Building Performance Elements Presentation by Eric Harris

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

BUILDING PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS HARBINGERS OF THE FUTURE FOR URBAN SUSTAINABILITY + GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

0|PRESENTATION CONTENTS

1|INTRODUCTION 2|PARKROYAL HOTEL 3|THE PORTER SCHOOL

4|APPLE HEADQUARTERS 5|COPENHILL

BUILDING PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS HARBINGERS OF THE FUTURE FOR URBAN SUSTAINABILITY

+ GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

6|CMA TOWER 7|CONCLUSION

“Sustainability can't be like some sort of a moral sacrifice or political dilemma or a philanthropical cause. It has to be a design challenge.” – Bjarke Ingels, Danish Architect

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

QUOTE

Source: www.hok.com Architect: HOK / Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta GA

0|PRESENTATION CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION HARBINGERS OF THE FUTURE FOR URBAN SUSTAINABILITY

+ GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

6|CMA TOWER 7|CONCLUSION

Source: www.hok.com Architect: HOK / Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta GA

1|INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION •

CLIMATE CHANGE HAS BECOME AN UNDOUBTED ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE IN THE LAST COUPLE OF DECADES IN EVERY CONTINENT AND ALL SECTORS ACROSS THE WORLD. IT OCCURS DUE TO INCREASE TEMPERATURE OF ATMOSPHERE BY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS AND RELEASING OF GREENHOUSE GASES.

•

TEMPERING THE INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT THROUGH INNOVATIVE, ALTERNATELY PASSIVE AND ACTIVE, DESIGN STRATEGIES WILL ENABLE ARCHITECTS TO DESIGN AND BUILD STRUCTURES THAT PRODUCE HEATING AND COOLING ENERGY THAT IS RENEWABLE, BUT ALSO SUSTAINABLE TO THE GLOBAL ECOLOGY.

•

WITH THE RAPID PACE OF CHANGES IN LIFESTYLES AND TECHNOLOGY, COMBINED WITH ECONOMIC PROSPERITY, IT IS EXPECTED THAT ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS WILL CONTINUOUSLY TO TAKE A LARGE AMOUNT OF TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE FUTURE.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.hok.com Architect: HOK / Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta GA

1|INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION •

IT IS WELL RECOGNIZED THAT WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS DIVIDED INTO THREE MAJOR ECONOMIC SECTORS: 1) BUILDINGS; 2) TRANSPORTATION AND 3) INDUSTRIAL. AMONGST THESE THREE SECTORS, BUILDINGS INCLUDING RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL, LIGHT COMMERCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL SIGNIFY FOR ABOUT ONE THIRD OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION COMPARED TO OTHER ENERGYUSING SECTORS.

•

AS A RESULT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION, THE BUILDING SECTOR CONTRIBUTES AS MUCH AS ONE THIRD OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, PRIMARILY THROUGH THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS DURING THEIR OPERATIONAL PHASE, BOTH IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

•

THUS, THE GOALS FOR A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY INCLUDE EFFICIENT LAND USE, RECYCLE OR CONVERT WASTE-TO-ENERGY, AND MAKE THE CITY’S OVERALL CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE MINIMAL.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: https://www.archdaily.com/160316/tempe-transportation-center-architekton

INTRODUCTION BUILDING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS based on: • • • •

Energy Performance Indoor Environment (Human Comfort) Environmental Degradation Economic Aspects

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

1|INTRODUCTION

Source: https://www.sigearth.com/leed-performance-path-arc/

INTRODUCTION The 5 KEY PERFORMANCE METRICS: • • • •

Human Experience Water Waste Transportation

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

1|INTRODUCTION

“Design can be art. Design can be aesthetics. Design is so simple, that’s why it is so complicated.” – Paul Rand, American Designer

Source: wwwsiemens.com Building Technologies

QUOTE

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: WOHA Architects/ Park Royal

0|PRESENTATION CONTENTS

PARKROYAL ON PICKERING SYDNEY, SINGAPORE

WOHA ARCHITECTS

6|CMA TOWER 7|CONCLUSION

2013

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: WOHA Architects/ Park Royal

2|PARKROYAL HOTEL

PARKROYAL ON PICKERING • WOHA PROPOSED THAT COMMERCIAL ARCHITECTURE MUST RESPOND TO THE CITY AS ITS CIVIC DUTY. • AS PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE, THE DEVELOPMENT COULD THUS RESPOND TO MANY SEPARATE AND DISPARATE ENVIRONMENTS. •

IT PROVIDES PUBLIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN COMMERCIAL ZONES, AND AS THE BUILDING WOULD BE EXTREMELY VISIBLE – FROM AND ACROSS THE PARKLAND TO THE NORTH – THE ARCHITECTS MADE A GRAND (AND GREEN) URBAN GESTURE.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: WOHA Architects/ Park Royal

2|PARKROYAL HOTEL

PARKROYAL ON PICKERING • CORRIDORS, LOBBIES AND COMMON WASHROOMS ARE DESIGNED AS GARDEN SPACES WITH STEPPING STONES, PLANTING AND WATER FEATURES WHICH CREATE AN ALLURING RESORT AMBIANCE WITH NATURAL LIGHT AND FRESH AIR, INSTEAD OF BEING 24-HOUR ENERGY GUZZLING AIR-CONDITIONED SPACES. TALL OVERHANGS WORK TOGETHER WITH LEAFY FOLIAGE TO SCREEN THESE SPACES FROM THE WEATHER AND DIRECT SUN.

• DESIGNED AS A HOTEL-AS-GARDEN THAT ACTUALLY DOUBLED THE GREEN-GROWING POTENTIAL OF ITS SITE. EXPRESSIVE URBAN LANDMARK THAT REINTERPRETS AND REINVIGORATES ITS LOCATION.

• THE HOTEL PERFORMS UNAMBIGUOUSLY AS A PUBLIC BUILDING. CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: WOHA Architects/ Park Royal

2|PARKROYAL HOTEL

PARKROYAL ON PICKERING • MASSIVE CURVACEOUS SKY-GARDENS, DRAPED WITH TROPICAL PLANTS AND SUPPORTING SWATHES OF FRANGIPANI AND PALM TREES, ARE CANTILEVERED AT EVERY FOURTH LEVEL BETWEEN THE BLOCKS OF GUEST ROOMS.

• GREENERY FLOURISHES THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE COMPLEX, AND THE TREES AND GARDENS OF THE HOTEL APPEARS TO MERGE WITH THOSE OF THE ADJOINING PARK AS ONE CONTINUOUS SWEEP OF URBAN PARKLAND.

• THE SCALE OF THE ARCHITECTURE RESPONDS TO THE INTRICACIES OF THE CITY: THE HEIGHT OF THE UBIQUITOUS TREE CANOPIES, THE SIZE AND ORIENTATION OF THE ADJOINING TOWER BLOCKS, AND THE PROPORTIONS OF THE HISTORIC STREETSCAPES.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: WOHA Architects/ Park Royal

2|PARKROYAL HOTEL

PARKROYAL ON PICKERING • THE ARCHITECTURE IS FUNDAMENTALLY ORGANIC, BUT THE FLUID GEOMETRY HAS A LOFTIER SENSE OF PURPOSE.

THE GEOMETRY IS TOPOGRAPHIC, NOT COSMIC – DRAW

UNAMBIGUOUSLY FROM THE HEAVENLY GAZE TO BE HAD WITHIN A MOSQUE, A TEMPLE, OR A CHURCH.

• THE SPACE SERVES AS A LINK, AS AN AXIS, BETWEEN TWO DISTINCTIVE AND DISCRETE AREAS OF THE CITY: CHINATOWN AND THE APARTMENT BLOCKS TO THE SOUTH, AND HONG LIM PARK AND THE COMMERCIAL DISTRICT TO THE NORTH.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: WOHA Architects/ Park Royal

2|PARKROYAL HOTEL

PARKROYAL ON PICKERING • PERCHED ABOVE THE OPEN-TO-ALL-THE-ELEMENTS POOL DECK OF A FIVE-STORY PODIUM, A TWELVE-STORY TOWER FORMS AN E PLAN, SO THAT ALL GUEST ROOMS LOOK NORTH TO THE PARK AND/OR INTO THE SKY GARDENS, WHILST THE SERVICES AND THE EXTERNAL CONNECTING CORRIDORS WERE PLACED ON THE SOUTHERN ELEVATION.

• AS THE HOTEL IS ‘SELF-SHADED’ – BY THE PROJECTING SKY GARDENS AND THE ADJACENCY OF THE THREE ROOM-BLOCKS – AND SHIELDED FROM EARLY MORNING AND AFTERNOON SUN BY ADJOINING BUILDINGS, THE ROOMS COULD BE FULLY GLAZED (BY LOW-EMISSIVITY GLASS) WITHOUT EXTERNAL SCREENING DEVICES.

• THE DECORATIVE FORMS OF THE PARKROYAL ON PICKERING TANGIBLY PAY HOMAGE TO THE LINGERING LEGACY OF THE MOSQUES OF THE MOORS AND THE PERSIANS, TO THE EXOTIC PATTERNING OF ISFAHAN AND THE ALHAMBRA

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: WOHA Architects/ Park Royal

2| PARKROYAL HOTEL

PARKROYAL ON PICKERING SYDNEY, SINGAPORE

WOHA ARCHITECTS 2013

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Axelrod-Grobman Architects, Chen Architects, Geotectura Studio / The Porter School of Environmental Studies

0|PRESENTATION CONTENTS

THE PORTER SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY, TEL AVIV, ISRAEL

AXELROD-GROBMAN ARCHITECTS, CHEN ARCHITECTS, &

6|CMA TOWER 7|CONCLUSION

GEOTECTURA STUDIO

2014 CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

8|REFERENCES

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Axelrod-Grobman Architects, Chen Architects, Geotectura Studio / The Porter School of Environmental Studies

3|THE PORTER SCHOOL

THE PORTER SCHOOL

OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

• ISRAEL'S FIRST LEED PLATINUM CERTIFIED BUILDING. • AXELROD GROBMAN ARCHITECTS, CHEN ARCHITECTS & GEOTECTURA STUDIO DESIGNED THIS SUSTAINABLE FACILITY.

• INCORPORATING ADVANCED ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY AND WATER EFFICIENCY, IT IS THE FIRST GREEN BUILDING ON THE TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY CAMPUS.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Axelrod-Grobman Architects, Chen Architects, Geotectura Studio / The Porter School of Environmental Studies

3|THE PORTER SCHOOL

THE PORTER SCHOOL

OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

• VISITORS ARE INTRODUCED TO THE OPERATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS INSTALLED IN THE PSES BUILDING, INCLUDING SOLAR AND THERMAL ENERGY-BASED AIR CONDITIONING, ADVANCED BIOCLIMATIC ('PASSIVE PLANNING') TECHNOLOGIES, AND MEASUREMENT & CONTROL SYSTEMS.

• ENVIRONMENTAL DISPLAYS ALONG THE SCIENCE PROMENADE, STRETCHING BETWEEN THE BUILDING AND THE UNIVERSITY TRAIN STATION, WILL SERVE AS A PRELUDE TO THE TOUR OF THE BUILDING ITSELF.

• THE FACILITY WAS INTENDED BY DESIGN AND FUNCTIONALITY TO BE A UNIQUE 'LIVING LABORATORY’ , A PUBLIC ALLY ACCESSIBLE EDUCATIONAL PLATFORM FOR GREEN BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, EXPOSING USERS AND VISITORS TO THE ADVANCED ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES INSTALLED IN IT.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Axelrod-Grobman Architects, Chen Architects, Geotectura Studio / The Porter School of Environmental Studies

3|THE PORTER SCHOOL

THE PORTER SCHOOL

OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

• THE PSES BUILDING INCORPORATES CLASSROOMS; HALLS; OFFICES; AN ATRIUM OFFERING OPEN SPACE FOR EXHIBITIONS ; AN AUDITORIUM; A GARDEN WITH CONSTRUCTED BIOLOGICAL WETLANDS TO TREAT AND RECYCLE GREYWATER; A GREEN ROOF; AND A CAFETERIA.

• THE INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING WAS COMPLETELY CONSTRUCTED FROM LOCAL, RECYCLED OR RENEWABLE MATERIALS , INCLUDING FIBER CEMENT, RECYCLED WOOD, AND BAMBOO. THE MAJORITY OF THE EXTERIOR IS CLAD WITH GLASS PANELS, PROVIDING AN AMPLE AMOUNT OF NATURAL DAYLIGHT THAT ELIMINATES ANY NEED FOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING DURING THE DAY.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Axelrod-Grobman Architects, Chen Architects, Geotectura Studio / The Porter School of Environmental Studies

3|THE PORTER SCHOOL

THE PORTER SCHOOL

OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

• THE PORTER SCHOOL IS A PRIME EXAMPLE OF A SERIOUS DEDICATION TO WATER CONSERVATION , UTILIZING AN IMPRESSIVE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM GENERATED ENTIRELY FROM WASTEWATER RECYCLING.

• THE BUILDING INCORPORATES UNIQUE ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS SUCH AS THE ECOWALL AND THE CAPSULE IN ITS SOUTHERN FAÇADE. • THIS FRONT, FACING THE AYALON HIGHWAY, IS AN EXPOSURE OF THE BUILDING TO PASSERSBY, AND CAN SERVE AS AN EDUCATIONAL AND COMMUNICATIONAL TOOL. CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Axelrod-Grobman Architects, Chen Architects, Geotectura Studio / The Porter School of Environmental Studies

3|THE PORTER SCHOOL

THE PORTER SCHOOL

OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

• THE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND ELEMENTS IN THE BUILDING INCLUDE A SOLAR ENERGY BASED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM, A GREYWATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM OF BIOLOGICAL BASINS AND A GREEN ROOF.

• GREEN PRODUCTS AND ADVANCED ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES WERE USED IN EACH OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING, FROM BUILDING MATERIALS THROUGH TO TYPE OF INSTALLED LIGHTING.

• AS A LEADER IN CONSERVATION, THE COUNTRY REUSES 70 PERCENT OF ITS WATER THROUGH WATER RECYCLING INITIATIVES. CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Axelrod-Grobman Architects, Chen Architects, Geotectura Studio / The Porter School of Environmental Studies

3|THE PORTER SCHOOL

THE PORTER SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY, TEL AVIV, ISRAEL

AXELROD-GROBMAN ARCHITECTS, CHEN ARCHITECTS, & GEOTECTURA STUDIO

2014 CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Foster + Partners / Apple Headquarters, Cupertino CA

0|PRESENTATION CONTENTS

APPLE PARK CAMPUS CUPERTINO, CA

FOSTER + PARTNERS

6|CMA TOWER 7|CONCLUSION

2017

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Foster + Partners / Apple Headquarters, Cupertino CA

4|APPLE HEADQUARTERS

APPLE PARK CAMPUS • DESIGNED BY FOSTER + PARTNERS, APPLE PARK IS ORGANIZED AROUND A RING-SHAPED, 2.8 MILLION-SQUARE-FOOT CENTRAL BUILDING CLAD ENTIRELY IN THE WORLD’S LARGEST PANELS OF CURVED GLASS.

• THE WORKSPACES AND PARKLANDS ARE DESIGNED TO BENEFIT THE WORKERS AND ENVIRONMENT. IT IS ONE OF THE MOST ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD AND THE CAMPUS RUNS ENTIRELY ON RENEWABLE ENERGY.

• THE WORKPLACE WILL NURTURE THE FUTURE OF APPLE BY BENEFITTING ITS WORKERS THROUGH ITS ARCHITECTURE. CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Foster + Partners / Apple Headquarters, Cupertino CA

4|APPLE HEADQUARTERS

APPLE PARK CAMPUS • THE RING IS DESIGNED TO RUN ENTIRELY ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOURCES , FROM 805,000 SQUARE FEET OF SOLAR ARRAYS TO SHUNNING AIR CONDITIONING IN FAVOR OF FUNNELING COOL AND WARM AIR THROUGH ITS OFFICES, BECOMING A “BREATHING BUILDING.“

• BUILDING ROOFTOPS WILL HOLD PANELS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING 17 MEGAWATTS OF SOLAR ENERGY , ONE OF THE LARGEST ON-SITE INSTALLATIONS IN THE WORLD; 100 PERCENT OF CAMPUS ENERGY WILL COME FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES.

• APPLE PARK WILL ALSO FEATURE THE WORLD’S LARGEST NATURALLY VENTILATED BUILDING , PREDICTED TO REQUIRE NO HEATING OR AIR CONDITIONING FOR NINE MONTHS OF THE YEAR.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Foster + Partners / Apple Headquarters, Cupertino CA

4|APPLE HEADQUARTERS

APPLE PARK CAMPUS • THE MAIN, FOUR-STORY BUILDING IS TOPPED BY SLIGHTLY-GABLED ROOF CONTAINING AN 805,000-SQUARE-FOOT SOLAR ARRAY THAT PROVIDES MUCH OF THE POWER FOR THE COMPLEX.

• THE ARRAYS ARE INTERRUPTED BY A CONTINUOUS, PROTRUDING LIGHT MONITOR THAT FACILITATES THE BUILDING’S PASSIVE VENTILATION STRATEGIES. • IN ADDITION TO THE OFFICE BUILDINGS, THE CAMPUS CONTAINS A VISITOR’S CENTER WITH A PUBLICLY-ACCESSIBLE APPLE STORE AND CAFE, A 100,000-SQUAREFOOT FITNESS CENTER FOR APPLE EMPLOYEES, AND STATE-OF-THE-ART RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FACILITIES.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Foster + Partners / Apple Headquarters, Cupertino CA

4|APPLE HEADQUARTERS

APPLE PARK CAMPUS • CONNECTING EXTRAORDINARILY ADVANCED BUILDINGS WITH ROLLING PARKLAND CREATES A WONDERFULLY OPEN ENVIRONMENT FOR PEOPLE TO CREATE, COLLABORATE AND WORK TOGETHER.

• THE PROJECT IS MARKED BY EXPANSIVE GLASS WALLS AND LARGE, CALIBRATED OVERHANGING AWNINGS THAT ARE DESIGNED TO PREVENT RAIN WATER FROM DRIPPING ONTO THE BUILDING’S GLASS FACADES.

• FEATURES THE LARGEST CURVED GLASS PANELS IN THE WORLD.

WORKING WITH SEELE GROUP FOR FAÇADE CONSTRUCTION, IVE AND FOSTER + PARTNERS WORKED TO CREATE AND MANUFACTURE THE 45-FOOT TALL PANELS OF CURVED SAFETY GLASS AND FINLIKE CANOPIES THAT ENVELOP THE BUILDING.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Foster + Partners / Apple Headquarters, Cupertino CA

4|APPLE HEADQUARTERS

APPLE PARK CAMPUS • OVER 5 MILLION-SQUARE-FEET OF EXISTING ASPHALT AND CONCRETE HAVE BEEN REPLACED WITH NATURAL FIELDS AND MORE THAN 9,000 NATIVE AND DROUGHT-RESISTANT TREES.

• IN ADDITION TO SOLAR PANELING, THE BUILDING IS NOT MECHANICALLY VENTILATED , BUT INSTEAD RELIES ON A COMBINATION OF CONVECTION COOLING AND THERMAL MASSING PROVIDED BY RADIANT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS TO REGULATE ITS INTERNAL CLIMATE.

• ADDITIONALLY, SHOCK ABSORBERS IN THE BUILDING’S STRUCTURE ENSURE THAT IT CAN MOVE 4.5 FEET IN ANY DIRECTION DURING AN EARTHQUAKE. CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Foster + Partners / Apple Headquarters, Cupertino CA

4|APPLE HEADQUARTERS

APPLE HEADQUARTERS • THE DONUT-SHAPED OFFICE COMPLEX IS LOCATED AT THE CENTER OF A 175-ACRE WOODED SITE THAT HAS BEEN REENGINEERED BY A SERIES OF EARTHWORKS AND HAS BEEN RE-PLANTED WITH OVER 9,000 SPECIMENS OF DROUGHT-TOLERANT FLORA, INCLUDING FRUIT.

• THE FACILITY SERVES MORE THAN 12,000 EMPLOYEES. • THE ROUND SHAPE HAS ALSO BEEN CITED AS AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE CAMPUS’ SECURITY (BETTER PERIMETER CONTROL) AND TO IMPROVE INTERNAL CIRCULATIONS.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.archdaily.com Architect: Foster + Partners / Apple Headquarters, Cupertino CA

4|APPLE HEADQUARTERS

APPLE PARK CAMPUS CUPERTINO, CA

FOSTER + PARTNERS 2017

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.dezeen.com Architect: BIG / Waste-to-Energy Power Plant, Copenhagen Denmark

0|PRESENTATION CONTENTS

AMAGER BAKKE WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANT “COPENHILL” COPENHAGEN, DENMARK

6|CMA TOWER 7|CONCLUSION

8|REFERENCES

Source: www.dezeen.com Architect: BIG / Waste-to-Energy Power Plant, Copenhagen Denmark

5|COPENHILL

AMAGER BAKKE WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANT • THE PLANT, COPENHILL / AMAGER BAKKE, WAS DESIGNED BY BJARKE INGELS GROUP AND CONSTRUCTED BY AMAGER RESSOURCECENTER (ARC), OWNED BY FIVE DANISH MUNICIPALITIES.

• COPENHILL / AMAGER BAKKE IS EQUIPPED WITH TWO FURNACE LINES AND A JOINT TURBINE AND GENERATOR SYSTEM. • THE PLANT REPLACES A 45-YEAR-OLD PLANT WITH FOUR FURNACE LINES. THE AMAGER RESOURCE CENTER RUNS A PLANT THAT BURNS 2 X 35 TONS OF WASTE PER HOUR. CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.dezeen.com Architect: BIG / Waste-to-Energy Power Plant, Copenhagen Denmark

5|COPENHILL

AMAGER BAKKE WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANT • THE PLANT UTILIZES MORE THAN 100% OF THE FUEL’S ENERGY CONTENT, HAS A 28% ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY RATE, REDUCES SULPHUR EMISSIONS BY 99.5%, AND MINIMIZES NOX EMISSIONS TO A TENTH, COMPARED TO THE FORMER 45-YEAR OLD PLANT.

• THE PLANT PROVIDES ENERGY AND WASTE TREATMENT AND IS AN ARCHITECTURAL LANDMARK AND A LEISURE FACILITY. THE NOVELTY OF THE PROJECT IS THE COMBINATION OF INGENIOUS TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIVE ARCHITECTURE IN A PROJECT DEDICATED LOCAL COMMUNITY.

• THE PLANT STANDS OUT IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS , ENERGY PRODUCTION, AND ITS WORKING ENVIRONMENT. CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.dezeen.com Architect: BIG / Waste-to-Energy Power Plant, Copenhagen Denmark

5|COPENHILL

AMAGER BAKKE WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANT THE ENERGY PLANT OPERATES TO: • TREAT AROUND 400,000 TONNES OF WASTE ANNUALLY PRODUCED BY 500,000 – 700,000 INHABITANTS AND AT LEAST 46,000 COMPANIES. • SUPPLY A MINIMUM OF 50,000 HOUSEHOLDS WITH ELECTRICITY AND 120,000 HOUSEHOLDS WITH DISTRICT HEATING. • HAVE STEAM DATA AT 440 DEGREES AND 70 BARS WHICH DOUBLES THE ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY COMPARED TO THE FORMER PLANT. CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.dezeen.com Architect: BIG / Waste-to-Energy Power Plant, Copenhagen Denmark

5|COPENHILL

AMAGER BAKKE WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANT • COPENHAGEN’S STATE OF THE ART PLANT SETS NEW STANDARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE, ENERGY PRODUCTION AND WASTE TREATMENT. • INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE INTEGRATE TO FORM A FUTURE IN WHICH WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANTS ARE WELCOMED IN ANY BACKYARD. • THE GOAL IS TO ENSURE THAT AMAGER BAKKE WILL BECOME AN EVENTFUL RECREATIONAL PUBLIC SPACE WITH A STRONG AESTHETIC AND SENSUOUS CITY NATURE THAT GIVES VALUE FOR ALL COPENHAGENERS - ALL YEAR ROUND.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.dezeen.com Architect: BIG / Waste-to-Energy Power Plant, Copenhagen Denmark

5|COPENHILL

AMAGER BAKKE WASTE-TO-ENERGY PLANT THIS IS HOW EFFICIENT THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE COPENHILL PLANT IS: • • • • • • •

99% ENERGY EFFICIENCY. DISTRICT HEATING FOR 160,000 HOUSEHOLDS. ELECTRICITY FOR 62,500 HOUSEHOLDS. 100 MILLION LITERS OF SPARE WATER RECOVERED THROUGH FLUE GAS CONDENSATION. 90% REUSE OF METALS FROM WASTE AMOUNTING TO 10,000 TONS OF METAL A YEAR. 100,000 TONS OF BOTTOM ASH REUSED AS ROAD MATERIAL WHICH SAVES LARGE AMOUNTS OF GRAVEL. 5 SMOKE RINGS = ONE TON OF CO2

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.youtube.com Architect: BIG (and Ramboll Group) / Waste-to-Energy Power Plant, Copenhagen Denmark

5|COPENHILL

Source: www.dezeen.com/miniliving Architect: BIG / Waste-to-Energy Power Plant, Copenhagen Denmark

5|COPENHILL

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

0|PRESENTATION CONTENTS

CAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITY (CMA) TOWER RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA

6|CMA TOWER 7|CONCLUSION

HOK + OMRANIA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; JOINT VENTURE

2018: UNDER CONSTRUCTION CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

8|REFERENCES

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

CAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITY •

6|CMA TOWER

SOARING 385 METERS (1,260 FEET) ABOVE THE SURROUNDING CITYSCAPE, THE CMA TOWER IS THE CENTERPIECE OF THE FINANCIAL PLAZA OF THE KING ABDULLAH FINANCIAL DISTRICT. THE ICONIC 80-STORY CRYSTALLINE OFFICE TOWER, WHICH WAS THE RESULT OF A SUCCESSFUL JOINT VENTURE BETWEEN OMRANIA & ASSOCIATES AND HOK, IS CURRENTLY THE TALLEST BUILDING IN RIYADH.

• THE BUILDING SYMBOLIZES THE BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL LEADERSHIP WITHIN THE SAUDI CAPITAL.

• REPRESENTING TIMELESS ARCHITECTURE, THE TOWER’S TRANSPARENCY REFLECTS THE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CRYSTALS FOUND ALONG THE VALLEYS OF SAUDI ARABIA. THIS TRANSPARENCY CREATES OPENNESS AND PROVIDES VALUABLE NATURAL LIGHTING FOR THE OFFICE SPACES.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

CAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITY •

6|CMA TOWER

SITED ON AN IRREGULAR, TRAPEZOID-SHAPED PARCEL WITHIN THE DENSELY PLANNED KING ABDULLAH FINANCIAL DISTRICT (KAFD), THE CMA BUILDING CONFORMS TO THE GOALS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE KAFD MASTERPLAN.

• THE TOWER IS INTERNALLY DIVIDED INTO THREE VERTICAL OFFICE BLOCKS SEPARATED BY “SKY LOBBY” AND MECHANICAL FLOORS. • IN ADDITION, THE SUPER HIGH-RISE TOWER WAS ENGINEERED TO WITHSTAND POWERFUL WIND LOADS WITHOUT SACRIFICING USABLE FLOOR AREA. CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

CAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITY

6|CMA TOWER

• THE DESIGN SOLUTION IS A SUBTLE BLEND OF CONVENTIONAL AND WELL UNDERSTOOD TECHNIQUES COMBINED WITH INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE AND CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGIES, MERGED WITH LOCAL EXPERTISE OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND METHODS FOR DEALING WITH THE HARSH NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

•

A HIGH-PERFORMANCE SOLAR CONTROL SYSTEM INSTALLED MODERATES THE INTENSE LIGHT AND HEAT OF THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT.

• THE CRYSTALLINE PROFILE OF THE CMA BUILDING HELPS REDUCE THE SEVERITY OF WIND VORTEX SHEDDING ON THE STRUCTURE. FACETED FROM BASE TO CROWN, THE TOWER DOES NOT SIGNIFICANTLY TAPER AS IT RISES. ITS PRISMATIC FORM IS CONSISTENT WITH THE AIMS OF STRUCTURAL STABILITY, MAXIMUM INTERIOR AREA, AND AESTHETIC DISTINCTION.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

CAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITY

6|CMA TOWER

• THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM INTEGRATES TWIN ELEVATOR TECHNOLOGY TO CREATE LOCAL ZONE ELEVATORS SERVICING EACH OF THE TOWER SECTIONS: LOW-RISE, MID-RISE AND HIGH-RISE.

• TWO ELEVATOR CABS CAN TRAVEL INDEPENDENTLY IN THE SAME SHAFT, ALLOWING FOR A DECREASE IN BOTH THE NUMBER OF SHAFTS AND TRAVEL TIME FOR TENANTS. • THE BENEFITS TO THE DESIGN WERE A DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF SHAFTS AND A DECREASE IN TRAVEL TIME BETWEEN FLOORS BOTH IN TERMS OF USER CONVENIENCE AND ECONOMY OF CONSTRUCTION.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

— A GAIN

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

CAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITY

6|CMA TOWER

• THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM INCLUDE TRIPLE-GLAZED INSULATED GLASS UNITS; UNITIZED TYPE GLASS CURTAIN WALL; A HORIZONTAL GANTRY, OR CATWALK, LOCATED ON EACH FLOOR; AN ARRAY OF ANGLED GLASS FINS CONNECTED TO THE GANTRY FOR SHADING; AND A PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY LOCATED IN THE CROWN OF THE BUILDING.

• AN EXTERNAL LAYER OF FINS, GANTRIES AND PERFORATED PANELS PROVIDES SHADE , ENHANCING THE THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF THE TRIPLE-PANE GLAZING. • A 3 STOREY PODIUM STRUCTURE AT THE BASE OF THE TOWER INTEGRATES PUBLIC CIRCULATION (VIA THE DISTRICT SKY-WALK SYSTEM OF THE KAFD MASTER PLAN) WITH THE PRIVATE AMENITY SPACES, INCLUDING THE AUDITORIUM AND DINING AREAS.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

CAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITY (CMA) TOWER RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA HOK + OMRANIA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; JOINT VENTURE

2018: UNDER CONSTRUCTION CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

6|CMA TOWER

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

CAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITY (CMA) TOWER RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA HOK + OMRANIA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; JOINT VENTURE

2018: UNDER CONSTRUCTION CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

6|CMA TOWER

Source: www.architecturalrecord.com Architect: Kieran Timberlake / New U.S. London Embassy, London, UK

0|PRESENTATION CONTENTS

CONCLUSION SUMMARY + FINDINGS

6|CMA TOWER 7|CONCLUSION

Source: afasiaarq.blogspot.com/2015/05/lacaton-assi.html?m=1 Architect: Naji Assi Architects/ Locaton & Vassal

CONCLUSION

7|CONCLUSION

• TODAY’S BUILDING SECTOR UTILIZES A SIGNIFICANT PERCENTAGE OF ENERGY AND CONTRIBUTES TO ALMOST EQUAL PORTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS. THIS PERCENTAGE IS PREDICTED TO INCREASE IN THE COMING YEAR AS A RESULT OF RAPID CHANGING IN LIFESTYLES AND TECHNOLOGIES.

• THUS, TO OVERCOME THIS ISSUE AND MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE , NEW STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES BY CONSIDERING THESE FACTORS AND THE ADOPTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES SHOULD BE VENTURED IN THE FUTURE FOR REDUCTION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS.

• TO KEEP TEMPERATURES FROM RISING MORE THAN 1.5 DEGREE CELSIUS , HUMANS NEED TO SHIFT THE TRAJECTORY OF CARBON-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS SO THAT WE EITHER STOP THEM COMPLETELY BY ABOUT 2050 OR PULL MORE CO² OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE BY REFORESTING MASSIVE REGIONS AND USING CARBON-CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

Source: afasiaarq.blogspot.com/2015/05/lacaton-assi.html?m=1 Architect: Naji Assi Architects/ Locaton & Vassal

CONCLUSION

7|CONCLUSION

• THERE ARE MULTIPLE OPTIONS FOR REDUCING CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM THE ENERGY SYSTEM WHILE STILL PROVIDING ENERGY SERVICES IN BUILDINGS. THIS INCLUDES THE DEPLOYMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS BIOMASS, SOLAR, GEOTHERMAL, HYDRO, OCEAN AND WIND, IN A SUSTAINABLE MANNER THAT CAN AIDE THE FULL RANGE OF ENERGY SERVICES REQUIRED IN BUILDINGS.

• MOST FORMS OF THESE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES UNLIKE FOSSIL FUELS PRODUCE LITTLE OR NO CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS. • URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IS THE IDEA THAT A CITY CAN BE ORGANIZED WITHOUT EXCESSIVE RELIANCE ON THE SURROUNDING COUNTRYSIDE AND BE ABLE TO POWER ITSELF WITH RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY.

CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018

“Architects have to become designers of eco-systems. Not just designers of beautiful facades or beautiful sculptures, but systems of economy and ecology, where we channel the flow not only of people, but also the flow of resources through our cities and buildings.”

– Bjarke Ingels, Danish Architect

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

QUOTE

Source: www.texasarchitects.org Architect: Alamo Architects / Law Enforcement Training Center at the First Responder Academy, San Antonio

0|PRESENTATION CONTENTS

REFERENCES RESOURCES + INFORMATION

6|CMA TOWER 7|CONCLUSION

Source: www.texasarchitects.org Architect: Alamo Architects / Law Enforcement Training Center at the First Responder Academy, San Antonio

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REFERENCES RESOURCES + INFORMATION

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AD Editorial Team. "2.8 Million-square-foot Apple Campus to Open in April... And It Looks Incredible" 22 Feb 2017. ArchDaily. Accessed 26 Nov 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/805921/million-square-foot-applecampus-to-open-in-april-and-it-looks-incredible/> ISSN 07198884 AIA COTE. AIA COTE In Conversation with Paul Hawken. Retrieved from: https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/aia-cote-inconversation-with-paul-hawken_o. Published August 28, 2018. Alotaibi F (2015) The Role of Kinetic Envelopes to Improve Energy Performance in Buildings. J Architectural Engineering Technology 4: 149. doi:10.4172/2168-9717.1000149 Article (2013). ARC, Copenhill / Amager Bakke, Copenhagen, Denmark: “Waste-to-energy plant with multiple purposes.” Retrieved from: http://www.volund.dk/Waste_to_Energy/References/ARC_Amage r_Bakke_Copenhagen Attalage, RA, Bandara, RMPS (2014). Optimization of Building Performance in Terms of Envelope Elements Through Combined Energy Modeling and Generic Optimization. Scientific Article. Trans Tech Publications doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.592-594.2447 Barr-Kumar, Raj. Sustainable Design Strategies. Environmental Design Technology Group. Published 2010. Blog. LEED Performance Path by way of Arc. Retrieved from: https://www.sigearth.com/leed-performance-path-arc/. Published August 16, 2017. Epstein, Shai (2016). Pses Building By Geotectura, Axelrod Grobman And Chen Architects. Retrieved from: https://archello.com/project/porter-school-of-environmentalstudies

Source: www.texasarchitects.org Architect: Alamo Architects / Law Enforcement Training Center at the First Responder Academy, San Antonio

REFERENCES RESOURCES + INFORMATION

• Frearson, Amy. “Amager Bakke Waste-to-Energy Plant by Big: 05 Mar 2013. Dezeen.com. Retrieved from: https://www.dezeen.com/2013/03/05/amager-bakke-waste-toenergy-plant-by-big/ • Frearson, Amy. PARKROYAL on Pickering by WOHA. Dezeen. Retrieved from: https://www.dezeen.com/2013/10/10/parkroyalon-pickering-by-woha/. Published October 10, 2013. • HOK’s CMA Tower Nears Completion in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Designboom. Retrieved from: https://www.designboom.com/architecture/hok-capital-marketauthority-cma-tower-riyadh-saudi-arabia-11-07-2015/ • Intelligent Glass Solutions (2018). “One of the World’s Most HighTech Supertall Buildings: Capital Market Authority Tower.” Retrieved from: http://igsmag.com/features/projects/one-of-theworlds-most-high-tech-supertall-buildings-capital-market-authoritytower/ • Lindsay, Calum. SLA Architects’ Ski Park atop BIG’s Copenhagen Power Plant to Open This Year. Retrieved from: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/03/29/video-mini-living-slaarchitects-ski-park-big-amager-bakke-waste-to-energy-plantmovie/. Published March 29, 2018. • Leed.com. Benefits of Green Building. Retrieved from: https://www.usgbc.org/articles/green-building-facts. Published May 2018. • Lo, Andrea. Can India’s Amaravati Become the Next Sustainable City? Retrieved from: https://www.cnn.com/style/amp/amaravatiindia-sustainable-city/index.html. Published October 15, 2018.

Source: www.texasarchitects.org Architect: Alamo Architects / Law Enforcement Training Center at the First Responder Academy, San Antonio

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REFERENCES RESOURCES + INFORMATION

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Sabrina Syed. "The Spaceship Has Landed: Apple’s New Campus Opens" 19 May 2017. ArchDaily. Accessed 26 Nov 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/871559/the-spaceshiphas-landed-apples-new-campus-opens/> ISSN 0719-8884 Al-Sayed, Hani. CAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITY (CMA) HEADQUARTERS (2018). Omrania.com. Centerpiece of KAFD and tallest building in Riyadh. Retrieved from: https://omrania.com/project/capital-market-authorityheadquarters/. The Skyscraper Center. The Global Tall Building Database of the CTBUH. PIF Tower. Retrieved from: http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/pif-tower/8774 Union of Concerned Scientists. Barriers to Renewable Energy Technologies. Retrieved from: https://www.ucsusa.org/cleanenergy/renewable-energy/barriers-to-renewableenergy#.W5cquOhKiM9. Published December 20, 2017. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Energy Explained. May 16, 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=us_energy_ho me Vanessa Quirk. "BIG’s Waste-to-Energy Plant Breaks Ground, Breaks Schemas" 05 Mar 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 27 Nov 2018. <https://www.archdaily.com/339893/bigs-waste-toenergy-plant-breaks-ground-breaks-schemas/> ISSN 07198884 Worland, Justin. Climate Catastrophe Seen Just 12 Years Away. The Brief Opener. Article. Published October 22, 2018.

Source: www.designboom.com Architect: HOK / CMA Tower

BUILDING PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS HARBINGERS OF THE FUTURE FOR URBAN SUSTAINABILITY + GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

THANK YOU! CRITICAL ISSUES IN ARCHITECTURE | ERIC HARRIS |CASE STUDY 2 | ARCP 512- 01| FALL 2018