all the components of the hoof. The Laminae is a network of layers of flesh and hoof horn that bond the wall of the hoof to the underlying bone. La m i n i t i s :

Condition, caused by systemic upset, in which the laminae inside the hoof become inflamed and painful to the horse. Severe conditions can lead to Founder. La r g e P o n y :

Under USEF regulations, large ponies measure over 13.2 hands up to 14.2 hands. Fence heights cannot exceed 3’0”.

La r y n g e a l H e m i p l e g i a :

Partial paralysis of the larynx causing difficulty in breathing and a characteristic noise, known as “roaring” as the horse breathes. La t e r a l A i d s :

The use of aids on the same side such as outside rein and outside leg.

A topical preparation that is rubbed into the skin of a horse to relieve pain, stiffness and sore muscles. Liniment may also be used on a horse that has been worked strenuously to help alleviate the onset of muscle or joint pain and stiffness. L i n i n g o f Sa d d l e :

The underlying material separating the saddle from the back of the horse. Typically leather or other soft material. Li p of th e Cu p :

This refers to the top edge of a jump cup that is furthest from the take-off side of the obstacle. Jump poles can rest on the lip of the cup if safety cups or shallow cups are not available, so that if a horse misjudges the width and hits the pole, the pole will fall easily, reducing the risk of injury to the horse. L i p S t r ap :

A small strap used on a curb chain. The strap attaches between the bit shanks or a curb bit at the halfway point, keeping the chain in place. The strap helps to prevent the horse from grabbling the shank with its lips. Liver Chestnut:

A deep red chestnut color. The horse’s mane tail and legs also have the same coloring. Liverpool:

A water ditch with rails over it. It can be a vertical or an oxer. A rubber or plastic tray with water in it on top of the ground is sometimes substituted for a ditch.

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Loins:

The lower part of the horse’s back where the kidneys are located. The loins are found behind where a saddle rests and in front of the hind quarters. Long Diagonal:

A change of direction by means of crossing the arena from corner to corner, intersecting X at the mid-way point.

Medium ponies measure between 12.2 and 13.2 hands. Fence heights cannot exceed 2’6”. Midw eigh t Blanket :

Lo o se Rin g Bit :

Formally known as azoturia, it is the condition in which the horse experiences prolonged muscle contractions during exercise, and often appears in fit horses following a period of rest.

Lope:

Western term for canter. Lunge Line:

A rope or line that is used to exercise the horse on a circle around the handler. Lunge lines are approximately 25 to 35 feet in length. The diameter of the circle that a horse can walk, trot, or canter while on the lunge line is over 75 feet. Lunge Whip:

A long whip that the handler uses to guide the horse’s direction and speed while lunging. Lunge:

The act of training or exercising a horse by working it in the various paces on a circle using a lunge line. This line is attached to a halter or lunging cavesson. Ly m p h a n g itis :

Condition in which the lymphatic system, usually in the hind legs, becomes swollen and painful. Seen in working horses on full feed that has to be confined to their stall for some reason, such as severe weather or illness. Ma i d e n :

A competitive division open to any rider who has not yet won a blue ribbon at a horse show. Ma i d e n Ma r e :

A mare that has never been bred. Ma n e :

The growth of coarse hair sprouting from the horse’s crest. Ma n n e rs :

A horse with manners is considered willing, engaged and thoughtful with regard to his behavior around people (ground and mounted) other horses (in the riding ring, in the paddock) and general behavior (shipping, cross tieing, standing).

Ma r e :

Female horse aged four and over. Ma r k i n g s :

White hair that appears on a horses legs or face usually in a concentrated area (blaze, snip, stocking, sock, etc.). Martingales are tack that aids the rider in keeping a horse in a working frame and to keep him from rising too far above the bridle. A round strap slides over the horse’s neck and rests against its chest, while a strap connects from the chest to the underside of the horse’s belly, between its legs, to the girth. There is then either (i) a strap that runs from the chest to the underside of the cavesson, or (ii) two straps that run from the chest, and have rings at the far end through which the reins will pass. See Standing Martingale and Running Martingale.

Me diu m Pony:

Heavier blanket than a sheet, it is usually used over the sheet. Midweight blankets are used when temperatures are below 45 degrees.

The loose ring snaffle is a good choice for breaking and schooling young horses. There is considerable play in the bit because the simple round cheek pieces are able to move through the mouthpiece. This encourages a young horse to accept the bit, yet because of the loose ring the horse cannot easily grab the mouthpiece and pull on the rider. This is a very mild bit.

Ma r t i n g a l e :

Recognized equestrian show jumping competitions, which can ladder up from local to national in scope. E.g. WISH, USET, Marshall & Sterling League, Maclay.

Lo o s e Re in :

A slack rein, which allows the horse to stretch and relax the neck and back.

Medal Class:

Mon day Mo rning Sick n ess: Mon ocular Vision :

The ability to focus one eye on something. M o r g a n H o rs e :

The Morgan horse is named for the man who is responsible for developing and popularizing the breed, Justin Morgan. The Morgan horse is a sturdy and compact type with a delicate chiseled head. The Morgan is typically small to medium in stature (14.1 to 15.2 hh). The color of a pure bred Morgan varies but the most common colors include bay, black and chestnut. Morgan’s are noted for their versatility and range. They have been used as Cavalry horses, harness racing horses and have their very own horse show circuit where they compete in both English and Western riding competitions. M o u n ti n g Bl o c k :

Is used to assist mounting and dismounting. M u cki n g o r M u cki n g O u t :

Daily stable chore that involves the removal of wet and soiled bedding and manure from horses stalls. Muz zle:

The area around the mouth, nose and nostrils of a horse is referred to as the muzzle. M yla r Bit :

These bits offer a curved mouthpiece, to relieve the pressure on the horses tongue. Copper inlay in the bit encourages the horse to salivate when it is in their mouth (a good thing). Independent side movement allows the rider to isolate one side of the bit, which assist them in lifting a horse’s shoulder to help balance them. It also assists in bending and collecting.

Na v i c u l a r B o n e :

Small bone within the hoof, fitting horizontally between the second phalanx, or short pastern, and the coffin bone. Its function is to protect the joint and tendons from pressure and concussion, and to act as a valve for blood flow to the coffin bone and corium inside the hoof. Na v i c u l a r D i s e a s e :

Degeneration of the navicular bone, usually on the back surface where the deep flexor tendon passes over the bone. Causing pain and lameness, it almost exclusively occurs in the front feet, usually affecting both feet. Near Side:

Refers to the horse’s left side.

N e ck Re in :

In Western riding, neck reining refers to the movement of the rein against the horse’s neck, meant to cue him to turn.

N eigh or wh inny:

The classic “sound” made by a horse. Generally a loud noise, described as a squeal followed by a nicker. Often is heard when a horse is looking for another horse or a person, sometimes used to call out to unseen animals. N e rv e Blo ck:

Diagnostic tool in which the veterinarian progressively blocks the nerves of the hoof and leg in order to determine the site of lameness. Nick:

When a cross between two different bloodlines consistently produces superior offspring.

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N i c k e r:

A soft noise made by horses, the horse makes a vibrating sound with its mouth closed using the vocal cords. Often used as a greeting to humans or other animals, the softest version used by a mare communicating to her foal. Louder versions may be heard when a stallion is communicating with a mare. Noseband:

A part of the bridle. The noseband encircles the nose of the horse. It is used to keep the horse’s mouth closed and to attach other pieces or equipment such as a martingale. N o strils:

Located at the bottom half of a horse’s head, the nostrils or nose, allow a horse to breath, smell and experience his environment. Novice:

A division at a horse show where horse or rider who has not yet won three first place ribbons can compete.

O N u m b e r:

In competition, each rider or handler must have a number that identifies him to the judge and horse show administrators. Riders receive points and awards, which are attached to their specific number. O f f- C o u rs e :

The term used in show jumping to describe the elimination of a horse and rider due to the rider jumping the course of the fences in the incorrect order. O f f-S t r i d e :

Meeting a jump in a way such that the horse will have to make a quick adjustment to his stride length in order to find a safe take-off point to the jump. O ld e n b u rg:

A warmblood horse from the northwestern corner of Lower Saxony, what was formerly the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. The breed that is strictly monitored and controlled is typified as being a large, sport horse type, noted for excellent gaits and superior jumping ability.

O n th e Bit :

An expression used to describe how a horse maintains impulsion and hindquarter engagement allowing him to come into the contact of the rider’s hands. This creates a head carriage at or near vertical position and he calmly accepts the rider’s contact on the reins. O n th e b u ckl e : In English riding, holding the reins very loose, literally only holding the reins by the buckle that joins the reins together.

O n th e Fla t : An expression used to describe the horse and rider at the walk, trot and canter. The term “flat” can be used as a verb such as “to flat your horse”, which means to exercise or show your horse at the walk, trot and canter in both directions. See Under Saddle. Op e n :

Competition with out any restrictions. Anyone can enter. Op e n i n g R e i n :

Rein aid used to guide your horse without holding him back. The rider moves their contact away from the neck outward. Used to guide a horse in a direction. Used in lateral movement to maintain a track. O s Ca l s i s :

Bone found in the hock joint.

Ov e r fa c e:

To present a horse at a fence which is beyond his level of training, or beyond his physical capability. O v e ro :

A Paint or Pinto coat pattern of spots, which is irregular, scattered, or splashy. The horse usually has a large white facial marking as well Ov e rre a ch in g:

Where the toe of the hind foot catches and injures the back of the pastern, heel or shoe of the front foot. Known as Forging. O x e r:

A jump that challenges the horse and rider to jump both height and width. It consists of two pairs of standards with poles placed in cups on all standards to create both height and width. Types of oxers include (i) square oxers which have the top poles on all standards placed at equal height; (ii) ramped or graduated oxers which have the front pole on the first set of standards set lower than the back pole on the second set of standards, creating a ramped up obstacle; and (iii) swedish oxers in which the poles are slanted in opposite directions so that an “X” shape is visible on the rider’s approach.

Pace:

A term describing the combination of gait, speed, stride and energy of a horse while jumping a course. Pacing:

Constant movement within a confined area. Typically this is the sign of an unhappy horse. Paddock:

Confined area or pasture used for grazing or turn out.

Paddock Boots:

Ankle high, closed toed riding boots that can be used with jodhpurs or chaps. P a i n t H o rs e :

The American Paint Horse is the second largest breed in the US. The Paint has a combination of characteristics of the American Quarter Horse and the Pinto. The Paint typically has a colorful coat pattern of white and dark colors. A Paint must have registered American Quarter horse or Thoroughbred parents. All Paints are Pintos, but not al Pintos qualify as Paints, since Pintos may be of any breed or combination of breeds. Some paints are one solid color. Natural Paint markings usually must cover more than two inches and be located in certain designated areas of the body. Pale Blu e Ribb on :

The color of a tenth place ribbon awarded at a horse show. Palomino:

The color of a horse with a goldish colored coat, and cream-colored mane, and tail. Panel:

The part of an English-saddle which provides cushioning between the horse’s back and the saddle, and allows adjustment in fitting the saddle to the horse. P a n i c S n ap :

A type of safety snap used on cross ties, which is designed to allow the snap to release when excessive pressure is applied. P a rasa c rid :

Outsid e:

A riding term that refers to a direction that is closest to the rail of the ring. Riders should call out the direction from which they are passing other riders on horseback. If the rider passes another rider on the side closest to the rail, that rider calls out, “Outside”. This is to avoid injury or collision. O v e r -j u m p i n g:

When a horse exerts an unnecessary amount of effort over a fence. Green horses and spooky horses will over-jump a fence they are unsure of. O v e r b e n t/O v e r f l e x e d :

An evasion where the horse tucks his head close in to his chest, reducing the rider’s control. The horse is said to be behind the bit.

The ascarid of the horse. P a rasit e :

A multi-celled organism usually found in the intestines (worms) or externally (louse). P a r ro t M o u t h :

An unsoundness of the teeth characterized by an extreme overbite Passage:

A collected, elevated, and cadenced trot characterized by a pronounced engagement of the hindquarters, more exaggerated flexion of the knees and hocks, and a graceful elasticity of movement

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Paste rn :

Two bones that extend down from the fetlock joint and the hoof. It is made up of the large pastern bone, or proximal phalanx, and the small pastern bone, or middle phalanx. The joint between these two bones is the fetlock joint. This joint influences the flexion and extension of the entire leg.

Pommel:

The upwardly sloping, wide, rounded front part of the saddle. Pony:

P astu re Bre e din g:

Technically, a horse under 14.2 hands, but for practical purposes, individuals of one of the classic pony breeds such as Shetland, Welsh, Connemara or Pony of the Americas (P.O.A.).

Pawing:

A national organization that promotes the teaching of children to care for and ride horses

When a mare and stallion are turned out in a field together and breeding takes place as in the wild. A bad habit usually caused by nervousness and/or improper ground training; can be a sign of colic. P e dig re e:

The breeding and ancestry of a horse. P elha m Bit :

A Pelham is a bit that has a shank to it. The cheek piece of the bridle attaches to the top part of the shank. There are two separate rings along the shank to attach the reins. The top rein is called the snaffle rein, and when that rein is used the bit acts similarly to a snaffle. The lower rein when used activates the leverage of the bit, and brings the curb chain into action. Pelham’s can come in a variety of mouthpieces, from rubber, straight, broken (or jointed) to twisted. By having two reins, you can use the snaffle and curb parts of this bit independently. P e rfo rma n c e class :

Pony Club :

P o ny of th e A m e ri c a ’s :

Introduced as a breed in 1954 by Les Boomhower, POA is distinguished by its body type and coat. The original breeding was a cross between a Shetland pony and an Arab/Appaloosa. Over the years, the breeding criteria have evolved to include Welsh ponies, Mustangs, Quarter horses and Appaloosas. Based on this lineage, the ponies must exhibit the traits of the bloodlines including the classic Arab face, pony height of 11 to 13.5 hands high (HH) with the characteristics of the Appaloosa and or Quarter Horse, including coat and body type. P o siti o n :

When sitting correctly in the saddle, an invisible line should exist from the ear to the heel, and should bisect the shoulder, elbow and hip. Elbows should be relaxed and fluid, free to move with the horse’s diagonal, and the hips should be square in the saddle and nestled in the deepest part of the seat.

A category of horse show classes where horses are exhibited in harness or under saddle and judging is based on how they perform the tasks asked of them. May also refer to equitation classes, where the skill of the rider is judged.

P o s t i n g T ro t :

P e r f o r m a n c e H o rs e o r P o n y :

P o u l ti c e :

An equine that is distinguished by his accomplishments in the show ring. P e rio ple:

External covering of the hoof wall. Piaf fe:

In dressage, the movement at the trot that is performed practically in place. Pink Ribbon :

The action of the rider rising out of the saddle for one beat, and lowering or sitting in the saddle for the other beat while trotting. Called Rising Trot. A clay-based substance that is applied to a horse’s leg to help reduce inflammation and soreness due to rigorous exercise. It contains liniment, bentonite, and kaolin, which are all meant to reduce swelling. Poultice is applied from just below the horse’s knee down to the fetlock, and can be applied on all four legs. Thin or moistened sheets of paper, such as poultice paper or brown paper bags, are measured about 11” x 14” and wrapped around the leg on top of the poultice to keep the poultice moist. Pillow and standing wraps are then wrapped around the poultice and the paper to provide insulation and support. When dry, the poultice should brush or wash away easily. P r e m o l a rs :

A fifth place prize awarded at a horse show

The teeth located in front of the molars.

P i n n e d Ea rs :

A sign that a horse is angry, and for you to anticipate an aggressive action such as biting or kicking. Pinto:

A color identified by a white coat marked by another color such as chestnut, brown or black. P i ro u e t t e :

A dressage term that refers to a move executed on a circle where the horse’s forehand moves or pivots on two tracks around the haunches. The radius of the circle is equal to the length of the horse. The horse maintains one gait in a rhythmical, consistent pace. Pivot:

A precise, squared off turning movement of the hindquarters. Plain Bit :

A plain, smooth, solid mouthpiece. Generally, the smoother and thicker the mouthpiece, the milder it is. A thin mouthpiece pulls more sharply into the bars when you pull. Poin t of B u tto ck:

Is the highest point of the buttock at the extreme rear of the animal. Point of Ho ck:

The bony protuberance at the back of the hock is called the point of hock. P o i n t o f S h o u l d e r:

The point of shoulder is a hard, bony prominence surrounded by heavy muscle mass. P o in t of th e H i p :

The bony point lying just forward and below the Points:

Refers to the coloring of the legs, mane and tail of a horse. Poll:

The poll is located between the horse’s ears at the junction of where the vertebrae and skull meet. P o l o W r ap :

P u l l i n g t h e Ma n e :

The process by which the mane is thinned and shortened by removing hairs from the underside of the mane. P u re bre d :

Refers to a horse or pony with both sire and dam of the same breed.

Pu rple Ribbon :

The color of a seventh place prize awarded at a horse show. Put Down:

To euthanize.

Quad rille:

Performance given by a team of four, six, eight or more riders, involving riding an intricate pattern to music. A “Drill Team”. Q u a rt e r C ra ck:

A split starting at the lower edge of the hoof and running up to the coronet. Q u a r t e r H o rs e :

An American breed of horse that is known for sprinting short distances, and has the ability to run faster than other breeds in races of a quarter mile or less. The Quarter Horse has a small, short, refined head with a straight profile and a strong, well-muscled body, featuring a broad chest, and powerful hind legs. They measure between 14 and 16 hands high. The American Quarter Horse is best known in the western riding world. Quarter horses compete in rodeo events such as barrel racing, calf roping, team roping, gymkhana, and reining. Quarter horses compete in show jumping as well as dressage. Quarter Sheet:

A blanket that fits on a horse under the saddle covering the horse from saddle to tail.

A type of leg wrap made of a long, fleece material with Velcro used to give support.

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Q u i c k R e l e a s e S n ap :

A type of metal snap that attaches to a cross-tie or lead rope. It consists of a curved metal piece that is secured by a metal base that slides up and down, and can be pulled down upon to release quickly if necessary. Cross ties should be secured to the walls with quick release snaps in the event a horse pulls back and a person is unable to reach the horse’s head. Quick:

Describes a horse that hurries at the take-off point at a jump. Usually the result is a flat arc or bascule and a hurried or erratic approach to the course.

R Quidding:

A horse that drops partially chewed food from his mouth, because of age or dental problems, is said to be “quidding”. Floating the teeth usually resolves the problem. Ra i l s : The horizontal polls that make up a jump. Ra m p e d O x e r:

A type of oxer that is set with the front poles slightly lower than the back poles, creating a ramped or graduated height. Known as a “graduated oxer”. Ra t c a t c h e r:

A long or short button down shirt with a choker collar used for showing, worn by women. R e a r i n g Up :

A bad habit that is dangerous to the horse and to handlers or riders. Rearing up is when a horse raises up on his hind legs when he is standing, being led or ridden.

Re d B ow:

A bow is tied in a horses tail to warn other riders to stay away. A horse with a red bow in its tail means that it will kick or bite other horses. Re d Ribb o n :

The color of a second place prize awarded at a horse show. Refu sal:

The fault that occurs in competition when a horse stops in front of a jump that he is supposed to jump. In jumpers, it is typically scored as 4 faults. In equitation or hunters, it is an automatic 30 points out of 100. Two refusals, and the horse and rider are eliminated. R e i n Ba c k :

To back up the horse while mounted. The horse’s legs move in simultaneous pairs with the horse remaining straight in his body and his head down, remaining on the bit. Re in s :

A part of a horse’s tack. Reins refer to the strap or straps that connect to the bridle via the bit. A bridle has a rein on either side and is used for riding or driving. Reins provide subtle commands or cues for turning, slowing, stopping or moving backwards and forwards. Rein aids and leg aids are used together along with seat position and verbal commands. Rel e as e:

The rider positions themselves in the two point position and releases the contact to allow the horse to jump an obstacle. The rider pushes hands down and forward onto the horse’s neck to allow freedom for jumping. Two types of releases are (i) the crest release, and (ii) the automatic release. Res e rv e Cha m pio n :

In a horse show competition, the Reserve Championships ribbon is determined by high point totals, money won, or by special Championship classes. A Reserve Champion ribbon is red, yellow and white. Re s p ira ti o n :

Normal adult respiration rate varies among horses but is usually 12 to 15 breaths per minute. One breath consists of an inhalation and an exhalation. Ringb on e: Name given to bony changes or growth of new bone on top of existing bone, occurring within the pastern and coffin joints. Lameness often occurs while changes are occurring but may go away once callosity is completely formed. High ringbone can be seen one inch above the coronet. Low ringbone is found at the coronet, affecting the coffin joint.

Ringwo rm :

A contagious fungal disease characterized by small circular patches and causes hair loss. One might see exposed skin and large flakes of dandruff, but the skin is not inflamed or hot. It is very contagious to other horses. To kill the fungus, clip hair away from the area, removing the fungi’s main food source, keratin, a protein that makes up horsehair and outer skin cells. Then, bathe the legions with anti-fungal antiseptic, such as Betadyne. R i n g s o u r: A horse that exhibits competition burnout through undesired behavioral problems, including a disinterest in work,[223] reluctance to move forward, pinned back ears, a twisting or wringing tail, or overall disobedience in the ring. Rise r Pad:

A riser pad is made of synthetic foam and is used to add padding and support between the baby pad and the saddle. The riser pad gives lift to the seat of the saddle. R i s i n g T ro t :

The action of the rider rising out of the saddle for one beat, and lowering or sitting in the saddle for the other beat. Called Posting Trot. Ro a c h e d :

When a horse’s mane is shaved off. Ro a n :

The color of a horse with a red or sorrel coat mixed with grey, and a dark grey mane and tail. Ro a r i n g :

Characteristic abnormal noise on inhalation, heard in horses with Laryngeal Hemiplegia. Ro l l e d H e e l s :

An abnormality or condition in which low heels or too-small shoes cause the wall to bend under at the heel. Ro l l e d T o e s :

An upward bend in the leading edges of a horseshoe. Ro l l i n g :

When a horse lies down on the ground and rolls over. Rolling is typically a way for the horse to stretch and scratch his back and sides. Sometimes, rolling can be a sign of pain or colic. Ro m a P a d :

Square pad that is made out of thicker material. It set between the horse’s back and the rider’s saddle to give protection and comfort to the horse’s back. Ro m a n N o s e :

A convex face basically, sloping from the forehead down to the nose. Ro u n d w o r m :

Common name for ascarids, an internal equine parasite. Ro w e l :

A small wheel with points attached to the shank of a spur. Ru bb e r Bit :

The mouthpiece is made of rubber and is milder and softer than a metal bit. Ru bbi n g:

When a horse touches a fence while jumping without knocking it down. Ru n O u t :

When a horse evades jumping a jump and goes to the side. This counts as a refusal. R u n n i n g Ma r t i n g a l e :

This type of martingale is used in the jumper or cross-country divisions. The large leather loop goes over the horse’s head and rests on his neck and chest. The bottom piece is threaded through the girth and rests underneath the horse’s belly. Then there are two separate pieces of leather that extend from the chest. Each piece has a metal ring at the end, where each rein is threaded through the loop and reconnected. The purpose of this martingale is to prevent the horse’s head from rising too high by resistance against the sides of the bit.

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Shoe Clip:

Sa d d l e Ma r k s : White hairs in the saddle area, probably caused by girth galls. Sa d d l e Ra c k :

A stand to hold a saddle when not in use. Sa f e ty C u p s :

These are plastic or metal structures that hold the poles of a jump in place. They are designed to carefully release when a horse delivers approximately 135 kilos of downward pressure, and their use has eliminated the fall of horses in today’s show jumping sport.

Sa n d C o l i c :

Colic that occurs when a horse ingests harmful amounts of sand or dirt usually while grazing. Scope:

A term used to describe a horse’s potential and capability to jump very wide jumps. Sc ra tch es :

A metal clip like object that projects upward along the outside edge of a horse’s shoe. Short Diagonal:

Change of direction by means of crossing the arena form the corner to a point on the long side. S h o r t S ti r ru p :

This division in a horse show is for children under 12 years of age and is a jumping course of four cross rails with no change of direction. Sh o uld e r Fo re:

Traveling with the horse flexed slightly to the inside even on a straight line. The forehand is slightly to the inside but not in shoulder in position. S h o u l d e r:

The shoulder runs from the withers to the point of the chest. Ideally the line of the shoulder should be about a 45-degree angle. Show Pad:

A show pad is shaped exactly like a saddle and is white and made out of fleece. It’s made to contour the saddle and provides as little coverage as possible so the judge can see as much of the horse as possible.

Scabby, oozing skin inflammation on the back of the pasterns, just above the heel. Scratches can be treated with removing the scabs and washing with anti-fungal antiseptic such as Betadyne.

Sh y:

Scrim She et :

Side Bone:

These horse blankets are made of mesh cotton and allow a lot of circulation of air between the horse’s coat and the blanket. It is a light-weight, mesh type of blanket used to cool out a horse when he has had a good work out, or after he has had a bath.

Where a horse moves suddenly to one side, having been startled by a real or imaginary object. Ossification of the lateral cartilage on either side of the coffin bone within the hoof. Sid e Re in s :

Seat:

The lowest part of the saddle’s top line should be the seat and is where the rider sits.

Reins used in training to help position the horse’s head and back. They attach at one end to the bit and to the girth or to the training surcingle at the other end. These reins often have a rubber “donut” or elastic section in them.

Seedy Toe:

Simple Change of Lead:

Separation of the hoof wall from the sensitive laminae, often caused by neglecting the feet. Sometimes accompanies laminitis. S e l f- Ca r r i a g e :

A goal of training a horse. It is when a horse can carry himself easily and efficiently while remaining in balance through all movements. The horse has a light forehand and is well balanced, carrying himself from behind. S e rp e n ti n e :

The change of lead by purposely changing gaits in a downward transition to a trot or walk, back to a canter on the opposite lead. A simple change of lead is meant to rebalance the horse during turns and changes of direction. S i n g l e E n d o r D o u b l e E n d S n ap :

A metal snap used to secure lead ropes to halters, buckets, hay nets, or stall guards. Sire:

A horse’s male parent.

An S-shaped movement executed down the center of a ring. The size and shape of the loops may vary, including loops that have several strides of straightness between each bending phase and loops with only one stride of straightness between change of bend. The loops should be of equal size and shape to the others in the serpentine. Shank:

Skewbald:

A color pattern where the coat is made up of a solid color (not black) with white patches on top of either pink or dark skin. Some animals also exhibit coloration of the irises of the eye that match the surrounding skin (blue eyes for white skin, brown for dark). The underlying genetic cause is related to a condition known as leucism.

A lead rope that is partly made out of chain, which can be used for extra control by threading the chain part over the horse’s nose, or under the horse’s chin.

Skirt :

Shavings:

Slow Tw ist Bit :

A form of bedding made up of very thin “shaved” pieces of wood. The horse’s stall floor is covered with shavings. Sh e ddin g Blad e:

The flap of leather that covers the bar from which the stirrup hangs. This type of mouthpiece has a twisted design- it looks similar to Twizzler licorice. It is the mildest of the twisted bits but harsher than a plain mouthpiece.

A metal blade with short teeth used to scrape out loose hair.

Small Pony:

Sheet:

Sn af fl e Bit :

The thinnest blanket used year round to protect a horse from flies, to keep his coat clean, and keep him warm at night. S h i pp i n g W r ap s :

Wraps used when a horse goes on a trailer. They are used to protect the horse’s legs from other horses or banging into the trailer while it’s moving. S h i v e rs :

Abnormal hind leg gait seen in draft horses in which the horse flexes one or both hind legs and tremors can be seen in the large muscles in the upper leg. Thought to be caused by EPSM. Shod:

A term referring to putting shoes on a horse. Horses should have this done about every 4 to six weeks to keep their hooves from getting too long or out of shape.

Pursuant to USEF regulations, a small pony cannot exceed 12.2 hands. Fence height cannot exceed 2’3”. Snaffle bits are thought of as any bit with a jointed mouthpiece, technically however there are snaffles that have solid or straight mouthpieces. A Snaffle is any bit where the cheek pieces of the bridle attach to the rings that are directly part of the mouthpieces of the bit. A snaffle works primarily by direct rein. This means that when pressure is applied to the bit through rein aids, the bit affects the corners of the horse’s mouth, which helps to lift and turn the horse. It also applies pressure to the top of the tongue, especially when the reins are pulled back, such as when you are halting. Snip:

Smaller patches of white markings just around the nostril area. Sock:

Small white patches that don’t come above the ankle or fetlocks. Sole:

The bottom layer of the hoof.

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Sound:

S t i r r u p L e a t h e r:

Spa v i n :

S to cki n g:

Sp i t t h e B i t :

Stock saddle:

Free from lameness or injury.

The leather strap that attaches the stirrup to the saddle.

Name given to degenerative arthritis of the lower joints of the hock, characterized by a bony swelling that can be felt on the front and inside of the hock. See bog spavin. An expression used to describe when the horse is physically exhausted, and is typically associated with racehorses. It implies that they quit trying. Sp l i n t B o n e :

Smaller bones that run along each side of the cannon. Sp l i n t B o o t s :

Boots used on the horse’s front legs to protect the splint bone from injury such as kicking himself or hitting his leg on a fence or jump. Sp l i n t s :

Injury to one or both of the metacarpal or splint bones, which run up the back of the cannon bone. Trauma stress or strain can cause the bone or ligaments attaching these bones to the cannon bone to pull and tear, causing heat, swelling and lameness. Eventually (during healing) additional bone is laid down on the site of the injury, leaving behind a bony swelling. Sp o r t h o rs e :

General term for a type of horse bred and/or trained for use in the International and Olympic Equestrian disciplines of eventing, dressage, jumping. In some cases may also include hunters and horses used in combined driving. Sp u rs :

Small metal devices worn on the rider’s boot to help enforce the leg aids. Come in a range of severity, from very mild blunt spurs to severe models. S q u a r e O x e r:

Oxers that are set with both front and back poles at equal height. Stable:

A large white marking covering the entire front legs and/or hind legs and rarely go higher than the knee or hock. Several designs of a heavier style of saddle with a deep, secure seat, usually with flared pommels and a high cantle. Designed to help keep the rider seated when a horse makes rapid turns or stops, such as when working livestock. Straig h tn ess :

it is necessary for horses to use both sides of their body equally well. Just like humans horses are born with a stronger side and have to work at being ambidextrous. To be “straight” the hind feet must follow in the track of the front feet. The alignment of the spine should correspond to the track you are traveling on regardless of whether it is curved or straight. Stra n gl es :

A highly contagious disease caused by Streptococcus Equi. The medical term is Distemper. S t r a w b e r r y Ro a n :

The color of a horse’s coat that has a mixture of red and white hairs all over a horse’s body. The Strawberry Roan may have a red, black or flaxen mane and tail. Strid e:

A stride is the distance a horse travels in one canter step. It measures approximately 12 feet. To measure the number of strides between fences or elements, you can “walk the course.” Every human step equals about 3 feet. Starting at one fence, count 4 steps and that is about where the horse will land. Keep walking, counting every 4 steps which equals 1 horse stride. Count all the way up to the base of the next fence. S triki n g:

A bad habit of reaching out with a front foot so as to hit the handler, equipment, or another horse. It is a dangerous behavioral problem or habit. Stringhalt :

Condition characterized by the over-flexion of the hind legs, in which the leg often is jerked up toward the belly at each step. S t ro n g y l e s :

A building in which horses are kept.

Equine internal parasite, commonly known as Bloodworms.

Stable vic es:

Any of a number of repetitive or nervous behaviors seen most often in horses kept in confinement. Usually attributed to boredom and insufficient exercise, though temperament may also play a role. Stable vices include cribbing, weaving, wood chewing, wall-kicking and similar behaviors.

Stud:

Stallion :

Metal attachments that screw into horseshoes to act as cleats or spikes in order to provide better traction on unstable, slippery or muddy footing. The following are some types of studs: • Block – square shaped and good for deep footing • Bullet – good for footing that is soft on top but hard below • Grass – narrow and sharp, good for grass • Mud – good for mud • Road – good for paved surfaces of road When the studs are removed, you should fill the holes in the horseshoes with cotton or rubber plugs.

Uncastrated male horse. Stan ding:

Refers to when a stallion is at a breeding farm where mares are brought to him for the purpose of breeding. S t a n d i n g Ma r t i n g a l e :

Considered a passive aid, this is the most commonly used type of martingale. The large leather loop goes over the horse’s head and rests on the horse’s neck and chest. The bottom piece loops through the girth, while the upper piece connects under the horse’s chin through the noseband. There is a rubber keeper that holds the neckpiece and the girth and nosepiece together. If the horse tries to raise its head, he will feel resistance from underneath his chin, pulling his head back down toward his chest. S t a r:

A small patch of white marking just below the forelock. Step:

A beat or a stride. S tifl e s :

Underlying the stifle area is the stifle joint, formed between the large hipbone that is equivalent to our thighbone and the tibia that is equivalent to our shinbone. S ti r ru p :

The leather (Western) or metal (English) part of the saddle used to support the rider’s feet. S t i r r u p Ba r:

The part of the tree of the saddle that allows stirrups to be attached. It is made of strong metal. The stirrup bar is usually kept in the “open” position, so that, should the rider fall, the stirrup leather can release off the saddle, freeing the rider.

At stud, a stallion being kept for breeding. Studs:

Su cklin g:

A foal that is nursing from its mother. Sulcus:

The frog structure extends forwards across about two-thirds of the sole. Its thickness grows from the front to the back and, at the back, it merges with the heel periople. In its midline, it has this central groove that extends up between the bulbs. S u p e r fi c i a l D ig ita l Fl ex o r T e n d o n :

Functions differently in the front and hind legs. In front, the SFT passes down the back of the leg and divides below the fetlock and attaches to the bottom end of the long pastern and upper end of the short pastern bone at the pastern joint. At the sesamoids, it passes over and forms a collar around the deep flexor tendon. It is most frequently the tendon that develops tendonitis or “bowed tendon”. If you wrap your horse too tightly, you could damage this tendon.

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S u pp l e n e s s :

Te e th :

S u r c i n g l e L o o p o r K e e p e r:

T e m p e ra m e n t :

The feeling of the horse when he is going forward off your leg, moving freely and relaxed. The horse has self-carriage, a light contact and flexibility. The muscles feel elastic and the joints feel engaged. A leather loop on the saddle where the free end of the stirrup leather to keep it from moving around while riding. S u rc i n gl e :

Webbing strap that passes around the horse’s barrel. Can be used to attach side reins to when lunging young horses. (Elastic surcingle is used over blankets/rugs to keep from slipping). Susp en sory Ligament :

Ligaments involved in the support of the fetlock and spreading around the fetlock joint. S w e a t F l ap :

The large piece of leather on the underside of the saddle that goes between the billets and the horse. It helps to protect the rest of the saddle from the sweat of the horse. S w e a t S c r ap e r:

Horses have a total of 40 teeth. A horse’s age can be determined by the size, shape and coloration of his teeth. The overall behavior and personality of a horse. T e m p e ra tu re :

A horse’s temperature is between 99-100.5 degrees. Tempo:

Speed or beats per minute. Number of footfalls of the horse per minute at any gait. Tendon Boots:

Boots that are typically open in the front, exposing the front of the leg while protecting the sides and back of the legs. Tendons:

A long, thin plastic or metal tool used to glide along the horse’s wet coat to get out excess water, soap and sweat after a bath.

Fibrous cords of connective tissue attaching muscle to bone, cartilage or other muscle. Tendons insert into bone or cartilage by means of small spikes known as ‘Sharpey’s fibres’.

Swedged Shoe:

Tetan us:

Any of a number of horseshoe styles which have the ground side molded into a traction modifying pattern. Most feature a deep groove, which runs the whole way around the shoe. S w e d i s h O x e r:

A type of oxer in which the poles are slanted in opposite directions so that an “X” shape is visible on the rider’s approach. S w e d i s h Wa r m b l o o d :

The modern day Swedish Warmblood is the result of a breeding program which dates back to the 17th century. During that time, the Swedish government began importing horses from Europe to improve the local breeds who were small and stout. Spanish and Friesian imports brought vast improvements to the local breeds and then in the 19th and 20th centuries, Thoroughbred, Arabian, Hanoverian, and Trakehner blood was introduced. Unlike other Warmblood breeds, the Swedish Warmblood was bred to be a saddle horse only. The breed excels in all English riding disciplines, in particular jumping and dressage. 16 to 17 hands high, their coloring varies widely in all solid colors from bay to gray, chestnut and black. Temperament in the breed is generally pleasant. Sw e et Fe e d:

Refers to horse feed that contains molasses. Swing:

A term in Dressage that is a test involving a sequence of rein-backs coupled with forward steps at the walk. The number of steps is told to the rider, and the whole series may be repeated several times, followed by a forward or onward transition.

S w i s h i n g Ta i l :

A sign that a horse is agitated, and that you should proceed with caution or to wait until he stops. S yn ov ial Flu id :

A very slippery, oil-like substance that is produced by the body to lubricate the joints and tendons.

Serious bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani, which enters the body through puncture wounds. Referred to as “lockjaw”. T h o ro u g h b r e d :

Known for their courage, heart and speed, Thoroughbreds are seen primarily in the racing industry. They come in all solid colors, and white markings are common. They have long legs and necks, shorter backs and strong hindquarters. They can be very high-spirited and have a lot of stamina. The origin of the Thoroughbred horse originated when Henry VIII founded the famous Royal Paddocks at the Hampton Court in London in the 16th Century. His daughter, Elizabeth I, founded another stud at Tutbury and both monarchs then imported horses from Spain and Italy to cross with their native horses. Under the monarchs James I, Charles I and Charles II breeding and racing became extremely popular and by the 17th century there were regular races being held at many venues. T h ro a t La t c h o f a B r i d l e :

The throatlatch also refers to the leather strap on an English bridle that is usually part of the crownpiece. It runs from the horse’s right ear, under the horse’s throatlatch and attaches below the left ear. The throatlatch strap prevents the bridle from coming off over the horse’s head. Th ru s h :

Fungal or bacterial infection of the frog, characterized by foul-smelling discharge from the cleft of the frog. Thrush eats at a horse’s hoof tissue, and it can be treated with medicated liquid such as ThrushX, which dries out the fungus. T i m e Fa u l t :

The penalty a horse and rider incurs when exceeding the stated time allowed on a course. It is calculated as one fault for every second, or fraction of a second, over the stated time allowed, as set by the course designer. Ti m o th y:

A type of hay. Tobian o :

Ta c k :

Refers to the equipment of a riding horse, such as saddle, bridle, halter, martingale, etc. Ta i l W r ap :

(1) Material used to wrap the tail during breeding or examination and foaling. 2) wrap used on a horses tail to protect braids or during shipping to prevent rubbing. Ta k i n g O f f :

(1) The action of leaving the ground to jump. (2) The action of a horse running away.

Ta l l R i d i n g B o o t s :

Boots that extend up to the calf to just below the knee.

The most common spotting pattern of an American Paint Horse, characterized by rounded markings with white legs and white across the back between the withers and the dock of the tail, usually arranged in a roughly vertical pattern and more white than dark, with the head usually dark and with markings like that of a normal horse. Top Line:

The line from the back of the withers to the dock. T o v e ro :

This is a spotting pattern on an American Paint Horse that is a mix of tobiano and overo coloration, such as blue eyes on a dark head. Tra ck:

Tap e w o r m s :

Internal equine parasite.

The imaginary path that the rider and horse travel on. It is the path that the rider envisions ahead of them (the track of a circle, a serpentine, the quarter line, etc.) with a goal of asking the horse to adhere his body shape to the path.

TDN :

T r a i l e r:

A vehicle used to transport horses.

Total Digestible Nutrients. Indicates the usable amounts of various nutrients found in feed.

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T r a k e n h e r:

The bloodlines for the Trakenher go back as far as 400 years ago, making it one of the oldest Warmblood breeds. The breed originated in Poland, East Prussia and Germany. Crossbreeding Arab and English Thoroughbreds produced the modern version of this breed. Trakhener’s are very powerful, obedient and agile, and were bred for the military, pleasure riding and farm work. Competitively, they are primarily used for dressage, jumping and eventing. The coloring for this breed is mainly solid. Trakenher’s vary in size from about 15.2hands to 17 hands and are considered to be a lighter type of Warmblood. Tra n siti o n :

The act of changing from one pace or gait to another. Walk to trot and trot to canter are known as “upward transitions”. Canter to trot and trot to walk are known as “downward transitions”. Tre a d mill:

A motorized conveyor system that enables a horse to move in place on a flat or elevated surface. Tread mills are used for exercise and rehabilitation. Tre e:

Refers to the basic framework of the saddle over which the leather is laid and attached. T r i p l e Ba r:

A type of jump or obstacle of both height and width, with three sets of standards, with pole placement in a graduated height. T ro t :

Moderate-speed gait in which the horse moves from one diagonal pair of legs to the other, with a period of suspension in between. A two beat gait. Tu rn o n th e Fo re ha n d :

Maneuver in which the horse’s hindquarters rotate 180 degrees around his forehand. A means of reverse. T u r n o n t h e Ha u n c h e s (h i n d q u a r t e rs) :

Maneuver in which the horse’s forehand rotates around his hind end. Sometimes as pirouettes. A means of reverse. Tu rn Out :

When a horse is taken out of its stall and placed in pasture or paddock. Twitch : A tool used to restrain and calm a horse by twisting a cord or chain around its upper lip. Tw iste d W ire Bit :

Twisted wires have about the same amount of twists to the mouthpiece as a corkscrew, however, the pieces of metal that the mouth pieces are made of are thinner and that is what makes these bits the harshest of the twisted variety. Twisted wires come with a single mouthpiece or a double mouthpiece. A single twisted wire is harsher than a double twisted wire because it is thinner. Two point :

This is the rider’s position where 100% of the rider’s weight is in her heel and leg, and there is no contact of her rider’s seat with the seat of the saddle. It is the jumping position. Two Tra ck:

Also called a half pass, two-track is a lateral move in which the horse’s hind and front feet move on two separate tracks.

U Ty i n g Up :

The common term for azoturia, tying up is the condition in which a horse experiences prolonged periods of muscle contractions during exercise.

V USH J A :

The United States Hunter Jumper Association is the governing body for hunt seat and show jumping competition in the United States. V. M . D . :

Veterinary Medical Doctor Va u l t i n g :

An equestrian sport involving gymnastic exercises done on the back of a moving horse. V e rti cal :

A vertical is (i) a jump that consists of poles, planks, or gates placed directly above one another with no spread or width to the jump. (2) It is used to describe the horse’s head-set, as in on the vertical. V ibra ti n g o r P u lsi n g Re i n :

A subtle vibrato alternating between hands. It is a squeeze of the rein within the hand itself so that is not visible or obvious. This practice helps to soften the horses jaw and lighten his carriage and contact. Vice:

Abnormal behavior in the stable environment that results from confinement or improper management and can affect a horse’s usefulness, dependability, and health. Examples are cribbing and weaving. Vitals:

Pulse, respiration, temperature and Capillary Refill Time. Access vital signs to determine the stress level or condition of a horse. NORMAL VITAL RANGES: Pulse: 28-36 beats per minute, Respiration: 8-16 breaths per minute at rest, CRT: 1-2 seconds, Temperature: 99-101 degrees

W Volte:

The term used to describe circles which are10 meters or less for first and second level dressage. For third level dressage and above, a volte is a circle with a diameter of 6 meters or 20 feet. Wa l k : The walk is a natural 4-beat movement. The horse always has two or three hooves on the ground. The walk is the slowest natural gait; it is the steadiest and most comfortable. Wa l k t h e C o u rs e :

an expression used in show jumping where riders measure the distances between fences on foot, analyze angles, and formulate a plan of how to execute a course. Walking the course is only done for jumper and equitation classes. Wa l l e y e :

A blue eye on a horse. There is no difference in vision between a blue-eyed horse and a horse with the more common brown eye. Wa r m b l o o d :

A descriptive word for many middle-weight sport horse types and breeds, most originally developed in Europe by the crossbreeding of draft or heavy harness horses on light horse breeds such as Thoroughbreds or Arabians. “Warm” refers to its origin as a cross of a cold-blood (q.v.), and a “hot-blood” – it does not relate to body temperature. Wa s h Ra c k :

Area where horses are bathed.

U b e rs t r e i c h e n :

A term in Dressage, it is the brief release of contact where the rider slowly extends his hands along the crest of the horse’s neck over several strides in order to demonstrate that the horse can maintain its carriage, balance, pace and tempo. U n d e r Sa d d l e :

A term used mostly in English riding and show jumping, it refers to a class in a horse show whereby the horse is being judged at the walk, trot and canter, in both directions, for his way of going, carriage and conformation. Un derline:

The length and shape of the line from the horse’s elbow to the sheath.

Un soundness:

Wa t e r J u m p :

Water jumps are an obstacle in a jumping competition or steeplechase, where a horse must jump over or into water. Weaning:

The process of separating a foal from its mother because it no longer needs to nurse. Weanling:

A foal that has been separated from its mother. This usually occurs between 4-12 months of age. Weaving:

A horse’s action of rhythmic swaying of weight from one front foot to the other when confined that can be socially contagious.

A term used to describe any condition, lameness or conformation fault that limit the horse’s ability to perform his job.

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W elsh Pony:

The Welsh pony is descended from a hardy mountain pony known to have lived and roamed freely in the Welsh countryside. The breed is characterized by intelligence, a good-natured attitude and sturdy body type. This pony is considered to be a foundation for the breed. Coloration of the breed is varied and extensive including most solid and dappled color combinations. The breed is classified under four distinct “sections.” • Section A – Ponies who do not exceed 12.2 hands and are representative of the foundation breed. • Section B – Ponies who measure no larger than 14.2 hands, with no lower height limit. These ponies tend to be slighter of build and are fluid, graceful movers. • Section C – Ponies of the Cob type may not exceed 13.2 hands and showcase the strong, sturdy character of the breed. • Section D - Cob types of 13.2 hands or taller, with no upper limit on height. This type has become a favorite with adults as well as children. Welsh Cob ponies are often crossbred with Thoroughbreds and Arabs. This breeding produces the bigger yet sleeker hunters, jumpers and event horses favored for English riding competition. W e s t e r n Ba n d i n g :

A grooming technique using tiny rubber bands to make 30 to 40 pony tails out of the horse’s mane. W este rn Riding:

Refers to a distinct style of riding that was brought to the Americas by the Spanish Conquistadors. The equipment and riding style evolved to meet the needs of cowboys and ranchers. Because of the working nature of the discipline, the riding style developed in a way that emphasized a deep, secure seat, and training methods which encouraged a horse to be responsive on very light rein contact. Wh inny:

Deterioration that occurs on the inner part of the wall of the horse’s hoof. The reason it is called White Line is that this is in reference to the area of the inner layer of the hoof wall, which is distinctly non-pigmented. It always begins with a separation that occurs between the wall of the hoof and the sole. It might happen in either the toe area, the quarter of the foot, or the heel. The process itself will actually remove the part of the hoof that is meant to protect it, and this will open the door to bacteria and fungus. Wh ite Ribbon :

The color of a fourth place prize awarded at a horse show Whorl: A circular arrangement of hairs, usually on a horse’s neck. Their location is one means of horse identification. W i l d h o rs e : Horses that have no domesticated ancestors. Currently the only wild horse in the world is the Przewalski’s horse. The only other true wild horse to survive into historical times was the Tarpan. All other free-roaming horses today are feral horses, descended from domesticated ancestors. The Domestic Horse, Equus ferus caballus, is a subspecies of the Wild Horse. W i n d S u c ki n g: Stable vice in which the horse arches his neck and sucks air in through his open mouth. When the horse latches his teeth on to a solid surface in order to suck air, he is called a cribber, or a crib biter. W ith e r P a d :

This pad is used on a horse with high withers to prevent the saddle from rubbing on their withers. A wither pad is made of fleece or cotton material and will have a seam down the middle of the pad that can be tucked way up high into the tree of the saddle, providing additional padding along the tree and underneath the seat. W i t h e rs :

Point at the bottom of the horse’s neck from which the horse’s height is measured. The area where the back, neck, and top of shoulder meet.

W o r k i n g Ga i t :

In dressage, a gait that is regular and unconstrained, energetic but calm and controlled with even, elastic steps. W r ap s :

Wraps are used to provide protection as well as facilitate healing in the case of an injury or excessive work. W ro n g L e a d :

An expression that describes when the horse’s outside foreleg extends the furthest at the canter when not intended, such as during a counter canter. A canter where the footfalls are reversed: inside hind, outside hind paired with inside front, then outside front. A wrong lead indicates lack of balance and ability by the rider to correct the horse.

X Y

Xe n o ph o n :

Ancient Greek cavalry officer, historian and political philosopher who wrote a manual, On Horsemanship describing humane methods for the training of horses, circa 350 BC. Sometimes called the “father of classical horsemanship.

Yearling:

Colt or filly between one and two years of age.

Yellow Ribbon : The color of a third place prize awarded at a horse show.

Zony:

A hybrid cross between a zebra and a pony. Zoon osis:

Any disease that can be spread between animals and human beings such a plague, rabies, salmonellosis and ringworm. Z o rs e :

A hybrid cross between a horse and zebra.

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APPENDIX

Bitting Tips: • For a snaffle to fit correctly, the bridle should be adjusted so that there are two small wrinkles above the corner of the horse mouth. If your horse is “smiling” the bit is too high. • For a curb bit to be fitted correctly, it should be adjusted so that there is one definite wrinkle at the corners of the lips. The curb chain should lie flat underneath the horse chin. • Regardless of the style of bit your horse will not be happy if the bit is the wrong size. • The average horse wears a 5-inch mouthpiece. Some warm bloods or very large thoroughbreds require a 5 ¼ or a 5 ½ inch bit. • When we measure a bit we measure from the inside of one of the rings to the inside of the other. • If you notice raw spots rubbed on the corners of your horse’s mouth it is probably because the bit is too small for your horse. One last important tip! Even the mildest bit can have a severe effect on a horse’s mouth if the rider’s hands are too rough!

See below, different types of bits. • Bit: A mouthpiece used to help a rider control a horse. It can be made of metal, rubber, or other man made material. The bit is held in place by the bridle, by which the rider conveys instructions to the horse. • Snaffles: Traditionally snaffle bit are thought of as any bit with a jointed mouthpiece, technically however there are snaffles that have solid or straight mouthpieces, such as a Mullen mouth. A Snaffle is any bit where the cheek pieces of the bridle attach to the rings that are directly part of the mouthpieces of the bit, and they do not function with the addition of a curb chain. A snaffle works primarily by direct rein. This means that when pressure is applied to the bit through rein aids, the bit affects the corners of the horse’s mouth, which helps to lift and turn the horse. It also applies pressure to the top of the tongue, especially when the reins are pulled back, such as when you are halting. These are some of the most popular snaffle bits: • Corkscrew: This bit is slightly harsher than the slow twist. The mouthpiece has more twists than the slow twist, and looks similar to a wine corkscrew. • D- Ring: Probably the most popular style of snaffle in the hunter ring today, the cheek piece of the bit resembles the letter “D” because the ends are fixed not loose. Because the ends are fixed, when you pull on the reins, pressure is directly applied wherever the bit sits on the bars of the mouth and tongue. • Eggbutt: Similar to the D ring, but this bit has a tapered end that looks somewhat like the letter “T”. This tapered end also helps to prevent it pinching the corner of the horse’s mouth. These bits have a consistent feel to the horse in their mouth. • Full Cheek: A popular bit, the full cheek is a good choice for horses that need a little encouragement to turn their noses in the corners. That’s because the shape of the bit, with its upper and lower extensions, presses gently on the sides of the horses lips and mouth as pressure in the opposite rein is increased. For example: when you pull on the right rein directly, the extensions on the bit on the left side of the horses mouth exerts pressure and help to push the horse’s nose to the right. Therefore, the full cheek helps the rider to steer the horse. It can be worn with leather keepers to ensure that it stays steady on the horse’s mouth. • Hollow mouth: Called this because the mouthpieces of these bit are hollow and thick and considered mild. • Loose Ring: The loose ring snaffle is a good choice for breaking and schooling young horses. There is considerable play in the bit because the simple round cheek pieces are able to move through the mouthpiece. This encourages a young horse to accept the bit, yet because of the loose ring the horse cannot easily grab the mouthpiece and pull on the rider. This is very mild bit. • Plain: A plain, smooth, solid mouthpiece. Generally, the smoother and thicker the mouthpiece, the milder it is. A thin mouthpiece pulls more sharply into the bars when you pull. • Rubber: The mouthpiece is made of rubber and is milder and softer than a metal bit. • Slow Twist: This type of mouthpiece has a twisted design and looks similar to Twizzler licorice. It is the mildest of the twisted bits but harsher than a plain mouthpiece. • Twisted Wire: Twisted wires have about the same amount of twists to the mouthpiece as a corkscrew, however, the pieces of metal that the mouth pieces are made of are thinner and that is what makes these bits the harshest of the twisted variety. Twisted wires come with a single mouthpiece or a double mouthpiece. A single twisted wire is harsher than a double twisted wire because it is thinner.

• Curb or Leverage Bits: In contrast to snaffles, curb bits work more on the bars of the horse’s mouth and use leverage to help communicate to the horse. This is achieved through pressure exerted on the poll of the horse’s head and on the underside of the horses jaw through the curb chain.Because of the way that the curb is constructed, when pressure is applied to the bit from the reins, the horse can feel that energy transferred to the crownpiece of the bridle. Rein pressure also engages the shank of the bit, which presses the curb into the horses chin. The result is often more flexion at the poll. • Gag bit: A gag takes the idea of a bit with leverage to the extreme. Generally the mouthpiece is very mild. The real control of this bit comes from the pressure that is applied to the horse’s poll. The reins are attached to a rope or leather cheek pieces that slide (if necessary) through rings of the bit. Gags help to elevate the horse’s head, and are very helpful when a horse likes to drag a rider. • Kimberwicke: The rings on the bit make it look similar to a D snaffle, but because of the curb chain and the different slots along the rings of the bit to attach the reins, it is a curb bit. It acts similar to a Pelham, but with only one rein. Therefore, the curb chain is used any time that you pull on the reins and cannot be used independently as with a Pelham. • The Pelham: A Pelham is a bit that has a shank to it. The cheek piece of the bridle attaches to the top part of the shank. There are two separate rings along the shank to attach the reins. The top rein is called the snaffle rein, and when that rein is used the bit acts similarly to a snaffle. The lower rein when used activates the leverage of the bit, and brings the curb chain into action. • Pelhams can come in a variety of mouthpieces, from rubber, straight, broken (or jointed) to twisted. By having two reins, you can use the snaffle and curb parts of this bit independently.

Other Bits • Dr. Bristol: Instead of a mouthpiece that is broken into two sections the Dr. Bristol has a flat middle section, sometime called a key that divides the bit into three sections. The flat middle section allows the bit to lie flat on the horses tongue. It helps out a horse with a low palate, or that is bothered when the joint of a snaffle rubs against the roof of their mouth; however, the middle link can become severe if it does not lie flat. • French Link: Similar to the Dr. Bristol except that the centerpiece is shaped more like a jellybean and is slightly curved. It is considered to be milder than a Dr. Bristol, and allows the horse to have some play in the bit. • Mylar bits: These bits offer a curved mouthpiece, to relief the pressure on the horses tongue. Copper inlay in the bit encourages your horse to salivate when it is in their mouth (a good thing). Independent side movement allows the rider to isolate one side of the bit, which assist them in lifting a horse’s shoulder to help balance them. It also assists in bending and collecting. • Hackamores: Although we have put it in the bit category, a hackamore is not a bit like the others that we have talked about because it traditionally has no mouthpiece. Hackamores can come in many varieties. The main component of the hackamore is the noseband; it can be flat and wide, or narrow and rounded. Some hackamores have a curb chain, and some do not. The main way that a hackamore functions is that pressure is placed on the bridge of the horse’s nose through the rein aid when applied.

Blanket (1): A soft fabric covering usually with front closures at the chest and surcingle straps that fit around the belly. Blankets are available in a wide variety of fabrics and weights. They are used to manage a horse’s comfort in cool or cold weather.

Blanket (2): (Appaloosa coat pattern) Refers to a horse which has a solid white area normally over, but not limited to, the hip area with a contrasting base color.

Blanketing Guidelines:

EQUESTRIAN NEIGHTION BLANKETING GUIDELINES Temperature 50-55 s 45 - 50 35 - 45 30 -35 20-30 15 - 20 0-15

• •

Inside – check inside thermometer Sheet Midweight Sheet & Midweight Sheet & Heavy Midweight & Heavy Sheet, Midweight & Heavy Heavy and Heavy (or add an extra layer underneath)

Out sid e - check outside thermometer Lightweight Turnout Sheet and Lightweight Turnout Sheet and Heavy Turnout, or Midweight and Lightweight Turnout Midweight + Heavy Turnout Sheet, Midweight + Heavy Turnout All blankets plus Turnout on top

Blanket straps are criss-crossed under the horse’s belly and attached at the opposite fastener. Any SHEET + MIDWEIGHT combination can be replaced with a HEAVY.