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áÄèàëäà êìëëäéâ ÄäÄÑÖåàóÖëäéâ Éêìèèõ Ç ëòÄ íéå XXXVII

VOLUME XXXVII

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF RUSSIANAMERICAN SCHOLARS IN THE U.S.A. NEW YORK

2011-2012

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EDITOR Alexis Klimoff Vassar College

EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR TRANSACTIONS of ARAS Peter Rollberg, George Washington University Nicholas Rzhevsky, Stony Brook University George Pahomov, Bryn Mawr College Nikolai Firtich, Vassar College Past and present institutional affiliation given for identification purposes only.

TRANSACTIONS is published by THE ASSOCIATION OF RUSSIAN-AMERICAN SCHOLARS IN THE U.S.A., INC. P.O. Box 180035 Richmond Hill, NY 11418

Library of Congress Catalog card No. 67-29613 ISSN: 0066-9717 ISBN: 0-943303-39-7 Š Copyright 2012 by the Association of Russian-American Scholars in the U.S.A.

The Association Logo, by Vladimir Shatalov, is modeled on the badge worn by graduates of the Imperial Moscow University (est. 1755).

The cover of vol. XXXVII reproduces the covers of the first two Eurasian collections designed by Pavel Chelishchev in 1921 and 1922.

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 / TABLE OF CONTENTS  / VOLUME XXXVII (2011-2012)

I.   /ASPECTS OF EURASIANISM   / ARCHIVAL DISCOVERIES:

  .   I:  ..   ..       . 

14

 II:  ..   ..   .. 

22

 III:  ..   ..   ..   . 

32

9

 IV:  ..   ..   ..   .  146  V:  ..   ..   .  200 ..     (  )  .. 

229

 / ARTICLES:

MARLÈNE LARUELLE. Nationalism and Anti-Nationalism in Eurasianism: The Pax Eurasiana

255

 .   

281

 . «» .   

304

   / EURASIANISM AND POLEMICS

.. , ..   .. .    «»  1922 .

318

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II.    / ON OTHER TOPICS .. .   « »    XIX 

363

MIKHAIL SERGEEV. Crucifixion in Twentieth-Century Painting

395

.. .   ()  . -

417

III.    / BOOK REVIEWS     . ( )

425

 ..   .. . 1926-1930. ,  ,     .. . ( )

430

  :1919-1924.   ..    .. . ( )

434

.. .    , 1941-1944 . ( ) : . . 70-   

444

.. .   .  1941-1951. (.. )

449

..     .   .. .  , . 103, . 1-2. (. )

450

   XX . .      .    . (.. )

455

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IV.  / Bibliography MATTHEW BAKER. Bibliography of Literature on the Life and Work of Father George V. Florovsky

473

V. In Memoriam   , 1930-2011 ( )

548

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The Association of Russian-American Scholars wishes to thank its members and the I.V. Koulaieff Educational Fund for their generous financial support of our ongoing publication activity.

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I   / ASPECTS OF EURASIANISM

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    ,      ,            «  »,      1921 .1  ,   ,   - , . .. , .. , ..   .. .     . .. ,      , ,    .. ,  .. ,            2.         . .    (1890-1938) –  ____________ 1   .   .  . : - , 1921. ,         « »  1881 . : «[]     ,  .     –     ,  ,     …». .  ..     30- . . 27. .: , 1984. . 35-36.

2   ..   ..   14.09.1923,  ,   «     :         ,     » (.  -14   III).  ..    1937 .,   «,  ,   <> » (, . 5783, . 1, . 359, . 36).     –  ,     – « » (.    ..   18.04.1922; -3   II).

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 ,          ..    ,      .        ,      (1920),      ,      .   «  »,       3,  -       .  1922 .    ,          .        1929 .,            ..    4.    (1892-1985) –    ,  1915-1917 .   « »  ,   ,    ,       (,   .).     1920 .,      -   .  1921       ,   1925 .  .            -,   1929 .           5.        ,    .    (1895-1968) –   ,  ..      ,         .  (1920).   1921 .         « »,    - .     ____________ 3 .. .   . : - , 1920.

4 .  ..  ..  / .. .   . : i, 2008. . 327-493. (    1930  1938 .)

5 .  .     // Stanford Slavic Studies. Vol. 3.

1994. Pp. 376-415.     ..      .

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  ,  1922                .   1927 .    «»6  «»         ,               .    (1929)    (1938),     .  1945 .    «»     10    ,   1961 .    (    )       .    (1893-1979) – , , ,  1932 .        .     1920 .,         ,       .  1921 .    ,   1923 .   «  ».           -                - 7.  1926 .    ,     .        .     ,   1948 .   ,      .   (-),      . .    (1884-1949) – -  .      1920 ____________ 6  «» –  - 1920- ,         ,    ,     . .  ..    .

7   , « »       «  »  «  ‘  ’       ».  ,   ,    1923 . (.   .   .  //  .  130.

1979. . 45).

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.,    ,        - .  1924 .            .  ().       ,          .      .. ,  «»     ,     « »8. ***    ,  1920- ,       «»   «  » (1921),      .     (       ) ,  ,    «»,   .        ,     ,               ,   ..     .  83-   ,       ,     :   ..    -  (,  -),   ..       (),    ..      ().      ,      ,    .9       ____________ 8 .    30.01.1923, -5   II. 9  2002 . ..     ..   ..  (-10 – -14, -16  -17,       )      ..  (-6). .  ..          1920-  //  XXI.  5. 2002. .

166-196.             .     1923 . (..  [-5]  ..  [-15])  ..   « » ( 168. 1993. . 61-71).       .

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    .     ..   .. .  ..       .. ,    « »,   ..       .           .  ,    «..»  «..»,    .   ,   –  .            : I –  ..   ..     ; II –  ..   .. ; III –  ..   .. ; IV –  ..   .. ; V –  ..   .. ,     ..  (.  ).      : 

–  ..  ..  (1922-1923) /  . ..  //        2011. .: , 2011. . 539-574.  –  .. . . . .: «», 1995.  –  ..    . .: , 1998.  –  .     :   . .:  , 2010.

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    .     ..   .. .  ..       .. ,    « »,   ..       .           .  ,    «..»  «..»,    .   ,   –  .            : I –  ..   ..     ; II –  ..   .. ; III –  ..   .. ; IV –  ..   .. ; V –  ..   .. ,     ..  (. ).      : 

–  ..  ..  (1922-1923) /  . ..  //        2011. .: , 2011. . 539-574.  –  .. . . . .: «», 1995.  –  ..    . .: , 1998.  –  .     :   . .:  , 2010.

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 I  . 

 ..   ..  (1920 – 1922) 

..

  

..  (1920)

,   I- ,    ..     «»   ,     –  ,   ,    .. , .. , ..   .. ,     «  » (1921).       ,           . -1. <..  – .. , .. (  1920 .) >   ,   ,   ,   ,      ,      .     1. -     ,         –  .   ,  ,   ,     -,    2. ,  , –   ____________ 1           1920 .

2 ..    1920 .    ..      - ,     .

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 I  –  ,    ,        .    « »    .     ,  -     .          .    «»  ,           .       «  » –   3.   -   .. 4?  .. 5?              ,        6,        .  «»     ,      .      .    .     ?    : «,    »  7?    8?    ?    ,      ,     , .   «Existenz»9     .    ,       .  ,  , ,  ____________ 3 .. .   . : - , 1921.

4 ..  (1870-1944)   ..   -   (1913-1917),  ,  1920 .,        ,    .. .

5    (1876-1960) –    ,  1917 .    .

6      ,     1920 .,     ..          .

7     28  1916 .   -           .      « » (: , 1922)   .. .

8    (1887-1957) –  ..    .  ,    ,     1920-     .  1951    .

9  (.), ..    .

15

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 I         .     ?   ,      ,     .       .   .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 358. . 49-49>

-1. <..  – .. , 02.12.1920> , 19 / 2  1920.    .    ( «» )     .    ,  ,    .       .     ( )      –       . , ,          ,    .      ,      .   ,     «  »  « »      10.        .   ,  ,   ,    .    –      :    ,     .          ____________ 10        «- (   )»,      , «  ».     :  ..  . .: , 1997. . 398-419.

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 I      .  –   ( –  ). ,  ,    ( –  ),    ( –  ).

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 325. . 3>

-2. <..  – .. , 22.02.1922>

 22/II/22

  ,          - , ..     ,       .  : –  ,    ,    ,          .  -          .             ,          11.   ,    ,        ,         .     . «» –    «».  - .  –  –   – «»,   «».     .  .   .  .     , –     ,  ,    .   ,  ...      ,  ,        .   ,     ,         .  : 10  , 20 .   70              . ____________ 11 .      25.1.1922 (-1   II).

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 I    .    «»     ,     ,  .  ,   .           –  ,    ,  ,   ,      .       .        .   –   .  – .     <   – ..>12.        ,  ,     «»  «».  ,  ,    ,    .                13.   ,  «»  «»           .    –  .       – .     –   .        .          ,   .    .       .      .   .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 397. . 23-24>

-3. <..  – .. , 20.04.1922>

 20/IV/22

  .       .  

____________ 12     ..  “”   «»  10  12  1923. . . 21   -5   IV     (     )    « »   «  ».

13    ,    - .

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 I           .         .         .        ,   -.      .   : ,      .    ,      .  : Princesse Alexandra Lieven, 12bis Avenue Mac-Mahon, Paris XVII.   ,     , -   -  14.      .  ,  ,  ,     .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 397. . 20-20>

-4. <..  – .. , 15.06.1922> . :    <?>     5000 ,   15.      ,     .  .

NB     .

15  1922 . 16

  ,       .    :   , ..    ,  «17»     .     ,      -____________ 14     «  »,     (18611929),  .. .   ,   .

15     .

16   - .

17  (.).

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 I 18.      ,           ,    –      .             <> 19.        ,     ,   ,     .    ,            . :   , 35 %       (25 % , 10 % – )    20.     .    <>    <>    «Enfant, si j’étais Roi.»21    1 .     .     – « » ( 10%).       ,            .    .   -       – .         ,        .            –    –            - ,    .        ____________ 18    ..  (..  [].  /  . . .: , 1997. . 6-7), ..           .      .        ..   ..   09.08.1922 . .  .     :   . .:  , 2010. . 196.    .  (.

197)    : ..  ..

19        ,       - .

20 . : “    ”.

21    :.  ..  : «Enfant, si j'étais Roi...». : - , 1922.   –      (1844).

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 I       22.  <> <>  «  »   ,      . «»   ,       «»    .     ,      .    140 <>       .         –   . …      .   ,     .      .        .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 399. . 3-3>

____________ 22   .

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 II  .. 

 ..  – ..  (1922-1923)  ,   I- ,    .. ,      –     .         .. ,    : «  , <…>     . <…>  , ..     ». (.   -7). -1. <..  – .. , 25.01.1922>    !         1.  ,                  ,     .   ,   «»      –       «»2,     .     ____________ 1    (1889-1948)    ( -   YMCA – The Young Men’s Christian Association)    .  1921      ,      (World Student Christian Federation)      WSCF    1922 .    .     ..    ( 1922),      ,      – “ ” ( -3   III).

2  –  ..    . (  , “”     . -   “”    ,        .)

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 II    <.> «»,   .      ,    «».      ,            .   ,   ,    ,     ,  «»             –   .          3.     –      ,   ,     .          ,  ,     .      .           «»        .     ,          .   ,        –    4.   .    .    –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

____________ 3  ,  ,     ,  ..       (21-23  1922, -2   III).       17  (-4),     (“      ‘’ <>    ‘’,      ”.)   . . , . 544.

4        “”      . , ,     (  17 , -4   III )       .

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 II -2. <..  – .. , .. (. . – . . 1922)>   !    ,       .     .    .        ,   (si) –      .  ,      .     ,      .  . , ,    . ,       . ,    ....  .  .  –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-3. <..  – .. , 18.04.1922> , 18/IV/22   .    ,     5.           .   6       ,  , , ,        .    7,                .   ,           ____________ 5      ,   27  1922.

6  –    (1893-1977).

7  .. , .    (1852-1928), ,  , .  (1863-1933)  ,   (1883-1963),     .

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 II ,     8,      .  ,  ,       .        ,            ,   ,                    ,        .     ,  ,  ?    .   ,     ,  ,  ,      .     –    .      – .   ,   .    –   ,    ,     ,   . , ,        «».           ,    9     .        ,                          -10, -, -  - (si).     ,    . 11   .       ,    ,     .     ,    .   ____________ 8    –    .

9     ,   (1893-1977)    (18971960),    1921         . .  , «  »  .  . , ,  /  .   (. .  .. ). .: , 1995. . 32.

10       ,  -: On the Mechanism of Reflex Salivary Secretion. //    .

6- . 1917.  2 (). . 119-136.

11 ..     “”.

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 II ,     .      .     –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-4. <..  – .. , 31.08.1922> 31/VIII/22,    !     «»12.       -      .           .       .   .     ?      ,      ,        .     -  .     ,        13,     . ,     -,  , ,    –   .  ,   .    . «: ‘     ,  ____________ 12      «  »,      .    3  1923 . (. . . . . 36),     1922  .  «»   ,   ,           : 1)    //  ,  39, 40 (1929),  2)      : Die Sackgassen der Romantik // Orient und Occident, 1930,  4.

13   .

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 II ’».     , ,      –  – «  ,    –   ,    !»  , – ,  .   , ,    ,   14  .   .  –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-5. <..  – .. , 30.01.1923> 30/I/23   !          ,     .   ,   ,     .   ?           ,            .     , ,    ,    .    ,   – ,     –   .         ,    ;    ,   .     ,     –    -  -,   ,         ,    ,  .      –      .         , ..    ,   ,        . - ,    ,    –      – ____________ 14 .. .

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 II      .    .    –  ,  ,        .       «  »,     ,   - ,   ,   « ».  S.C. 7500, % %   1500,  9000 .    3000  ,  6000.      200 .   100    . 15     .    ,    –   4000 ,   800    –       –       16.     , -   .  17    .    18.    .    .  .  <>

  ,      .     –     .                  ,     .   .   .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

____________ 15 ..        , ,     . «  ». .   ..   15.06.1922 : (-4   I) .

16 .. ..   .. .

17 . «  »     1923 .   , ,     .

18  ..   .

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 II -6. <..  – .. , .. ( 1923)>  !   .      ,      .      ,       19. ,    ,   ,    ,             «  ».      .         20.    ,      . ,  ,         .        ,      .     ,  ,   – ,    ,     <>,  ,   ?      ?     ?  ..      ,        .   .  <>

   . . .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-7. <..  – .. , .. ( –  1923)>   !    , ..       – ,  . -  . . ____________ 19     – «  » –   .       ,   .

20 .   ..   15.06.1922 (-4   I).

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 II 21.   - .      ,      ,  ,    - ,   - .    22.  23.  ....?   ,    ,     . - « » –      .  , ..     .        –   .    ,                ,      .          ,         -  ,    ,         ,     ,    .         ,     .   ,    ,        .    .     . -      .     .    .   .        ,    .  <.> . . .  30         24. ____________ 21 ..   1923 .   .           , ,    ,      ,  ,    1921     «  ». (.  . 24.)

22  –   - .

23    (1867-1925)   ..   ..   -    1920 .  1920  1922 .        .

24  ..   : Pro et Contra.  . : .-. .-., 1921.

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 II    ,    ,     .    –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

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 III  ..   .

 ..   ..  (1921-1924)   III-           .   ..     1921 .,     «  »,     «    » (N.S. Trubetzkoy’s Letters and Notes, Prepared by Roman Jakobson [The Hague & Paris: Mouton, 1975], p. 21).           «  »   «»  (.    ..  -2   V,    .     ,    ,  130, 1979, . 45-47).      ,      ,        « »,           «   » ( .    /  : , , .  .  ; . .  . .. . .: , 1995. . 31).             ,       ,  ,    , ,    1924 .  ,    . ,  1928 .          « » ( ,  34).

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 III -1. <..  .. – ..  .. , 26.12.1921> 13/26 XII 1921 Praha.

 , ,  ,       –    .    ,  «» – :    «  »1,        ,     - «».        « »    2 « »,    . 3  ,      <>  <> «  »  <> <> ,   (   )    ,  <><><>      ,     4. <> 5           ()   <>  <>              «». ,     ,      ____________ 1    «  »       1921 .

2    (1894-1976) –   (-), ,  .    .

3   [Jií Polívka] (1858-1933) –  -, ,  .   ..   . ,     1920- ,     : «   .. : .. .    (1921-1925)» //  . . 12. .: , 2012. . 306-327. (     1999 . [«». 1999.  4, . 95-101]     .)

4     ..  «     (   )»  . «  ».     ,  .. . . . .: «», 1995. . 126140.          .

5   [Lubor Niederle] (1865-1944) –  ,   .

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 III   – ,    ,    . –      .      , ,    6 ( 7) –  <>     ,   «    »8 –    -  9,   «». <>      –   , –   10        « » –   . «,       :     ,   ».  , <> <>, <>  ,      … Sic!     –   (,   )               ,     .    (21)   Svobodarnia11    « »  «  »12.            .     ,   «», «____________ 6    (1869-1923) – -,   –    ;    (18601933) – ,    .

7      (  )  (18871975), , , , .  1920-    ..     .             .

8     «»: «    /   ».

9   [Spengler] (1880-1936) –    ,    « » [Der Untergang des Abendlandes] (. 1-2, 1918-1922),       .

10    (1866-1924) –     .        1922 .      .

11 «» –    ,    1920- .   .

12        «» ( 349  350, 10  11  1922).           « ». . «  ».

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 III  »,  , , ..   .     . 13,                 .    ,  ,   «»  <>  <>,      .      .               . ,          ;    –    , <>    .            ,    –    –    .    ,              , <><>    ,         .        – , <>   14.  – ,      ,         . ,  15-25 <>      ()        (-). –    ,       .   , . .       ,  <><>   –        .    .  . . < .. >

   .     «»   ,   ,        -   «»,   «».   21 XII   ____________ 13    (1866-1938) – ,  . .   .

14   [Rádl] (1873-1942) –  ,    .

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 III  ,   «»  «»,   «».  –  ! –  ,  300 ,  in corpore15, ,     ,  (15)   –     –   –    .     , ,    «»    ,      ;    «»  « ».  «»    . –   ,   «»   «»  – . –    ,  ,   ,      –   .            « »,  «  »16.      .  :        . –  . 17       : 1)  10  2)  14 ;     2.000 . « » , ,       – 500 .     50% ;       ; ,     .    62 <>    4 .  ( ),    . 301 <>    .   10 XI  Legiobank, N 123/6091,     . ,    ,      (140 ____________ 15    (.).

16   “  ”, ,    ,               ,     1922 .   ,  -.   « »  .

17    (1882-1968) –   .    « »   -  (eskoruská jednota).

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 III <>).       . ?       .   .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 118-120>

-2. <..  ..  – . ., 29.12.1921> 16/29 XII 1921 Praha.

  , 18  ,  19        ,     :        ,    –     .    ?    (  ),            .                .    ,       ?       ,    «»20,       .    ,   «»      ,      .       ,     .           ____________ 18    (1883-1963) – -,      ..  .. ,     .

19   , .  (1892-1965).

20    ,   ..  (.  . 7).

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 III   21.        (  )    ,          22. , ,        .          24 XII.         – 10%   ,     ,      . ,    . , ,  23 –    ,  «» .       – « »    « »   ..-24. –  ,  ,    . <>   « ».          .  «»     ,  : ,    –        ,      ,    25.         ?   , ,     –      – ,   :         .    ?    –    –         , –      ____________ 21     .. ,    « »: « »  «   ».   , . 295-306  267-294.

22  « »,      1922 .   «».

23    (1866-1943) – , , ,      - .  1920- .    «»  .

24 « » – -   ,            ,       .         1921 .    « ».          - («..»).

25        « »  . « ».

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 III   26. ,       .        .      ,   , –      .   ,      . –    ,      27.     .. .      :     .    , ,   28.          :          .    ,     ,   ,        ,       .      .     29    ,      .                 (     <>,   )30.  – Chudobinec31.          –  : Praha II, Lipova ul. 18/ . Jena,  ____________ 26   .

27   [Kramá] (1860-1937) –    ,   .  1918-1919 . –  - .

28    (1870-1944)        , ,   ,    ,    –     . .          ..  6  1922 .,         « »    ,    . (, 1922, . I-II,   «  ..  »;     ,  ..    . .: , 1998. . 124-131.          .)     : «     .          .         –       ». ( ..   .  , .)

29    [Sthule] (1875-1946) –  , , .

30  ,     : Kopal-Sthovsk L.K. [. ]. Co vede sl. církev ku kesanskému Vchodu? Olomouc: Diecésní rada církve eskoslovenské, 1921,     « » (1922.  6-7. . 324-326).

31 Chudobinec –  ,    .

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 III     Karlovo námesti,    ,   (    )  .  (   ) – 500 <>   –      150 <>   -  .        «»     .         .   32   .   .. < .. >

 .      –    –  «».  – fait nouveau33 –  ,      (sic!)   34.      .      -  ,    ,     -. .      , ,  ,      .              <>.  .   .

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 121-122>

-1. <..  – .., 10.01.192235>   !         ,             ____________ 32    (1893-1956) –   .

33   (.), .. ,   .

34 .      24.12.1921 (-1   IV).

35     . . ,    28  (-5).

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 III   . ..  B       ,        ,    ,     .         36.    ,   ,          ,         ,    .        , ò   ,  -    .  . 6   «    ».  ,  75%   «»    .          : «   ,       ,   »…  .. ,  ,      <>-<> (. 7-12),           .       .   ,      ,  . :       «»37    ; ..     ,  ,        ,   .        .                ,       .       .    – ,  - ,   ,      ,     . -, <>        ____________ 36  ..   . « »  «    ».   , . 124-131. ..         .

37 .   . 34    24  1921 (-1).     , ,  ,    ,     - ,      1921.        1922-24 .     «» ( «»).

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 III  (),  , ,   . ,         . ,    , ,   .            .       ,         (34-37).      .  ,    , , ,     - ,  -  ,    .   , ..     ,    ,   ,  ,      ,      .        , ..    ,       .   38      ,   . ,      « »  II- .     .  ,     :      .    .              (   ,   )39.      .   !  – «,   ».     ,  ,  ,   , «»,   «», –     .      –     .  ,        ,    ____________ 38 ..      « »,   . « ».

39    (1876-1953) –   .   «‘’  ‘’    »,    « »,        . .     28.02.1922 (-5)  . 132.     .  ..    . .: , 1996. . 22-34.

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 III , ,   ,   40.      .    ,          ,      , –  - , ,  .     .  –  41. ,      ,         ,  ,   , ,       ,            .   .    ,       ,   ,       ,      ,       .  - ,   ,   …       :    ,        (  ,  !).     ,        !  – . :    – 42,        ,       ,   –   ,   43. , ,    ,   . ,         .    44  ,     

____________ 40     .      .. ,   ,     ,  “    ,    ”. .  ..   .  ..     . .: , 1992. . 214.

41    (1859-1943) – ,    ,   –     « ».    (. “ ”, 1878-1936) – , ,   .

42  ( . ramolli – ) – ,   .

43 ,    ,   ,           (, 10-17  1921.).       “           ”, ,   ..    .

44    (1896-1982) –   ,   .. .

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 III      ,      ,      .     (   ).     ,        –   .   <>  <>   !        .          ,    45.             .             . . . .,     ,      ,    . , «,   » (.. 46) ,        Alexander () “”,   ( ) «Zvsti»,    ?47 (      ,    ; , -       ).       .      48 (    « »  ),        ,                 - .       .        . ,   ...           .   ,        ____________ 45    (1863-1921)     (1873-1930) – -.

46    (1864-1936) – .

47    : «Zvsti: eskorusk list vnovan veejnému ivotu, obchodu, umní a písemnictví»,   1903-1914 .        Jindich Václav Alexander (1867-1941).

48  ,     ,  1921        ,      .

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 III 49.  ,  ,         (, ,  )      (22  1922 .).          .    .  .   ! . .  10/I 1922 . ,     50,     ? ( ,        ).

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-2. <.. – .., 21-23.01.1922>   !           5- .     ,     -  ,  - -  :  ,     .   :     .      ,      ,   ,    .    !     ,     ,  !       ,    , –   ,     . ,   ,  –   ,   ,  –      . ,    !          ,     ____________ 49      .. .   -1 (. ),   : “     ”.

50   [Zubat] (1855-1931) –  ,   .

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 III 51:          .   ?   ,   52    ?  –  -  « » -53.        .       .     .      ,   – « ».       ,  .      ,  .     ,      ,    ,   , –           .          .  : « ».   –  .   ,   ,   .  ,    (     )         , <>                 ,   ,         .      ,     .     « »    . ,       .      .      ____________ 51 .    (1874-1930) –  .. ,   - .    (18561937) –   ,      .   ( . )  (1881-1962) –      ,  1925 .  .    .

52    (1876-1960) –      .    .. ,    .    .

53 ,             (  ) : «-  .  ». .  .     . . 1908. . 127.

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 III 54.   ,         ,      -    ,          .     .  « »55  ,     .     ,          ,    -  . ,     .     ,     ,   - .  ,     ,      « ».  -   ,  !  –    .    , ,     ,       ,         . , -,     ..    «»   ,    «»  ,       «»,     .        .       ?   (,   )    – .    ,          .       ,     56        . ,          ,             .      «____________ 54           1921. . . 43.

55 ..      ,     18801918 .    « »      (1921),      (1922-24).          1927,     .

56    (1885-1965) – , ,      .

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 III  »57    .   ,        «»         .   ,        ,       ,        -   .       ,   « »,    ! ,        ,  ,   ,    -    -      , –      .   «   »58. ,        « »  ,   ,    ,      . -            - , .  -    ,    ,   ,   ,       (.    !)59.     ,       .           .  , –    .   ,    ?     ?    ,   ?   ,   ,    ,                    .     ,          … ,      ,    ____________ 57   «  ..  » (.  . 28),    ,    ..       .

58   , 5,15.

59 ..  –   – ..      .

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 III     60.         ,      ,    .   ,  ,          ,    ,      .           ,      ,   .  ,       ,      .  ,       :  ,     ! , ,    .    – finis eurasiae!     (   )   ,       . ,       ( ),        .  - ,   ,      «»   ,         .                ,     -          .          .  . 21/I 1922 P.S.     (  )    ?       ? ..

P.S. 23/I.     <y> <> <>      ____________ 60      (         ..  -1   II)  . .      ..   4  1922: «        ‘    ,    ’  ;           » ( ..  ..  (1922-1923) /  . ..  //        2011. .: , 2011. . 544.)          .

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 III    <> <> <> (, < >,  30);   ,     420   ,    .  - . ,     ,      ,     .     ,  ,    , –  .  ,       50 ,            (. 19  20 ).       ,           .   ,  ,     ,    , ..   ,           ,   420 .    . ,    ,        ,           .  , ..,      -  ,      . ..

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-3. <.. – .., .. ( . 1922)>   !  ,      61        .  ,    ,    ,      ,   . ,     .     (  )      .  ____________ 61 . . 1   ..   25.01.1922 (-1   II).

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 III ,       ,   <>  <> <> <>  ,     <> <> ()  ?   ,         -    62      ,     .   ,    ,   ,     <> <> ,  ...  ,   . , –  ,  .     .63  .  .  ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-3. <.. – . ., 30.01.1922> Praha. 1922. I. 30

  ,     –  21-23. I    –     , ,     <>   .               –  .        «»64 –             –  ,   ____________ 62    (1866-1950) –    .        ,       . [..    “”].

63       .

64 .  . 36.

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 III 65  ..       .          ,     «»   ;      ,     …    .    ,   .         ,      , ,    «   ».  ,              , «» .     <>-<.>     .   –  «»    ,   , ,   66.   <>    .   ,    ,   …    :     (  +   )    ,          ,     .     .     ,           .          ,   ,     -      :  ,   ,    ,      . ,           ,  ,        .  ,  ____________ 65   «»       YMCA, ,   John'a Mott', Paul'a Anderson'a  Donald'a Lowrie        . .  . YMCA      (1906-1947) //     ,   2000. .: , 2000. . 165-223.

66    (1887-1965) –      (1920-24)     «».    (1881-1970) –  -  ,   -.    (1877-1941) – , .        «»,         . .    « »    : «  ».

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 III <>    .     :     ,      …     :   <>       ,     ,         <> <> (          ),     ,  ,     ,   -    <> <> - .         . –  ,         .   ,  <>           .               «»,       .      «»,     .        ,   .         15 ,  1       <> «».  « < >»      67     :   ,    « »68      ;  .      «»    :  .  <> <>     :  8 .                   .               69.           -.  ,      ,    .       ,    ____________ 67     - ,  «  ».

68  .

69 .  . 60.

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 III  –   jednota esko-slovenska70;  ó   : -         .     <>  , ..,   ;    ,      e -     ,    . –   , ..,   ,     , ..,     ,   ,  -     <> <>?     <>.      - ?                …71  ,            ,       <> <>  ..     ,     .   .        « 14 ».    <>        <>     . <>     <> <>   (<>   v. Reventlow72).  . .   .  ,     « »  <?> .  .   <> <> –   73.     ;     .  ____________ 70      .        -  (esko-ruská jednota), ,        .    . .

71      «»,   1921 .    ,    ,   1921-1922 .     ..   . .    18 (7  1921 .) ..    , « »    «».

72      -  Ernst Graf zu Reventlow (1869-1943).

73       -3.

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 III     420 <>   ,      .   1-  (   )   .  <>  .   -    ,    .  ,      ,    .   ,      .      ,    74.   . <>       .    <>-<> .     <>  <> ??75 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 123-126>

-4. <.. – ..  .., .. (  14.02.1922)>  ,              , <>    76.          ,    «» :  ,     ,   «,  ,  »…  : I –  «» –   «<> »77,   ; <>   ,     ,     ____________ 74    ..   .

75 ,    .

76         7  1922 . (-7   IV),       .

77  .    //  .  98. 10  1921. . 2-3; - .    //  .  103. 15  1921. . 3-4.

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 III «  » (, 3  7 II)       ,        78. , « ,   »…       –    … ,   «»       –     79. II –   <>  –  ,   «»  .. , – «»  (?) «» 80. (  ,     <> «»).

III –   81…     ,         .          .     .   - , –       ,      , .,       « ».  «»   – ,    «»,   «»…    –     … , ,   <>  …     «»,        .        . ,     14 II. «     “”?82 ,   ,    .       ?  :   ____________ 78    :  ..   . ( .  ).

I. // . 3  1922;  ..   . ( .  ). II. // . 7  1922.        .. :  .   // .  353  355. 14  17  1922. .       « ».

79    :  . . ( .) // . 10  1922; 12  1922.

80 hb-/H.B. Evrasie, Evrasijci a evrazijství. (Pokus o novou russkou nacionální filosofii.) // Tribuna [], 11.02., 16.02., 23.02.  8.03.1922.      (1885-1939) – - ,    .

81    (1864-1937) –   .  1917           II.     .  1918   -  : Memories & Impressions of War and Revolution in Russia, 1914-1917 (London: J. Murray).

82    .

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 III ,   ,   “”  ,   -    –     ?  :        ,  ,      , ,   ,  ,   “”, –           .         .  –  , , ,   ,   . , “”   ,     –  …?           .   –        . .. , ,         .      (  <> <>-<>!)83   ,             –   .    – .»84 –     ,      «»  (  <> <>?) – «      »85… ,  –        . «»     ,   «   »   ,     ?       …      «<> »,   .    «» ( 1921)  <> NN «<> <>»,      .         ,        ,   « »,  ,   : «,    ?     »,86 – .  «»  ____________ 83   - (1875-1937) – - , ,     .

84      14.02.1922 (-8   IV).

85    10  (-1)     ,         ,      . .  . 131.

86   , 6, 68.

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 III  «  »   , –        …        –   !!     «<> <>» -  «   »  «» –     :        <>    «»  «»;          i87.      « »88. –     .      <> :  <><><> ,    Auseinandersetzung89  . ,  .   -<> : , , , .. <>   …  –       «<>-».    ,       90.      « »,   –  . ,  – «   !!»     –    .       :  8       , , ,  force majeur91. , ó     .. <> – «)   .  -  -   –  .      ; )          ; c) “”        .; )   .. 92   ,          .»     ____________ 87  ..     . I.   (‘   ’   ). II.   //  . .

43. 1922.  4.   , . 172-189.

88  ..      //  . . 42. 1921.  8-9.   , . 104-123.

89  (.).

90   «-»   . «  ».         (-12   IV)    (-5, ).

91   (.).

92    (1887-1950) – , , ,      «».  .. .

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 III     ,    «» –         .  9  ,  -    ,    –  ( )  «»      («»    !).     : 1)    ; 2)    , 3)  : ) 20 . «»  « »  ) 10 .    (Chudobinec)    .    !  . .

Personaliter93 –  –   <> «. »   4-  <?> <> <>          ..    3-494.    .  <>    .-. .  .  (<> ,  ).   <> –       ,    I  <> <>   , <><> <>  95. .  . <>         –    96.       ,     <> <> . . .

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 127-130>

____________ 93    (.).

94        «    » (.  . 88).   8-9  4-  « »  1921 .

95    :  ..           //  . 1922.  1-2. . 193-221.

96  ..   ( ) //  . . 134-146.

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 III -4. <.. – .., 17.02.1922> 17/ II 1922.   ! ,           ,     , ,   «»,   .      <si – A.K.>     .       ,         «»    97.  ,         . ,    ,   «»  - ,     ,    ,      (          )         .   ..    ,  ,         «»  ,  « »    ,        «»,      .    ,  ,       ,             ,      .        …. ,          ,        (    ) .     ,    -      «».       ,   ,        ____________ 97 .  ..   25.01.1922 (-1   II).

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 III    98,    <.>  ,   –  <.> 11  4,     . ,   ,    (14 )    ,    . .       «  »    ,    . <> <>    (        ) ..   .. .99  , -,  ,      -    <> :       -     .  (      !)        ,          …       ,          ,      .    ,     :     (       ) ,      (si!)   ,     ,  ,      . -,               ,     :      – . <> <>      .  ,     ,    ,       <>   .         ____________ 98       26 : «    -    ,      ». .  .     :   . .:  , 2010. . 187.          .

99    (1872-1955) – ,  1923 .    .    [André Grabar] (1896-1990) –   , ,  1922 .   .

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 III  ,                  100    ( ).  «»     ,           <> <>,    (    )          «». <> <> « » –   ,         «»  101.          , ,   ,   ,      .    .        , ò ,  -   ,     «». ,    …  102.      «<> »103: ,  , –         - , .      ,      (   ).   ,     .  o    <>,     «<> »,            … ,  …  104!.. ____________ 100   «   »    « » (1922);    , . 267-294.   " ",   .

101   ,      -3 (  1922).

102  ..    « »  «,    ». . . 7         1921 . (-1   I).

103   – -  ,   1918 .     .        ,   1921 .  ,          . ..             .

104 “” (.).

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 III      15    (« »)105.  , <>   !    ,    106    ,     ,     .  ,   «» – , -,  –     ,   .      -,  (..   ) – ,    , –     ,       .. «», ,   ,       –  (..) ,       .     ,            , -,   .   ,     -  ,   «».     ,      ,   .    , -           ,               .         .  -      .       –     ,    . ,   «»  .     ,       ? ,  ,            ?          ,     ,      -  , ____________ 105    (1888-1938) –    « »     (1921-22).     1923,   .

106    (1890-1937) – , , - ,  1920   ,     .     1935,     1937 .

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 III  ò    .         «    »,          107.            ,    –  .        :       «», –  ,        «»    . , ..  . , –  .    .  ..

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-5. <.. – .., 23-24.02.1922> 23/II 1922 v Praze

  ,    10 <>     <> <>     : -,       ,  <><>     108.    .  ,         «», –   ,  ,       ,  ,      II    III-.      ,     –        –   ____________ 107     ..  -   : .  .     . : YMCA Press, 1931.

108      . .  . 131   -5.

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 III  . ,   ,  (IV ).    ,       .      «»         ,             ,   «» – .      :     ,      ,      «» «»    «-».      «»   ;      « »      109,        ,        .     «dulce et decorum»  «latrocinium bene fundatum»110, –    ,    .       . –        ,       ,    - ‘fachgelehrter’ 111.               . –     .    :      ,       ,        «»   112.     ,     .    .   «   ».   – Praha IV, Konnikova?    –  113.   ?   ? –     « ____________ 109    (1888-1934)     (1896-1969?) –       .

110 “  ” (.)  “  -” (.) –                 .

111 “-” (.).

112        [Steiner],   . .

113    (1844-1925) –     ,  1920  1922 .    .

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 III  »  <>  , –        .   3-.

(1920 .)  <-> <>  –   .    <>-<>   <>  –  .      «<> <>»; ,    .  , .  – <>   <> 114, Herr Doctor von Eurozaitzev aus Heidelberg und Schklov115, 116  .        : «,     ».    – «»      117.                  <>,  .    ,          « »   «  »,    …  ,        – « ,   »118. <>     .  -      , –     .     119, –    «-».  <>  «»    «   ____________ 114    (1888-1984) – .

115   .. . : «       » (.)

116    (1879-1964) – , , .    1920- .     .

117  ( . «» –    ) –  ,  -      .

118   28,1.   : « ,      ».

119    (1888-1973) – ,   ,      .

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 III  » –    120.      «»121, – ,     : ,      .  .     «» . , ó  , –   .         . –  122      . –     ,  , –  .  <>    .   .   . .    –  ,      .   , –    ,     . . .      .      ,       17/II.          .  <> <> <>   ,  <>  .  «<>»    <>    .  <> .       <> 123      <>    .  « » .

24 II. 1)   – <>  , – 3 .   ’ (<>-<> 1922, I, 4-5),        124.    ____________ 120  ..      // . 1922.  1.   , . 74-86.

121         , .    -2.

122    (1888-1977) – , , .  1921  1944   .

123 . . 103.

124  . ,    // .  (1921-22).  4-5. . 290-299.

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 III  <>  , <>   . 125, –     .

2)     <> «Tribuna»126.

3)   «»      <><>  ,     ,       «»127,  <>   . ( , –  <>,  -  <>  , –      <>).         ,      -  , <><> : « ,    ,                .» –  ,              .  <>  «»        .

4)       – <>, <>, <>,    ,         . ,       , <>     .         ,    <> <>   <>   « <> ».   «».

5)  «<>»    .

6)   <> .

7)      <> , <><>      (  ).            ____________ 125   (1881-1960) –    .

126 . . 80.

127     ..  «  ».        24.02.1922 (, . 551)  «»           (   )      «».   .

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 III .      -   <.>,                <> , ó        .         .        –     .    ..  . , <><>  .   ..

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 131-133>

-5. <.. – .., 28.02.1922>   !      ,       -fortissimo       « »,  -    ,         .  ..     ,     3 .      ,     ,  .      ,        ,    ,      ( 128)   ,    ,    ,  ,     ,  ,    ,      .      ,                       «». ,     ,    «»,    ,    ,        ,      ____________ 128       .

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 III  .   ,            .   ,  ,  ?    .  , c’est quelqu’un129,  ,  -  130  .  ,   « »    , , ,           .      , –      :   (     !).   .  ,      ,     .    ,      .        ,     , .           .  ..        ,     ,  -  .      (       !),        .    ( ,         -  131     )         (  ), , ..        ,  ,      ,        ,    . ,      :     ,     «   ».         - ,          .  ,  ,        ,    ,   .        ,          .      ____________ 129 : «  -» (.). ..   .

130    (1898-1960) – , .

131    . .  . 85.

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 III ,                   , –           ,          ,   132.     ,   ,   ,             ,  ,      ,  <> <>     .     (     )       «  »133,       ,     . -  (       )        <> <>, ,        .  -    ,     ,        (,  ) ,      - .       ,      .    , ,        ,      .  ,      .     , –  :         ,    .   - ( ),       . ,       ,    !   –    .  ,     .       ,    ,    ____________ 132   «‘’  ‘’    »,    “ ”,   “      ”.   :  ..    . .: , 1996. . 24.

133     ()   « » (1921, . I-II),   .     :  ..  . .: , 1997. . 141-160.

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 III    ,      . ,  .         .    ,     ,    23 : ..        ,         .  , ,   (  ,   4- ),       ..134.     ,  «  »135  ,     «        -,          »136.    «   »137,    : «                                  ,        - , –  -              ,      ,           »138. ____________ 134

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   (1863-1937) –    ;    (1868-1937) –    ;   (1868-1944) –  ,   ;    (18831945) –  ;    (1879-1959) –    ;    (1881-1954) –     . “ ” .  . (.) “...         ,        ” (.) “ ” (.) “...                  ,               ,          , –      ,                        .” (.)

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 III   , .     :    ,   ,     «     »,  ,   ,   …  . ..   ,      ,     .  ,      .   ,      ,   : )    ( )   ,  )           ( – ).       <?>     : )   ,  )     ( ,    <>  <>   ).             ,     .    ,      .         ,        .      .    20-.     – .            139,    ,  ,   –  . , ,      . « »140   .      ,     .       , ,  –   . - «   »    . ,    ,   141. ____________ 139 ., ,      22.02.1922 (-2   I).

140      «   ».

141       « »,   1921 .        -     . , ,  ,   . « »     , « »  «  ».        .         1960   . .

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 III    142   . «  .»  . 28/II 1922 .

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-6. <.. – .., .. (   1922)>   !    143.    ,     (,  . 16-17     ,   ),        . ..    ,       :   .      ,    (    ).     .  .  ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

____________ 142     . « »  .. . («  [ ]».)

143   «   ».

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 III -6. <.. – .., 16.3.1922> 16/III v Praze   ,     ,   .    ,    ,  ó   . –    ,    , ó   .       .        ,    , – ,         . –    -<><>  <>    ..  «   », –  ,       .   –        , <>    <> «».     <> 144,     « »,  « ».      , <><>  ,   .     – «»  ,       ,     ,    .      :   ,     ,     ,     ,   ,   - . –        emphase’145  , ..            .       .   -  ,       146.     .    , ____________ 144 .  (, 1863-1936)      ,        .

145  (.).

146      ..  «  »    « »  3  1921 .

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 III ,   ,      .        – -       –  ,   . ..   ,       ,     « »  ..          .   advocatus diaboli147   ,       .  ,      ,        ,   ,       ,  ,      ..  –  ,     . –        .   , ,    +     148.   ,    :           .     ,      .       .             .    -      –     -149.       , – ,  ,            ,            .        ,    ,   –           .         –    .          ,    «»  «»   ____________ 147 “ ” (.) –  ,     .

149    (1872-1958) –   ;    (1866-  1943) –   ;    (1869-1944) – .

149 . . «».     //   , .. 8,  7 (1923), 523-528  .. 8,  8 (1923), 587-592.

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 III    ,       . ,  <><>  ,     , ..     N   –     .     <>    five o’clock. .       «».   , –  ,     ,     <.>  .   ?      ?  . <> .   .     –      <> .     <> <> <>  150.  –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: _5783_1_312_134-135>

-7. <.. – .., 29.03.1922> 29/III 1922

  !   «»         ,    .   ,       ,        . ,      .          .      . 9-10      : ,    ____________ 150  ..   . . 1-2. : , 1913.

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 III           - .  ,    ,     (     )        ,     .        .        ,             «,  »151.  ,      ,  ,     .     -.     ,   .    « »?  - - . ?     ,    ( ,        ), –     ?      ,   ,      .   : ,   ,      ;        ,      ,   . ,       .  ,       ,    .   .    « ,  ». .. , ,      .       .  1-  , ,  .        1- ,      .   – . ..             .       ,   «»152; ____________ 151     «»,    .           «»,     « »; . «  ».

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 III  , ,    :      37  - ,     ,   .     153,     .      :   ,   ,   ,   - .  , -,   : «  », «,    », « –  », –   - -, ,  154…         - -,  « »,     -     ..     ,            .  ,  ,       -       155.  -      . ,   ,   ,       ,   .     , ò . .    ,  «     »,  ,        .     :  <>   «  »  , ,    « » (si!).      <>,       . ____________ 153   (, 1880-1961)        .  1925 .   .     ,   1927 .     .

154 “ ” –    ,     . ( – - ,   1918           .)

155  ,     « »,     ,    .. .   ,        .

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 III     .   :     .    ,  – .     . ..          curriculum vitae   « ».    . , ,     ,   (-)    .. ,       ,       ,    .     , ,        ( ..    .. ).           ,    « »    (=   ).    ,        .  , ,       . ,     .   :    . ,  .     .    . . P.S. « »    .      ! .. < : .. – ..>

  ,       .     ,      –   .    ,     156,        ,      –  ,             .         ,   12 ,   , , -,  .     ,     ____________ 156   .. .

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 III     ,     –   ,       ,    ,   . - ,         – ,    - ,  .      ,      ,   .  , y,       ,    ,    ,    ? ,    ,         .   .    .. ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-7. <.. – .., 14.04.1922> 14/IV  ,      ,         - , –         .    <> <>    «»  , – ,     ,           .        ,    ,    ,             –   .         ,             . –     157.    ____________ 157       (1893-1977)  27  1922 .

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 III    <> <>, <><>   .  <>    <> <> ,     .  <>-<>     .. .  I <>   , <>  (. 1920)    .     <><>  <> <> <>;        <> <>  <> (1902)158. <> <>,  ,      « » . <> <>, <>   <>!    <> <>       159.         <> <>        . , <>,  ,          ,      .  .  160.  . .

P.S.      !?!   .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 136-136>

-8. <..  .. – .. , .. ( 1922)>   !     ,          (,    ,    ____________ 158     ..  «   » (  .  . . 1. 1920. . 189-208),         .. .

159  ..  « »     1918  «  ».     1925   : .  .  . :  «», 1925.

160   .. .

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 III )   .         .      161,    ,       ,    .    ,  ,     ,  -  !       ,      .    –   ,      ,  -      .    ,  !          ,        <> .        ,            .    . . ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-8. <.. – ..  .., 10.05.1922> 10/V v Praze      ,               .   , ,  ,    <> <>  ,    ,    , –         162.    ____________ 161  ,  .. .

162   ..   22  1922 .,                  ,         . . . . 5783. . 1. . 390. . 8-10.

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 III      , –       <> <> <>     ,  ,    , ,   163.  ,                    .   164        <> <>, –            165.     .     <>-<>      (« »)  , <>   –      ,      ,    . –       ..    -.        ,      166.    .. <>.       «  ».          ,        .     .                 ,     . .        .     .  ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 137-138>

____________ 163      , « ».

164     .. .

165    :  ..      //  .

1922.  4. . 129-146 (. . 87).

166    :  ..   :   . :  . , 1922.

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 III -9. < .. – ..  .. , 18.08.1922. >  !     ,        .    .   : )   ,   , )     , )         (  ,   ,          ), )     Jugoslavia ( S.H.S.), Bled (Slovenia), Villa Buria,   1-  – Oesterreich, Baden bei Wien, Marchetstrasse 78 ( –    <> <>), )    ,     ,    , )      .  «» ,   < >   .   .     . ,  . , .  .  18/VIII 1922 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-10. < .. – ..  .. , 27.08.1922>  !      ,   ,   . ,     .   :    .     ,   .     .    ,      ,      ;  ,    ;        ( 85

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 III  ).     ,   ,  <> Meillet167;     ,  :  ,         .                 168.   ,      ,  ,    ,      -,            169.  –   .       .     ,         ,    ,   ,        .   ,      «  ».  ,   ,      ,          ,  ,          ,           , ,     ,         .  ,            «    »,  ,   . ..      ,      -    ?  !          (     ,  ,   . ),   :    , ,   ,      .         , ,  ,     ,  ,      ,           .      ,   ____________ 167 Antoine Meillet (1866-1936) –  ,    .

168    . «  »  « ».   , . 307-318.

169   «    »  . «  ».

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 III                 .  , -,      ,     , , .       ,    .  ,  ,     .  ,    ,   .  ,   . , ,   :     ,       .      .  –    ,        ,    .  ,  .       .           .  ,   ,   .  , ,  – ,     ,      –  .     ,    – « »,     ,   .   .      ,      ,         ,   ,  ,   ( )   «,  »  « ».   ,  ! ! , ,     :   .170 ( «») –   ()  ,   - .         –  ,         ,  , -,   ,    ,      .         .    - -  (<> . ____________ 170    (1872-1928) –  .  .         «  ».

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 III ?)171,  -  .  172 ,       ,  «  »  «  »,            .            ,             .             . , ,   , ,       ,    ,        . ..     , ,    ..        , ,   (       ,       ),   ,     .       ,      .        ,            ,           : )  : 1)          <> <>   ; 2)      ,         (    ); )  :  ,            ;       XIX , ò   .      ,          ,      ,  ____________ 171    (.  , 1892-1933) –   ,  ,     ,    .   .

172      –    - (1898-1977).   1920- .     (.  ..   :  , .5 [1994], . 501), -     . « ».  30-         -.

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 III     , –     :  ,      ,                .   ,                «»,               ,               .       ,      ,         .     <> 173,       Ausflug.   ,      .     1/4 ,        . ,     :  ,  ,  !    .             .   , ,       ,      .        ,         :    ,  !    . ,  .   ,    .        ,      .    <>  : ,   !      ,    .     –      .    ,        ,   . ,     ,    .    ,       .  ,  ,     !   ,     ____________ 173    (1878-1963) – , .      (,     //  . 1922. . VIII-XII. . 83-101),     (   « » //  . 1923. . I-II. . 300-306.      , . 166-171).

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 III       ,     … ,    !    .    ,   .   ,      :   . ,   .               ,     .        –  . , -     (Bled, Villa Buria),       –    <> <> (Baden bei Wien, Marchetstrasse 78).  –  . , ,   o .    . 27/VIII 1922 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-9. <.. – .., 22.09.1922> . 1922.IX.22   ,    .. <>174,     .       .    , <><>   ..  <><>    ?      -  ,    . ..      –    175.    , –    :    <>     .        .  ____________ 174    (1892-1968) –   .. .

175             1922 .

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 III    , -     .      .  <><>: <>, , 176.  !  <>     .    (  perf. pass.)  <> <> –  , <> <>177,  , .  4. IX    <>     .       –   ! –      Uebersberger’, –  ,     ,     «», –   , <>  Osteuropäische Geschichte – Hötzsch’  Goetz’ (<>  ,      178).    ,   ,       ò   ;           . ,     ,   , ,      .       .    «»    .      –  ,  .   <>  Co. –    .     –   <>    –  ,      <> 179 –      –  <>  –  5-8 –  : «,   ».   <>  ( ,   II . Untergang’ ?!180),    <>,  – .        –  <>       «» <>       <> ____________ 176    «  » (1923).

177    (1884-1968) – -,  1923 .      .

178            : Hans Uebersberger (1877-1962), Otto Hoetzsch (1876-1946)  Leopold Karl Goetz (1868-1931).

179     (1922-1938) – -    .

180   : Spengler O. Der Untergang des Abendlandes. Umrisse einer Morphologie der Weltgeschichte. Bd. II: Welthistorische Perspektiven. München: C.H. Beck, 1922.

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 III .  -  -…      ?  , ..        .    .  ,  .  <>  <>181.  <>   .   . .

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 139-140>

-11. < .. – .., 10.10.1922>   !  ,         182    .  ,    .     ,  p, ,  ,  ,      .          .   ,                     ,     ,        (-, «») .  ,  -  , ,     « »,   ,    ,     -      ,  -  ,        -,  ,       ,     ,   (    )   ____________ 181    –  .. .     ,      .

182 .  . 65.

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 III     . -       ,  (?)     ,       ..,  ..,  ..! ..  , ,       ,  -       , y,   –  . ,          ,                 .        ,      .   ,      Y,              : , !  !   : « !»  -   .         183,         « ».         ,   ,     184.  , ,  ,  , ,   : ,       -.        ,        . .  ,     -,          .         (    ), –      ,      . , -,     ,    -:    « », ,  ,           ?     ____________ 183     (1872-1926)         ,     « »  .

184    (1874-1940) –   .    (1869-1947) –   ,   40 ,   4-   «     » (1921-22).

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 III  ,      ,               ( -o),      185.                  « »,       .    ,   ,    .    -  (   ),           , ..   ,     ,  – :    6  ,        : «   ».   186,   . ,   ,         . ,         .      . -187?   :    .          , ..        . , ,         .   ,   . <>          ,   Handelskammer188, ,      , ,    15000   –          10000,  <> – 2000!      .        ,  .  , <>   .  –   ,     . -     : ____________ 185 .       27.08.1922 (-10)   , . 198-200.

186   (, 1868-1946) –  1922      .

187 .   - (1840-1939) –   .      1922      ,  .    ,       .

188   (.).

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 III      .      ,     ,      . ,   ,     .  .    . ,         .  .  10/ 1922 Kaiser Franz Ring 21, Baden bei Wien.

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-10. <.. – .., 27.12.1922> Praha. IV. Keplerova ulice, Hotel Savoy, . 17.

14/27 XII. 1922.   ,         .  ,         . ,              .       , ..                  .       .- <>     «»  ,    .  <>      .        <>  Ko.   <>   , , ,       189.  , ,       ____________ 189    (1883-1963) – -,    ,     .   ..           (3  1923 .).

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 III    -        –         ,     .      <>   <> –    <>  <>,    <>-  . ..    <>    , ,  ,   ,      . <>  <>  190.  <>   , ,       .  .    .  <>    :    . <>  « », <>  <> <>  (<> 2 ),    <> <>   <> <> <> (   <>)  . .      –  <> <>, <>     ,   «<>   -<>  XIX .»   –  ,  . ,  <><>   Maistre191.    ,   –   !     <> –      :        .      ,    ,   6-8. .. ó    .   <>   ,      –   ,  <>           192.   ,              <>,    <> , <>     <> ____________ 190            1922 .

191      Louis Claude de Saint-Martin (1743-1803)  Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821).

192    . «  »  « »;      .   . .: . . . , 2002. . 165-181.

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 III <>   <> «». . .    –   , ,    193. -  .         . .    ,   <> <>. <> <>  .    .              .  –   . .  .  . .   <>  <> <> ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 140-141>

-12. < .. – .., 01.01.1923>   !

O ,        .    .     -      ,     ,   .      .      ,           .        «»194 , -  (     ,    ):       ,      .      ,       .        ,     ____________ 193     ..  « »,    «  ».

194  1923       «.      ».

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 III .       .   .    .         ,      .   ,  -o,     .     . ,   ,        ,       ,     -       .           .   ,  ,  .       ,     « »     ,      .     ,  «    ».                .        .         ,       .         : 1)  , – 2)   , – 3)    , – 4)  , – 5)     , – 6)  , – 7)   , – 8)     , – 9)     , – 10)    IX- ., – 11)       , – 12)       . -  ,    -   (?),       .      1, 3, 4  8 (        ), ,  ,  11.        ,        .         .         « ».       -o98

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 III  ( ,  – Hotel Beau Rivage, Cannes, Alpes Maritimes, France )   ..  ( 8  Baden-Baden, Villa Menschikoff). -,  .  , ò     .         . ,          <>195.         196.   .    .  .  .  Baden bei Wien Kaiser Franz-Ring 21 1/I 1923 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-11. <.. – .., 01.02.1923> Praha IV. Keplerova ulice 8. Hotel Savoy, islo 17.

1923.II.1.   ,             – <>           –     .   « »  -        «»  « »,         --

____________ 195        ..    .

196    (1866-1933) – , ,    .  1923 –      .    (1870-1965) –   .     .

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 III         .                .        ,   :            ( <>  Moehler’197, <>    , « » ,   ..)   ,       .          ,   ,   ..   <>198 750000  <>        <>    150 <>, ..    .   <>  <>     ,     .    ,        –   .      . - .   ,  ,          199. –      : I.     . ,       <> .   40 <>   .         .  –    –  :  120-150 (200-300 .)  ;     (YMCA200 –  ,    ..),    . :   ;          , <>    .          I-II  20 ,    .     : ) <> «» –  ,   (),    .. ____________ 197 Johann Adam Möhler (1796-1838) –   .

198    (1895-1938) – ,   ,      .

199   o    (1891-1974)    «      »,   . «  ».

200 .   65.

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 III )  –           (    ?)          «»     <>  (      :     !); ) <> –          <>       ; )  –      (   :         -  ); )  – « » (  ), – «   », – «  »  .. (      ,    ,     «»     «»,   ); )  –     <> <> (  )   <> 201  –     –    (. á202)    <> ; )  –  <>    <> (   ); )  –        –   –      «»;   ; ) <>- – ó-  <>;–    ,      : )  –   «»  (),      (),  – ! –  <>     (!); )  –        ; ____________ 201     ,    :  ..    . : , 1925.

202 Luis de Molina (1535-1600) –    .

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 III )  –             <> ; ) 203 –      <> .     .      ,  <> «<>  » (I )     <> …204    .    .

II.    <>   Apc<> - <>-<>          <> :  –  -,  - – , , –  ( )  <>   <> .    <>  (  <>   .): )     ( = ); )      ; )       ; )      ; )     ; )     ; )  ; )   ; )  ; )   ; ) - ; ) - ; )  ; )  ; )    ,    – ____________ 203    (1871-1935) –    .   .

204   :   :  - . :  , 1923.            (1890–1971),     .

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 III « ».     ;   : )       <>       (.); ) <>       ()    . ; ) <>   Acta martyr<um>205    (); ) <>    206. ; ; ) <>   Confessiones ; ) -  <>, <> <> <>,  ,   <> ; ) <>   «. .  .»207 – , <>,   .  : <>, 208 (<> ), , , –   .  –   <>  <>-<>    ,     <> . ,    YMCA     <> <>:  « »     …  :     . –  <> <>  «.»209, ..,      <> «<>  <.>»           .

(II)    (I).  ,   ,  <> <>      . !  <> ? . <>   <> <> ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 142-145>

____________ 205   (.).

206       « »       (550-619).

207     .

208    (1890-1980) – .

209     .

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 III -12. <.. – .., 07.04.1923> Praha. IV. Keplerova 8. Hotel Savoy 16-17.

1923.IV.7- III.25.   ,  ,   ,   .       .   , ,      ?    , ,  ,   .        -. ..      .         –     .. <C>.     «»    :   – , <>   (        );   –     (  –     ).      . ,        ,        , –       -    .     ,  ,      ,      ,  «»     . ,     . ,   <><>  – --, –     .          , –  «»     .   ,             . –      II- <> ( ) «», –           : ,       ,    ..      «»   104

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 III     ,   «  »   « »,        «».   ,          (,   !)  :   ( )     (.. <>     «»   . .  ( ?)210  . .),    .   …  ,        , – ,  ,  .  ,     –   «»,   .. , ,   ,     «». ..    ,            .    (  ) ,            .       ( ! .. <> )      . ,         <>  .   .     , <>  <>      .  .      .   . . <> <>    .

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 146-147>

____________ 210    (. – . ) (1868-1957) – , .     :  .   . (  ) / . ... : «», 1923.

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 III -13. <.. – .., 01.05.1923> IV.18-V.1.1923.

Praha, IV. Keplerova ulice, 8, –Hotel Savoy, . 16-17.   ,     ,      –        ,   ,  ,   ,  -   .  ,  ,       ; , «   »,    , ,  «»  ,      .   ,    ,     «»  «»           . ,   –   .           «» ,   , –      «», –     ,     ,   «»:     .    –  ,   ,   –  ,   –  .      « »       –   ,   (    ,   ó   ,   ), –  ,     .   ,      «»,    , :     .  ,           ; ,   <>      ,  ,           .  I- ()  «»             -  -.        .     .   106

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 III  , .., ,    ,   .  ,  .      (, <>  <>)     (    :  «»     –   <> –   , <> –  « »)?  -  <>,            .     ,  «» .   –       ,      : 1. <> ó  ?

2. <> , <>  .

3. <>   <.> 4. <> <> .

5. . .  (4)     . –   , –   .  , ,   ,  « »!   ,           : «  ». –        :     «»          .   (<>  ) «  »  « »  (  ) –       (  )    , «» ex Oriente lux’211.   Spengler’ (II !), Pannwitz’, Keyserling’,    Weisheitsschule    ,   ,     212.   , ,           ,   .         «»,      , ,   , , ____________ 211    (.).

212        Rudolf Pannwitz (1881-1969)  Hermann Alexander Graf Keyserling (1880-1946).  1920 .     « » (Schule der Weisheit).

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 III   «».    «»  .   «»   «»,  :   ,      - ,        ,    .     ,            :  -   «», –    - ,       . «»       ,       – -   …   , –   ,      ,     ,   –    «»?!  – II  «», .    « » .  , ,   , –    –  .     ,      - (   !) – . –     : 12 <> 1.  <> –    ( , –  ;     .)

48.

2. <> –    .

12.

3. <> –    <>  (?)

32.

4. (. .. ?) – <>  .

32.

5. <> – <>  .

48. { 6. . – <> . { 7. –––––––-  .

24.

8. (?)213. – , <> <>  ( ).

24.

9. . – , <>  .

24.

10. (.. )214. –    .

32.

11. . – <>  . ____________ 213    (1856-1937) – ,  .

214    (1888-1943) –   .

108

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 III 32.

12. (?)215 –   .

24.

13. (?)216 –   ().

32.

14. (?) – ,   .

32.

15. (.. <>) –  .   25  .      ,     ,   -.  ,      : 1)  –       ,  <>    ; 2)      ( !)   ,   –     ; 3)    «»  :      <>,     ,   :   ,    «» – ;   – ,   ,     ,    ;        ..      ;  –          ,  <>     ;  –    (<> 217,  <>-<>   );     .     <>      :       , –    .       ó----     ?     ,     ,    .    ! ,      .     ó-   -  , .         .       .  !  ____________ 215    (1882-1952) – -  .

216    (1875-1951) –   .

217          (1864-1920).

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 III  ,       , –       ,     .  ,  , –    –   –  ; ,   « »   ,       .       .  . ..       ,           .       !     !  <> <.>  . . .

P.S.  ,   «», –     «».         «». ! .     ,   ,    «».

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 148-151>

-13. < .. – .., 15.05.1923>   !          ,           .        ,   .   .    ,           .         3   .   ,     ,     -   ,     ,    3  5,    ,   .      , ..     110

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 III    ,          .    ,    , -    (  <> ), -      <>   -   <>        Nebenfach’218 <> .   ,    ,    ,       <>  ,  , «»        ,    Nebenfach’      ,     .           ,    .  –   ,            .   ,   ( <> -7,  <> 12),        .         ,      .      ,     ,       ,   .       ,   , ,        ,   .     .   ,          .    ,       . <> <>    ,        <>   ,  ,  -  (     , !)      (  ).         ,     ! ,    :    ,     .     ____________ 218 Nebenfach =  ( )   (.).

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 III    .     ,     45   -  -,     - ,    (          ).      ,    ,        .     .      .    .       ,        .  –   ,     ;  -, ,   ,       ,     .  ..       ,        ,   .       :      .    « »,   – ,      ,      ,         ,   .   ,          ,     ,      .      . «»    .     ,   .,    ,        .        ,      :    « »  .         ,     ,   ,    ,  ,    .      ,       ,     ,  ,       -   .  ,            . ,   ,   ,  –  .  ,      112

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 III             ,       ;        ,      – .  –  ,  –      .                 <> <>219      «<>  »220.  ,   <>    . <> <>,             ,  ,    ,       ,    ,        .    ,      ,     ,     « ».       «  »   .  ,    .      ,    .  , -, ,       :        ,      ,     ,   ..    ,  ,    ,   , .       -     «»     ,    «» .         .           ,       ,            .     ,   ,   ____________ 219 .  . 173.

220        « ». .   :  - . :  , 1923, .

233-235.

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 III        .  ..        «»,       .   ,   .       ,        ,    .     ,   ,         ,      <>  :  221 –  ,       . -       , -     ,    .     ,      ,     “”. ,     ,      .    ,        .   ,         ,      ,         222. <> <> ,        .  ,            .  ,  , ,          .      :  – ,  – .    ,  ,    .  , ..  «  ».  ,       ,    , ,     ,  ,      .           -  (,    ,           ____________ 221   «    »   « » (. 3, 1923);   , . 327-338.

222 «   », . « » (1922).

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 III     - ), –    . , ,  ,   ,           ,          .  , ò     .      ,   ,     .       ,     ,    ,   -          ,     .     ,   ,   ,             .       ,  ,   -    ( ,        ).  –  .        .   –  .      . . “”,   ,    :   .            .           . ,               - .  .     .     ,   .      .   –  .     :    ,     (  ,    ,  ,     , –    ),     (    )           (       );  –  ,    .    ,  .      .     , ,      115

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 III ,  ,     .        .     (.     ,      .)       , , ;     ,           .       ,    ,   .      ,       .         ,     .   .  ,    .      ,            .   ,    ,     . ..             ,          ,     ,      .        «  »    ,    .      , ..     ,  223,   <>         .    .    .   .  .  . Baden bei Wien Wienerstr. 24 15/V 1923 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY> ____________ 223    (. “”, 1880-1942) – -   « ».

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 III -14. <.. – .., 01.09.1923>  <> 1923. VIII. 19 / IX.I.   ,  ,      , ..        :  .       :  3-       ,    <> ,      <>  224.        , ..  –  -      .  , ,           –    <> <> .    . -  <>    <> , , , .. <>        .    , .. - <> <>        « »  .      ,    ,   ,          .     :  .     <>  . ,   .. <>        .     ,     . <> <> <>           d’Herbigny  <>225. ____________ 224    Görbersdorf ( Sokoowsko  )    .. , ..   .. . ,    ,            ,  24  1923 .         «     ».

225 ,           (1847-1917)  .   Un newman russe: Vladimir Soloviev (1853-1900).

Paris, 1911 – ,    Michel d' Herbigny (1880-1957).

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 III .  .  . .

Praha IV (Hradany) Keplerova ulice 8, Hotel Savoy, . 16-17.

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 152-152>

-14. < .. – .., 14.09.1923>   !      ,   ,   , –   :  , –     <> < >     226.    , ,  .      ,   .          , «  ».    ,     .     .             .  -      .       ,      . «  »   , ,    ,    .  ,       ,     - .  ,  –      ,    «  » –   ,    ,    -  ,    .     ,     ,  ,   .      .      ,  ,  , – , -,  ,   .    ,   ,         . ,  ____________ 226     6  1923 .,       «  »           « ». .  -4   V.

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 III     , -   .      :         ,     .      .     - ,   ,    ,   ,     .     ,     .  ,     ,   ,    alter ego:    alter eg'         - ,    alter eg’      ..   -,         , , ,    ;     ,      .     ,   ,    alter g’,        . , ,    .   ,     .   ,  ,   ,     ,   , ,        ,   , .           ,    ,              ,   ,    - .  ,  -  ,      ,     .        ,   ,      ,   ,                   ,    - .   ,  ,        ,   .   ,     ,    .                ,    «   ».    119

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 III  ,            .   ,   .        .    ,       –  ,     –     .   ..<>       ,   .    ,    – ,    ,     ,     .  ,   ,      (     ,   )    ,     .  ,   - - .  – .      ,      , ,   ,  ,     <>,      .         ,  ,    ,      ,   .   ,      ,     .       .    , ,   ,          ,      , –         .    ,      ,    ,     . ,  ,      ,        «»,    .    ,         ,      ,      -   ,   .            ,          .     -  , ..       ,       .  ,    -. ,    .      ,    «<>  <>»,      .    «»        120

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 III « »227. ,   .    ,         .  , -        .    ,           ,      «-».  ,        ,     -    « ».    «»   .  :  ,         .       .    .    :   ,    ,     ,         .  ,     .  ,        ,   ,    .   ,   :        .   ,     ,          .  .    .    «» . Win I, Dorotheergasse 12 III 14/IX 1923 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

____________ 227  ,  «  »,   « »  1921 . (. I-II).      ,  . .: , 1997. . 141-160.

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 III -15. <.. – .., 17.10.1923  22.11.1923> < –   >

SOCIÉTÉ DES ÉTUDES RUSSO-ORIENTALES228 PRAGUE-TCHÉCOSLOVAQUIE

17 X 1923 Praha IV – Hradany, Keplerova ulice 8, Hotel “Savoy”, islo 16 neb 17.

  ,         .    «»    , «  ,  »229.          :     ,     ,     - - .          , — ,  230    ,  -  ,    «<> ».     ,   « », — ..     ,    «»,   .     -          ,      ,     ,     .   ,       -, «     ,   ».     «», — ,    .      ,   — . , ,—     .        ____________ 228       1923 .      ,  : « - » (Société des études russo-orientales).

229     .  « » (1898).   – “ ,  ”.

230 ,    ,   (.).

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 III    . ,     ,  ,    .  «»   «»    .     .         ,    «»,          .       , —  ,    .  ,    ,       ,  , ,   ,         .        ,     ,       ,     —  «», épater le bourgeois231.     .      . ,  ,               ,   ,     .   .  ,           -.        .           .         . .          . <>,  ,  <>  «»   .           .   «» <>   , –      . <>        <><> .      <>          <.>       .       ,    <>     <>, –  ,    - ,      -,     ,      proprio motu232 ____________ 231 : “ ” (.), ..      .

232    (.).

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 III   .   ,    ,   : ,    ,      ,      .   « »   .       .       .  , ,        . ,  ,      .           ,    <>,   <> 233 ,      , <>     .      .    ,  .  .     , – ,   .    ,    .   …   .       ,   :  ,    ..       ,                        ,   -.     234,     ,    –  …    ,        ?!        «».     «».         « », —  , , , .  <>    .      ,     …       ,   ..,      …       .      ____________ 233                               .      ,     ,  .. ,   1925 .   « » (. 4)   «».     ,  , . 81-98.

234       ..  «».

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 III ,       ,      ,   ,    ,     ,     .         ,      . -    <>   .  «»,          .        !   .       ,         … ,      .     …   ,   ,     .    ,    ,     ,         ,  ,     ,       ..       ,      .          .                  .   .  «»    - :           ,    …    ,       ,   ,      .      ,    .    ,   .  , ,   .     ,       .    !     <>-<>    <><>  <>  (..  ,   ) – «      »235.       :            ____________ 235  48,10. .           :  .   [1899] // .. .    . .: , 1990. . 1. . 82.

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 III        « »…         ,        . ,   .    ,     ,     .    «», –    …   . ?          ,   . ?      .      …     ,    «<> »    «».     .        .     .          .      «».    «».  «»  «».      <>       ,                ,     .     . <>   «».     .    .   ,      ,   «»   <> <.> -,   ,  . ,         casus belli  impedimentum dirimens236.   ,           <> ,    ó-    <> ?     .  <>   ,  YMCA, «»,   .     !      ?  ,      <> <>,  <>237,    , , .   ,   <> ____________ 236        (.).

237       ,  1-7  1923 .     (Perov).    .   . ..      168 (1993). . 21-32.

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 III . 238,    ,  <>   expressis verbis239     ,    <> .             … « »  ,     <>,    !   ,     ,    <> .    !     ,   ,    <>  ,  «<> <>».    ,     ,  -   <>  ,      .    ,       ? , –    ,        . –  .  <> . .  . .

22.I.1923.  ,     . ,         ,   ,   .     .           <>,     ¬.  ,    .     , ,  ,        ,   ,    .   ,  (1)   <>     <>   <> (2)  <>   .    <> <> <>,  <> <> <>, –  ,    YMC’. ,            “”  .    .        .      ____________ 238 E.  () (1880-1961).

239   (.).

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 III       .   <>          ,   <> .     .    . ,   ,     , ..       .        .     ,        . ,                   .    ,     . –   ,  <> .     ,      .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: « »  168 (1993). . 65-71; .  . . . 30. . 17-19>

-15. < .. – .., 26.11.1923>   !    -    ,       ,     .  «»       .  ,       .      , , ,  ,       :  -          .    ,    «»,        ,     ,    , –       ,    ?  , ,   –  (       ),      .  ,           128

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 III  ,       .           ,          ,     .  ,                  .         ,    ,    ,          :         .        -      .  ,   ,        ,    ,       ,       ,        .     -,          ,       ,          ..,  ..? – .  ,      ,    ,    ,        .      ,          . ,       ,       .     ,           ,      ,  ,  -      . ,   ,    ,          .              ( «»)       , ..    .  ,          ,    ,         129

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 III ,  () .   ,     :             . ,   «»          (  ) .  :     , ,   ,        -      ,    ,  ,    ..,      ,      ;     ,      «»,    – - , «    ».  :    ,  ,   ,    ;           ,  ,  ,  ,    ;  ,        ,   ,    ,     -,         ,  ,   ,       ,     .  , , .             , ..    ,         .      ,         .    ,  ,   ,    ,  , .. ,    « ».  ,  ,     « »      .             ,        .  ,   ,                      .    130

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 III     XIX   ,        - ,   ,   ,       ,     ,       .    « », ..  ,    ,    :            -  –      ,  ,    « »;       –            .         ? ,   .  ,       .   ,      ,     ,     -.   ..  ,       .      , –  .              .        ,          . , , ,         «».  ,       :   ,         ;   ,      , , ,       ,      .    ,     ,           .         ,      ,       . ..              ,           ,  131

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 III ,    ,  , ,    ,    ,   - ,      .    :  ,    .       -   ,     ,          «», «», «»,  ..,      .  ?  ,       ,          ,      -  . ,     ?  – «  »?         ,        «»    : « »?   « »   ,   ,            . ,    «»      ,           ,  ,           .         «- »,      . , ,      .       Y   ,     ,    .   ,    ,  «  », ..    ,   -,    .           :      ,          .     .    ,        ,  ,          .    , ,      , ,     ,                  , ..      ,  132

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 III     ,   ,     .         , ,          ,    ,       ?         -       ,                  !      ,      (  <>    ), ,   ,    ,      ,      ,    .       ,     ,   , ,  , –     «».    «»  ,      .     .    ,   ,    .      .                 .  ,    ,  ,      .   ( ,   )   :     .   ,   ,     ,   .  ,    . <>,  ,      -         ,        -   . <> –  «»,            ,   «».         ,  -         ,   -   .     , –      .   ,  , «»,    133

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 III  ,    .      ,   ,      .         .   , –    ,      .      : « ,    -,    » (        ,                ).  , –      . –    . –    ,    -,   . –     .   «»,   ,      (  , , ,   )          ,  ,  ,        .  ,   ,    ,        (    -  ).     ,       «»         ,     .              .    .      ,  ,        .    ,       « »,    .   !  ,         ,  .  -    -     ,    ... , – «   »,   .           .    ,       .        134

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 III . ,  ,       ,       .   ,                     «     ».      ,    .  « »     ,         «»  ,      «  ».  .  .  26/XI 1923 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-16. <.. – .., 10.02.1924> Praha IV (Hradany) Keplerova ul<ice> 8 Hotel Savoy, islo 16-17.

1924.II. 10 –   ,        .   ,      ,   ,         :              …          , <>, -,         «<>  <> »240.     ____________ 240 «       »     «»  1924  1927 .    ( 6- ).      (  – « »)    ..  «   ».     « »   .

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 III        ,  <>         ,                 ,      .   ,     ,         !…        .      .        <> .        .         .     .      «<>»   .   ,    (<>)          «  »    .    :        ,  , , – ,    ,        .     . ,         «»      .    ,   <>    .             <>    ,      «  »    … , ,  - «».         ,  «» «»   «».      ,      ,     .     .     , <>   . ,      <> , –   .      « »,   …   -<> «»       – .    .    ,     .     .    «» ,     ,  ,       136

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 III        .  ó   ,      .    ,        ,        .  <>   .     .   , !       .  ,    ()   .    «» .  ,  <>  – <>  , –   ,  <> , –       .    .     241.      , –      .      «»  ,           ....      .     Witz242     ,     .  – ,          <.> ,     <>    « »243: « », «   »  ..       –    , <> .     .. <>   –      .   «»  ? –    .    ,      ,      <>  <.>      «____________ 241   « »,    : .  – « ». . ..  – «  (? ?». .  – «  ». .  – « ». .  – « ». .  – «  ». . .  – «    ». .  – «  ». .  – « ».

242 ,  (.).     : «   ,    ,   ,     ,     ,    .» (... ,   .  1, , § 10).

243      ,     .

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 III »     ,   ,    .     .    .  ,     <.>      ,    –    .    – épater le bourgeois.  –  ,   <>  . «»    . «»    :  ,  .      :                  . ,       «»  :  – . :  <>   -<> (<>-<>) ;   244.   - ,       <> «»…    .        ,   ,  . .    .   : <> ,     . <> , ..,          .     . <> –       . ,   .   .    ;       « »…    . .  !  mania grandiosa!  <>   ,      «<>»  «<> ».   «  »245.    ,      sub specie246 .  <>   ,   ; ,    –  ,    «» –   .    <> 247…  ,  <>   «»,  ____________ 244     ..  «»; .     01.02.1923 (-11)  07.04.1923 (-12).

245  ,   ..       « »  .. .

246    (.).

247    -  « »,   ..     « .      » ( . 1908.  1. . 143-157).

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 III       ,     –   .  ,       …   ,     .    ,   <>         ,  <> –  <> …   «».       ,      «  ».     <>    <> .      ,          ,     «<> » –  , ó   .      ,    …   .   .       ,      6  .   ?      10   19 ,   1     , –   .  10    .   -   Uebersberger’,  -  ,  <> <>  Hofbibl<iothek>248,    .    ,   .   <>          ,   .  ,        ,   –    ,  ()    <>  . ,    -<><>   <> ,   .     ,   <>          <> .      , – -<> ,       <>    ,  -<> ,     ó –  1  .     ?  <>   , ,      29 <>   .    .    …   :     ,   . .    ,   .   ,   - ____________ 248  «» ,    .

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 III   <>        . .        ,      .       «»   –  .       «<>»   -<> .  « <> »,    <>    ( )  «<>»      –  «»     ,     249.   <>   ,     – ,       <> .   <>   ,      <> ,  <>  .     , ..   .  <>   <> <> <.>   ,        .  ,    . ,       ,   ,  ,          .      «<>».     .          .        . <> <> .  . .

I.    <> : )  Whewell’ –  1. Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy in England.

2. Notes on German Churches.

3. Lectures on Systematic Morality.

4. Elements of Morality. ____________ 249    « . »,    1924 .   . . .      ,    .. , .. , .. , .. , . ..   .. .     ,        («»).           ..    .  ( 1924 .).   .:  .. (.).   .   , 1923-1939. -:  -YMCA-Press, 2000.

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 III )    Wh<ewell’> – 1. Todhunter, Wh<ewell’s> Writings, 2  2. Stair Douglas, Wh<ewell’s> Life and <Selections from the> Correspondance. )  <George> Boole’ (A treat<ise> on different<ial> equations <.> Grundlehre d<er> endl<ichen> Differenzen- und Summenrechnung) )  <John’> Venn’, –   – Empyrical or inductive Logic. )  Mansel’, –   Bampton Lectures on the Philosophy of the Unconditioned. ) St<uart> Mill. Dissertations and Discussions.

–  ,    <>   <>, .. <> 250  <>  .

II.    K. Frantz’ –  – Schelling’s Positive Philosophie.

III. J. Böhme Werke, hsgg. v. Schiebler.

–  ,         <>  <>-<> <>  «».   ?

–     <>     ?       -:  <> <>    <> <> – -<> <>,       <>   <> . ..,    -   <> ?       ,   <>   <> ,      , <>  6  –  ,    ,   .   ,    :   , –     <>  XIX , –  <>,  ,    ..      ,          .  <>    Uebersberger (.  <>). – ____________ 250 Theodor Gomperz (1832-1912) –    .

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 III                  .   <> <>  <> <.>       –    20   <>   .  Uebersberger’.

1. .  .. .

2. <> .  <> <>  –  <>  – <> .

3. . <> .

4.   }    5.   } <>   60 6. <>  }  <> 80- 7. <>  8.   <> <> 9. .  .

–   <>  , <>   30  40 .

10. . .

11.  <>  – 1910  <>   <> <> <> <>,    <> ( ?)   ,   .  . .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 160-168>

-16. <.. – .., 21.03.1924. >   !    .    ,     ,      ,     .   ,    ,   :  ,      ,       142

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 III          ,   .             .        : ,    ,         ,    (  )     ; -,      ,          3-4 .  –  .  .    .  .  21/III 1924 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-17. <.. - .., 01.05.1924>     !   -       . ,    :           ,   ,             .        .  (  )  , –   ,    ,    .          ,       (    ,    ).    , ,   «» .   ;   I-X  XII   .. .   « », « »  « »  ,    –   .   1-12  1913. « 143

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 III »           (   1918 .).    , , - . «   »      1913 .,     .         .  ,       ,        ,   .   ,    ,  ..   ,            ,        .      ,        .        500 000 . (7 )  ,      ,        .      30 000   ( 1/2 ).      .     , ,   .      ,       .      ,      -. -    (     ). ,  ,    (   ),      «,   ,    »,   ,       .     , ..      3- ,     5.     ,     .    .   , Existenzminimum   1  1-1/2  (= 15-20 )  ,    .  ,     . ,      .    .  .  . 1/V 1924 .

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 III -17. <.. – .., 29.06.1924> Radoovice u ian, .50.

1924.VI.16-29.   , M  ,     .     ,         .  <>          ,     <> .    ,   X,     <>, <><>    .     <>       <>   .      <>   ?        , – <>       <>   .     <>-<<> <> (.   6)     , ..       <>     . –    .  . .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 169>

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 IV  ..   . 

 ..  ..  (1921-1923)      ,      (. , -13, ).     ,  ,    ,         «»,       ( -2   V).      ,          . -1. <.. – .., 24.12.1921>   ,         1!    ?  , ,     ,    ,            .        2- 2.      ,    3   II .    – 10%   . 3    –      <>    :    2        . ____________ 1   1921 . ..        ,           .

2   , « ».

3    (1865-1943), , ,  - «» ().

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 IV     4,    !!!?      5,         .    –    ,  1)   – 6,       ; 2) , ,  ,  «»7  - ; 3)        .  –      .       –     ,    < , >  - « »  « »8. ,   -   .      –  –   .         , «»9,    .  ,  <>     ,  .  –  .      –     . <>   .    .    . ____________ 4 .  ..     5  1921 .  .  .     :   . .:  , 2010. . 180.          .

5      , «  ».

6    (1868-1942),    «».

7  «»       1909 .,   .  . « »      1921 .

8          5 ,      ,      «»   «  ,        ( )».       ,            . . , . 178-179.      « ».

9   .

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 IV 10 .       .

Kurfürstenstrasse 111 Pension v. Bergen, Berlin 24 . 1921.

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<: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-2. <..  – ..   .. , .. (. . 1921)>  !           .  ,     «»,     . -     11.      .     –    –  .   – .           .                   .        «»  ,  -  . 12   . ,  13,    ,    . ____________ 10    (1898-1957), ,    «  »  « ».      «».

11  .. : “  « »   ”.

12    (1882-1968),    « ».     ,     ..       . .     -1   III. 13  .. : “  .    ! .. 3/16 VI 1940”. (        .)

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 IV   .  .  <  ( ?)>

 14?    «<> »?  15? ? /   .    «. »?

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 399. . 19-19>

-3. <..  – ..   .. , ..> (  -2)   16.  «» .      ,      ,      .       .       ,     « », «<>»  «   »                .  ,   « » –  17.   ,          «»,   « »,  «».    ,   ,      <> ,   .  -       ____________ 14  .. : “. ”. (..  [1892-1933], ,   .. ,    -   .)

15  .. : “ ”. (..  [1887-1975] – ,   ,  ..       1920- .)

16  , ,       -2.

17 . , . 179.       . « »: “ ”, “  ( )”  “  ( .. )”.

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 IV ,         –          .    ,   , ..  .    ,        « »,    ,    .      .   .  ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 399. . 20-20>

-4. <..  – .. , .. ( 1921)>   . ,      c     .        «<> »18.  <>19 – . 20 –     .   «Lützowstr. 68, Pension Nickel».      .   «»?   . 

____________ 18     :  ...      //  . . 8-9 (1921). (:  .    . .: , 1998, . 104-123.          ).

19   ( ),   .. : “    .. .    ” (. .5783. .1. .359. .101).

20 ..   .

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 IV  – ,   < –..>.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 399. . 21-21>

-5. <..  – ..   .. , 20.01.1922>      .     , <>       ,   ,   .   :     . ,          .  ,     ,    21 (     !).     5   ,       ( + )22.       5  –    (   ,        ,      «»)  ,    ,  «      ,  “”     <>».   –   .      ,  «»    -  .      « », <>   103,  15 . 1921.   23. ____________ 21 .. ,    «», -   .. ,   353  355 (13  17  1922)       .. .    « »,  ,        ,     « ». . «  ».

22   -  «» (Ullstein Verlag)       «»  1920 .,        .

23    : - .    //  ,  103. 15 . 1921. C. 3-4.

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 IV  ,   ,   ,   «»     .  –  , ,     «» –     . .. «»    «-» ,  ,    . ,   –   (,      ,   ,      !)     . –      ,    «   »  ..      –   –  «»     . ,   ,     .   ,      <> «»  24.      .    ,     : <> «»        ,        .   ,       ,      ,       ,          ,      –    .  ,       –    ,      .       <> «»    :    –    . –     «»  . <> «»       . (  10-15     ). <>  2500 – 3000 .    10%  <> .

1/3 –     .

1/3 –  3-4 .

1/3 –  6-8 .     3-    6 ,    II-. ,  –  . ____________ 24 ..  (1888-1942<?>)    «».

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 IV «»   .    (   )  .         . ,    –   ,      .          ,     «» –  <>     – .    30-40 <>. «»  (    ),     10   40.000 .  ,      .

40.000  –    .    32-35   . ,     ,   32.000 <>.      –   .   .         ,    ,  2 .   ,   ,  ,    ,   .    .    –    .    –    –  .     ,   (  !)    (,   ..25)    –   ..      «  » –   .  ,      .  ,      ,   .       <>,     ,   –   «»,     «» –    .    ,     .     –      ;   -    (,     ),       ____________ 25    (1878-1936)     (1886-1920) –  -.

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 IV ,      .     .         , .   –    .   –     .26   –  .  .  . .

Kurfürstenstrasse 111 Pension Bergen      ,     « ».   –     .   –    ,        .   ,              .   ,      «» .   ,      . ,     ,      .         ,     .    .   -   .      (,   !),       .         ,  .    ,              27.     .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 388. . 4-7>

____________ 26       (1887-1950), ,   ,  .. .

27   (Steiner, 1861-1925),  , ,  .  ,       ,    .

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 IV -6. <..  – .. , .. (  1922)>   , - ,     ,  « »28,    .     ,      .  ,  ,    ,      -        29.             ,          .    .      ,    <>  .     200 .  ,  .  ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-7. <.. – ..  .. , 07.02.1922> <,   ,    “5”>     :           .  ( ,  , ____________ 28 « »            . «  ». (: , . 57-67.)

29     12-16 ,     , : «       :     ‘’    ». .  ..  .. .. (1922-1923) //        2011. .: , 2011. . 548.          .

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 IV <>    <>  <> <>)30        4 –  .   ,     «» –     –              –        . ,   ,    ,             – -    –     . ,       (  ),    ,        . ,    ,        !     -    . ,      – ..  -,  -    .      31.      ?    –       .     .         «».        .     ,     ,   ,     .  32 –    «».     ?  ,           .     . 

____________ 30    (1864-1937) –    .      .. ,   1916   1917,      .        .

31  .. : “ –   ”.  ,     :  .    .   . :  , ..

32    (1886-1938),      .     1923,   “- ”.

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 IV Kurfürstenstrasse 111.

Pension Bergen.

7/II 1922  .  –  .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 388. . 15-16>

-8. <..  – ..  .., 14.02.1922>  !    !  ,    33 –    .   ,       (c<> c<> !)   . ,      -.     ,     « »  .        !!!…  ,   « » –       .      .     .    , .    <>  «»? ,   ,    .       ?  :   ,      «»  ,   -  –   –     ?  ;        ,  ,      ,    ,  ,   «» –           .         .   –  ,        . ____________ 33  «»   «»  10  12  1923. .  . 21   -5        « ».

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 IV  «»   ,     –  …?           .   –        . ..           .      (  <>-34!)   ,            ,   .    – 35.  ,  .     !

14/II 1922  ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 388. . 10-11>

-9. <.. – .., 18.02.1922>   !    «» .    36,               .    –   ,  ,   ,      «»    . ____________ 34 .. - (1875-1937) –     35       ,       : “     «»? –    20  –          ?”  ,   ,  -    . . , . 185-186.

36    (.     12-16  – , .

549),       «»    .. ,   ,   .

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 IV    . ,    37   «- ».        . ,     - .        .    ,   ,   «» –  , ,        –             .      ,      .       ,  ? ,      ,  ,   «»          «» –   38!  «» –    39.  ,     .         ,    40.   «»41.  –    .    - <>   (   ) – <>  .   –  ,  <> – !    « »,   «». ____________ 37    (1869-1922),    ,  -  «».      ,  .. , ,     «»  .  ..      .    (28 )      .. .

38     . .         24  (, . 551).

39     12-16 ,   : « “ ” – ,   ». (, . 549).

40      24 ,  - «   »,    – « »      -  – . (, . 552.)        «   »,     , « ». (: , . 172-183.)           7-  (.  -12).

41        – « » –     – « ».

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 IV    .      – .

18/II 1922 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

<: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-10. <..  – ..  .. , .. ( 18 . 1922)>      ,     : - « »   .   ,    ?     –    !      - .   ,   ,   <> –  …  ,    ,   ,   – .  ,     –  ,       «».     –  «» –     . <>  ,       –  2 .       –     «… » -, ,  .  – . ,    .     ,  .   .  –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 388. . 60-61>

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 IV -11. <..  – .. , 20.02.1922> 20/II 1922

  ,   – .   <>  .     « »    .      ; – ,       .        .    .          42.    . 10     (    ,       – ). ,           .      ?   –  -,    –   ,   ,   ,     (gnoseologia interiora)?        Besinnung' –   Werttheorie?43  ,  , –   .    20/II.   – - -    homunculus. -       .   -,  .  44,       ,   «   ». ,       . ,          . -    <> «» –     ____________ 42   (1838-1917),  ;   (1875-1915),  .          24    (, . 552.).

43 Besinnung  Werttheorie – “”  “ ” (.).     24 ,          – « ». . , . 552.

44    (1855-1920),   .

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 IV .       «»  ?  –  .45 ––––––––––– ,  10 .  20/II,    ,        : «     (1       ,  <………>46           )    . ,      47 –     ,  ..      . ,             –  ,        ,       .    .  ,    ,        –    .       ,      48.  ,    « <?>».            .       - .    .  .     –   –  ? <>

-,    ,    –  . ,  «»      ,           – ?   ,       ____________ 45  .. , «     . »,    . ,    «»  367, 369  371 (31.01, 02.02  04.02.1922).

46      .

47         24  (, . 551),             «»,     .

48   ,              .

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 IV     -  49. -12. <.. – .., 07.03.1922> 7/III 1922   !      ,     ,    –  ,    –  –    50.     .   ,    –   !   –       . ,   ,     –   !        .  –   … ,  –   ,       51.       !   – «»   <> .        !   ,   <-> –  <> <> .     ?    ,       –   .  (   ,   ) –         .   –    - .   ,     ,      .      .    –  .     ,     . ____________ 49       «   » .   . : «…      - ». (, . 553).     «»  «. » 1923, . 4;      , , . 172-183.

50     «    »,   . « ».   , . 132-165.

51       « ».

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 IV       – .

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<: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-13. <.. – .., 18.04.1922> 18/IV 1922     , ,    .            .           .        52.  ,            .    .      .           ! <>   ,      ,      .     2-  .  – .        ,     2 .    .         «»,  «» –    , ..  I-    .  ,      «  ».       ,  «» – .     ...    !     ,       ,     .   –        , ____________ 52       (1893-1977)  27  1922 .       8     . (, . 554.)

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 IV <>      .   –    .     .     .  – 53,     . ,   ,      –   ,54   ?..., ... -14. <.. – .., 01.05.1922> 1/V 1922   !        –  ..   –         .    ?     .   .   . 4  –  .     ,   .       – .., , ,         . .    !     ,  ,   ..    .  ,  ,   ,   .  ,  , ,         .55   : «,  – !   !  ,   - (   “  ”)  ,  ____________ 53     (1884-1963)        .

54  ()   (1894-1941)   20-    .  1927 .      ..      .  1930- .        .

55  1925-1934 .          .

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 IV      –  !»     ,       –    .   ,     ,  !         !  –  .  ,    «»   .    ,      , ,   ..   ,    < > !    .       .   ,       ,   <> «»   –  .  .   ,  ,  ,     - «» (  ),   -  , ,    . «»       1917 .    ,    .56 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-15. <.. – .., 14.05.1922>   !

2       ,   .     – ,   ,    .   ,   , ..   ,   .      ,     –       –    .  ,      ,   -    –    .  ____________ 56   ,   «» ..    .

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 IV    .    ,      .     .     -  ,     .  –  ,   –    .   ,    .   – ,       «».         ,       ?    !   ,      ,   :    ,   .   «»    –       – .   :  ,     «  » –     –    .    «» ,      ....  –  !  – .   !     57? ,    .    ,      .  ,     «»  . ,      –    .       .  ?     ,   , ..     .   ,     -  . ,       .      –  .

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

____________ 57            .

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 IV -16. <.. – .., 07.06.1922>   !    ?      ?  ()   .. ,  «  »,   ,     ,          .    58     –    .      ?59  .    .  .    3- .     ? –         60?

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-17. <.. – ..   .., 29.07.1922> 61 29 VII 1922 Fischwasser

!   ...  !    ..      ,  ____________ 58   , « ».

59  ,     .

60   1922 .              ,    :            .

61      ,            .        ,       19.07.1922

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 IV .   ,    –     (    –   !) ,      ,      .     ,         18-19  –   .   –         .  ,   -  ,   -     ,     .   –   ,     !               ,  .   ,  ,       ,  . ,           .           ,     (  !)  -  ____________ 60 : «    “  <> ”  ,   ,    “<> <> <> ”           .      , –   (   !)  ..

60  :         –            .    (!)  .   ,     –      .      (     <> <>,   5 <>!)   .       (..  !)  ,     ..  ,    ,    ,       ?            ,       ,   ,         – !   –     .  –  .  – , ..      ,   ». (. .5783. .1. .388. .22-22.)  -17  29-           ,       22  1922 .    –       , ,   ,     . . , . 554-557.  ,          , , ,          . 8-  1921 ., ,    ,            . .     .        / .-.  . .: «», 1999. . 60.

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 IV   ( , ..).   –   – « » –     « ». –     ,     ,   .        ..   62. –     ,   ,      .   –     .           63, ,   64,       <> 65.  «       » ( !?)   –  ( )       ( , ,   –           «»66),     –   .    (,   ) –    ,        ,    .      ..     ,     ( ),    «»  . ( – ,    67).   . ,       ,    ,     , ,      ,     ____________ 62    (1877-1942), ,    .

63    ,   1922 .,   ,  ,          .. ,          (  1921  1926 ),         ,     .

64    (1881-1948),   .  1922 .     .               .

65    (1875-1933),   1917   1929   .

66 «» –   ( ),     .

67    .

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 IV ,     .  – .      –  , .    .              .  ... .. .  5 (..          ,    ).    , « »,     68 ..  - .     .  ,       .   ,  .  «»   –      –    «»69.     . ,        « ».  «»     ,   – 70.   4  –  ,      .       !  ,  .  ,     .      , ..      71.     « »72.   :     .    « » – ,  «»  –    73.      – . ,  –  (   )74. ____________ 68   ,   .

69    (1856-1923),    ,  1883-1920 .     .

70    « »  . :   // . 21.12.1922.

71  ,     .. , «».    « .  .  .» //  , 1922. . 6-7. .

376-377.

72  .      « »     «» (. 13. 12.12.1922, . 10).

73   : « » ( 29  1922 – «»),  .. ,  «»,   .

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 IV .

   .  . .  ,    ,    .  –  !

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 486. . 5-6>

-18. <.. – .., 01.08.1922> 1/VIII 1922 Fischwasser   ,     2- 75     . ,    (  2 ,    – <> ,    –  – , -,     !),       .          .  ,      ,  ,  -     . ,             –  76!    ,   :     .  !    , ..   ,    . ,     (  !) –    ,   (   !)  . :    ,   ____________ 74 .  (  ) (1875-1945),  1921-1938 .     ,  1926   .     ;      .

75       .    (-17)     ,  22  1922 . (, . 554-557).

76      : «   » (, . 555.)

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 IV    ,   ,        «    »,                  –      .   ,        ,   ,       . ,      ..  ,   . ,       « »,   ,    ,    ,      . ,  ,     , –      .    –        .   ,  – ,        ,  ,     . ,       ,          .      (   ,   !)   –     .    ,  – ,     –    ..     ,          .        –     (  )        ,      –     ,        ,       .  ,     ;  ,    .  :   ,  . –   –      ,  ,        .     .     ,   ,         .  –  ,    ..     .    :      (        !?!)   ,   173

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 IV  (  ,      !)   ,  ,     ,      –       ? – .    «» –   –     ,      .     ,       –       ..     ..  ,      .     !    <>      .   –  ,  77.    ,   .  –              –   «  ».    ,     –     78. ,     .       . ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

____________ 77          « ». . , . 556.

78     15  1922 .      : «           <> <> <>   .             .    : ‘                  ’…      .   –  . ,  ,    , –  ,       . ,   ,            .        ‘’ . –  ,   <> !» (. . 5783. . 1. . 359. . 14).

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 IV -19. <.. – .., .. ( 192379)> Berlin – Südende Anhalterstr.7 bei Rodenburg

  , ,     :            .    .  ..<>,      «»80  ,      .     81,  ,       « ».            ( «»  ) .       -82   ,    .  -  ,     <..>83 –     . ,   ,         <>    .   ,     –   .    –    ,          ,   ,     . , ..     . ____________ 79         1  (. -11   III).

80       «-»  «  » (, 1923)   .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , ..   .. .

81   « »     .   :      . .: . . . -, 2002. . 165-181.

82   - (1886-1959)        .      1922   .

83  ..   «      ».

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 IV      84.     –   ;      –  : 1)      «» ? «»    , ..       .    :          ,    ,  -  –  .   , , ,   <>,  - ,     –     .    , –  - ,    «»     .  ,    ,       .    :  –   , ,  ,      .     – , .   ,          ,  «   -  ,     .            .         .       XVIII ,     ,   ..85» - –    !        –     .   ,    86.

____________ 84        ,  , ,          1  (. -11   III).      (1) «     »,  -       -  – , ,   ..  (2)   «   ».

85       11 . . , . 211-212.

86         .     -11  ,      12 ,       « »   . ,  , «  ,   ,   ,  ,   ,   ,      .    ».  ,  , «     <…>       ». . , . 214-215.

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 IV   «»87.             .  ,      – ,        . (  , , ,    ).     «» –    ,  –  .   - «   »...     ....               ,    88.  .  . ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-20. <.. – .., 16.02.1923> 16/II 1923   ,          <>  -    .  ,               ;  ,    ,  ,   <>.... –  .    (   !) « »     .    .  –      .           .   –  ,   –  ____________ 87  ,      ,                  .

88     11 ,        ,      . . , . 212.

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 IV   .    – :  –     .    ,  –       ,       , ..   -  – - 89, 90  ..      .    «»   ..     ,      .   ,       ,        .     ,    –   . , ,   ,     ,            ,   ,   .   «»   . ,   -  «»   ,      .  –   .  ,  -  –   ,    –  -    «».      – ,   «»  «». ,   :    ,     ,     ;                 -     «». ( ,      ,      ;   ,    «» –     «» –     , -   91   II92; ,  «   » – ____________ 89    (1859-1943),   ,      « ».

90    (1869-1958),   ,      1922 .  - .

91    (1872-1918),     4- . .

92    ( ) (1866 -1945),    ,     «  »,    .

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 IV  !        ,  .   , .   ..);       ,      .    –        .    ,     «.-. »93.  –   , ..     . «» –   94. ,       «»95?  , «»  «»    .      ,    .  ,     ..96      .  ,  .     97? ,          <> <> <>?

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<: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

____________ 93 -       1922  ..     .      ,  , .. , .. , .. , .. , ..   .. .  1924           .

94  1923        «»   .. .     ,   «  ».

95     (1884-1949)          «»,     1910  1914.  1925       .     .

96    (1870-1935), ,          27  1922. (, . 558) 97            .. .                .

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 IV -21. <.. – .., .. (  . 1923)>   ,   98      .   ,        , ,   .           ,     «» .  ,      ( !)     : ,   . ,      « »   –  .        (  ,      )      .  –        .      ,       -   ,       ...   ,   –     ,       ,  «» . ,  :    –   –  ,    –  ,  ,      –     .   ,  «» ,  ,         ,      .  ,         ...  , , ,        «».  ,        ,  ,      «» .       . ____________ 98   , ,   ,     1923 .,              -   . .  -2   V.

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 IV  «»  ? ,      ,          « »,    –   –  ( – !). ,   -       .       ! ,  ,    –          .          ...    !       ;      ,     ,   ,          «»?   ,  ,     ,   ,      ,       .   I–         ,     «».   ,   ,   «»,      .   ,    , ...    :  , I–        .    . ,     ,      ,         .   ,   -   «»,   . ,       !    .    –  ;          .     –    –     .  ,   ,      .99    , , ,       . ____________ 99   (-2   V),       «  ».

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 IV ,        100:        -   ...            ,     .  ,   <>-<> <>101?    –   ,    –  .     ,   .     ,  . -     , «»,      .      :        102, -  .. <> 103 –  ,  .     ,  .  –    .      ,  .   «  »    «».      «  »,   « »,   «   <>,   – »  ..       –  .   , ..   . 104 –  ,   .-.’.  105  –   , - <.>.  –  .  ,    .  ... ,     – ,  <?>,      .   ,     ... «» , ,  ,   . , ,    ( !) .      .      « ____________ 100     -2,          .

101 .  . 93.

102    (1880-1966),   .  - .  . 82.

103    (1883-1954),   .

104    (1884-1865), , .

105    (1882-1952), , -.

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 IV »,      , ..         ...   . ,       –  .     , <>  <> ,        , ..     «»   ,   –   «»  –  ...  ,    ,      ,      –    .  ,       «»   –   ,     ,       .  , ,      ,    ,  ,  ,      ;    ,  ,   .    .      ,  «» –  106.    :   ,   ,  ,    «».          –   . ,  ,      <>       .       4-,    :       .    : 1) 1 , 2)  <>107, 3) .        () .         .     , ..        . ____________ 106 .  ..     30  1923 (-5   II).

107  ,  -,        01.01.1923 (-12).          01.02.1923 (-11).   –   III.

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 IV   :  «».    ;  ,    ,   .    .     «».    : «»  ,        ,        . ,       –    ...   ,   ,   ..   .  ,        .  :  «»  ...         ?       . ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-22. <..  – ..   .. , 09.04.1923>      ,               «»  .      «<> ».  , ..              <> «  » ..         «<> » («  3- <>          »).    ,   .     ...   :     ,      –     . ( !)     ,    :    ,   ..    «» 184

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 IV   .   ,      .                     ,     «»            . ,      –              . ,       ,            –   .   « »   ,     «»         . . .           !…    .   !

9 IV 23.   – 108.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 403. . 120-120>

-23. <..  – ..   .. , 13.04.1923>      , , -,   –  ,     . , ,    <>-<>. 109   .       <> ;  3 <> – ,  .  «»    .

____________ 108     «  ».

109    (1895-1938) – ,   .

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 IV  

.  ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 403. . 119>

***        1923 .       .        ,  , ,  .    28  (, . 560-563),           «» –        . «      »  .   ,  , , «  »   «, expansion»,     « »  ,    - . , «    <…>   »        : ,   . « –            ».            ,   .   ,   .    4  (, . 565-568)         «»         .    : «    ‘’   !».    - .   26  (, . 570)  .      ,         .         ,   3 .            : «    186

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 IV    ».  ,        ,     ,    ,       .    .  6  10  ..           .. , ..   .. -110.   «    » (. 1998),  . 123   «   “ ”»,      7-  1923 .111    :    ,     .     ,     112.  ,        113, , ,     ,   . (          ,  post factum.) *** -24. <..  – .. , .. ( 1923)>   , ,  114  -    . ____________ 110   (.   .).    (1895-1968):   . : .   ., 2008. . 27. ..  (1897-1938)  .. - (1898-1977)       1922 .

111     .    «  . 1922-1924 .» //  . . 5. 1994. . 494.

112 .    5 :  . 219.

113     13.09.1923  : «    . .». . -5   V. 114   – - ,       ,       ,        .

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 IV  –    4 .    .  .  .      « ».

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<: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-25. <..  – .. , .. ( 1923)>   ,   5 .  115.   ,  116           «» –           . ..      ,   ,      . ..        -…   .. <>   <>117.    118, ..    . ,   -    .   ,   -    .   .  119.

____________ 115       «  »,   .. ,    . (       «».)

116 ..        .

117           ,  : « - » (Société des études russo-orientales).

118    , «  »,   2-     1889-1901 .      4   ,       .            ,        ,       16 . (, . 570.)

119       « »,  , ,    .      «,   » (.     28  [, . 561]).

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 IV     .  .  –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

<: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

C-26. <..  – .. , .. (. .-. . 1923120)> < –   > I 

Eurasia - Verlag G.m.b.H.

Berlin

  ,         . ,   ,   ,  .. –  .    20 .   , ,  , ..    <->           ,     2 .  «»121     .    122,    «»   «   ».      !    .       . ?

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

____________ 120    ,          ,       6 .

121 «» –       ,      .

122     (1877-1950)          .

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 IV -27. <.. – .., 10.09.1923123> 10 . 1923   ! ,     , , ,      , –      .  :       – «  ,    »! ,       ,     : « ,  ».  , ,    .  ,     –      .    ,      ;            ,         !  –  !   , ,    « »,          .     ...      «»,      « »   ?      , ..         .        . ,   .?   «  »  « »     124.   , ..        .      .  .  ____________ 123   –        6  (-4   V),       “  ”      « ».     ,      (.  -14  14    III)         . . , . 226-227.

124       5 .  .

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 IV      !   , ..    !

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-28. <.. – .., 07.10.1923>   ,    125 –    ,  126.   ,          ,     ,      –   .  – 127?!  ,          ?          «» 128!     ,  .    ,  « ».    .           ?   ,    ,   ,  , , –         –    .      «» – « »,            .     –  -! .. -    (. «»)      ,    (   ) . ____________ 125   5  ( . 571-572).

126   13 , -C5   V. 127  : « <> <>  <. >  » (-C5   V).

128    6    : “ ,    …” (-4   V).

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 IV        :     ,   ,     ,        ,    ?   (        ) –  , , ?      ,  –    –         ; – <>    !... , –   ,    ...   .    .  7/X 1923 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-29. <..  – .. , 12.10.1923>   ,  -  , ..   ,      « », « , »  ..    –  .  -             .  ,     3 ,    ,  ,       ,       .      …              ,       .  ,            ( «»  129!?),   ,       .. <>    .    , –    -         .

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 IV      ,          « ». ,   -      ,   ..    !          ? ,        –   ,     ,       –       . ,         –    - .     –      .         . ,       .  – ,        –     -    .            .   …   .  12/X 1923 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

<: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-30. <.. – .., 25.11.1923>  25/XI 1923   ,         130.    ,  . –     .     –    . ____________ 129     « »,             5 . . , . 571.

130    23  (, . 573-574),               – ,     .     ,  ,      « ».

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 IV    : -    ,        .  , ..     .   ,      . -       «».      .  ,            «»   ,     -  -  ,   , ,      ,   –   .         , , .       ,          –  ,    ,    –  ,     –    –      «»    (    – ).    ,  ,    .       «»,  ..  .. «» –     –           .     ,   «»   ; –     .   ,       <?>,  ,      –   «»,   <?> .131        ,      , ,      –   .       –    .  ,    ,   ____________ 131     . ,           1923 .       ,     «»,      .   .:  .. (.)   .   , 1923-1939. -:  -YMCA-Press, 2000.

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 IV  .   ,             . ,     ?     ,   ,     .         .         «»      - ,                 ? ,       –     ,   ,      .     –     ,    –   .    ,    .        .    –         ...   –    .   ,   .           –     .        .        «».       :      ,  ,         .   , –    ,      .     4-  «»     «  »     .        ,  .   ,  ,      , ..    «».         «».   – , ,  . , ,    ,    195

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 IV .   .          !?    !   ,      .132 , ,            ,        .          :    .  –  .       . ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

-31. <..  – .. , .. (. 1923)>   ,        133,       .. .     .    ,          (.. «»); ,        .           .        .  «» –    .         ..<>,       .  <>.          .       ,      !  –  ,     .  ,       , ,  –      .   <> <>,   . ,    .    «» –      ____________ 132    « », . 3,        1923 .

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 IV    , .. «».        .      .        ( «  »). ,            ,   ,    «»,     ,     ,   «.  .»,   .       -          .     «<> »134.      ,        «».   ,           ,          .       –     «» –  .   .. <>,   ,       –   .         <>, , ..     .  , – -,  I–     -, .        .. ,      . -  I–       -.     2 .   ,           ,    135.  ..         ?   <> 136.     ,    .       ,       –   .  ____________ 134  ,      (   ), «         ». ( 7-       – -6   V).

135     «  ».

136           -  .    . . . 52   IV.

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 IV     .     ;       . ,  : 1) -,      (-  . ), 2)  .   -<> , 3) , ..,   -,   .. <.>      <> «»? -,     « <> ».     ,       137?   !      .. ,         . <  1- .>

   <> <>  . <> <>138 –  ,  <.>.       .  .  –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

<: Georges Florovsky Papers, St. Vladimir’s Orthodox Seminary Library, Crestwood, NY>

***   ,        .     ,              .     ,    ,  20-  1923 . (. , . 243-250).       :      ,   , ____________ 137   ,       -   . . -C6   V. 138    –   .. .

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 IV      ,  -    -      ,   .  ,  ,     «  »    « »,         ,      .

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 V  .

 ..  ..  (1922, 1923)      ,     .. ,            « ». -1. <..  – .. , 10.3.1922> <> 10/III. v Praze.   ,     7 1.         «»2.       –        ,          ,      -  .  : «      !»3    ,         ,    .     ,     ,          ,  -        .               ,       .       ____________ 1 .  -12   IV. 2     «    »,   . « ».     :  ..    . .: , 1998. . 132-165.

3  48,10. .           :  .   [1899] // .. .    . .: , 1990. . 1. . 82.

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 V     «»   –   ,        . –  ,    : , ,    ,        .   –   .    ?  ? ,      ?    ?          <?> « » (. 1921), –  <?>    –  4.   «  »5           –  «»    , «»    …          .         - . –  , , ,  ,    ,  «», c .          , –            .    ,      ,     ,        –    «», «», «», «»,       .   «» –     rebus sic stantibus6    «»7?    ,    ,      .  ,  ,  ,    ,  «»    .    , , ,      . .              .  <>    ____________ 4    :  ..   // . . .:   , 1921.     :  . 1922. . IV. . 221-223.

5  .    [1921] //    8- . . 6. : 1918-1921. .-.: . . . ., 1962. .160-168.

6    (.).

7        «  »    «».

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 V  , –       .          .     . –      ,  (1)   ,      (2)   <> F. Meiner’  L<ei>pz<ig’>.,  <>    .       – - . .

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département de la Musique, Collection Pierre Souvtchinsky, Rés. Vm. dos 92 (61)>

-2. <.. – .. , .. ( . .

1923 .)>   ,         .   .   –   ( – ),  «» ,  «»  , –         «».    ,    :   ,     «»,    ,    ,  .             .    8   ,    :      , –   ,           ,  ,     .  –   .      «»    , –    ,      -  .   ,  , – «» ,         ,   .    ,  ____________ 8    (1866-1924) –     ;    (1870-1944) –   .         1922 .        .

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 V  ,     , ..,      –  .            ?          ,   ,  « »;    , «  »,     ,  .    «»     , – «  ».     , –    .   ,   ,  «» –          .     quand même9,   ,    –  .  ,              .     –   :     «  »      , –   ,    <>    <> «-».   ,     -   . –   ,      ,    .         ,    «» ,      (      ,     Königsberg i/Pr., Hammerweg 3I)10,  , «»,   .     «<>»          –   – <>   .      : « ,  ,    ;    .. <>, ..<>, . .. <>  .. <.>»   ____________ 9   ,      .      “comme tel” –  .

10    (1888-1977) – , , .  1921  1944   .

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 V     +     , , <>-11,    ,        ,    . .          ,        –   ,  -.  , ó  ?    ,     .       ,       <>      . ,     .  ,        «<> <.>»   –   «», –    ( )     . ,  «  », –   ;           <> ,  <> ,    «»,  <>, ,  «»12.    ,  «», –   .        : (1)    ,    , –     .. ; (2)      «-», –  ; (3)    <>   <>  ( ), –  !

–    <> <>    .     : ()   –     (   <> ); ()      –   ____________ 11    (1876-1953) –   ;    (1888-1973) – ; .   - (1840-1939) –   .         .

12      «»   .. ,      1923  .     ,   «  ».

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 V  (  <> !); ()   –   <> .       2 ,  12, –    (3+)  15. (  32000 )        20    4   : 2    1         .    , <> <>      ()  «  »      (. .. , <..> 13  t<utti> qu<anti>14), ()  , ()   (  )15, ()  «»,   ,   : , «»,  «»  ..     <-> <> <16>  «»    .  «»17          .   «»         . .., ,        .    «»   .   –      «<>  <>»,      ,   <>    .    <>  ,       ,   «<>  <>»  :  -   Hötsch ____________ 13   :   .  -  / . .. . :  , 1923.     ,        (1878–1972)      (1886-1945?),     .

14    (.).

15    (1882-1952) – -  .     :  . : , 1923.

16 -       1922  ..     .      ,  , .. , .. , .. , .. , ..   .. .

17     (1884-1949)          «»,     1910  1914.  1925       .     .

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 V    18;    .. <> ,      (  ) .    «<>-<>»  <>  <>,   «»  19. –      .  , ó         ?   !…   ,     ( ) . , ,  ,      ,    «»…   .        : (I) <> , , , 3    ( !)     20   (II) , , ,    6-8  .     ,   ,   <> ,   ,      .    (II)              . –      « »,      «»     . ,    .     , – ;      «» .  ,      ,   ,        ,   . ,         ,    (   ),   <> . ,         ,    ,   .  ,    <>, – , ,    ,   .  ,         ____________ 18       ..  «  »: Fürst N.S. Trubetzkoy. Europa und die Menschheit. München: Drei Masken Verlag, 1922.          Otto Hoetzsch (1876-1946).   ,       (1901-1979),     (        )    (1896-1982).

19    (1890-1937) – , , - ,  1920 .   ,     .     1935 .,     1937 .

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 V <> ,   . ,  ..,              .     : (1)     «», «-»  (<>!)  (2)   «<>»  –  !      . ..,      :    –   –   , ,    <>  <.>   .      ,     20 <>    ..   <> ,      – ,   «», <>    .     1     I   .  c ,  – 1)   : ()    8   –   (  <> ) –    (B)   <>       30 –  . (      <>  <> ,    9 <>     2,    .       <> , <>   ,  ,  « ».      <>  –   ; 2)            <> ; 3) <>  ; .  <> 20/II  <>  , ,  <>        ,    (20 )   20. <>    «», <>  ,   .      ?    <>   «», .., ..,     .       ____________ 20     3  1923 .  .   . : ,   (  ) // .  186.

03.06.1923,  .. ,  ..  [sic]. (  ) // .  765. 08.06.1923.

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 V   , <><>   21.     .  ,    .     . ..,   «»?      ,  ,  <>  . ,      .         ,   , –       22.   «<>  <>»?  <..> ,  ,    , –      , .. ,    .      :        ,          ,      –   <>. <>    – « <> » –  <>    ,       « ».    …     :    «»,     ;   <>      ,   ,   .         ,   <> (  <>)   <>   ,    «<>» .        .    , –  .    ,       ,  <>    <>  <>   .        « <> », <><>      .       «<>» , – <>  .    «»,  ..   -,  ____________ 21   ,         «»  -  «», .. ,             .. .

22 .    30  1923 (-5   II).

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 V <>-<>  «  »,      . <>   <>   (,       Cannes,   ). <>-<>  .  ,    «-» ,    <>,  ,      ,      .     , –      …     <>    …          , <>  ,        .    :     ,   ,    , -   ,    «» «»  ,        .        , ..     ,        .        –         <>    ,  –    –  <..?> .   ,        -      ,      …      «».     : ,  , –    <> ,  <> ;  «»  (95%) .     –           « ».    , –         .      « » –  ,     .  «<>»   .         28   .    <>,         <>,  .     . «<> » <>     «»,    <> .   , –   ,    .  209

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 V      <> , –       . ,     .      23.      .   . .        I <> « <> »  (., ), –    .

P.S.   «<>  <>»,   ,     «»,   24  ..     .   ,      ,     <>  , 2 <>     (,          I <> <>?  ,       .. 25,   ,  .. <26>, <>   <>      .)     : «,   ».         6   <>     .  <>    <>     <>       .    27.   «»  <>    . <>  «», –       . –  <> <>      ,   <28.>     ?       !

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 491. . 1-15>

____________ 23       (1898-1957), ,    «  »  « ».

24 ..     .. ,        1921 .

25    (1890-1980) – .

26    (1871-1935) –       .

27    (1878-1963) – , .     : ,     //  . 1922. . VIII-XII. . 83-101,    :    « » // . 1923. . I-II. . 300-306.     . «   », . 166-171.

28  ,    :  . 1922. . VIII-XII.

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 V -3. <..  – ..   .. , 17.03.1923> . 17 III 1923 Praha IV. Keplerova ulice 8.

Hotel Savoy islo 17 neb 16.  ,   .. <>         <>    -<>,   <>     <.>   <>        ,   ,     «», –   , ,   .    , ..  , -,  .   ,  (1)    , (2)  .. –   ..,  (1) est modus in rebus29  (2)      <>  <>   ,        – . ,       , –   - .       :      ,      .   . .. ,  <>       –    ,             «<>  <>.30»       ,    <>   - «»,           .      <>   <> <>, - <>  , <>   :    ,        .    –  <> ____________ 29    (.).

30   ( . )  (1881-1962) –      .     1918 .         .. .

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 V  «»    ,    ,       –   .         . <>   ,        , ..    .   <>    , <>    <>, <>  .. <.>     . ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 512. . 8-8>

-4. <..  – .. , 06.09.1923> Praha IV (Hradany) Keplerova ulice 8 Hotel „Savoy”, islo pok<oje> 16-17.

1923. VIII. 25 – IX 6.   ,    «»   «»   ,       …    ,  ; , ,         .  ,      ;   –  ,      ,  31.  ,   ,    «». ,      ,   ,  ,    .   .   ,    ,   .    . ____________ 31    1923 .     « »,    .. , .. , .. , ..   .. .   ,   ,  ,    ,  « -    ». .  -25   IV.

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 V   . «»       .       ,     «» .  ,      ,  ,   ,  «-».  ,     «»,  ,   -   .   ,  ,    ,  .       .  1  «<> »   .  ,  «»,    – - «» ,   . «»   ,   ,    , – .  ,     .   ,   «»            .       .   ,      …       «»?  .      ,        …  «  »…  ,      .      , , .    «»,   .      ,    .  action directe32  ,       : « 33…»  –   .  –  .       .  ,   -      . ó   «»? - «» (, ..,  épatantes34?) ,     ,  «»,     – -, -     … ,  –  .    ó   ,  ,   ; , ____________ 32   (.).

33   (?): “   !”.

34    (.).

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 V   – ,     «».  «» ,     …        ,   ,   .      –        .           .  ,    …        ,   .           .  –   ,     .   , –  ,   ,       , ,   …  , :  ,  «».   :     «»   -  ,  - – .    «»      ,        , ,  .      ,      ,     …    ,     .      -  ,   -.     ,    , ,  .        ,     ,   ,      ,         - .    ,              .     -   .    –     .      .    …   ,      <>     . –         .       .   ,   «»,     «».    « »,  « »,  ,  …

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 V    ,    ,    –    .   -                ,   , , , -,  .      ,  -,   .     .   ,      «»,    <>   .        .        .      ,   <>-<>      -   .  «<> <>»     .  –  ,        «».   –   ,        .         ,  , , «» .     . ,   ,   :       – - ;    – <>  .   ,       -  –    .    !  ,    :  ,  .   ,  …                 .    ,  <> ,  .  ,  -  .    ,  .   -  .     .      , ,  -         –   «». <>                .       .            .    «».  – .

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 V     .  ,     ,  …    «»  .     .. 35.     ,      . .

P.S. I.   <>    <>  <>36.        ;   <>    <>    YMCA37?

II.    <><>   « »  «<>  <>».     5 <>? .   .

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 403. . 174-176>

-5. <..  – .. , 13.09.1923> Praha IV (Hradany) Keplerova ulice 8, Hotel “Savoy”.

1923.VIII.31 (IX.13)   ,    ,  ,   ;    ,     . ,     .    .    ,      .   ,    ,    . «»         .       ____________ 35    (1895-1938) – ,   .

36 .. .   . . 1-2. : , 1913.

37       ,  1-7  1923 .     (Perov).

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 V       ?                 <>            <> .        ,          (!) ,   .     <> <>38  ..     ,    .       ,        .       .    ,  c’est le ton qui fait la musique39.          ,  «-<>»       .    ,  . «<>»       . «» – «<> »40…       <>?!     …      ,        .  ,  ,    ,     .      «»,      <> 41.    <>       . «»  42     <>.    ,            .    ?       .      ,   .    ,       <>          <>    , ____________ 38 .      -24   IV. 39 : “  ”, ..     (.).

40      ..   . .     «  »    « ».

41 ,      «   »,        .     ..   1994 . (. 1994. . 6. . 250-257).

42          10 : “  ,    !” .  -27   IV.

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 V   «»   .          ,  .      <>  .     ,        ,  <>   «».     ?   «».    ,  <>   <>  ,      ,    . -,    ,          ,   .  -,   ,      .   .    .         (      )       <>-<>  (1 ).          .         « ».    modus vivendi43  . ,          .    : <>  ,      ,   –     <> ,    «».  <> .       . : 1.  <> <>    , – ,       casus belli44.

2.      «<> ».

3.     . <>    ,    ,   ;  (  !) –  ( <>    . . ),    45.       –   <><><> <>   <> .    ____________ 43 : “ ” (.), ..  .

44    (.).

45    (1881-1934)  1902 .      (1882-1937)   .   ,   1926 .    .

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 V   , <>   .

4. <>      <> ,    .   –  .     ,         <> .

5.    , ..      . <>  10-12 .

6.   2.

7.      ,     <>   ,     «»,   .

8.  .

9.     .

10.     <> . <>,  (, ,  ), , 46, –   .

11.   <>   <>,   .

–      ,    ,  «» <>, – ,  ,  .  <> : Praha-Bubenec, Havlikova tída 36IV, panu prof. kn. S. Bulgakovu.   , ..  1-   ,    .   . <>-<>    <>       .  <> 1, 3  6  (resp<ektive>47 )  <->     .          .    ,      «» <>?   «»?    –   <>   ,         . ____________ 46 .    (1874-1930) –  .. ,   - ;    (1880-1960) – , ,  1920- .    ;    (1874-1958) –   .

47 ,  (.)

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 V   . c48   ,    , <>     <>, <>           X.   .  .   .  ..

P.S.   «<>». «»         –      «»49.      .  .   –  <>   ,      . -  <>  , ..      <> .   .     <> –  !        <> , <>, ,  . ?    «<> <>» (=)?  P.P.S.   <>,       <> .  .   <>1.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: « »  168 (1993). . 61-65>. .  . . . 30. . 11-12>

____________ 48    , «  »,   2-     1889-1901 .      4   ,       .            ,        ,       16 . (, . 570.)

49             « »      1923 .

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 V -6. <..  – .. , 03.12.-04.12.1923> Praha IV. Keplerova ulice 8, Hotel Savoy, . 16-17.

1923.XII.3   ,          <>50,     .. <>        <>  <>  «  ».      ,                    .   ,    «»?!            ,     .              sine qua non51. 1.      ,     ,      -<>  «<> <>».        : «.     »  «– <> <>-<> <>» –  !  <> <> ,     -<> :    (  ). 2.    <>   <> ,    – <> .       ,                 . 3.    : <>     , <> ,      <> ,    , –  <> ____________ 50    25.11.1923 (-30   IV)    26.11.1923 (-15   III).

51 : “  ” (.), ..  –  .

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 V <>        52;     ,         ,        . 4.    .         , –  ,     ,    «»,            . , .  «»  :        .  ó  :     .  ,       ,     .     . . <>    . ,     «»53.   « »54.     ,     ,     «»  .     ,   , –       ,     , - ,          – «».        ,   :    «»,  ,       - ,      ,    , – ,  - ,      ,   ,  .    ,   . 5.     , ..           , – ,      <> <> ____________ 52   (, 1863-1936)      ,        .   .        5  1922,         .         ,     ,        ,     - .

53 .    26.11.1923 (-15   III).

54 -  « »   1917 .  ,   1921-1930 .       .

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 V  .. <>,   55.    bluffs56.     I-  «»  , –       . 6. ,   . .        . ,      <> ,  . 7.     ,               «»   , – ,     ,       ,   ,      ,     .  ,        ,   ,     .   «»   restitutio in integrum57, –            .       , <>  <.>  ,   ,       .  c:   ,      ,     ?   , ..      «», <>   .         –     <>   <>  (   1-10 III)   ,   15 IX      XI  2 .  :     . : .  <>,     6 <>, –    <>     ; .1.   , .  (2 .) ____________ 55    (1888-1943) –   .  :  . (     ) //  . . 3 (1923), . 55-80.        .

56 ,  (.).

57     (.).

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 V 2.     , – .. 58,         .   . (2 .)

3.       <> , –     :   . (2 .)

4. ,   , .  (2  .)

5. -     <> <>  –  ,  <> ,  ,  ,  ;  –   <>       ,     –    <>  (2 .)

6.     ()        2 .  , <> <> .

7.  ,  ,     59,   <>   .  ,  <>   <> <> ,  . .      II60     .       .         ,    <>    .  ,  «    ,     …61»  ,    …           62     ,         .          , –      , .    ____________ 58    (  ) (1892-1965) – ,  1925 .  .     .

59    (1876-1960) –      ,  1925 .  .     .

60    ( ) (1866 -1945) -    ,     «  »,    .

61     .  «» (1894).

62    (I-   2,4).   : «     ».

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 V         – <>   .       63,  «».    ,      <>  .      ,    . . <>    64.           .   . ,     ,    <> 65.     ,       ,     –   .              ,        .   .        .  ,    ,  ,     «»    .              <> -,              ,              «».            (<> )  .               – ,    ,   ,   ,   …       –  .           .  <>-____________ 63    « »,      4, 8-11.

64 .  -15   III. 65    « . »,     1924 .   . . .      ,    .. , .. , .. , .. , . ..   .. .     ,          «».           ..    .  ( 1924 .).   .: ..  (.)   .   , 1923-1939. -:  -YMCA-Press, 2000.

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 V  .       .   <> <>-<>    ,  <>   .     .        -<> : <>   ,   …      .    , , ..,     -    ,   .

8.  <>   XIX .    <> <>-<>     3 .

9.    <> , –       . ,  66.   . , ,  .      <>  ,   « »67   <> 3, <>      <> .  ,       «».    <>, <> ,     – <>  YMCA,     <>.     .   <><><> <> . –     20 .     .         ,  <> .   .    <>   .  <>   . –  <> 4 – :   ,       ,  ..   . –         .        « »,   <> <>.      , <>, ,    <> . <>    ,        .   ,    «»,   , –   <>  , –     «».          ____________ 66         (1877-1934),   .

67     :  ..  .     .  :  , 1927.

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 V          ,      ,      ,   -   68,    . .  <>  ,  ,     ?!        ?    .      ,   .   .    ,     .  ,    .  ,     .  <>   . . .  <>   <> <> .    <> ,         .  1750 <>    !   <>  .    <>69  ?   <>70  .    «»  !       <>   ?!71 4 XII.   <>   «» .   <>,  , ó  ,   . ,       <> <>-<>   .  ,    .  –    ,  <> .   –  <> .     .          .   <>  <>  –      , <>    .      . –     ____________ 68  () (1869-1935) –  1923-1925 .   ;  () (1865-1927) –  1922-1923 .    .

69   ,  .. .

70   ,   .. .

71 .     17.10.1923  22.11.1923 (-15   III).

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 V   (<> <>),  <>     .     <> .             .  <>   ,  ,        , <>   . «»   <>    <>  ,   .    ,    .  :   <>   ,             3 ?72    …            <>,   <>.    <>    …    . –  ,        .      .   .  –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– <: . . 5783. . 1. . 312. . 153-159>

____________ 72 .         06.09.1923 (-4)          (   1923 . – -31   IV).

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 .. 

..     (  )         ,         .        ,     ,   , ,  .. .        ( « »,  ,  ,  ,  ),        .  ,  ,    1921 .     1927 .        ,  ,   .  ..           «»     (),      .       (   ),              .  ,        ,   « »    («»)    .  ,       ,         .  ,       ,       ,      .           ,    .

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      ..              .         .          1,            . ..         ,    (« 1922    ,      »2),   ,   ,   ,    ,   ,     ,   . ..    « »   ,  ..   1924 .,  « »  ,             : « ,       ,          »3.     . , , ..    « ,  »,    , ,  ..     18 4.       ..  –  ,  5, ,          ? ,  ,      ,              ,  ,    .       .  ____________ 1 .   ..   //  . 1991.  1. . 181;   . 1922-1924 . /  .  //  . ., 1994. . V. . 476-498.

2  ..   . ., 2008. . 225.

3  ..  . ., 2000. . 264.

4  ..    !       //  . 1931.  47 (340). . 2.

5 , ,     ..  (   . . .  . . . . 25. . 1).

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   7  1897 .     6.  ,    ( )    1917 .   .  ..  ,      .. .     .. -,        1918  26  1919 .   ,       ,       ,   1919 .    ,    -  ,  1920 .   ,        7.  1920  1922 .         .    ,    1922 .         .. 8.  1922–1923 .,  ,     ,        .  1922 .    .. ,   ,   .9 20  1922 .   ..    ..         «  ».         700 .  ,      .. -    .. ,    .     ,      :   1923 .   -        .. -,     .. ,         .   1923 .     ,  ,  « » ( ,    ____________ 6   ,         .    ..      .  (.:    . . .  . . . . 26. . 35.).

7 - ..      (1902–1920). , 1983.

8   . 1922-1924 . /  .  //  . ., 1994. . V. . 498.

9 .    ..  ..   20. 09. 1922 (  . 1922-1924 . / . . . 476).

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 ),        ,      .  6-10         (  « »)  .        ,    10  1923 .  .. ,     .. ,      ,    .      ,   3  1923 .     ..   .. .    13  1923 .  ,        «  »  ,     .      , ,   ,        : «      . ,  ,  ,       ,          ,          ,  “   ”.      ,  ,               »10.       ..     ,   ,           1924 .     ,   – 1924 .  «»   .         ,                 1924 .,             ,   .      ,    1926 .    ,           («  [ ..]       .  ,    »11),    ____________ 10    . . .  . . . . 20. .

16-16, .

11    . . .  . . . . 21. . 9.

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  1924 .      .    1924 .    ,   .          ,         ,   ,          .        ,  ,       , « »  ,          ,    «»,     .  1925 .      .   1925 .         «        [..   – ..]»12     ,   ,   ,    .    ,      ,  , ,     : «     ,       [ ] (      )»;      : «    <…>  ,        [ ]   ,      [] »13. ____________ 12 . . 5783. . 1. . 445. . 91–94.             .   1924 . ..         («» [   ], «» [.. ]  .), ..         1924 ., ..  –   1924 .,  –  1925 .        ,          (. . 5783. . 1. . 448. . 32-34; . 444. . 21-21, .)   ,    ,  .    ,     ,          (  1925 .). , , .. -        , , ; ..  – , ,   . .

13  . . 92.

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              «» (  ),      ,   .   1925 .          ,        .         ,    ():     .        .       1927 ., ,   ,   ,       . 17  1927 .     «  » , , , ..  (,      ), .  (    ), .. -    .  «»  ,      ,      – «» (   .. )  ,   ..  [].    ,   «»      ,         .  ,    ,     , «»  ,     .   1928–1929 .             ().  ,    , ,         ,   , ,         ,        14.   1929 .,    , ____________ 14     1925 .   .     ..   ..  . :  .    ,    //     .  2001/2002. ., 2002. . 74–174.

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      ,  ,      .         ,      : «   <>. , ,  !  !»15.     ,         .   1930 .          .        .. .     ,   «»,    ,   ,  ,  ,     .   ,    ,         ,     .       , ,   , «    ,       »16.     ..  (   . . .  . . . . 20–26)  1922  1930 .,         .         :    ,  ,          . ,    ,     .. ,  ,     ,       .    ..   17  1927 .        : «   (. ),       .           ,      ,      .       ( ,      ),        ____________ 15  ..   ..   12  1929 . (   . . .  . . . . 25. . 24–24, .).

16  ..  ..   20. 09. 1922.   .

1922-1924 . / . . . 476.

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 .       <>      (    , «»   –   «» <> ) <…>       «» –   laissez faire .    –   ! (   –         ( ,  )»17.        ,       .    . .         – . , . , .   .,   ,   ,  ,       .    1  1930 .        . 5  1934 .     10  -    , 14  1938 . —      « »       17   18.       .. ,    ,     ,    19.    ,      ..  (  . . -1. . 58. . . -11972-. . 8-28 – 8-35).      :      .      .    ,    ,    .         ,  .        .           .       . ____________ 17    . . .  . . . . 22. . 6-8.

18   -   «» (.: www.lists.memo.ru/d2/f184.htm).

19  ..    … . 1991. . 121–127.

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              1. XII. 1930 . (   ).    <>   394819 ()    .         , ,       1924  1926 .               .      ,        «»  : ) .. 1        –     ,  ,           <>    – , . b) .. 2       .     <19>24, <19>25  <19>26 .      ,     . c)       ,  ,  ,    –     ,     … … ( ) 1924  3     ,           ,     <19>23-      .   ,            –     .   <>  .           .    ,  237

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  -  4    ,     .   , ,   . ..      «»    , ,  .         . .. <>        .      .      5.   ,       .   ,         ,          .     ,       –  , ,     ,       6,   -       .     ..       .     ,   .  ,   .   «»   ,  .. <> ,    .  ,   .. <> ,     ,       . «»  , ,   .         .   ,      ,  ..        –   «» , ,    ,    <> ,  ,    , –  ,       ,   . .. ,     , , , «» ,       ,  «» -.           «» – ,       ,  ,  238

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      …   ,  ,   ,        .  1924 ,  ,  ,       ,  ,        ,       ,       .          ,  - ,    ,    –   .           .             ,   , «   ».  1926           ,  , (   )      ,     «».  1927    7  ,         8     .     . ,       -    , ,    ,       «»       .  ,  (  )         ,     –      ,     ,   ,  ,     «».   ,    ...    ,    .  ,      ,   .    ,      ,  -        9     239

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: 1.  10, , ,    ,  2.    –   .   ,    ,       <>     ,    ,  ,  ,    «»   . <> ,        ,      ;  ,    .        , ,        «»  .  , , ,        ,        .      .  .  ,                .            (    )  .    ..          .   «»     .       ,        -       .  1928 .        11,       ,    ,    (     ).         ,    .       1927 .    <> ,    ,      (    –    -).    : 1.   ,  ,  ,  .      ( )    ,        . ,  , – ,  ,   ,  240

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    , -,    . 2.       , ,                . 3. –   ,              , –      ,        –    <>,   ,     ,  ,    .  ,   . 4.   ,   ,           «»   .        . 5.           ,   ,   <> – .    ,  12         . , 6)     ,    1927      .       .    .  ,    ,     ,                .    .       ,      .       …    ,   -  1927       13  14.     ,        , <> ,     ,       ,      .     <19>29  <> 15    ,       ,      ( )       ... ,    ,      ,          .      241

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     , ,      ,      ,    - .     , , ,       ,        .           1929 …    1925     <>       16.     .   ,   ,  <>  <>. ..         ,   «»  . ,            ,     ,       ,   —  ,          <> ,       (  ),   ,  ,   1929  <>         .        .. <>,   ,  ,   (  ,      ,  ).  ,     .. <>     (, 50 <> –   ). .. <>         «» , ,      , – .   ,      1924–1926 .      1927 17,   :   18  19 ( , ).              «»  .     1927     .      ,             , ,    , <>…

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                   .     ,     ,             .  ,    ,  ,   ,           .        ,      1925    ,    ,    . ,    ,     ,   ..    ,  ,  .     ..    ,         ,  ,  ,         ,   ,  , ,    .      .. <>     20,            ,   <><>  …        ,            ,        .  , ,           ,      ,      .    ,  .    ,          ,   ,      ,   ,            ,     ,        1927 .

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   .       – ,     ,      ,      .          .       , , ,   ,  ,     ..   .      .. 21.         22,              23,         …         (   ),               .. 24,           .  ,   ,   « »       .         (, <> ).    <>  «»  ,  ..            ,    «»…   ,  , <>, , ,       ,    , -   ,    .       . ,      ..             ,    ,    .          ,     ,       …               ,    .            ,      .       .        ,  244

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    , ,        .. .   .    .        1927 ,      .         ,       –  .        1924   ..    1924       1927 .   ,   ,       ,      ..            .         ,       , , ,       .. .               .                 ,              .           ,      ,            …            1928 .       .         ,  ,      ,  ,    ,      .       ,        .  ,       ,  ..            25.   ,  .   ,   .. <>     ,     ,         .  ,   ,        ,     .  ,     ,   245

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 ..  ,    ,       ,  ,    ,     .           . -     -       1929  …    1929       ,    .        <> <> 26   , , «»   ,            .     , ,     ,            .     ,          .   ,  27,  «» ,   ,   ,    ,    ..     ,     .    ,      -   ,          ,      .     .. …   ,       ,      ,     «».      .       28  .       .   ,     .      <> .      . ,   ,      .      ,    1000 () ,     .            «»29.          ,        .     246

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   <> . ,          ,   .. ,     .  ,     ,  ,        <>          .      ,   <>   .. . :        ()    : . - 2     – .  <, > ()    1

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   (1876–1937),   ,        ,  1917 .    ,     ,   ,   ,        ().    (1896–1964),        .  ()  1927 .   ,       .    ..    1924 .  ,   (  .. )      .    1925 .    ..       ,   1925 .    .   1925 .              ,        «»  .  1939 .          .  1940-1955 .   ,  1955. .

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   (1890–1971),   ,  -  ,   1918 .     .. ,   .. .        ,   ..     «  ».     ,    ,      «»   .     ,      .   1928 .     ,    180            «» .        (« », « »,  «»  .)    .     «»   .     ..           ,   ..              .        ,       ,    .     ,       ,             .     ,   ,   ,        .   ,            ,        ,  .. .        .. ,    1925 .  .. : « <>  -   ,       ,      «»   .         ,   ,           ,       « »,       <…>   <>   - , - « », «»  «»  ,   ,     ,   ,    » ( ..   .. . ., 2008, . 144–145).  1925 .  ..   ..  ,   ,    .. ,      ,   .           ,             (. :  .. ,   . ,

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1927; :   . , 1926).          1925–1926 .    .

7    (1894–1927),    1922–1927 .,     ,        .   ,          -.   1927 .        . 9  1927 .    «»    « »,     (),             ,      . 17  1927 .        ,   ,    1922 .          ,           .       ,     ,    ,   ,  .       , 31    - ,         ,          .   (.  .. .   . , , 1974),   ,      . .. ,  ,     .     Geoffrey Bailey,     . .  The Conspirators. NY, 1960. (           ,        ,       . .  .   . .: , 2003 [.]).

8    (1882–1930),   ,  1920 .        ,  1930 .     ,    (   ,    ).

9 18  1921 .,   - ,          ,        .  ,    ,        ,   (  ),   .       ,   .              .

10 ,     ,    «».

11    «» ..     1928 .    .. ,     ..  

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 , ,     ,            .          «   ,  »,      (   . . .  . . . . 23. . 2).        .  1928 .      ,           20  , . .            .     ,       «»  ,         («»    ..   «»   .. ). ,     ,    «».    (1889–1954),    ,      1925–1927 .   , ,       ,      .  1922 .   .  1924 .   ..      .  1925 .   ,       ,         .  1926 .   ..   ..       .   1927 .       ..     .  ,     (  ) — «  » (, 1926).  1938 .   -   , ,         .         . -   (1891–1974),      .. ,  1919 .  .     ,       ( ,  ,  ),   .    -   .   1924 .     ,    ,       .. .  « »   6    .       ,       ..   .. .    (1897–1937),  ––  1921–1937 .,        ( 1923 .     ,  1930 . —    ,  1931 . —      ).  1937 .   .      1925 .     ,            (.. , .. -

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, .. , .. , .. -),       ..   .. .        ,      «»: «      ..   ..     ,             [.. ]   [.. ]» (  .  1925. — . . 5783. . 1. . 445. . 82).       ..       ,         «»       ,       .  – 1927 . ..       « »   .   ,     ,     1926 .     ..   .. .   1927 .     .. ,       ..       .            .            ,   .         .. , ..        ,        .  ---           ,       .    (1895– 1927),      ,  1920 .  .  1924 .    ,    .  1925 .             .        1924 .   «»    «»      .             ,      .       .   .    (?–1927),  .. ,  1926 .          ,    «»  .             .. .       1927 . ..   ..  ( . . . . 22. . 47, .).    (1878–1976), - , .    ,         II     .  1920 .  .  1926 .     « »   ,         -

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 .   , ,        « » (, 1927).  1944 .      ,   ,   10  .     .    (1882–1952), -, .  1922 .    .  1923 .   .. ,        .  1924 .  ..      ,  1926 .    ,    .  1926 .  ..         .   1928 .         ().       ,     «».  1949 .   ,       .      .    ,        ..     . ..     ..          ( ,   )   1926 .,         –  1926 .  1926 .            –  ,         .         ..   .. ,       ,    .   ,              .     ,    .. ,    ..   .. ,         ,   ,      .        . 1      ()   ,         .      ,      ,      .       (1893–1927),  ,     ..   1923 .      (   .. )        ..  ().       (),  «»   -   .  1925 .   ..   ,     ,        .   1927 .     ,    ,   —   ,       . 31  1927 .    -

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  -         ,          . (.  . 7.)   1927 .      ,      .  1927 .             ,  22        ,    . ..     ,      .    (1893–1941), , ,   ,  .. .  1921–1925 .   ,  1925–1937.  ,       « ».   1926 .   ,    ,  1927 .     «  »,  1928 .          .  1931 .     ().  1937 .   ,     ,  .  (Spalding) (  (1877–1953),  , .  1924 .     10 000    « » .. -, ,         ..   .. ,    .      1924–1929 . (  ..       1932 .),     (  « ») « » (Russia in Resurrection. A Summary of the Views and Aims of a New Party in Russia. By an English Europasian. Lndon, 1928). -   (1890–1939), , , , .  1918 .  ,  1920 .   ,  1922 .    ,  1925 .   « » (, 1925. . 4.)  «     ».  (  ..   .. )      «»,       «».        .. ,  « » ..     1929 .       .  1931 .     ,     .. .  1932 .   ,   ,      .  1937 . ,     .    1929 .    «»         .. -. ,    ,          ,   .  1929 . ..       , 

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 ,  ,   ,     .,     .

   .. 

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NATIONALISM AND ANTI-NATIONALISM IN EURASIANISM: THE PAX EURASIANA MARLÈNE LARUELLE The Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University Can there be many people in Russia who don’t have some Khazar or Cuman,Tatar or Bashkir, Mordva or Chuvash blood coursing through their veins?1

In the course of the 1920s and 1930s, the Russian emigration was much agitated by the political and intellectual controversies produced by the iconoclastic declarations of the Eurasian movement. The spokesmen of the movement were attacked on all sides: accused of betraying the cause of monarchy by calling for a new political regime, to be known as ideocratic,2 founded on ideology rather than on dynastic legitimacy; accused of wanting to destroy the Russian nation by pro____________ 1      ,        ,   ,    ? – P.N. Savitskii, “Povorot k Vostoku,” originally in Iskhod k Vostoku (Sofia, 1921), reprinted in the collection of essays, Petr Savitskii, Kontinent Evraziia (Moscow: Agraf, 1997). Cited passage is on p. 136.

2 Ideocracy is the political regime the Eurasians advocated: it is a form of republican theocracy, founded on “the reign of an idea,” of a principle or of an essence, that would permit a unification of religion, identity, and state policy within a new totalitarianism supposedly representing the opinion and the unity of the majority. On this issue, see R. Paradowski, “Absolutism and Authority in Eurasianist Ideology,” in D. Shlapentokh, ed., Russia between East and West.

Scholarly Debates on Eurasianism (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2006), pp. 95-108. ____________

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moting ethnic mingling with the peoples of the empire, particularly the Turkic populations; accused of an excessively positive view of Bolshevik ideology, etc. Since the 1970s, well-known figures advocating Eurasianism and Neo-eurasianism, from Lev Gumilev (19121992) to Alexander Dugin (b. 1960), have been criticized in turn by the more traditional nationalists for their alleged Russian anti-nationalism and their so-called wish to hinder the revival of the Russian nation by asserting the Eurasian identity of Russia. Others consider Eurasianists, whether classic or “neo,” to be merely Russian nationalists who reject ethnocentricism and who are, in other words, partisans of an imperial nationalism.

Only very rarely have the opponents of Eurasianism pointed to the numerous ambiguities present in the narrative they criticize. Eurasianism extols a Eurasian nation born from the fusion and equality of all the peoples of the empire, all the while assimilating Eurasia to the Russian world. Furthermore, the movement was not unified, with each of its members having his own interpretation of the key questions, his own intellectual and political baggage, his own way of formulating answers to the question of Eurasia’s identity. For example, certain members of the movement in its early phase (like the Orthodox philosopher and theologian Georges Florovsky [1893-1979], who broke ranks by 1923), loudly proclaimed the primacy of spiritual values over political and “material“ – geographical or historical – ones in the definition of a nation, but this was a tendendy that classic Eurasianism, in its final form, would maintain only in a paradoxical and partial manner. In addition to these factors, Eurasianism originally arose as an ideology of repudiation: Nikolai Trubetskoi’s first book, Europe and Mankind [  ], published in 1920, did not yet advocate the idea of Eurasian unity, but endeavored to deny the West any universal value. Eurasianism thus denounced Europe before promoting Eurasia. As Trubetskoi put it in a 1921 letter to Roman Jakobson, “My book does not aim to put forward any positive or specific guiding principles. It aims only to topple some familiar idols and, after setting the reader face to face with the idols’ empty pedestals, to force him to rack his brains for a way out of this conundrum.”3 In essence, Eurasianism thrives on celebrating an iconoclastic vision of Russia. It is eager to scandalize by asserting that “in every ____________ 3 Quoted in Roman Jakobson, ed., N.S. Trubetzkoy’s Letters and Notes (The Hague, Paris: Mouton, 1975), p. 12.

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Russian there is a drop of yellow blood,”4 but sometimes has difficulty in transforming its theories into viable logical constructions.

Eurasianists were eager to develop a Eurasian supranationalist nationalism, one that rejects the local nationalisms it encompasses, denouncing these for their archaism and their suspected “lack of content,” as well as the nationalisms of its European neighbors, which is denounced for imperialism. They call for a nationalism which is at one and the same time political (the nationalism of a Eurasian nation founded upon so-called ideocratic values), cultural (defined by the shared historical fate uniting the Eurasian peoples among themselves), and messianic and potentially universal (because it claims to be the bearer of a message addressed to the rest of humanity). This simultaneously nationalistic and antinationalistic nationalism cannot be understood without recalling the movement’s central philosophical postulate, namely, that the whole is superior to its parts. Each part – whether “nationality” or “ethnic group” – may thus cultivate the unique features of its particular linguistic, religious, and folkloristic identity, so long as it accepts its integration in the whole. It cannot reject the latter’s cultural superiority, nor take steps toward political secession. This Eurasian totality is a two-faced Janus: it is supranational as it turns inward to its constituent parts, but nationalistic when it seeks to be on equal footing with external civilizations. Eurasia thus involves both an overcoming of nationalism, and a new supranational nationalism.

The political form in which this totality finds expression is that of empire. This was viewed by the Eurasianists to be the most adequate configuration – one validated by history – for a Eurasia simultaneously diverse yet unified, multiple yet one, autocratic yet popular. Furthermore, this whole manifests its own identity, one that is not merely the sum of the identities of its parts. This higher identity is that of the Russians. Indeed, while the Eurasian whole cultivates the national diversity that lies at the heart of its identity, only Russians give meaning to the whole beyond the limited identity of each part. The idea of a Pax Eurasiana thus takes shape, modelled on the Pax Mongolica experienced by the lands under Mongol rule in the 13th and 14th centuries.5 In the attempt to illuminate the complexities of the Eurasian theory of nation, the present article first focuses on the Eurasians’ rejection ____________ 4 V.P. Nikitin, “My i Vostok,” Evraziia,  1, November 24, 1928, p. 8.

5 P.P. Suvchinskii, “Pax Eurasiana,” Evraziia,  10, January 26, 1929, p.2.

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of race as a determining factor, then proceeds to examine the importance ascribed to the ideas of shared historical fate and of the so-called rainbow principle, and goes on to show how linguistics and ethnology have been used both to promote diversity and to confirm the primacy of Russians at the core of the Eurasian space.

The Eurasian rejection of racial theories During the 1920s and 1930s, the Russian emigration in exile found itself in direct contact with Western cultures to which it had to adapt. A number of émigré groupings rallied to the ideal of a strong national feeling, a circumstance that was perhaps brought on as much by the Bolshevik victory as by the humiliation of exile in the West. In this sense the Eurasians are similar to numerous movements of the time, in particular the German advocates of the “third way.” 6 Eurasianism was an unusual variety of conservative revolution in that it considered itself a non-European current of thought, aloof from all the traditional Western debates. In its interpretation, the “third way” was no longer the solution for a Europe stuck between the expansion of communism and the purported failure of the liberal Western model, but rather a statement of Russia’s cultural irreducibility to the West and her double status as both Europe and Asia.7 Eurasians were therefore attracted by a kind of fascism of the Italian variety and intrigued by the Bolshevik adventure, all the while, however, condemning Mussolini’s restrictive nationalism and rejecting Marxism as a Western ideology. Nazism is barely present in Eurasianism, which was in the final stages of decline in institutional and intellectual terms by the time Hitler took power. The movement’s last publi___________ 6 M. Baissvenger [Beisswenger], “Konservativnaia revoliutsiia v Germanii i dvizhenie evraziitsev – tochki soprikosnoveniia,” Konservatizm v Rossii i v mire,  3, 2004, pp.49-73; L. Liuks [Luks], “Evraziistvo i konservativnaia revoliutsiia. Soblazn antizapadnichestva v Rossii i Germanii,” Voprosy filosofii, 1966,  6, pp. 57-69.

7 The Eurasians were never clearly able to choose between two modes of defining Eurasia: is it at once Europe and Asia, in this sense a continent unifying the two others, one whose culture straddles or lies half-way between both, or is it neither Europe nor Asia, in which case it is a third continent bordering on the two other identifiable continents, and itself having a specific identity. However, D.S. Mirsky in his excellent 1927 essay “The Eurasian Movement,” originally published in The Slavonic Review (London), writes: “Eurasia has to be regarded as distinct from both Europe and Asia, and as forming a unity.” See D.S.Mirsky, Uncollected Writings on Russian Literature, ed. G.S. Smith (Berkeley: Berkeley Slavic Specialties, 1989), p. 239. (The italics on “both” are Mirsky’s.)

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cations, in large part supportive of the Soviet cause, nevertheless mention Hitler on several occasions: the idea of imposing socialism in the economy, authoritarianism in politics, and collectivism in national policy corresponds in large part to the goals of Eurasianism.

Nazism nevertheless remained clearly condemned for its pan-German and pro-Aryan position, and its view of Russia was too negative to allow for the possibility of any ideological borrowings. The Eurasianists could not allow themselves to even partially recognize their affinity to the Nazi vision.8 In any case, the major Eurasianists such as Nikolai Trubetskoi (1890-1938) and Petr Savitskii (1895-1968) unambiguously condemned the development of racial theories which they characterized as “the barbarization of Europe” 9 and the rejection of Christian values. Just as they decried the former antisemitic policies of tsarist Russia, they condemned the racist radicalism exhibited by some members of the Russian emigration, especially by those based in Germany. Indeed racial considerations are inimical to the basic Eurasian premise which accords primacy to milieu over origin. In 1935, in a text published in reaction to Adolf Hitler’s assumption of power, Trubetskoi praises the Russian people as a racially mixed nation, composed as much of Slavs as it is of Jews, gypsies, blacks and Caucasians. 10 Charges of racism, made by such opponents of the Eurasianists as P.N. Miliukov, 11 in reality signal nothing more than their rejection of the Eurasian movement’s cultural conceptions and poor conceptual formulations caused by the contingencies that were agitating Russian liberals at the time.

Europe’s racial antisemitism is denounced by Trubetskoi as an extreme form of anthropological materialism which robs man of freedom by asserting that determinism runs in his veins. Divine predestination no longer makes sense if it is dethroned by genetics in the working out of human destiny. __________ 8 A.P. Antipov, “Novye puti Germanii” in V.A. Peil’, ed., Novaia epokha. Ideokratiia. Politika.

Ekonomiia. Obzory (Narva: Izdanie evraziitsev, 1933), pp. 35-43.

9 Evraziiskie tetradi (Prague),  4, 1935, p. 16.

10 N.S. Trubetskoi. “O rasizme,” (1935), reprinted in the collection: N.S. Trubetskoi, Istoriia.

Kul’tura. Iazyk (Moscow: Progress, 1995), pp. 456-457.

11 P.N. Miliukov, “Russkii rasizm,” Poslednie novosti, December 16, 1926; reprinted in M.G. Vandalkovskaia, ed., Istoricheskaia nauka rossiiskoi emigratsii:“Evraziiskii soblazn” (Moscow: RAN, 1997), pp. 331-335.

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German racism is founded upon anthropological materialism, upon the conviction that the human will is not free, that all of man’s actions in the final analysis depend on his physiological characteristics <…> Given its rejection of materialism of the economic type, Eurasianism sees no reason to accept anthropological materialism, which is even weaker in philosophical terms. When it comes to questions of culture which is the realm of the creative expression of the free human spirit, the last word must belong not to anthropology but to such sciences of the spirit as sociology and psychology.12

Nevertheless the Eurasian narrative on the Jewish world sometimes lends itself to debate. Thus, in his text on racism, Trubetskoi asserts that the characteristics which he deems typical of Jews are not genetic in nature but cultural. He could therefore be accused of cultural antisemitism, one that distinguishes “positive” Eurasian Jews from “negative” Jews, who had become assimilated Westerners.13 Eurasians considered any attempt to explain national identities by means of genealogical or genetic principles inadequate by virtue of being anchored in a vanished past. It was in this vein that Trubetskoi spoke on the “Indoeuropean problem” at a conference of the Linguistic Circle in Prague in 1936.14 For him, this notion had purely linguistic significance and could not have any ethnic or cultural overtones, because the existence of a primeval Indo-European people could not be proved and archeological or ethnological research on this question was beside the point. Trubetskoi also held that no single Indo-European language had ever existed and that this linguistic group had been formed by convergence, by the mutual influence of originally dissimilar languages. Anti-Western value judgments and linguistic arguments here reinforced each other, since in Trubetskoi’s view agglutinative Turkic-Mongolian languages were superior to the inflected Indo-European ones. Any concept smacking of Aryanism was firmly rejected and Trubetskoi disallowed the possibility of a primitive birthplace in Iran and India,15 one that had been the subject of many dreams among some of his Slavophile predecessors. ____________ 12 Trubetskoi, “O rasizme,” p. 457.

13 Ibid.

14 N.S. Trubetskoi, “Mysli ob indoevropeiskoi probleme,” Novaia epokha (Narva), 1933; republished in French translation: N.S. Troubetzkoy, L’Europe et l’humanite. Ecrits linguistiques et paralinguistiques, tr. Patrick Sériot (Liège: Mardaga, 1996), pp. 211-230.

15 Ibid., p. 223. ____________

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Shared historical fate and the rainbow principle Eurasians have sought to define Eurasia’s unity by history and geography as well as by culture. The definition via culture is not easy to elaborate because it runs counter to the mainline narrative concerning the great national diversity of the Russian empire and of the subsequent Soviet Union, and also because it clashes with the European vision of a “prisonhouse of nationalities.” A strong aspect of Eurasian theory is that it did not try to make artificial assertions about cultural similarity between diverse groups such as Russians and Buriats; instead, it offered the concept of unity in diversity. This theory is based on two postulates: shared historical fate and the rainbow principle, both having the aim of demonstrating the existence of a totality “united and harmonious by virtue of its continuity and at the same time infinitely varied by reason of its diversity.”16 The postulate of shared historical fate invokes the idea that the Eurasian peoples are united not by their essence or their origin, but by their development in history. Thus, An assembledge of peoples living in an area of sef-sufficient (autarkical) economic development, and linked to each other not by race but by their shared history and by their common effort in creating their common culture or state, this is the totality.17

Eurasia is thus a continuity, heterogeneous in its origins but homogeneous in its historical fate. All the Eurasian cultures share “tendencies” derived from a common historical fate that accounts for their Eurasian status. “In the Eurasian brotherhood, peoples are linked among themselves not by a unilateral body of criteria but by their shared historical fate. Eurasia is a totality in geographical, economical, and historical terms.”18 The creation of Eurasian unity therefore de____________ 16 N.S. Trubetskoi, “Vavilonskaia bashnia i smeshenie iazykov” (1923), reprinted in Istoriia.

Kul’tura. Iazyk. Cited passage is on p. 334.

17  ,    ()        ,    ,               , –   . – Trubetskoi, “Ob idee-pravitel’nitse ideokraticheskogo gosudarstva” (1935). Reprinted in the collection Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk. Cited passage is on p. 441.

18                 ,      .  –  ,    . – “Obshcheevraziiskii natsionalizm” (1927). Reprinted in N.S. Trubetskoi, Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, p. 495.

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pends on the historical process of rapprochement among populations and of their distancing from neighboring cultural spaces: “The history of Eurasia is the history of the community of different peoples on the soil of the Eurasian topogenesis, their attraction and repulsion toward each other, their common and separate relations with external (nonEurasian) peoples and cultures.”19 The “rainbow” theory is based on multiple postulates. First, that there exist a series of “links,” or national characteristics that permit an uninterrupted seepage of these traits from one people to another within the Eurasian whole: from Ukrainians to Russians, from Russians to Tatars, from Tatars to Kazakhs, from Kazakhs to Buriats, etc. “In the East and Southeast <of central Russia> Russian culture blends by imperceptible degrees with the Turko-Mongolian culture of the steppes and through it is linked to the cultures of Asia.”20 This transmission of characteristics at all times presupposes external borders so that the uninterrupted sequence of links would have limits: the Eurasian totality ends in the West between Ukrainians and Poles and in the East between Buriats and the Chinese, and the Eurasians must then explain why and where the rainbow ends. The border with Europe is conceived as absolute – Eurasia cannot share links with the West – whereas the border with Asia is more blurred and malleable. Hence Eurasia is not the closed monad that Eurasianism usually represents: it is permeable in the East, precisely because in that direction it acknowledges multiple cultural links that become less and less Russian and more and more Oriental in a succession within which no real break can be identified.

Furthermore, the rainbow is concentric; one is at the same time Buriat, Russian, and Eurasian. Affiliations are thus multiple and noncontradictory and the individual is never alone before the state since he only obtains access to the higher totality via other multiple collective identities. “Between the nation on one hand and the individual person on the other, one might speak of several concentric circles of increasingly specific individuation.”21 Finally, the rainbow implies that different national characteristics have no autonomous reality outside of the ____________ 19 G.V. Vernadskii, Opyt istorii Evrazii (Berlin: Izdanie evraziitsev, 1934), p. 6.

20 N.S. Trubetskoi, ”Verkhi i nizy russkoi kul’tury” (1921). Cited text in N.S. Trubetskoi, Istoriia.

Kul’tura. Iazyk, p. 135.

21  ,   ,    –  ,        . – N.S. Trubetskoi, “K probleme russkogo samopoznaniia” (1927). Cited text in Istoriia. Kul’tura.

Iazyk, p. 106.

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whole. Hence it is the relation of each part to the whole – a vertical relationship – that makes for Eurasian unity, and not relations between each of the parts that can be systemized as in a horizontal relationship.

The parts can even have nothing in common except their affiliation to the whole rather than any shared cultural traits. It then becomes almost unnecessary to seek identifying what all of these links share culturally since it is the very nature of links to be part of a higher totality which in this case is the Eurasian whole.

The concept of the connection between polarity and totality is once again borrowed by Eurasians from Naturphilosophie, which teaches that monolithic organisms do not exist, that plurality does not hinder totality, and that organic totality depends upon the correlation of its parts.

Several concentric spheres may coexist: each is a closed entity according to the will of the totality, but at the same time each is permeable to others, as befits a part of a living unity. “Nationalism will always to some degree diverge from the actual heterogeneity and the indistinctness of a given ethnic identity.”22 Diversity thus becomes nothing but rhetoric, it no longer is an obstacle, since totality dominates.

Linguistics in the service of Eurasian theories Definitions of nationhood have always granted pride of place to language, because language is said to express the very soul of each people.23 In the book of Genesis, the division of humanity into separate peoples is figurately expressed by the story of the tower of Babel; the loss of Adamic unity is mirrored by the fragmentation of human language. Romanticism focused on language beginning with the late 18th century, spurred on by successive scientific discoveries of the languages of Eastern Antiquity that occurred at the time.24 For Eurasians, language is both a relevant issue and a red herring. They saw it as a false problem because they wished to distance themselves from Slavophile theories that deduced an alleged unity of culture and historical destiny from Slavic linguistic unity. But it is true because both Roman Jakobson and Nikolai Trubetskoi devoted numerous texts to linguistic questions ____________ 22 N.S. Trubetskoi, “Obshcheevraziiskii natsionalizm” (1927). Cited text in Istoriia. Kul’tura.

Iazyk, p. 424.

23 M. Olender, The Languages of Paradise: Race, Religion, and Philology in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).

24 See, for instance, Richard King, Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and “The Mystic East” (London: Routledge, 1999).

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bearing on the Eurasian movement, and in the process revolutionized linguistics by their contributions to the work of the Prague Linguistic Circle which played a major role in the birth of structuralism.25 The Eurasians criticized their Slavophile and Panslavist predecessors, who, they said, had lost their way in the convolutions of “linguistic totality”: ‘Slavdom’ is not an ethno-psychological, anthropological or historicocultural notion; it is a linguistic concept. Language, and language alone, binds the Slavs to each other. Language is the only link binding Russia to the Slavic world.26

No Slavic unity of culture or historical fate exists: Western Slavs are part of the Romano-Germanic world and only Southern Slavs, when they are Orthodox, may, via the Byzantine heritage, profit by their link with the Eastern Slavs, who are turned towards the Orient. This reading of the Slavic question clearly connects the Eurasians with Konstantin Leont’ev’s theories.27 The hermetic border between Europe and Eurasia thus cuts across the heart of the Slavic world. However Nikolai Trubetskoi at times tempered his statements by asserting that the Slavs constitute an independent element, one that cannot be assimilated to RomanoGermanic world alone. On these grounds Russians, even though they differ from other exclusively European Slavs, would belong as much to the Slavic group as to the world of the steppes. They would be linked to the first by language and religion but would remain part of the Turanian world by blood, character, and culture. “Together with the Ugro-Finns and the Volga Turks, Russians make up a particular cultural zone, that has as many links with the Slavs as with the Turanian East, and it is hard to say which of these links is the strongest and most durable.”28 The

____________ 25 See Patrick Sériot, Structure et totalité. Les origins intellectuelles du structuralisme en Europe centrale et orientale (Paris: PUF, 1999).

26 “”    , ,   -,   . ,   ,     .    ,    . – N.S. Trubetskoi, “Obshcheslavianskii element v russkoi kul’ture” (1927). Cited text in Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, pp. 206-207.

27 On Leont’ev see Marlène Laruelle, “A-t-il existé des précurseurs au mouvement eurasiste?

L’obsession russe pour l’Asie au tournant du siècle,” Revue des études slaves,  3-4, 2004, pp.

437-454. See also Nikolai Berdiaev, Konstantin Leont’ev: Ocherk iz istorii russkoi religioznoi mysli (Paris: YMCA-Press, 1926); V. I. Koshik, Konstatin Leont’ev, razmyshleniia na slavianskuiu temu (Moscow: Zerkalo, 1997); S. Lukashevich, Konstantin Leontev. A Study in Russian “Heroic Vitalism” (New York: Pageant Press, 1967).

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readiness to put the Slavic element on equal footing with the Turanian one in Russia-Eurasia is the final move in the theoretical construction of this space as a third continent, a median zone between Europe and Asia.

The notion of topogenesis (29) developed by Petr Savitskii supports the Eurasian narrative in rejecting the cult of Slavdom. Topogenesis is the space where geographic reality and human society meet. “The socio-historical milieu and its territory must, for us, link into a united whole, a geographical individual or Landschaft.”30 Although reminiscent of the vocabulary of naturalism, topogenesis posits, not the subjection of man and history to territory, but a reciprocal and equal interaction between the natural and the socio-historical environment.31 The Russians’ natural topogenesis is seen as the Eurasian space, not the Slavic world straddling several topogeneses. The idea underlying this theory is that only the region of a language’s development needs to be taken into account. Eurasians deny any significance to identification by means of kinship or genetic relationship, and assert that linguistic groups are established according to their geo-cultural affiliation, not their origins. As early as 1923, in his biblically-buttressed essay on the diversity of cultures, Trubetskoi proposed the idea of a “union of languages” ( ).

This refers to languages with different origins that share common traits which multiply in number in the course of history due to a territorial proximity that facilitates borrowing and promotes structural similarities.

The Ugro-Finnic-Samoyed (or Uralic) family, the Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchurian families, share a certain number of traits that unite them in a ‘union of families of the Uralo-Altaic languages,’ even though modern linguistics denies the existence of any genetic relatedness between these families of languages.32 ____________ 28 N.S. Trubetskoi, “Verkhi i nizy russkoi kul’tury.” Cited text in Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, p. 138.

29 The Russian term mestorazvitie was launched by Savitskii. J. Toman has proposed “topogenesis” as a translation. See his essay, “The Ecological Connection: A Note on Geography and the Prague School,” Lingua e Stile,  16, 1981, p. 280.

30 P.N. Savitskii, Rossiia – osobyi geograficheskii mir (Paris: Evraziiskoe knigoizdatel’stvo, 1927), p. 29.

31 More on this issue in M. Laruelle, “Conceiving the Territory: Eurasianism as a Geographical Ideology,” in M. Bassin, S. Glebov, and M. Laruelle, eds., Between Europe and Asia: The Origins, Theories and Legacies of Russian Eurasianism, forthcoming.

32 Trubetskoi, “Vavilonskaia bashnia i smeshenie iazykov.” Cited passage in Istoriia. Kul’tura.

Iazyk, p. 333.

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This idea was taken up again by Jakobson in 1928 at the International Congress of Linguists in The Hague in the section on areal linguistics.

The majority of the linguistic arguments in favor of Eurasian unity were worked out by Roman Jakobson, principally in a work entitled      [Toward a characterization of the Eurasian language union]. In defining Eurasian linguistic unity, Jakobson selected three criteria that he considered pertinent for distinguishing three zones of more or less concentric character: 1) the presence of the hard-soft opposition of consonants (the palatalization feature), 2) monotonicity, that is the absence of tonal distinctions that affect meaning, and 3) territorial continuity. The first of these categories applies to all the languages of Eurasia except those of the Far East and is represented in a few Western areas (Polish, Baltic languages) and in the East (Japanese). Monotonicity, the second criterion, also defines Eurasia, which in this sense can be seen as situated between two groups of polytonic languages (the periphery of the Baltic Sea and in South-East Asia). A third zone of countries bearing neither of these two characteristics surrounds Eurasia. These characteristics reappear in a fourth, more remote, zone (African languages). The first circle, the one including languages exhibiting both monotonicity and the feature of palatalization, defines the border areas of Eurasia in this scheme: Eastern Slavic languages, Ugro-Finnic languages, Caucasian languages and Turkic-Mongolian languages.33 Trubetskoi as well as Jakobson were fascinated by symmetry. To them, an object exists because it is symmetric. But while for Trubetskoi the symmetry in question is abstract, for Jakobson it is symmetry in space, real and absolute. Focused on the opposition between center and periphery, Jakobson thus argues that Eurasian languages have a kind of absolute “central nature”, whereas those exhibiting neither the palatalization feature, nor monotonicity are peripheral in nature. Hence on both sides of the Eurasian group there should exist symmetry among polytonic languages: the Baltic union in the North-West, the Pacific union in the South-East. The linguistic argument is here presented solely to confirm Eurasian physical geography which likewise exhibits a remarkable symmetry in terms of the borders of Eurasia. ____________ 33 R. Jakobson,

K kharakteristike evraziiskogo iazykovogo soiuza (Paris: Izdanie evraziitsev, 1931). Reprinted in Roman Jakobson, Selected Writings, 8 vols. (The Hague, etc.: Mouton, 1966-1987), I, 144-201.

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To seek in symmetry a principle of ontological proof of the profound and intrinsic reality of things that one discovers is thus equivalent to knowing how to ascribe meaning to geometric relationships, to give meaning to that which is hidden.34

These phonological analyses essentially produced the geographical and cultural conclusions that were intended to help define Eurasia.

The majority of Western languages constitute a sort of “non-being,” having neither the palatalization feature nor monotonicity. In the Western Slavic languages and in Hungarian (which nevertheless belongs to the Ugro-Finnic group), a phonological europeanization took effect with the disappearance of timbre (palatalization) as a crucial element.

Neither do Georgian and Armenian display the opposition of consonants according to timbre, and in the Eurasian view this marks the transition from Eurasia to a different area of civilization. The same goes for the great Siberian North, the home of Paleoasiatic languages. The Eurasian totality thus collides with other spaces – Baltic, Central-European, Caucasian and Pacific ones – that exhibit both polytonicity and a non-differentiation in terms of timbre, thereby further emphasizing the uniqueness and unity of the Eurasian whole.35 Like Trubetskoi, Jakobson was greatly influenced by P.N. Savitskii’s research in structural geography, and in his linguistic theories he emphasizes the importance of physical proximity to the similarities between languages. He attacks neo-grammarians and the idea of a genealogical tree of languages because one cannot explain the similarities between two given languages solely on the basis of their mother tongue and by the two languages’ origins. Kinship between languages is therefore not a state but a dynamic process effected through spatial contact.

Eurasian languages gradually differentiate themselves from their sibling languages and establish points of similarity with different ones in the same cultural space. Jakobson’s argument is in effect teleological: it is more important to know where languages are going () rather than whence they have come (): “A constant phonological effort focused on a single goal, a movement in a single common direction is what unites Eurasian languages.”36 While the languages of the Eurasian space are heterogeneous, they all move in the same direction. What ____________ 34 Patrick Sériot, “Jakobson entre l’Est et l’Ouest,” Cahiers de l’ILSL [Lausanne],  9, 1997, p.

226.

35 Jakobson, K kharakteristike evraziiskogo iazyvkovogo soiuza.

36 R. Jakobson, Evraziia v svete iazykoznaniia (Paris: Izdanie evraziitsev, 1931), p. 3.

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comes into play is not their linguistic ancestery but rather their geographical contiguity, since “the origin of the place of development prevails over origin in terms of genetic proximity.”37 The evolution of languages is thus neither incoherent nor random but follows a specific path that can be analyzed and debated. A philosophy of the history of language thus exists, one having evolutionary and other tendencies in manner of living organisms.

All of the Slavic, Romance, Hindi, Ugro-Finnic, Turkic, Mongolian and

North-Caucasian languages found inside the Eurasian domain which have developed a system of differentiating consonants as soft or hard are, despite the diversity of their origins, languages sharing common tendencies. <…> This tendency has a philosophical aspect. The peoples of Eurasia are peoples ‘of common tendencies’ and by no means only in the linguistic domain.38

The Eurasians did not see language as a merely mechanical instrument for the pronunciation of sounds and the enunciation of ideas; for them it was a global system of thought, the expression of a certain vision of the world. It also reveals the essence of Eurasia, since Eurasian linguistic particulars lend themselves to ethnological and indeed even to politicophilosophical interpretations.

This point is exemplified by Vernadskii and Trubetskoi, both of whom became interested in the links connecting Russia with the ancient East, and who adopted a linguistic approach far more intuitive and eclectic than that used by Jakobson. Their theory is based on overinterpretations of linguistic elements shared by Russian and the so-called Oriental languages. They argued that because many Slavic words are of Middle Eastern origin, this justifies seeing a continuity between the ancient empires of the Middle East and Russia. The works of George Vernadskii include etymological arguments that are at times shaky, based as they are on phonetic assimilations among words and on a simplified philological methodology as he proceeds to link Russian and Turkic words to cultural references borrowed from Hittites, Sumerians, Babylonians, and the Avesta, as well a as well as from Mazdeism, etc.39 For Trubetskoi, Russian is the only Indo-European language abounding with terms of Asian, Turkic, Persian, Finnish, and Mongolian origin ____________ 37 Ibid., p. 4.

38 P.N. Savitskij,

“Introduction,” in R. Jakobson, “L’Eurasie révélée par la linguistique,” Le Monde Slave [Paris], 1931, p. 367.

39 See G.V. Vernadsky, Essai sur les origines russes, 2 vols. (Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1959).

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which were assimilated in the Middle Ages and which were followed in turn by terms of Western, most particularly German, origin that were not assimilated nearly as well. The most intimate, religious concepts had come from Persian, whereas technical terms were transited through Romance and Germanic languages. For the Eurasians, this reflected the dual nature of Russia-Eurasia: its body is attracted to the West but its soul can flourish only in the Eastern world.40 In search of a Turanian soul The study of “national characteristics” represents a classic enterprise of the humanities in the 19th and early 20th centuries, based as this was on the assumption of the existence of identifiable national psyches.

Such theories were of great interest to Trubetskoi, since he was a committed believer in the existence of a science of a person () and of a nation, a science that would, by means of a narrative on the Turanian psyche, provide the justification of the kind of political regime preached by Eurasianism, namely ideocracy.

Sifting through ethnographic and especially folkloric materials, Trubetskoi sought data to confirm his postulate of a Eurasian nation in which the Russian and Eastern peoples have been in permanent interaction. According to Vernadskii as well, “The profound cultural affinity between the first Slavs and the Indo-Aryan peoples, Alans and Turks, is revealed in numerous traits in the folklore, art, and religion of the Slavs.”41 What follows are long lists of ethnographic facts of all kinds that are said to confirm this unity: Russian paganism resembles that of the Iranians and Indians; Russian popular embroidery motifs are of Scythian origin; Russians were privy to the bow and arrow cult as were the Turkic people; they had a similar belief in the magic power of agricultural tools and weapons; possessed military organizations, epic poetry, and animalistic and geometric art similar to that of the nomads; Russian popular fairy tales have Oriental motifs that have no counterpart inside the Slavic world; Russian dances and music are based on rhythms and scales similar to that of Turkic-Mongolian peoples, etc.

The parallel between the prominence of the Slavic zadruga and the importance of kinship and clan ties for nomads, in particular the Alans (a ____________ 40 Trubetskoi, “Verkhi i nizy russkoi kul’tury.” See Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, p. 131.

41 Vernadsky, Essai sur les origines russes, p. 14.

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fetish people for Vernadskii), is said to demonstrate the cultural and social unity of both civilizations. (The Slavs were in contact with the Central Asian Tokharians who then merged with the Alans.)42 These profoundly eclectic cultural observations are of less interest for their intrinsic value than for what they symbolize. Above all, they display the encyclopedic intellectual range of the Eurasians, who were schooled in a generalist culture and were specialists in many branches of knowledge, and reflect the multidisciplanarity they manifested by their constant recourse to methodological links. But the listed observations also illustrate the Eurasian striving for a certain level of universalism: some cultures, even though they are considered to be closed entities, can be approached and compared. While Europe is always excluded from these considerations, the Orient, particularly in its ancient phase, is readily assimilated to Russia. In this regard the Eurasians share the period’s Western infatuation with the exoticism, whether geographical or temporal, associated with the mythified Orient of the great ancient civilizations.

Yet the search for a Eurasian psyche goes much further than a long list of ethnographic facts. As one of the principal Eurasian doctrinal texts asserts, “The ethnic unity of the Russian territory becomes even more obvious when we focus on the forms of daily life () <…> and particularly on a characteristic type of psyche.”43 What the Eurasians call “forms of daily life” includes social structures, religious notions as well as the way the political field is constructed. The clichés put forth by Trubetskoi are marked by the valorization of the nomadic culture. In fact the sedentary way of life, city life in particular, is condemned by the Eurasians who refuse to view it as any kind of ideal: excorable urban health conditions and a sclerotic Western culture lead humanity to a dead end, a fate true even in the realm of hygiene.44 Nomadism is on the contrary presented as a way of schooling the body, and Eurasians do not hesitate to give physical descriptions of nomads with their morphological particulars, to praise the nomads’ sense of orientation, their healthy diet, the fresh air they breathe, their perfect adaptation to the environment, their symbiosis ____________ 42 See G.V. Vernadskii, Drevniaia Rus’ (Moscow: Agraf, 1997).

43 “Evraziistvo. Opyt sistematicheskogo izlozheniia,” in Puti Evrazii.

Russkaia intelligentsiia i sud’by Rossii (Moscow: Russkaia kniga, 1992), p. 375.

44 See for instance E. Khara-Davan, “O kochevom byte,” in Tridtsatye gody (Berlin: Evraziiskoe izdatel’stvo, 1931), pp. 83-86.

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with nature, etc.45 In the cult of the physical aspects of nomadism one can recognize the hygienic and bodily emphases typical of the period, together with the allure of the strength and superman ethos projected by the totalitarian regimes of the interwar years.

The cult of nomadism that one finds in all Eurasian texts is a typical example of value inversion, of iconoclasm, of the embodiment of a myth of a different human psychology. The Turanian psyche – with Turanians or Turks () presented as the very incarnation of Eurasian diversity – was thereupon defined by values such as courage, strength, and virility in the face of a sedentary world deemed to be more servile, controlled by fear and material comfort. “The majority of sedentary populations are made up of people <endowed> with a slave psychology.”46 The man of the steppe was thus seen as endowed with qualities and psychological features that differed from those of sedentary man, and were capable of being expressed according to a precise scale of values:47 daredevil boldness (), for example, is seen as “a purely steppe-specific virtue, one that is intelligible to the Turkic peoples, but incomprehensible to the Romano-Germanics or <non-Eastern> Slavs.”48 For the Eurasians, nomadism plays a role in human history by reason of its extraordinary or even superhuman martial value. “There probably exists no other historical milieu that could offer a richer gallery of examples of military efficiency and valor than that provided by the nomadic world.”49 This idealization of steppic culture brings Trubetskoi to ponder the Turanian psyche at more length, since “the Turks () , among all Turanians, have played the most prominent role in the history of Eurasia.”50 Trubetskoi includes five ethnolinguistic groups in the Turanian category: the Ugro-Finnic, Samoyed, Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchuri____________ 45 Ibid.

46 Trubetskoi, “Nasledie Chingis-Khana: Vzgliad na russkuiu istoriiu ne s Zapada, a s Vostoka”

(1925). Cited passage in Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, p. 219. Trubetskoi here cites Chingis-Khan’s attitude, doing so with evident approval.

47 “The virtues Chingis-Khan appreciated and encouraged were fidelity, devotion, and fortitude; the vices he especially persecuted in his subordinates were treason, betrayal, and cowardice.”

– E. Khara-Davan, Chingis-Khan kak polkovodets i ego nasledie (Belgrade, 1929), p. 55.

48 Trubetskoi, “Verkhi i nizy russkoi kul’tury.” Cited passage in Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, p. 138.

49      , ,        ,    . – P.N. Savitskii, O zadachakh kochevnikovedeniia (Pochemy skify i gunny dolzhny byt' interesny russkomu?) (Prague: Evraziiskoe knigoizdatel’stvo, 1928). Cited passage in Kontinent Evraziia, p. 350.

50 “O turanskom elemente v russkoi kul’ture.” Cited passage in Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, p. 143.

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an peoples who represent, in his view, “a unique Turanian psychological type (   )”51 He then proceeds to logically extreme parallels between linguistics, psychology, and socio-political behavior. In this scheme, the specific characteristics of the Turanian languages is said to be manifested in their regularity, their construction according to a small number of basic principles, a comparatively poor and rudimentary vocabulary, a subordination of thought, musical art, and oral poetry to this regularity in terms of syntax as well as phonetics.52 Given this rudimentary quality and regularity, the Turanian psychological type would not have developed any abstract, philosophical or imaginative system of thought. “The Turk () likes symmetry, clarity and a stable equilibrium, but he wishes all of these to be granted rather than assigned as a goal, so that this would automatically give direction to his thoughts, his acts, and his lifestyle: it is always distressing for the Turk to search out and create the initial and fundamental schemes upon which to base his life and vision of the world because such a search is always linked to an acute feeling of a lack of stability and of clarity.

This is why Turks have always so readily borrowed ready-made foreign schemes and adopted foreign religions.”53 Trubetskoi’s willingness to contrast the Turanian psyche to the Western values he discredits leads him to extol a world “without culture,” one that borrowed from the Islam of the Arab and Persian worlds as well as from the Buddhism and culture of China without adding anything of its own to these ideas apart from reproducing them in schematic form.54 What Trubetskoi calls the Turanians’ “subconscious philosophical system”55 is said to have had a major influence on Russian history and the Russian national character. “The Turanian psyche confers strength and cultural stability to a nation, reinforces historical and cultural continuity, and creates favorable conditions for conserving a nation’s energies, so necessary in any constructive undertaking.”56 Hence, for the Eurasians, the qualities ascribed to the Turanians legitimate an ideocratic regime, an autocratic government, and the cultural, political, and ____________ 51 Ibid., p. 143. In the early 20th century, it was common practice to include the Ugro-Finnic and

Turco-Mongolian languages in a single linguistic category.

52 “O turanskom elemente v russkoi kul’ture,” in Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, pp. 146-149.

53 Ibid., p. 150.

54 Ibid., pp. 151-152.

55    – Ibid., p. 155.

56        ,  -

-       ,   . – Ibid., pp. 155-156.

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religious stability to which they attribute such high value and which Russia, they believe, lost with its europeanization in the post-Petrine period. Russia is thus called to follow the example of the nomadic world, symbol of relativism and of the irreducibility of identities: “For us the ancient nomads are a great example of the way to fight and to win, the way to defend one’s own, preserve one’s every day customs, one’s way of life, one’s originality.”57 One of the essential ambiguities of Eurasian thought comes to light here – its hesitation between promotion and negation of the steppe and Turanian culture. The two positions alternate: the Turanian world can be placed on the same level as the usual realms of European or Asian civilization, in that case requiring a more systematic rehabilitation of its culture. But the alleged absence of real culture among Turanians can just as easily support a positive argument, in the eyes of Eurasians, because this would justify an authoritarian conception of power and, more important, would simultaneously violate Eurocentric clichés by an iconoclastic apologia of the savage, the barbarian, the culturally virgin nomad. This paradoxical game, which advocated the rehabilitation of non-European cultures while extolling their alleged lack of civilization, was already prevalent in the early 20th century in the so-called Scythian and Panmongolian currents.58 It reveals the purely instrumental and reifying character of the Eurasian narrative on the Orient.

The Russian people, “first among equals”59 The promotion of the Turanians as the symbol par excellence of the Eurasian psyche, as well as reflections on the shared historical fate of the Eurasian peoples and the impact of this circumstance on the evolution of languages are counterbalanced in the Eurasian narrative by a clearly more Russocentric approach. The Eurasians’ desire to present Russia as a synonym for Eurasia necessarily meant defining the place of Russians within that common Eurasian history and within its “rainbow” of peoples. As Vernadskii asserts, while the history of Eurasia is not limited to being the history of the Russian people, nevertheless “the his____________ 57 1959 letter

from P.N. Savitskii to L.N. Gumilev, reprinted in L.N. Gumilev, Ritmy Evrazii.

Epokhi i tsivilizatsii (Moscow: Progress, 1993), p. 228.

58 G. Nivat “Du panmongolisme au mouvement eurasien. Histoire d’une thème millinaire,” Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 1966,  3, pp. 460-478.

59   . –N.S. Trubetskoi, “Obshcheevraziiskii natsionalizm” (1927). Cited phrase in Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, p. 417.

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tory of the expansion of the Russian State is to a great extent the history of the Russian people’s adjustment to its place of development, namely Eurasia, as well as the adaptation of the entire Eurasian space to the economic and historical needs of the Russian people.”60 Indeed the Russian people are unlike the other peoples of Eurasia – they are the binding element within the national diversity of Eurasia.

Without them, no transmission from one Eurasian “link” to another would be possible, nor would there be any totality giving a meaning to all of its parts. Russia is not simply one of the colors making up the rainbow, it is its very structure. It is therefore under the exclusive aegis of the Russian people that the Eurasian nation is constituted. “The right of the peoples to self-determination does not however limit the role of the Russian people in the establishment of Russia-Eurasia. By including the cultural elements of other peoples of Eurasia, it is precisely the Russian nation that must become the basis of a supranational (Eurasian) culture, one which will serve the needs of all the peoples of Russia-Eurasia without limiting their diversity.”61 Eurasia is thus a symbiosis of civilizations not for the reason that it unites different peoples and cultures, some European, others Asian. It has that status because the Russian people unite within themselves all the identities of the Old continent.

The Russian people are Eurasian by definition, with or without the help of the other Eurasian peoples.

What then becomes of the other peoples of the Empire, in particular the Turanians, the subjects of so much praise in other Euranian texts? The Turanians are recognized as having been the first to attempt unifying the Eurasian space: “The nomadic people of Turko-Mongolian and partially Indo-Iranian stock <…> proved to be the principal actors in Eurasia before the formation of the Russian state.”62 The history of Eurasia can therefore not only be that of Russia, either geographically or temporally, since Eurasia transcends Russia, preceding it historically and exceeding it geographically. Russian history must therefore be encompassed by that of Eurasia while Eurasian history will contain some non-Russian elements. The modern Russian state, born in the 15th century, went on to become a multinational state, Eurasian by its very nature, with Russian history made up of two equal elements, Russian and Turanian: “the spacial coexistence (____________ 60 G.V. Vernadskii, Nachertanie russkoi istorii (Paris: Evraziiskoe knigoizdatel’stvo, 1927), p. 9.

61 “Evraziistvo. Formulirovka 1927 g.” Republished in Rossiia mezhdu Evropoi i Aziei, p. 224.

62 G.V. Vernadskii, Nachertanie russkoi istorii, p. 8.

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) of Russians and Turanians is a prominent fact throughout the whole of Russian history.”63 But the Turanian unifying dynamic was destined to pass into the hands of the Russian people thanks to the manifestation, by Muscovite Rus’, of “such strength and spiritual effort <…that > permitted this sedentary people to assume an all-Eurasian unifying role.”64 Hence the Mongol empire was not so much a model for Muscovy as it was an annunciation of the Russian destiny. Because the concept of Eurasia was the bearer of a type of spiritual messianism, this religious element led the Eurasians, all of whom were convinced Orthodox Christians, to curb their rhetoric of unification whenever this messianic element came into play. Thus “The religious unity of Russia-Eurasia <…> must be expressed as a united symphonic culture in which the guiding position once again belongs to Russian culture proper.”65 The idea of Russian cultural supremacy is particularly marked in the perception Eurasianists have of language and alphabet issues. Eurasian peoples are urged to speak Russian, and Cyrillic is perceived as the Eurasian languages’ natural alphabet, allowing them to better mark consonants according to their hardness or softness. Jakobson as well as Trubetskoi were convinced of the superiority of Cyrillic over Latin and condemned the latinization of certain languages of the USSR in the 1920s.66 The complex relation of the Eurasians to Russian supremacy is even more apparent when it comes to defining the links between Orthodoxy and Eurasia. The religious aspect is presented as the very cornerstone of Eurasian existence, with each national culture incapable of flourishing except in the context of a religious reality. “The national masses of Russia-Eurasia cannot conceive of life outside of the idea of ____________ 63           -

. – Trubetskoi, “O turanskom elemente v russkoi kul’ture.” Cited passage in Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, p. 141.

64 …     ,  <…>          . – P.N. Savitskii, “Evraziiskaia kontseptsiia russkoi istorii” (1933). Cited passage in Kontinent Evraziia, p. 125.

65   - …   <…>    ,      -   . – Evraziistvo. Opyt sistematicheskogo izlozheniia. Cited passage in Puti Evrazii. Russkaia intelligentsiia i sud’by Rossii, pp. 371-372.

66 Trubetskoi, “Obshcheslavianskii element v russkoi kul’ture.” In Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, pp. 204-206.

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God.”67 And even though it will be dominated by a religious idea, the future Eurasian state will neither russify nor orthodoxize, ensuring freedom of conscience in each national “link”: It is crucial for governmental authorities to have a benign and supportive attitude toward every faith practiced by the peoples of Russia-Eurasia because it must understand that only faith can serve as the basis of social relations that are imbued with the spirit of love and a steadfast regard for human dignity.68

But Eurasians implicitly exclude Catholicism and Protestantism from this Eurasian-style ecumenism, as both are symbols of Europe and thus cannot be imported out of their cultural area. The orthodoxization of the Eurasian space is all the more crucial as Eurasia is the bearer of a truth meant to be brought to the world, and this truth can only be one having a religious, Christian and Orthodox foundation. “We understand Eurasia to be a special instance of the symphonic and personal individualization of the Orthodox Church and its culture.”69 How then can one simultaneously call for a turanization of Russia and for an orthodoxization of Eurasia? Eurasianists endeavor to resolve this contradiction by presenting the Russian Church as open to other religious fates, as laying claim only to one part or one form of truth. In their view, the Church could even be accused of pantheism, and its strong pagan influences would bring it close to the animist (shamanistic) traditions of Asia. Islam is mentioned only in an indirect manner, as a religion of the steppe. The principle of topogenesis would influence religious precepts, reinforcing the unity – organic even if not yet revealed – between Orthodoxy and paganism. The Russian Church, it is argued, manifests a kind of Orthodoxy that is close to the paganism of certain Eurasian peoples, lacks ties to Greek and Balkanic Orthodoxy, and is far removed from Western Christianity. “The possible future Or____________ 67 

 -      . – Evraziistvo. Formulirovka 1927 g., Paris, 1927, republished in Rossiia mezhdu Evropoi i Aziei: Evraziiskii soblazn (Moscow: Nauka, 1993), p. 218.

68 ,         ,   -, ,        ,        . – Evraziistvo. Formulirovka 1927 g., p. 221.

69   ,   -     . – “Evraziistvo. Opyt sistematicheskogo izlozheniia.” Cited passage in Puti Evrazii. Russkaia intelligentsiia i sud’by Rossii, p. 371.

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thodoxy of Eurasian paganism is closer and more natural to us than are other Christian confessions.”70 It is nevertheless not Orthodoxy that is called to merge with the other religions of the empire, but quite the contrary, because the pagan cults of Eurasia are said to embody a kind of virtual Orthodoxy. Eurasianism is therefore unable to surmount the contradiction between the multiconfessionality of Eurasia and its fundamentally Orthodox mission.

In other respects, the reciprocal acculturation of Russia and the Turanians makes it impossible for Eurasianists to perceive the territorial expansion of Russia as a colonialist act. Although the great migrations of peoples had westward and southward directions, the Russians went against the current, moving towards the East and the North-East. Pointing to this manifestation of the uniqueness of the Russian territorial advance, Eurasianism endeavors to deny any parallel to European colonialism, since Russians would have been as acculturated to the dominated peoples as the latter were to Russians: “A specific mutual assimilation took place on the basis of an organic spacial coexistence.”71 This fusion between Eurasian peoples has by way of corollary the complete dissociation between Eurasian and non-Eurasian peoples, even when the latter are geographically and culturally close. The totality cannot accept links between its internal parts and exterior spaces. Hence, since a Buriat belongs to the Eurasian topogenesis, he cannot really be linked to the area of civilization transcending it such as the Buddhist world. “In terms of some specific set of features, a particular Eurasian people could be a member of some other, not purely Eurasian group of peoples <…>, but these links must be less strong and less vivid than the links tying this people to the Eurasian family.”72 The rehabilitation of the Turanian psyche and of the nomadic past has specific consequences in other respects as well. Its function is to demonstrate not only the existence of an organic Eurasian unity but above all to lead to the political corollary of such a view: the organic nature of the empire. The territorial expansions – Mongol from East to ____________ 70          ,  -

 . – Ibid., p. 365.

71 V.P. Il’in, “O evraziiskom patriotizme,” Evraziiskaia khronika, vol. VIII, 1927, p. 15.

72   -      

   - ,      <…>,         ,  ,      . – Trubetskoi, “Obshcheevraziiskii natsionalizm,” in Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, p. 495.

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West, then Russian from West to East – arose from natural geographical needs, and were a kind of ecological process that lacked political motivation. The Eurasian discourse then becomes muddled by legitimizing Eurasia as the successor of the Mongol Empire all the while having the Soviet territory in mind, since the Mongol empire inadvertently encompassed the great Siberian North and the Caucasus as it extended “from the mouths of the Danube, from Poland and from Novgorod to the Pacific Ocean and from the Arctic Ocean [sic!] to the Adriatic sea, to the deserts of Arabia and to the Himalayas.”73 The confusion between the terms russkii (Great Russian in the ethnic sense), rossiiskii (adj. pertaining to the Russian Empire), and Eurasian is also plain to see: The Russian state (rossiiskoe gosudarstvo) is a Eurasian state, and all of Eurasia’s different nationalities must feel and recognize that this is indeed their State. From now on the historical destinies of Russia and Eurasia are inseparably tied to each other. The Russian State must not and cannot fear the outward diversity of the parts that make up its whole because beneath this external diversity an internal unity lies concealed. The Russian people (russkii narod) constitutes the fundamental strength of the Eurasian state, the Russian language (russkii iazyk) is the fundamental element of Eurasian culture. <…> The Russian people (russkii narod) created Eurasia as a site of historical development by a concerted effort of its energies.74

Conclusion The Eurasian movement has always been marked by debates about its actual nature. Was it an intellectual current, a quasi-religious order, a political party? Depending on the individuals making the pronouncements and the places were they were made (Paris, Berlin, Prague, Brussels…), the definitions clashed. One of the most serious internal divergences within the movement concerned its relation to religion. While Eurasianism asserted the primacy of culture and of spirituality over politics, its general drift was toward politization. Its internal contradictions were pointed out by the movement’s opponents: in his essay of 1928, Georges Florovsky disputes the existence of the morphological similarities brought forward by Trubetskoi and Jakobson and promotes in its stead the original idea of Russia as a “Christian continent,” one that ____________ 73 E. Khara-Davan, Chingis-Khan kak polkovodets i ego nasledie, p. 7 74 G.V. Vernadskii, Nachertanie russkoi istorii, p. 231.

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would have been more faithful to the movement’s original postulates.75 In another polemical text of the period, Prince Iuri Shirinskii-Shikhmatov accuses Eurasians of preaching a maximalist nationalism and denounces the fact that, for them, “Instead of a spiritual trait, a material, geographic element predestines Russia’s path.”76 By endeavoring at the same time to condemn traditional nationalism and to promote a Eurasian neo-nationalism, to celebrate the Turanian role in the establishment of the Eurasian identity and to extol the cultural, religious, and linguistic primacy of the Russians, Eurasians have a great many challenges to resolve. Eurasia as an entity is perceived to be chronologically and territorially greater than Russia, but the former exists only because the latter gave it meaning; all of the Eurasian peoples are equal, but Russians are more equal than others because they structure the rainbow and give direction to the shared historical fate; the links are definitely Eurasian but the whole is Russian; the Russian identity was born in the process of its turanization, but the mission of Eurasia is to diffuse an Orthodox message to the rest of the world. While Suvchinskii spoke of a Pax Eurasiana, Savitskii evoked a Pax Rossicana 77, and here once again the two terms are not differentiated. These paradoxes can be understood by recalling that the exaltation of national diversity has meaning only as a way to clarify Russian identity. As Savitskii summed it up, “the exodus to the East is a return to one’s self.”78 Turanianism is thus an instrument of self-knowledge: “To attain true national self-knowledge, we Russians must take into account the presence of this Turanian element inside ourselves, we must study our Turanian brothers.”79 The Orient is thus interior and domestic; it has no existence apart from its role of revealing the true nature of Russia.

But the Eurasian ambivalence goes further than a mere confusion between what is Eurasian, what is russkii and rossiiskii; it derives equally from a fundamental theoretical postulate native to Romanticism. In ____________ 75 Georgii V. Florovskii. “Evraziiskii soblazn,” Sovremennye zapiski,  34, 1928. Reprinted in

Georgii Florovskii, Iz proshlogo russkoi mysli (Moscow: Agraf, 1998) and in numerous other editions.

76 Iu. Shirinskii-Shikhmatov, “Rossiskii natsional-maksimalizm i evraziistvo,” Evraziiskii sbornik, VI, 1929, p. 28.

77 P.N. Savitskii, “Step’ i osedlost’” (1922). Cited passage in Kontinent Evraziia, p. 340.

78 Quoted in Ia. Sadovskii, “Oppenentam evraziistva,” Evraziiskii vremennik, kn. III, 1923, p. 155.

79 Trubetskoi, “O turanskom elemente v russkoi kul’ture,” in Istoriia. Kul’tura. Iazyk, p. 141.

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fact, Eurasians do not see cultures as hierarchically divided into “superior” and “inferior” ones, and do not believe that there are relevant genetic differences between people or nations. For them, peoples are not biological entities but cultural, religious, or territorial realities; history is the process of realization of ideas, in the Hegelian sense, rather than a dark fight for survival between peoples. However, the rejection of cultural assimilation is an integral part of Russian nationalist culture. The love-hate relationship with the West is supplemented, to varying degrees, with a belief in irreducible national specificity, extreme relativism, cultural autarky, a religious or political messianism, and a xenophobic rejection of borrowing. However, this fear of symbiosis with the West goes hand in hand with an acclamation of difference. Eurasianism thus seeks to legitimate itself through heterophilia: it wants all cultures to remain themselves in their incommensurability. The Romantic Herderian influence is crucial here: universalism emerges out of the concrete diversity of the world, rather than from the abstraction of Man as being everywhere the same. It is by cultivating their specific features and by inviting others to cultivate theirs that the Russians will find their place in the world.

Translated from the French by Marina Seraphides-Fataliev

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       

1.   –         .       (  )  1910-1930-   ,    ,        (  . -,   . ,   . ,   . ),        .         «».  -    «...      ».1  ,        (       ,    ,  ,    ..)  ,  ,        .  ,   ,   , «… “  ”            ».2 281

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       ,           .        1920-   1930-     -,        – .. , ..   .. . ,       .            «»,      .   ,  ,       ,      .    «»   , ,    ,     , ,     : …    …    –  , ,  .    , ,    ,    .    ,   ,        .3

.  ,     ,    ,  ,          : « (,    – ..)   ,       ».4      ,      «» «»   (     ).    « »   ,    , «».      ,      ,          ,    ,     282

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.     :    –   ,   ,   .   ,   –    (!).    –   …    «   »  (.,1990): «  ,     ,     ,  ,  ,  .     .»5

,    :  –   ,   « » ,    .  ,  ,      (« »),   « »,     ,  ,  «»    .       ,         ,        ,    ,     .         ,  ,     ..       ,    (   « »)       (),    -,        ,          ,    .     ,      -        . ,        : « …     ».6      –  ,    ,   «»   «…      “”, , ,     ,   ..  … “”   “” (          )».7 ,       , .    ,    283

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,        ,     «  » : «       ».8         .  ,                     ,      « ». ,    «»    . ,  ,            ( )   ,    «» « »      ,   ,     (             ,       ,    –     ).      :           ,    ,    (         ,     );    , , ,  ,    .   ,     ,  ,      , .  ,  ,           ,     .. ,      «  ».9            ,     ,      .       ,     –     ,           .

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2.   ,           ,      – ,         .              .         .      .       ..   .. . , ..   ..  : «  (  – ..)      ..   ..  – ,           ».10      .. .     .. , ..   . ,         . ,  , .. .   :     .      ,            .        ,            .  ,   –     ,      .11

       .            :             «  » ,           . ,  ,         ,     .      ,       - ,             . , ,  285

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  ,           ,       ,   1921    .   – ..   ..  –    ,       (          ; ,     ,       « »12)         «  »,    «» (   ).               .      ,            – ,   ,       (     ).  ,      ,   ,   -     ,           .     –     ,              –    .  ,   1920-1930- .    ,           (    ).   1920-- 1930-           ,  ,   .. ,      .. .          ..   ..  (  «  » .. ).     ,   ,              .      –       –  ..   ..  –      286

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 ,         .. ,           ,    .    .

3.   ..             ,   .      .. ,    ,                    (« »),  ,        . ..   -   ,      .  –       ,   ,    ,                      –        .    –      ,      «     ».    , ,           .13    ,        : «           ,              ».14        ,  ,  ,     ,       . ,         ,  ,         .           :

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   (  – ..),        (« »),     ,   ,  ,        – ,       ,                  … (  – ..)15

   ,     , -,  ,      ,  -,      :   ,  ,   ,    ,             -  . ,            ,            ,     …16

     : ,     .   ,  ,          ( , , , ),         ,    “ ” (idée fixe), ,  , –  -,      .   ,     ,         ,     .16a

       .   ,            :      - ,       .              .     .     ,    , ,    288

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 ,      ,  ,           (     ).         .    ,  :           ,      ,    –  ,      .   …  … ,           ,       -  ,           .17

          ,     ,      ,    (    ,   ),            ,      ,      –  ,   ,      . , ,            , , ,     ,     .   ,    ,   – -.               . ,                   ,      . ,  ,             .    –            .   ,          .18 ,  ,    – « 289

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   » (1921) –        ,  :    ,    ,                     , ..       .19

      – ,    – , ,        ,      – / –    –        . ,      ,   ,  , ,       (   ).          ,     ,  ,          .  ,             ,   ,         . (,        .)  ,  ,  ,        () .  ,         ,  (, , ) ,  ,    .    «    » (1921)      ,20         ,      «   » (1927).   ,           ,     …  ,    -

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    –  ,   .21

    ,    ,         ,    « ». , ,    .   ,         ,       .  ,    ,    : «   ,  ,   ...   …    ».22 , , ,       (« »,    )   ,     ,    ,     ,    ,       ,              . ,      ,  , « »,       (« »  ),    ,      ,    .         1927 ,         ..   30  1925 ,            .. .     ,        ,   ,      ,             .23      , , ,    .  ,         , «»    , –  (    ..      ).           -     « »,    291

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  .   « -  » (1935)    « »:  ,    ()        ,    ,               .24

      ,    ,   ,  –    «  »,   ,   . ,     .     « -  »             .  ,     ,       ,    ,   ,       .    ,         .       ,     ,       .  ,     ,25    ,  .26     ,    «    »  ,   ,    ,     –  ,       ( ),        ,    ,        ,        .  ,  ,     ,     (         30  1925 ,  ,   , ,        ,   ,  ),     292

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   ,          .27              .      ,        ,         ,       : «    ( )     ,  ,   –       ».28     ,               –      , .  ,          ,  ,    ,  «…          ,         ,          ».29  ,          .      -  ,     «  »,   ,        ,  ,      .         :    ,               .        ,        –         « »,       .       :          ;          

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         –            .  ,               …  ,   ,   , ,                         …30

 ,            ,       ,  .    ,       ,  : «          ( ) ».31           ,         . ,    ,         . , ,    –             ,      .         «  »  ,             .      –     ,          ,  ,     ,   .          ..    .32 ,       ,             , ,       ,       .          ,    ,     294

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   ,    . ..           .  ,           ,   « ».  ,                  .       .. .

4.   ..         «  ».       ..     ,         ,  .        ,        ,           ( ,           ).   «  »    :        .         .     «   »,         ,  «  »,    ,   « »,     .       - ,  ,     ,  « »  …33

 , «   ,   »34       ,     : «     ,     »35.          . «        .  , 295

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   ,     ¬ » –  .36      –   ,    –  , ,  ,   ,   –  ,    ,    ,              : «-            ,     ».37   «  »     -    ,  ,   ,    ,     :   1926      , ,   ,   ,            . …   .     ,     .38

,  ,          , ,    ,   (, , ,   ..).        «  »:     –  ,     –    .      ,  ,   .         ( , , )     , –        (    ),     .        .         ,  “  ”   .39

,         296

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  (  )     , ,       , ,    –  .    ,     –       ,     . ,   ,      ,  ,   , –     .         -.   ,       ,         , ,   ,        ,   .  ,          –   , ,    ,       -  (     ,   ).                  .   -       ,             .40  , ,      –     ,      . ,  , ,                 .     , ,   ,    , ,       ,     (       ).      .          ,       . ,  «»       ,    «»      «»,  297

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     «»,    ,   - –     –     ,     .    ,   ,    ,   .      « »,   ?           ?          (  «»,    ),       .    ,       ,    –     (    ). ,  ,    - ,           , ,     .41  ,       -  ,    «».    ,  «»      ,   ,    .        , «»,        « »,    . ,   (  ,   ),      .         ,        ( «  »).42            –   «», , ,     . .  : «…  ,    (    ) –    , ,  ,  «»  «» – ».43     –     298

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   ,       , ,  ,          ,   ,   .     ,     ,  , –    ,     ,         ,             , .  ,    ,         .. ,      , , ,    ,       .   «  »,         ,  ,          .         ,     .     ,    ,      (,        . ).  ,  , , -    –          . ,       .    –    -     .       ,     ,  ,    ( ) ,       .

5.        ..    ,  ,      ,   ,        299

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,  .. ,     ,   ,           ,     «».         ,          .44  ,        ,  .. ,      (     «»      «  »     .. ).     ..  «  »,     « » (, 1931).          (,   ). ,        ,         : «…     XX           ( )    .     ».45 ,   ,   ,    ,       «  »          :       - .                ,    ,     .        ,   «»;  ,       .  -    ,   ,    .46

          « » :      -

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         , –  –        –     ,   ,                    .47

      ,   :     , ,     ,      . , ,      ,      ,     –  ,      -,      .48

   –             : « ,       ,     ,     ,    ,    ».49           .           « » (    ,       ),                ( ,        –  ,    ,              ).            .      ,         ,       (  ,     ). ,           -    ,       .

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- .   .      //. . ., 2001. . 423.

2  .. «» / «» (  )//   .  . ., 2000. . 5.

3  .   .         . 1920-1930- . ., 2001. . 316.

4  . . . . 313.

5  .           . (     «  .         .

1920-30- ., .:   , 2001, 360 .) // : http://www2.unil.ch/slav/ling/recherche/biblio/01STiCEL-cr/02Leschak.html 6 - . . . . 423.

7  .     1996 // . « ». ., 2006. . 16-17.

8  .  . . . ., 1994. . 255.

9  ..     ()    // .. .  , , , ,  . (    .. -). ., 1997. . 343.

10  ..,  ..   . ., 2007.  : http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/novikova_russksja/06.aspx 11  ..     //   . ., 2002.  : http://www.humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/34394 12  ..   ..  1921-1928. ,  ,  ,  .. . .:  . 2008. . 198.

13     :  ..  . ., 1999. . 138-146.

14  ..  . ., 1999. . 144.

15  ..      // .. . . . 155.

16  ..      // .. . . . 147.

16a  ..      // .. . . . 152.

17  ..      // .. . . . 154.

18      ,             .            ,      ,          ,       . .  ..  «  », , ,     1927 ,   ,    ,  1916,      .

19  ..     // .. . . . 108.

20  .. . . . 107.

21  ..    // .. . . . 93.

22  .. . . . 96.  ,         ,    ;  1

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       ,  ,   ,    .  ..   ..  1921-1928. ,  ,  ,  .. . .,  . 2008. . 152.          .   ,         ,   ,      .  .. . . . 521.  .. . . . 521.  .. . . . 522.  .    :  ..       (  .. )// Credo New.  , -, 2010. 4. . 449-459.  .. . . . 105.  .. . . . 107.  .. . . . 96.  .. . . . 105.   ,   ..  –   .. , ,        . .   «…      » (    .. ) // http://www.saratovnews.ru/blograting/61/?page=3  .. ( ..).   // . , 1931. . 134.  ..  . ., 1998. . 135.  ..  . . 134.  .. ( ..).   // . , 1931. . 134.  ..  . . 283.  .. ( ..).   // . , 1931. . 54-55.  .. ( ..).   // . , 1931. . 134.  .. -. ., 1998. . 297-301.  .. . . . 301.  .. «    (   )» Resume prednasky/ Praha: Vybor 1. sjezdu slovanskych filologu. 1929. . 346-347.  . . ., 2006. . 12. .  :  ..   //.      . , 1928, 2 (1  1928 .).  ..   // . , 1931. . 126.  ..   // . , 1931. . 127.  ..  .    . ., 2001. . 147.  ..   // . , 1931. . 128.  .

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«» .          

     ,      .     ,   .  ,  «     »,     .  «»        .      «»1    –    - (   , 1878-1946),      1917-1918 .     .    ,  -          ..  (1876-1943).        ,   ,        ,         .           -,    ,     «»    «».

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           «-»,     («  –  :     ,     »)2      (« ; ,   ,    ,      –     –       )3.   ,  -   « , , ,   »4      :  ,       , !  ,    ,    ;  ,    , ,      .   –   ,    –  .     ,  ,   –  ,  ,   …      –     ,    –  ,   5.

       ,      ,  ,            « ».           : «       –       –   ,          , ,       »6.      1917 ,    ,    «»      : «,          ,    –     ,   » 7.  ,     «»,   ,  «   .       ,  ,  ,    <…>.   ,     305

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,   –   –  (    ),    , –  , –   »8.     ,     ,    ,      ,     «   , ,     ,    »9.   «»     1917 .               .     , -     , ,  ,        .      ,        .  ,  -,   ,     ,       .          10.  , ,   , ,        ,       -,  :   ,   ,    «» ()  «» (, ),    (= ),    ,      ,     ,     ( ).   -         « »    1917 ,      –     « ».      ,        «».   -       «»,      «»,  ,  ..   306

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 : «“” –         ,    -  1910- .           …»11. «»  -     ,    ,        .   . ,  –   ,     «».     ,            «»,          ,      .   1917      ,        ,      1918 .12   1918           «», 5            . :  ,  , ,  : , ,  –   !14

     ,   1918 ,       –  «  »,  «»   «»;         « »,     -.  1918           –  ,        .  «»   29-30  1918 ,     «».      «»    . , -  ,           11  1918 : “”   (..  ,   “ ”,   307

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 ).  – -.   3 1/2  (“”, “”)  . ,   ,  ,  . ,   .     .    “ ”      ,    ,      .       14.              ,    -   .        « »,        :     .        ,       1917   , ,    .    ,         («,   ,  », –   ).    1918              , 19      : «      ».15   ..     : «   ,  ,  ,         ,   »16.    ,        ,          , ..       .              . 28  (10 )    .    : «        <…>     ,  ,   308

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,    , -,    .            »17. ,   , – «  ,   »        ,       «»18.          .  «»  ,       ,    ,        «       » 19.  ..   « »      ,  -   ,        «  ».       « »: «         ,      ,    » 20 .         « »: «             .       “ ” » 21.         «  »: « - , , –   .        .    ,     »22.  ,      .

29 ,  ,    «»,  : «  .   Faust'. “Knurre nicht, Pudel”»23.    ,  ,    : « !».              :

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  !       !    –    , !   – !

,   ,        ,       ,     .     .      «» «    , <…>    »24.      -,  «» «   ,   ,   »25.    «»,        ,    ,     ,      «».       ,     : «“”              »26.  ,     «»     .      .. ;     : «“”  “ ”.    »27.      « »        ,          .        , , . : «“”  ,     ,       “ ”»28.    «»      .  «»   «», .  ,   «   » 29.    «»   ;   ,  : «… , ,  “” 310

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  :      , – »30.     «», ,  ,   «   »  .    ,   ; ,   -,       ,   : «     ,         “”…»31.         ,    1917 .       ,        : «  ».       «»   ,        ,      9  («      »):      , –   11     , –     .        , ,  ;   ,     .      .  ,  , –   .  – ?  .    ,   .    ,   –    . <…>      <…>  .   – 32.   -     ,  « »,      «»      -.          ,     : «…            ,    311

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 , –          ,         »33. -         ..          ..   19  1836 : «    :       .            .      –    …»34. ,   «»      .   -,  « »,         (,   , /      /  !),           ,   .     ,           .         :  ,    ,       ,  .        «»   ,  «»      ,   ,     «»     « »,         «» (1894): !   ,     …

     « » (1918,  1)35,       ,        . .          , .  :    ,   – ,   .  –           .   – “     ”,   ,      -

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    36.

       :             ,   ,       <…>                    “”.

     :      .        ;         <…>       ;     .     . “”    37.

      ,   ,          ,     «».    «»,                    ,     . ,      ,   . ,           «Times», «    »,  ,   «» ,      «»,    ,        . “”       .   “”,  –   -

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,     .      ,       38.

   «» -  ,      «»,  «» . ,    .      ,     ,  ,   ,     «»      ,            .    «  »           .        .. ,      «»39,         40.      «»     41,       ,   , – ,      .          1918 ,         –  «  »,  «»   «».       ,     :  < «»>        –   – .   – «    » –     . <…>     («  »).    «».  –  42.

      ,   ,     «»       .     : «     .   :        –   ?»43  1919 .     ,  1920     «»   44.      -,  314

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    ,              :         –       «».  ,   ,   ,      ,   .       ,  ,   , , ,   … . ,  , ,  . ,    -, ,        ,   ()    , ,   .    –   , ,  – ,      .    –   .    –    45.

,       ,       -     . ,    «»,         ,         ,      ,     .         ,  ,          .

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

. . 1-2. . 1917-1918. : ( ) // .  1-. ., 1917. . VII.  .  .  .  . . VIII.  . . IX.

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 .  .    «»      - .:   . 1919-1924.   .. . .: . 2009. . 100-130.  .. «» –   - //  ..  :   . ., 2007. . 560.    . :    - //   . 1919-1924. . 131-144.  . . .  8- . ., 1963. . 7.  1915.  1901-1921. . 315.  . . .:  12 . . 1897–1921. ., 1932. .4. . 284.   .:  . . .  8- . . 7. . 317.  .  . .-., 1965. . 385  ..    : (1911-1924). . 1991. . 23.   ,    //  . 1918.  10. 29  (11 ).  .  . . 387. . 1918. 28 . [.] //  . 1918. 28 . [.] //  . 1918. 29 . [.] //   . 1918. 28 .  .  . . 387.  ,  (.)  .   ..  // .  – , 1922.  1. . 220. -. . ., 1923. . 197.  .  .  . ., 1956. . 235.  . . .  8- . . 7. . 327.  .   : .   . . . 24.  .   //   . ., 1921. .101. -. . . 243. -. . . 226.  . . .  8- . . 7. . 317-318.  .     //    . ., /. . 5. .20.     .:  .. . .  10- . ., 1978. . 10.  1831-1837 . . 287.    .  :  ..,  .. «»  «»? //  . 1980.  3. . 218.  .    //  . . , 1923. . 19.

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 . . 20–21.  .  .    .    //   . 1921.  1. . 12–13.      «Times Literary Supplement»  «New Tendencies in Russian Thought» – TLS,  992 (20 January1921), pp. 33-34. .   .  . .   .. . . 1-2, ., 1917-1918.    .  (1884-1949).  ,          :  ,  ,  ,  , . .. , ..  (    ), .   .  . .  ,  . ,    ..   ..  //   .  . ., 2003. . 65.  . . 67.  . .   . .  <1920 >  . <> //  . . 12.

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    ..   ..   ..      «» (),     ,          1921 .  ,       ,   ,        . .. ,          ,    .1        ,          .             ,      .   2 ..  («»  349  350, 10  11 . 1922)                 .     . 

       

____________ 1   . «    1920-1930 .    .. », Stanford Slavic Studies, vol. 9 (1995), pp. 131-137.

2  ,  21  1921     . (  «».)

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    .       ,   ,    –    – , –  ,       –  ,     ,   ,    .  ?   ,   ,    ,        , –      ?..     ;    ,   –  , .             …   ,  ,  ,    «»,            ,     .   ,    ,        ,    ,   .   :    ,     –     ,       –   …      ; ,           ,   .  ,     ,        ,             …  ,   ,  ,     .        « »,     ,   ;       ,      XI   XII ( ,  )  XVI (!)   XIX (       !),       ,      , ,  ,    XIII  XIV,     « »,  319

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   ,            ,   XVII  XVIII,   ,        …                 -    :    (..  XI  XIV ) «    –    ;    –  ,    ,  ,    ».            - ,        - ,     XIX  XX .  80  ,        :            ;  ,    XX , :  ,      –  ,  – .  ,   ,        ,   -    -,   , –  XIV  XV …  ,        ,   , ,    ,      .      , .                 ,    .          . ,  ,  ,            ,           ?     .      ,     , –    -,              ,       « »,    …   320

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       ,   .             ,   .      - ,     , –   ,  .      ,    ,    «»;          ;       ,  ,   ,   .;        , –      «»…          - ,   ,  …       .   ;        ,   .       ;       .   ;   ,  .     , ,   ,     …       ,      ,  .       ,    –  ,  , –   c   .  ,  .     ,      ?    , ,   ,  ,   ,           , –  «»,   ,          «»,        ; :      ,        –  « »,      ,     … ,      ;    ,  ,    «».   , , , 321

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  .   ;  ,    .    «»    ,    ,   ,            .  :     ,    ,   –   ,    … ,   ,     ,            – ,      .      . , , ,    ,   .                –        ,    .           ;         ,              .  -    .      .   ,    ,   ,  . ,  –  ,  ;  ,  ,  ,  …

II         ;  ,  ;   ,              .   ,   ,   «».   :      ,    «».  ,       - ?..        ,    ,    , –  ,     322

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, , , ,  «»      ?.. , ,        ,  ,   ,     ?..       , ,   ,  - ,    «»,      ,   -     , –    ,   ,  -…          ,  ,    ,     ,  , ,         ,  ,    ,            .     ,            ,        –  .   ,   , ,  ,     - .      ,  ,    «».    ,       «»;    ,      ,      ,       ,  ,   …   ,  , ,                  ,   .                  ,         …          ,   .     ,   ; ,   –     , ,    –   323

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  ,        . ,      , ,     « »,  ,     ,     , « »    .           .       ,  ;   - «»;        o         .           .   ,   ,    .      –     –  ,   ,        –  .     ,    . ,    ,  ,  ,   ,   …           3;        , ,  ,  ,  ,  ,      ,  ,  ,      ;         ,   -,   ,   …      ,  ,   ,    ,    ,       .       .     «»   ,   ,      ;  ,   ,  ,  ;    o  ,     …   ,   ,         ,  ____________ 3  :          .

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   a,      …     ,    ,   .               « »  «»   «»…    ,     !     « »,     ,   .   –        .      ,     ;     ,           .

III              .      «» ,   -    . ,   ,    , ,  .    -     ,   ,  ,   .       .     .         ; ,    :  .        .        – -  , –     .  ,     -          …  ,      , –       .  ,   ,  Nôtre Dame  Sainte Chapelle,      . ,  ,   .   ,      ?... –     :     325

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 .    ,     ;   ,           …    « »;  ,  .              .    ,     ,    ;        –    ,  .      ,   ,     .       ,   ;    ,   …   ;       , «» .    ,       ;  «»  «  »;   ;    …   ,     :       ;         …         ;      ,  «» ;          « ».  -     ,       , –   ,   ,    .      ,      …          .       .        .    ,     , –      .      ,       .    ,     ,    ,   , ,         …  :     326

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,          .   ,  ,    ;        .                 ,   .  ,  ,    : «   :   ,  ,    ;      .      ?» (  , 6, 26).  ,   ,  ,  ,    .       ,    .       : «     …»;    : «      ,  ?»… (  , 20, 1-15).    ,       ?...     .     ,    – ,  ?...  :             .              ,      ,       ,   , – , , –   …   ,      ,  ,    ,   ,   ,    ,     ;      .    :       .   « »     .    ;    .         ,   ,  ,   ,    .  ,      .      .      ,     :   ,   .  ,       327

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  :           .         - ,  ,         .  ,   ,   ,      ,        ,    ,      .  ,   ,   ,   ,     ,    ,  ,     .  ,  .    ,     ,      ,    ,  .     ..  («»  353  355, 14  17 . 1922) I    –   , « »,   .        , –  ,     ,     .             ,  ,   ,      ,     .        –  .  ,      .    , , ,      (  )   ,   ,         ,    ;    ,           328

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   .    «» ,  , ,  ,   ,    ,  , –     - .        « »,       .  ,          ,   ,    –  –    . , ,  ,     ,          .      :            ,          –     «».          ,    . .  –    ,    ,    ;  –   .  -    , ,  . «»     (     ). «» (  , ,  ,    ,     ,  )   ;      ,      .  ,    :    ,   – .           ,    . ,   –    .     ,       –  -  – .        ,   .   ,   , – , ,  ;       ,   .    ,  ,   329

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,  ,       ,  ,         –       .   .    ,      ,            ,      ,           4.        , , : ,     .  –    .     ;  :  . ,  –   ;   –    , .       ,      ,    :    ,      ,     .

II    ,   –   .  –   .            , ,   .;  –       ,           .    XI     ,   XIX       .     – «    » –  , .         ,  ,      .    –  ,  . -     -

____________ 4 «» —     ,   : , ,     .

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  ;   ( )   –  ,     –   ;       ,         (    ,    ). , ,   :      ,   ,       ;  –    – , , ,        .        , , , ,   . ,  ,   ,        ;  ,     .             .     . .  ,       .          –   .     ,     ,    ,           , –     .    ,     .     (   ,      , , ),    ,    ,    .     , ,   - ,        ? XIX ,  ,    ,          - – -:    ,      ,     .         40 ,       ,  .   ,   , - , ,  –     ,    ,   ,  –       331

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.       ,     ,        ,   ,       .  , ,    ,         ; ,  ,        ,        ;   ,   ,        .    (  ) ,     ,      ,  ,   . ,      :      ,    ,     ,    ,      ,     .     ,     ;  ,   ,     . , ,      –  ,        –       .      ,      ,       ,           .      ,    ;     .      :   ,    ,     ;      ,   ,      ,   ,   –  . .         ,     ;       ,        .    ,   –      –    .    .

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III   –     ;   -        .    ,   «  »   «   ».   – « »    – « ».   « - »   :    ».     ,     «  »    – , ,   .  ,   -     –  .       ,        :    ?       ,   ()    .    –    ,          .   ;    , ,    ,       .   ,     ,  –   ,    .  .     «  »      ,   ,    ,     ,    . ,     -  –    ,        –   ,  –   , - .   , ,     ,      .   –        – .      - 333

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    . ,   -  .         ; ,         ;       , , ,          ,   «»,   –   .            ,     –  : ,  ,     . ,       , –     , –       ,       (      )    . -         , -   ,  –   –   ?    ,   –   ,  –        , –      «  ». ,      ,  ,    (..    )   :    ,     ,    ,    (  ) «»;     .          .           ,  ,     ;         ,     –   ,   -. ,      ,      .        ;   ,      .  . ,    ,    –  ,   ,  ,  .  ,  ,   ,  –  .

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IV  .  ,  ,  ,        primi occupantis.  ,  «».    .    «  »      ,    .   «   ...  »5.           .      – «   »;   « »   –    –       .           ,        .          « ».            –       –  .     ,         –         ;    ,    ,     –    ,    ,        .          –  .              – .     :     ,          –   .  .  ,      «  »,   ,    ,  ,   ,       .      –  .         « -»,   ____________ 5   ..  «» (1841).

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  ,         . , ,    ,    –   .        ,  ,       ,  ,       . ,    ,         , –         .                 .        –    - : , , ;      –    - .   .   ,  ,       ,                 . ,  ,    –     –  « » ,   –   ,   , ,    ,             .   ,  –   – ,      ,        ,         .   ,     ,      , ,         ,   .     . ,     , ,            . ,          .     –   .  ,   336

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         ,      ;       ,      .         ;        .      ;          . -    ,  –     –       .

V   ,       «  »;       ,           .     – ,        ,      ,    .    . .      ,     ,    (,  ,     );     ,   .  , ,    :     ,    ,   ,  «»    ,      ,      .   ,   -       ;    –     - – , -,     .    ,  «      »   .  ,  -       , –    – «».  ?    ,   ,  ,     ,  ,       ? ,  ,  337

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,      ,      ?   :     Nôtre Dame, «  ,      »?  ,   .   , ,            , –          .  ,     ;   –    :  –   ()   «»     (     ,       Nôtre Dame);  – . ;         ,  –     –  ? ,  ,    candeur6 : «     . ...».  ,     ,    ,    –      .   ,      , –        ,    .         :  ,   ,     , –    ,     . ,  ,     ,       ,       ,      ,      –   – .      ,  ,      .        ;         .

VI ,  ,  ,   . « »  ;      ,    ____________ 6

,  (.).

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  ,         .    ,        .    «  ,         ».  :      , ..    ,          ,     .  ,   –        .   ,      ,       .  ,               ,    .   ,       - .               , –          –   .         .   ? ,  ,     ,     .             .      ,   ¬–    –     ,  .   –      .            ,      ,  -    , .   –  ,       ,    .        ,  , ,   , , .          .  ,    ,    ,     ;  ,      –      –     .  339

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,         ,     «» , ..   ,    «», .. – ;      ,     ;       ,    .   ,     ,   , , ,   ,     .   ,       : «, ,    »7.    .        .      – I ( .  ) ..  («»  370, 3 . 1922)    «  » .    , –          ,    .     , .  ,  «»,    - ,  ,  «»,  :  ,   ,    ; .    , ,  «» ,     «».              ,  «   ,   ...   ...   ,       »;        « » («  », . 44-45),      ,  «  ,       ..,       ____________ 7      .. .

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            ».    « »     « »;   ,     ,       «»    (  « ...»),   « – »,        («  », . 104-125)...     .    : « .  ,  ,  ».     «»     . ,    ,   – «  ,    » –  ,    . . , ,   ,  . ,     .   ,   ;      ,    ;  ,   «»   –   –  ? –  ...            , ,   . ,    «».    ,  1)     , 2)      «»  3)         «» .8  ,     . .   , ,       1848      –   ! – ,      ;    « ,  ,  ...   »?...   ,     ,      «»   «   ,   -», –    1789  1848 .. –   , –        ____________ 8    «»           . ( .. )

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  , ,           ?..    «»       ,     ,        9.    «» ,    –   «     ,   ».         ;    –     ,    ,  .   . :     «  »?..    . ,     – «  ,     ».  : «      » (. 23, 23).    -      .       «-».       ,   ,     «» , – ,   ,   - «»10. «      –    - ».      !   ,     .  .  ,           ?  ,   «»       ?   .  ,    ,    «  ,   »?  .  ,  « »        ?..             ____________ 9  :    «»      ,     ,         10  .  ramolli –    .

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-, –   ,          ...  –   .   . ,                  ?         ?  ,     :   ?..  , –        .         .      , «   »;     «»      «»       ( .    « », 1921, . 9-12;  ).    ,       ,      ,   «  ...  ».     !     … , ,  «» .      « ».      «» –  : ,    –    ;  – «».   :   ,       « » (,      );   ,      ,   «     »? ,     –         ,     .     –   .  ,    «»  «» – ,   ,    .    .      – II ( .  ) ..  («»  374, 7 . 1922)  .       .. ;    ;     ,   ,  .    343

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 .  .    ,   .  ,  «»,   : ,  , ,  ,      ... ,    .    ,   ,   .  ,   ?     ,           ?    «»  ,       ?        «» . ,   ,          .      ?  ,      («  », «  » . 1213): «        ,        ,  ,      ...       ,   ,     ,     ,     …   “ ”     ,           .     ,   ,      ,         ,          ,         ,  ,  ,  ».  ,         -    ?..   ,   « »,             . .      .        ,  ,     -                  «   »;      «»          344

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  ;   «»        .   ,  ,     –  ,  ,  ,       ,     , –        «»  . ..    «»   ,     , – «». , ,   «  » ,  «»,           , –       ,      ,    ,   –   ,     –  ,  « ». –  .   «» ,      ,       .    ,       ,         «   ». « , –   , –     ,     .       ,  –    –     ,  ... ...  (  )...  -    , .   –  ,    »...    ? , ,        .      «   »; ,  :   –     -,  .  : , , , –  «  ». –   ?      ,           ,      ,   «» :         «»  –  ,       Religion als Privatsache11,       ,        ,     ____________ 11 , ,     (.).

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     . ,  Weltmacht,  ,   ,          , –    ,    .    «». –    , –     . ,          «- »,    – ,  -,         «».  , –        « »    « »12.       –     ,  « »,   , .  « ». –    ,     ,          ,        .      « »,   – , « »,        .  ,      . , , , «»   ,      ,  ,               .  ,         «»;          .  ,    ,            .      ?    «»?.. ,   –  ... «  »,           . «    ,    , –   ,    ,    ,     ,  .       ,    , ____________ 12     «  »,         – «   , /      ».

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 ,   ,      ,   « » (. 11).           .       ?           ?   –     ?   ,  ,  « ,     », ,             ,     ,   ,    –  ,    ?          ?           ,          ?       –     «     »,  «     ,   »?      –      – ,      ,          ?             ?            « »?   « », ,   ?        ,    ,  « » –   ,   ?              ?             – «  »?      ? ,      «» ,  ;      –   -, -    ,        ?        ,      , « »,  - , .   –    ,     :    ,           ,   .   –  347

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,    ,          ,     .      , -,     , -,      ,        .      , –  «» ,  «» –           ?   ,     ?  ,           ,   ?  ,  ,   «»  «». ?  ? –   ;    ,   ?     ,      ,       ,       ?  .   (O ) ..  («»  376  378, 10  12 . 1922)  ,   . ,   ,         .        ?       .   ,   –  .     – . ,   ,    .    . ,         , ,   .     , , ;           «», ..   , , , ,   ,  –        –     « ». ,        348

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,   –     –      . ,       ,             ,    ,          .           . .         ,        .        ;  .  ,     : « ». ,  ,    «»,  ,  « » –  .    ,   ,  ;    ,    ,     . ,        ,     .    ,   , ,  ,       ,   ,   ,       , –     ,   .   ;    , –   .        ,   ,  . .   .     ,  . .: «     ,      ,    ».  – ;    ,        ;  . .   ,       ,    – «     ».          ,             ,  ,      a. .     , ,  ,  349

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      .     ,  .    . .     ;         - ,  , ,   ,         .            ,    . . .   ,       ,      .  ,    «  ...       - »,      –  .    ,     «»     –   .         ;     ,             ,      ;    ,  «» ?     ,  . .      ,    .    ;        ,   . .,             ,    ,   ,    . ,  ,   –    ,   «».      :    , ,          .   ,        .             .        ,     ;        .      ;     ,  .     –   ,  , ,   –         .    ,         ,    350

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 .             ,      :     ,   ,       –   – .  ,          , ,      (      «»),        .   ;   ,   . .,  .     ;     –     –      (« »);       ;   . .   , –  . .    ,  «      ».     ,     ,  ,    .        ,     .   ,   ,     (  48 .,       )      ,   , – ,  ,      «     ».         («  »  « »),         ,  «»      ,         .    . .,          .               . . . -   « »,  «  ...   ».      , ,     .  ,   ,               ,   351

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 13.         ,    .          ;   ,    ,      –   –     ,    .      ,      ,      ,     .     .      ; , –       - ,     «»? ,   . .   . ,       ,        ,        .         ;  ,  .              –      .      ,     .       -   ,          .     ,   .      ,    .         ,   –     – .            – .    . .     –     –   ,     , : ,         ,       .       ,     ,          .   ,  : «             ____________ 13    ,   -   .

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   ».  « » –           .   ;      .      ? .       .   ,     ,     ;          .         ,        –  .   ,   ,   –    ;           ,            .    ,  ,        ,         ,  ;  ,    ,     . , ,   ,    :        ,         ,      ,         . (   . .).          ,            . , . .   ,             .    ,     ,     ,  . .    ,    .

II   .    .         . , ,  ,     .          ,     –    ,  –  .           . -       .    ,    353

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 corpus delicti14 –  ,  , –     .      ,       .    corpra delicti14 –    ;           , , ,    ,    .     –      –        .      . .

1.   ,     , «    ».   ,       ,      –    .          ,  «         ».   ,      .          ,           .

2. « .  , –  . .    , –      –      ». ,    ;   ,         , ,  , –       ,    ,      «   ».

3.   : «      », . .   ,   ,   , «  ».       .     ,   ,  :      ,    ,     ,  .  : «     ,      ,     ____________ 14   (   – « »),      , .

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 ».  ,        « »   .  . .       «»,   corpus delicti.

4.  ,        «  ,    ». . .            : «   . ».

5.             « »; ,        ,              .       ,     . .;       ,  . .        « » ,     « ».            .   ,     ,    –      –   .  ,       ,     .  ,    ,  . .    ,    –    –   .  «  »   « »;  «  » –   . ,   « »      .       –  .  ,            .          .   . ;    .     .   ,   –     corpus delicti –   .  .  , ,   !    ,    ,     ,     355

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,   « ,   »15.  ,   ,   .     ,            .     :  .        , –  ,    .   ,     !    ,   :         ,      ,    ,     .  .  , , ,   . . .     ,        ,  ,    .    ,  «    »      . ,   , –    ! ,     , ,     –     ,  ,       .   .           .  , ,  «  ...  ,  » –    ,  –   –   : «    »,  ,      .             ,         .       ,        ,    .   ,               (    )      –  ,  . ,       –  ,      –   ____________ 15   «  » (     ).

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.    ,       –    .    . ,          –     . ***   ,     .   .   ,    () :      ,  .          .      ;       .     .   : «      »,  ,  «     .   ».     ,     .      ,    , .   ,  ,    .            ,    «   », .. -   .   ,        ,     , .     : «  ,  ,  “” », .. -   ,      ,      ,  ,     .   .       . «     »,  ,    , –          ,      . «     ,            – “  ?”».        ,    357

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 .     , ,      ,   ;   ,  ,       .   .  ,        .  . c – «     ,   » ( « »);      «   ».        :      ,         –          –  .   –      . ?        « »;         «  »     « », -,        ,         .      , –          ,        « ».   ,          ,        ( –  !16);        ,   –    , «  ?».  ,     -   . ***             ;     –       –       .     ,  – .       ..   .. ,          –   –     . ____________ 16   ..  «»,   .

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       ,           «»    ,    .    -  «»       – .. .

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