Urban Environment Research

SPRING TERM

2019-20

1

ESRA ERGÜN 150209011

INSTRUCTOR: İZZET ÖZKERESTECİ

URBAN ENVIRONMENT AND DESIGN 3

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

TRANSFORMATION COLLECTIVE DATA COMPARATIVE CITY REVIEWS

LANGUAGE METHODS AND TECHNIQUES PROBLEM/SOLUTION PRODUCT/ PROCESS PARADIGMS

FUTURE CATALYZERS DESIGN CYCLE

CONTEXTS 2

3

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

1

The uncontrollable problems arising from the rapid growth of the cities do not respond to the methods used in the spatial designs of the cities.

In urban design, as the increase of the individual needs arising with the increase of the population becomes more complex, the time dimension that the human will reveal has gained importance for the process.

URBAN DESIGN

TRANSFORMATION

‘Don’t think in blocks, don’t tthink in buildings. Think in connections only.’

Winy Maas Urban design is about design of buildings, public spaces, transport systems and making connections between people and places. Because the city is constantly in motion and never stops, just like our life dynamic. So its most important think in design is the spirit of user experience. Urban Design is the design of life. So it is making connections between people, nature, urban form and the creative places with distinct beauty and identity. Creating a vision for deplaying the resources and skills needed to bring the visin to life. And it is like more strategic issue because designers should use many problems to defined cities, planning of strategies, structers and policies.

Urban planner should think about whole neigbourhoods, districts and all the utilities.

URBAN EXPANSION

DECENTRALIZATION

SPREAD OF COMMUTER

MEGAPOL

RAILWAY / MOTORWAY ENERGY INDUSTRY TRAFFIC INFRASTRUCTURE PROBLEMS MORE MOTORWAY

The power of suburbanization started due to the increase in tramway and automobile roads, the lack of centers and the maintenance of the centers affected many cities. The society, which has moved away with the desire to be a garden of its own, remained in the modern city paradox due to the desire to live collectively.

D A T A

When the urban planning processes are evaluated, we see that the problems repeat and solutions are progressed each time. Every demolition caused a new beginning. We can state that these structures produced in different times support each other and are the guiding guide in the next step. In summary, urban design is about creating a vision for an area and the deploying of the skills and resources to realize that vision.

The first sociological definition of the city: RENE MAUNIER - morphological - functional - complex settlement group

CONTEMPORARY URBANIZATION

PARADOX

desire for natural space the desire to live collectively

DURKHEIM _____________ ORGANIC SOLIDARITY KARL MARX _____________ CAPITALIST PRODUCTION STYLE Work Sharing MAX WEBER _____________ IDEAL = WEST CITY MODEL Rationalization

INDUSTRIAL CITIES

It will be more successful to draw conclusions by researching the effect of physical changes on the social structure.

Human is the basic element in space designs. The effects of social factor features should be monitored in urban designs to create human-oriented spaces and change existing ones (Derman, 2010).

‘Cities are created by traffic and for traffic...’

COMMODITIZATION I CUSTOMIZATION I COMMERCIALIZATION

ROBERT NOSES 4

5

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

CITY= SOCIAL + POLITICAL is either the side of a conflict or an effort ...

The city, which is a social entity, was handled within the framework of the social events experienced by the 19th century sociologists and the changes caused by them. In this context, the city has been defined as transition areas from feudal society to industrial society (Saint-Simon), from community to society (Tönnies), from simple society to complex society (Spencer), from mechanical society to organic society (Durkheim), from holy society to secular society (Howard Becker). In this context, the city was seen as the triangulation points where social change took place.

THE AIM OF TRANSFORMATIONS (SPACE) IS CREATING PLACES The design of these “SPACES” does not lose its physical dimension even when

it includes the definition of a “PLACE”.

Definition that usually entails the search for a “physical

the spaces”,

comfort of

But also the need to achieve high levels of “quality” in the intangible benefits of the spaces (density of relations, dynamism and flexibility of uses; the sharing of the transformation process as a first input to avoid forms of social exclusion in thenew neighbourhoods).

- Lefebvre and Space as a Social Product

- Simmel, City and Alienation - Chicago School Urban Theories (Ecological City Theories)

- Manuel Castells, Collective Consumption and Urban Movements

- R. Park and Urban Ecology Theory

- Harvey and the City as Capital Accumulation

- Burgess and Single Centered Theory - McKenzie and Urban Ecological Growth - Urbanization as Wirth and Lifestyle - The Nature of the City of Harris and Ullman - Contemporary (Radical) Urban Theories

6

- Brenner (and New Generation Urban Theorists) and Urbanization of Neoliberalism

From the beginning of sociology is the science of the city, the city of industry.

Good urban design adds economic value by -producing high returns on investments (good rental returns and enhanced capital values) -placing developments above local competition at little cost -responding to occupier demand -helping to deliver more lettable area (higher densities) -reducing management, maintenance, energy and security costs -contributing to more contented and productive workforces -supporting the ‘life giving’ mixed-use elements in developments -creating an urban regeneration and place marketing dividend -differentiating places and raising their prestige -opening up investment opportunities, raising confidence in development opportunities and attracting grant monies -reducing the cost to the public purse of rectifying urban design mistakes.

The city has been analyzed on an economy basis in every period. The interlocking flats of urban ecologists have been shaped according to the economy, and the struggle for economic existence in the city, the livelihood, etc., is the basis of the alienation of the urban people of Simmel. economic reasons were included. With the industrial revolution, the investment of the surplus product into new investment areas and new profits has led to the continuous reproduction of the urban space.

Inclusion of concepts has given urbanization a form of reading.

However, ecological urban theorists have stated that the development of the city with an environmental determinist attitude is not intervened and is subject to a natural process, and planning, destruction of the ghettos, etc. They argued that any kind of intervention would spoil the natural structure of the city. Ecological urban theories have been criticized because the city directs social life, which is an interaction structure, to its physical dimensions.

Since the 1920s, the Chicago school was seen Nevertheless, the concepts that are vitally by the members of the city as a research important for the city include competiobject for the first time, and the academic tion, concentration, centralization, etc. literature included ghetto, separation, luxury the fact that it is not reduced to concepts residences, etc. and diversified has put the theories into a vicious circle.

‘turmoil due to severe community problems...’

R E S H O R I N G 7

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

E B E N E Z E R

The industry is used as a primary PRODUCT element of the city.

H O W A R D

SOLUTION

SOCIAL SOLIDARITY + COOPERATION

G A R D E N C I T Y

RADIANT CITY/ LE CORBUSIER

VERTICAL GROWTH CITY MODEL Workers living in vertically growing buildings surrounded by green spaces and away from the factory

It collects the population together with its borders, compact, symmetrical, urban and centralized properties.

BROADCARE CITY/ FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT EFFICIENT + ACCESSIBLE

RURAL AND URBAN TOGETHER

MORE INDIVIDUAL

8

CROWD ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

S E L F S U F F I C E N T

9

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

Good design adds social and environmental value by

According to this model, which forms a reference point in sociological studies on the organization of big cities in space, the big cities in the cause of expansion exhibit a structure consisting of five different regions that are intertwined:

- creating well connected, inclusive and accessible new places

-Its central point forms the main commercial district and the city spreads from this area towards the environment.

- delivering mixed-use environments with a broad range of facilities and amenities available to all

-Small trade in the transition zone surrounding the center andfactories are located at.

- delivering development sensitive to its context

-The third area Finds Homes for workers who need easy access to their jobs in industrial areas.

- enhancing the sense of safety and security within and beyond developments

-The area surrounding the third ring contains residential areas with private land where upper class families live -On the ring current in the central city outside of the city limits there are suburbs and satellite cities where people who go to work live. (Burgess)

A sense of who we are; It is another aspect of identity in urban planning and decision making.

10

- returning inaccessible or run down areas and amenities to beneficial public use - boosting civic pride and enhancing civic image - creating more energy efficient and less polluting development - revitalising urban heritage.

The key to their survival has tended to be the existence of good functional and adaptable street systems and flexibility in the uses to which the building stock can be put, and therefore a responsiveness to the changing needs of users and of markets. An interesting example is Camden Town in London, often scheduled for redevelopment but surviving and thriving largely intact today. The key ingredients of success here include the existence of well-proportioned and interesting street axes, a visually rich and functional layout and the existence of ‘backland’ and flexible building structures into which commercial activity could grow.

‘What are the lessons from history?’

11

Planning actually exists since the day human existed: there is always a trio of decision, choice and game theory.

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

CITY MIX FUNCTION

CITY_____FAST MOTORIZED MOVEMENT _____TOP VIEW GRIP

- It is an unstable object of desire and fear.

- Duality of separating and bringing people together - Human diversity, heterogeneity, social experiences - Population density, sociodemographic structure - Certain behavior models

SPATIAL SOCIOLOGY

SCALE

Means of the harmonization of spatial and architectural forms are: – scale and proportions – gradation, contrast and stress – rhythm, symmetry and asymmetry

SIMMEL- MICRO LEVEL OF SOCIAL LIFE causing complexity and possible relationships:

Urban planning + urban design = urban development 12

13

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

LANGUAGE/process

and products

2

Source of inspiration

Making use of the power of concepts and transforming it into images, masses and functions. In fact, it is a tool that helps us collect problems and reach a concept. On the way to the solution, we can interpret it as one of the intermediate transactions or transaction priorities.

This is not a fixed language. As with any language, the meaning of our words describing design-related methods and procedures may change slowly over time or become outdated or outdated, but new words and methods are constantly introduced.

14

p a r a d ı g m s

urban design is concerned with: -all the constituent physical parts of the built environment to which the public have access -the way these parts fit together to create networks of space and activity -the functioning of those space networks - their role as a social venue.

For the understanding of the basic principles and rules of urban planning composition it is necessary to get acquainted with its most frequent terms.

We have chosen some of the most important expressions related to urban planning composition and connected with: - cultural and historical values - urban planning values that create the image of a settlement The explain the following terms:

1.Urban planning concept Functional and spatial arrangement of existing buildings and areas proposed for development and the arrangement and treatment of landscape. The subject of an urban planning concept is the endeavour toward a well-balanced development of a settlement.

COGNITIVE CITY

SOCIAL CITY

PHYSICAL CITY

THREE DIMENSIONS OF CITY

URBAN DESIGN

Any product or creation in an area of​​ knowledge with an established language must be a composite of symbols with resultant new meanings. Therefore, language must have permanent units of meaning which are combinable into larger units, must have fixed equivalences that make definition and translation possible, and finally, must have connotations that are general.

15

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

2.Urban planning composition

URBAN RELATIONSHIP:

The purpose of urban planning composition is the creative synthesis of all the components of an urban planning work, expressed by a composition of spaces and substances. The basic components in this process are: – functional processes and their arrangement, i.e. needs – means of realization, economy of the solution, i.e. possibilities – aesthetic effect and ideological content

MATERIAL PERCEPTUAL SOCIAL

self actualization Urban relationality, on the other hand, needs to be tested on three components:

3. Landscape composition NEW SPACES

PROGRAMS should be reconstructed based on relational qualities, not over function alone.

information command

What is expected of the designer is not the sequencing of behavioral traces one after the other and the transfer of these traces to a diagrammatic (traditional) abstraction, on the contrary, areas other than diagrammatic abstractions that remain beyond behavioral explanations should be redefined and redefined.

REDEFINITIONS

- traveler instead of user

- multiplicity instead of uniqueness

- overlapping instead of lateral

- circular instead of linear

Different types of relationships:

communicable workable

“material, perceptual and social”.

beyond the familiar

16

CONTEXT

CYBERNETICS

safety+security :

Rediscovery of areas other than diagrammatic abstractions beyond the behavioral explanations expected from the designer.

FOR CONVERSION

Landscape composition consists of singular compositional elements (major, minor and additional) influencing each other and forming an integrated unit (composition). As parts of landscape compositions, there are visual landmarks accentuated by vistas, the locations of roads and open views and scenes.

steps: analysis (of the problem situation), synthesis (of the solutions), evaluation and decision, optimization, revision and implementation (Asimov) Asimov thus implicitly introduced the notion of iteration indesign and provided a dynamic perspective on the common perception of design thinking.

Since the ‘design methods’ period, there have been no visible explicit rational formulations of the design process in terms of analysis and synthesis in the literature.

17

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

4.

Genius loci, city image

LYNCH METAPHORES:

The desire of universal images - link in the city to the cosmos and to the environment in the public real of cities often means that the requirements of -machine analogy for the city many local activity patterns are overridden in the search for - sustainable city international symbolic patterns that enhance people's self-image.

A conflicting network of any combination of intersecting or interconnecting thoughts and practices.

Christoper Alexander: 15 Principles of Wholeness from Christopher Alexander, Introduction of "A New Theory of Urban Design"

Legibility – to promote legibility through

development that provides recognisable routes, intersections and landmarks to help people find their way around.

Continuity and Enclosure – to promote the continuity of street frontages and the enclosure of space by development which clearly defines private and public areas.

CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER: The modern planning method is not enough to solve the complexity.

Advocates for design and user to work together.

TIMELESS WAY OF BUILDING JANE JACOBS: She criticized the examples she made only on the physical organization of planning, based on the principles she put forward by conceptualizing the dynamics of street fabric.

18

1- organic order 2- participation 3- piecemel growth 4- patterns 5- diagosis 6- coordination

essential spirit + quality of life

THE OREGON EXPERIMENT

DIAGNOSTIC MAPS

A PATTERN LANGUAGE

Character – to promote character in townscape

fixation + solution to the problem arising from modernist principles for almost every element of it

Program design will not only create the infrastructure for how the space should be organized, beyond the designed object, It will direct both the design process and the designer to a contextual framework.

and landscape by responding to and reinforcing locally distinctive patterns of development and culture.

Ease of Movement – to promote

accessibility and local permeability by making places that connect with each other and are easy to move through, putting people before traffic and integrating land uses and transport.

Adaptability – to promote

adaptability through development that can respond to changing social, t echnological and economic conditions.

Diversity – to promote diversity and

choice through a mix of compatible developments and uses that work together to create viable places that respond to local needs.

Quality of the Public Realm – to promote

public spaces and routes that are attractive, safe, uncluttered and work effectively for all in society, including disabled and elderly people.

“In fact, from the point of view of the city as a whole, there is a remarkably interesting proposition in The Image of the City: ‘The paths, the network of habitual or potential lines of movement through the urban complex, are the most potent means by which the whole can be ordered’. Kevin Lynch

19

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

LAYOUT

SCALE

URBAN STRUCTURE URBAN GREEN DENSITY OF MIX HEIGHT AND MESSING BUILDING TYPE

APPERANCE

FACADE AND INTERFACE DEATILS

PUBLIC REALM

R O B

Such a context based on piecemeal and collage-like urban (trans)formation patterns comprises both positive and negative consequences with regards to morphology and design.

The more urbanism loses its ability to operate with the complex patterns of property structure on urban space – ‘the lost art of subdivision’ – the less open, diverse and coherent are the urban fabrics turned out.

STREETSCAPE

obey similar laws= form+function

internal

K R I E R

extarnal

- space as living system- an ecological design process where design product and pattern emanates through and from an ecological process, and does not stand alone as ‘green product’ or eco-design hardware or ‘sustainable design’: if the process is not ecological in nature neither is the outcome.

- space as ordered from through geometry: shapes in relationship - the existential purpose of building is to make a site become a place to uncover the meanings potentially present in the given environment because we exist in it anda re responsible part of that environment.

- spatial structure orients through assembly the concrete objects of identification as organizational relatiionships (this is the how of

shielded from weather and environment is a effective symbol of

making something)

open unobstructed space for movement in the open air, with public,

THE SQUARE___ first way to discovered of

TYPICAL FUNCTION OF

courtyard_ symbolic value

PUBLIC

semi-public and private zone

between

using of urban space

/

PRIVATE

DISTINCTION

confused emotional factors

precise aesthetic risk

subjective questions of taste

cultural attitues socio political

must depending 20

- space as enclosed need and function: the basis for what and how much in urban functionality.

PRIVACY

SPACES

CLEAR

-Space as enclosed behaviour, a concept that moved to the forefront of urban design int he 1960s with the ecological movement and ambracing of environmental pyschology by the design community

The desire of universal images in the public real of cities often means that the requirements of many local activity patterns are overridden in the search for international symbolic patterns that enhance people’s self-image.

control of inner space

spatial pattern became a model

similar behavioral pattern

THE STREET____ product of spread of settlement provides framework for the distribution of land gives access to individual plots

powerful on design perfect match:

INDIVIDUAL X COLLECTIVE

activities-actions 21

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

the primary function of town: STREET

Placemaking is both a philosophy and a practical process for transforming public spaces.

Urban context and site analysis Comprehensive analysis is the launching pad for good urban design. There are four scales of analysis: - district – the area within ~1000–2000 m of the site; - neighbourhood – the area within ~500–1000 m of the site;

S C A L E

3 different

-It measures the through-movement potential of each street segment with respect to all pairs of others. Each of these two types of relational patterns can be weighted according to three different definitions of distance.

- streetscape – both sides of the street(s) abutting the site, for a distance of ~100 m in either direction;

Although the scale of the space changes, the elements do not change.

Whether it's a street or a neighborhood, we must always define to certain criteria.

accessible Diversity: ‘a place with variety and choice’. DIVERSE – CHOICE – VARIETY

comfortable

Means of the harmonization of SPATIAL and architectural forms are: – scale and proportions – gradation, contrast and stress – rhythm, symmetry and asymmetry neigbourhood scale: permebility interface catchment metropolis scale: measures of connectivity access become useful.

sociable activities

social differences that create the synergies of the great city.

attractions+interconnections 22

S Q A R -It measures the to E -movement – or accessibility –

potential of each street segment with respect to all others.

community pattern

M A K I N G

is a method of assessing the qualities of a place, showing what improvements are needed, and focusing people on working together to achieve them.

If necessary, a Placecheck can start small: with half a dozen people round a kitchen table, or a small group meeting on a street corner.

A Placecheck can cover a street (or part of one), a neighbourhood, a town centre, or a whole district or city.

The setting might be urban, suburban or a village. The initiative can come from anyone, in any organisation or sector.

creates

PLACE CHECK

channels for movement higher revenues and values need to be reconfigured to meet new needs. ecology has the potential to act as a driver for long term

SYNTAX I N T E G R A T I O N

developed by Bill Hillier

Streets are like outdoor rooms shaped by multiple planes: the ground plane at the bottom, the buildings and the roadbed edges as the side planes, and the canopy plane like the ceiling of the room. Each plane is constructed of many individual elements that are often regulated or created by a range of different policies, codes, guidelines, and building practices.

-space is not a background to human activity, but is intrinsic to it.

-space is first and foremost configurational. influenced by the relationships between that space and the network of spaces to which it is connected.

natural movement identifies

23

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

reproduction

Grain size can change over time through subdivision or amalgamation; site consolidation to enable large-grain development is one of the key threats to a vibrant urban mix. avoiding spatial segregation according to wealth, ethnicity, gender, age or ability

FUNCTION FORMAL SOCIAL

They are ‘multiplicities’ rather than singularities. The city as assemblage has no unity beyond this co-functioning; it it not a collection of parts, rather the parts are defined by the alliances that they enter into. The urban mix is about the relations between different functions, buildings and people-the interconnections, alliances, synergies and flows between them. work triangular division of mixes

‘FLOWS ARE MEDIATED BY THE URBAN FORMS,

live amenity

simple but powerful model for mapping and understanding the functional mix of a city because it can show the degree of mixing.

connectivity

co-functioning

concern tration

conceptual triangle form landuse transport

24

object oriented

“The Perceptional Dimension”: For urban design it is essential how people experience and perceive a place both environmentally and with respect to the architecture of the place. This helps to find points that are most important for the users in order for the designer to address them.

Such a context based on piecemeal and collage-like urban (trans)formation patterns comprises both positive and negative DENSITY consequences with regards to MIX morphology and design.

ACCESS

A C T I O N

For Bourdieu, everyday life is like a game that is played on a field that is at once both spatial and social. Cutting across any separation of subject and object, the habitus is at once ingrained in our habitat and embodied as a set of habits. Habit is something we repeat unthinkingly, habitat is the place in which we do it. Habitus is a 'feel for the game' of social life, a 'feel' rather than a conscious understanding.

The habitus resonates with the idea of a 'sense of place', not as an aesthetic experience but as a 'sense of one's place'. When we don't understand the code we feel "out of place'. From this perspective public space is practised or performed; we have a feel for the game of action in the field of urban public space.

“The Functional Dimension”: The functional dimension of urban design concerns how urban space functioned and how urban designers can enhance the functionality of the place and provide urban spaces combined with physical and social objectives.

Health : a city of activity

exchange

a mix of primary uses also gives rise to secondary mix ancillary function.

enter an urban detting that embodies an informal social code of behaviour- the distances between people, possible behaviours and conversations. Then size up the situation and gear our actions in accordance.

Movement : a city of mobility

production

MIX

NETWORK OF FLOWS

The original version:

Resilience : a city of responsibility

definition of the situations

Ease of Movement: ‘a place that is easy to get to and move through’; ACCESSIBILITY – CONNECTIONS – ORGANIZATION PATTERN – TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND PATTERNS – MOVEMENT AND CIRCULATION – PERMEABILITY

Legibility: ‘a place that has a clear image and is easy to understand’; VISUAL CLARITY – IMAGE – PERCEPTION – AUTHENTICITY “The Morphological Dimension”: The form of the urban space can be described as simultaneously modern and traditional.

Urban design with its morphological dimension mostly focuses on the form and layout of the urban space.

The more urbanism loses its ability to operate with the complex patterns of property structure on urban space – ‘the lost art of subdivision’ – the less open, diverse and coherent are the urban fabrics turned out.

25

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

URBAN DESIGN

FUTURE

3

Technology solutions of many problems 1- how to introduce urban design 2- how to compare urban spaces 3- how to search urban spaces Even before the mega-city emerged, city planners recognized the importance of good building design to avoid bottlenecks, underutilized space and security hazards.

Solutions arise from studying how people move in buildings or in heavily traded urban environments. Matching this information with innovations and technology creates good “flow of people”.

Future design decisions must help to reconcile some of the inequities that persist in the city, changing the District’s image from that of a divided city to one that is much more inclusive. In this regard, the design of Washington’s neighborhoods should provide even greater relevance for national identity than the monuments themselves.

Cities today are facing the mutual threaten of becoming monotonous and homogeneous gradually if the city chooses to assimilate and adapt to conflicts everytime confronting it.

Conflicts and complexity occur everywhere in our life, would designing follow the process of transprogramming become the main methodology for making our city adnd social life dynamic and vibrant? ıt might be option...

26

10 keys to build the productive city of the future: -Building a productive city requires a more fine-grained pattern of the urban economy.

-Cherish the generosity of existing volumes and structures.

-A lot of small initiatives will make the next urban economy

C A T A L Y Z E R

-Let the scale of workspaces define housing development, and not vice versa -Combining housing with industry asks for new architectural compositions -Urban industry needs its public visibility and buildings -Urban public space connects thinkers and makers in a solidary city -Sharing facilities liberates extra space for the urban economy -Fostering coalitions between companies allows for maximum use of limited space -A circular urban economy keeps more added value in and for the city

What are the actual process that make our cities grow and what consequences does this have on the surrounding rural areas?

What are the factors that being about change, which are aldready helping to create good, sustainable cities and how can we make these tools work?

“The Temporal Dimension”: Time is the fourth dimension of urban design.

Every second spaces change and also the value of places changes. It is crucial that urban designers understand how this phenomenon works and implement this fact in design process.

27

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

The trouble is that unless this is explained to observes, the unity is not seen. However, a unity in chaos too!

‘prolem+solution’ usual but to make it predictable more easily transformable need less intervention URBANISATION: the process by which the population of urban ares grow

URBANISATION DOES NOT OCCUR AT THE EXPENSE OF RURAL AREAS

emphasize early integration, simple processes + maintainable long term solutions The London 2012 Sustainability Plan came to fruition as London was chosen as the 2012 Olympic City. The city is using the Olympics as a way to affect sustainable change. The five priority themes are: climate change, waste, biodiversity, inclusion and healthy living.

These themes have transparent and effective implementation strategies, including preparation, staging and legacy, taking into consideration the challenges and opportunities that go along with these factors.

On April 24, 2009 the City of Los Angeles adopted the Downtown Design Guide for an 1,800 acre area of Downtown.

According to page four of the Design Guide, “The Design Guide encourages Downtown Los Angeles to develop as a more sustainable community. To achieve this goal, good choices must be made at all levels of planning and design - from land use and development decisions to building massing and materials choices...”

At the Bureau of Development Services in Portland Oregon, their motto is “From Concept to Construction.” Their transparent process addresses the relationship between the developer and the city early, with simple and timely steps.

More than half the world's population already lives in urban centers, and in two decades that number will be more than 60 percent. By 2039, our world will be home to at least 43 megacities—urban areas with more than 10 million inhabitants. How will the cities of the future deal with such an influx of people? With good design, of course. Architects, engineers, and urban planners of today are already thinking about the cities of tomorrow. First and foremost, most seem to agree, our future cities must be places designed for people—not vehicles, buildings, and businesses. Creating vibrant communities, connections, and relevance between people and place is paramount.

28

• In political debate, building "densely" is often equated with the floor space ratio, i.e. building houses that are tall or close to one another. But the concept of density needs to be analysed from several other aspects in order to build a sustainable city. Proximity to social, cultural, economic, environmental, creative and information resources and services are also important.

• In the construction of a sustainable city, closeness is even more important than density. If a town plan doesn't take into account how the streets are interconnected, or how different places are linked with each other, its residents may not feel that they are close to the things that they need, even if density is high in terms of the resources and services that they require.

• In a sustainate town plan, different aspects of density cannot be analysed in isolation. They must be analysed as a system, in which attempts to increase one type of density can affect whether another type of density can be increased or maintained. Most experts agree that the development of creative innovation environments is an important factor in building sustainable and attractive cities. But research shows that opinions on how (and where) to best create such environments differ greatly.

There is a slow- growing acceptance among governments of the need to change institutions and governance if sustainable mobility goals are to be delivered

• In a city with high innovation ambitions, having forward-looking leadership that is able to create the right conditions for developing and implementing new technology is not enough. It also requires "intelligent" residents, with a good understanding of how technology can be best used to increase development opportunities in the city in a positive way.

“You can’t make people creative by telling them, “Be creative.” It has to be economically sound for them to be creative, and feasible both for the area itself and for what they can do.”

-Jane Jacobs

• Participation and participatory processes are often cited as essential for building cities where people feel happy and their needs get met. But research shows that participation is often done at a fairly low level and that people outside of traditional decision-making environments rarely get an opportunity to be involved in planning and decision-making.

“The Social Dimension”: This dimension shows that whenever space is considered, it is always connected with people’s love/hate relations to it. These are inter-connected and influence each other. The social dimension concerns “values, choices and effects of urban design on individuals and groups of society”. Urban design has to take into account the social goals within the projects it brings to the society.

29

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER GREEN URBANISM As evaluated from the previous case studies, there has been a slow shift towards a more integrated relationship between urbanism and nature. This thesis seeks to propose the next step of this relationship, of which a future standard can be developed in order to tackle the issues of tropical high density. The extant narrative of "sustainability" and green urbanism can be further developed.

This narrative has been a call to action against global political and socioeconomic problems: dwindling natural resources, environmental degradation, burgeoning human population, waste. The effects of capitalism and materialism have now become clearly visible and tangible.

Lewis Mumford has also described a possible model of urbanism in harmony with nature, which emerges from the scale of the region, allowing a well-conceived plan of green spaces.

Such a model "re-establishes and maintains the proper connection between city and nature" by: 1. Balancing the relationship between built-up areas and green spaces, 2. Connecting the city and countryside, 3. Ensuring public access and use, 4. Creating high-quality natural environments, 5. Systemic integration into comprehensive plans, and 6. Integrating ecosystem services.

30

intersting the forest into the city Eliminate the geographical barriers that make it difficult for residents of the city's most segregated areas to get to the places where the jobs and services are located. This may involve, for example, joining attractive neighbourhoods together with neighbourhoods that are not considered attractive. Redesign or further develop public spaces (so that more groups in society can use them, such as cyclists, pedestrians, people with disabilities, people with hearing or sight impairments, the elderly or people who only speak a minority language. Set up economic instruments to ensure that cheap accommodation is also available in the more attractive parts of the city.

Expand public transport so that it covers the most marginalised parts of a city. Design a city so that the services and resources that residents want are located in places where people naturally go. Create better forums and communication channels (physical and digital) to facilitate access to participatory processes, for example, when planning new urban environments. Establish forward-looking instruments that encourage actors at all levels in the city to start their own initiatives to improve the urban environment. Create instruments that encourage (or force) companies to take some responsibility for building a socially, economically and ecologically sustainable urban environment.

SYMBIOSIS This thesis proposes an additional aspect of sustainability and green urbanism: symbiosis. Whereas the sustainable narrative suggests that existing systems can become more long-lasting (i.e. sustainable) in themselves, symbiosis suggests that strong interdependences and relationships encapsulate a system that is ultimately profitable to all parts of the system. This thesis posits a way for urbanism to work hand- in-hand with nature, emboldened by new technologies, to create a future that is carbon negative. Unlike previous ages before, where man fought against nature to control it, man now lives symbiotically with nature. Is it possible to achieve a model where as opposed to conventional models of urbanism in which wildlife is inversely proportional to human density, that the increase of human density does not affect the quantum of wildlife? By understanding what nature can furnish to society, conflicts between nature and man can be minimised to develop integrated forest landscapes that provide multiple benefits. In line with Bruno Taut's ideals of an urbanism which the background of community life is the natural environment, bringing fresh air, greenery and sunlight into urbanism can create a harmonious future with nature.

The Visual Dimension”: Considering the visual dimensions of urban design, it is crucial that designers consider the environment they have to work in and with in the widest possible sense. They have to take into consideration factors of “aesthetic preferences, the appreciation of space and the aesthetic qualities of urban spaces and the townscape.”

31

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER In a diverse city, the different spatial and social perspectives that people have are respected. In the eyes of city dwellers, there is no such thing as one city: it resembles a kaleidoscope of views. The city is perceived differently by different people and they will use the 'urban fabric' accordingly. They will differ in their selection of places to avoid (because they are considered unsafe or ugly), places to prefer (cafés, shops; public spaces, museums), or trajectories to follow (to reach their destination and/or because of the presence of those preferred spots).

how do we deal with group interest in relationship to individual urban development?

MOVEMENT

new urbanism smart growth

The Master Plan Is: • 12,000 new affordable homes – half dedicated to homes for very lowincome families, and half providing homeownership opportunities through a 21st century Mitchell-Lama Program • A new regional rail hub, “Sunnyside Station”, connecting Western Queens to the Greater New York City region and Northeast Corridor • 60 acres of new public open space serving Western Queens communities, alongside new schools, libraries, and other social infrastructure • An infrastructure-first approach that includes meeting urban needs like resiliency, drainage, open space, and transportation

Example :Planning a Public Future for Sunnyside Yard The Master Plan Is NOT: • A transaction with a developer • A fixed plan that will be executed exactly as conceived • Formal public approvals for development • A replica of the overbuild projects of today

• A detailed technical guide for creating new publicly controlled land by building a “deck” over the rail yard that protect rail operations while connecting neighborhoods • A plan focused on preserving Queens’ affordability and diversity for future generations rather than maximizing financial gain

The urban designer should be able to make a common synthesis of the

aesthetic approach of an architect, the systematic approach of a planner, the creativity of the architect and the urban discipline and responsibility of the planner.

The urban designer should be able to confront the problems in the process of rapid growth no matter where he is, either in the developed or the developing world.

Aesthetic, creative and expressive skills should constitute the basis of their professional identity. They should also have the skill to bring other practitioners together and strike a sensible balance between the participants in the process of urban design.

Protective, innovative, developing characteristics should be defined within professional and ethical rules.

32

• A framework to guide future decision-making and implementation over many decades with sustained public input

It’s hard to imagine what cities will look like in 2050. One thing is for sure – they need to be more resilient, less wasteful, cleaner and more livable for their inhabitants – or they will cease to exist. Technology and strategic planning today can help us envision and enact better cities and urban centers tomorrow.

33

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER 1- https://issuu.com/adsoyad0/docs/a_typology_of_procedures 2- https://issuu.com/hussien-mansour/docs/the_power_of_design_a_journey_throu 3- https://issuu.com/education.egovn/docs/1.5_urban.design.thinking 4- https://issuu.com/planumnet/docs/planum_urban_challenges_summary_and 5- http://aura-istanbul.com/index.php/aura-seminerleri/ 6- https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/ 7- https://www.aaschool.ac.uk/Downloads/studentDocuments/2019-20PROGRAMMEGUIDES/Handbooks2019-2020/MPHIL%20Projective%20Cities_programme%20 guide%20201920.pdf 8- http://www.urbandesign.org/ 9- https://www.britannica.com/topic/urban-planning/Changing-objectives 10- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/rob%20 krier%20-%20urban%20space.pdf 11- https://www.urban-hub.com/cities/chicagos-legacy-of-innovative-urban-projects/ 12- https://simplicable.com/new/urban-design-elements 13- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/checked/ Design_Thinking_in_Urbanism_Learning_Fro.pdf 14- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/checked/ Kentsel_Mekan_Olusum_Surecine_Kuramsal_B.pdf 15- https://www.nps.gov/subjects/urban/richmond-ca.htm 16- https://www.mvrdv.nl/themes/9/urbanism 17- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/checked/ Kentsel_Mekansal_Standartlarin_Gelistiri.pdf 18- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/checked/ PLANLAMA_Kenti_Tasarlamak.pdf 19- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/checked/ Tasarim_Denetimi_ve_Tasarim_Kodu.pdf

34

R E F E R E N C E S

20- https://auzefalmsstorage.blob.core.windows.net/auzefcontent/ders/kent_sosyolojisi/4/index.html 21- https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/502932 22- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/the-value-of-urban-design_0.pdf 23- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/kt-rehber-hazirlama-el-k-tabi-kasim-2017-20180322122217.pdf 24- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/A_Joint_Framework_for_Urban_Morphology_a.pdf 25- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/Urban_ Morphology_and_Design_Introduction.pdf 26- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/Chapter%25209%2520Comp%2520Plan%2520Updates%2520Opti.pdf 27- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/abxlbozarguideengdefhighadred-289642.pdf 28- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/5b34a3e026d21.pdf 29- file:///C:/Users/Esra/Desktop/urban%20env%20and%20design%203/TRANSFORMATION%20OF%20CITIES/David%20C.%20Thorns(2002)%20The_Transformation_of_ Cities.pdf 30- bert bıelefeld&sebastıan el khoulı, (2007). desıng ıdeas 31- juhannı pallasma, (2018). The Eyes of the Skin 32- kevın lynch, (2018). the ımage of the cıty 33- ıtalo calvıno, (2019). the ınvısıble cıtıes 34- http://www.journalagent.com/planlama/pdfs/PLAN-98608-RESEARCH_ARTICLE-SERTER.pdf 35- https://architectureforthefuture.wordpress.com/2016/01/15/kent-tasariminda-broadacre-city-garden-city-radiant-city/ 36- https://www.bozar.be/file/1626/download 37- https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=p3lSXCRGEc0C&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=urban+design+language&source=bl&ots=VQH6GcO_OD&sig=ACfU3U2GRQh3vA2rpeKAb-p5qk7V7R0MUw&hl=tr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEhPnVzanpAhWSi1wKH-

35

URBAN DESIGN FOLDER

38- https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52715c10e4b09cd968ae3344/t/59c4203ee45a7ca04e62cede/1506025552375/1676_LAspeaksPB.pdf 39- https://www.pps.org/article/5-steps-to-making-places 40- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829218306737 41- http://otp.spacesyntax.net/overview-2/ 42- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313470133_Space_Syntax_a_method_to_ measure_urban_space_related_to_social_economic_and_cognitive_factors 43- http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/sehirplanlama/T000602.pdf 44- http://urbandesignla.com/resources/docs/UrbanDesignPrinciples/hi/UrbanDesignPrinciples.pdf 45- https://www.journalagent.com/itujfa/pdfs/ITUJFA-19484-DOSSIER_ARTICLES-AYATAC. pdf 46- https://issuu.com/sharnesulaiman/docs/ar5808_sharne_jerhn_dta_sulaiman_ a0140117x_design_ 47- https://issuu.com/iva-publikationer/docs/framtidensgodastad-urbanisering-eng 48- https://issuu.com/unric/docs/planning_and_design_for_sustainable 49- https://issuu.com/citypolska/docs/citiesoftomorrow_final 50- https://issuu.com/iva-publikationer/docs/framtidensgodastad-urbanisering-eng

36

37