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Studio Brief The extreme climatic conditions of the North introduce a design paradox for architects. The fragile environmental conditions require incisive designs that respond to irregular loading from strong winds, heavy snowfalls, avalanche risk zones, and extreme cold. These phenomena are often instantaneous, sudden, and unpredictable. Risk of severe weather increases the vulnerability of human habitation to natural surroundings. Housing, in particular, must achieve levels of self-sufficiency in such environments in order to decrease dependency upon external infrastructure networks that can be severed during periods of harsh weather. At the same time, complications in material provision and inaccessible, remote terrain introduce ideas of prefabrication and economy of construction within these very particular contexts. Designing living environments must therefore consolidate solutions to scarcity, inaccessibility, and self-sufficiency with innovation particular to extreme climates. The existing dichotomy between vernacular housing traditions and the latest innovation in building technology establishes an interesting terrain for the design of comfortable living environments in the most harsh weather conditions. The first part of the studio will investigate architectural solutions and responses within extreme climatic conditions. Students will research traditional building designs that respond to risks associated with avalanches, heavy snowfalls, strong winds, and low temperatures. As an introduction to building in these conditions, the studio will construct several prototypical designs of a ‘smallest-possible habitable unit’ that will be a temporary living space for mountaineers and hikers. The process will involve structural engineers (for the design of minimal foundations, lightweight structure for simple transportation, wind and avalanche resistance, etc.) and elements of sustainable architecture (intelligent building skins, vernacular building traditions, etc.) to produce a shelter with strict design constraints, minimum energy consumption, minimum envelope exposure, lightweight structure, and adherence to limits of remote transportation (helicopter, etc.). The prototype will be given a real site on the peak of a mountain exposed to the most severe weather conditions. The studio will transition to larger scale housing designs in a similar harsh climate. Sites will be provided in Juneau, Alaska, where the outward expansion of the small city has caused peripheral development to encroach on the steep slopes of the surrounding mountains. The area faces many challenges in relation to avalanche zones; it is the city with the highest risk of avalanche disaster in the USA. Modes of self-sufficient and structurally integral design will be explored that can adapt to this risk and respond to disasters such as the recent 2008 avalanche in Juneau that destroyed the power supply of the entire municipality. Studio groups will focus on four design topics: a mountaineer village at the peak of Juneau Mountain, visitor housing at the edge of Juneau in close proximity to the cruise ship docks, seasonal housing for workers to the north of the city, and social housing for permanent residents at the foot of Juneau Mountain.
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Housing and climate The extreme climatic conditions of the North introduce a design paradox for architects. The fragile environmental conditions require incisive designs that respond to irregular loading from strong winds, heavy snowfalls, avalanche risk zones, and extreme cold. These phenomena are often instantaneous, sudden, and unpredictable. Risk of severe weather increases the vulnerability of human habitation to the natural surroundings. Housing, in particular, must achieve levels of self-sufficiency in such environments in order to decrease dependency upon external infrastructure networks that can be severed during periods of harsh weather. At the same time, complications in material provision and inaccessible, remote terrain introduce ideas of prefabrication and economy of construction within these very particular contexts. Designing living environments must therefore consolidate solutions to scarcity, inaccessibility, and self-sufficiency with innovation particular to extreme climates. The existing dichotomy between vernacular housing traditions and the latest innovation in building technology establishes an interesting terrain for the design of comfortable living environments in the most harsh weather conditions.
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LIVING IN EXTREME Environments Within a context of extreme risk to environmental forces, it is important to design buildings within the system that the surrounding natural environment has mandated. Responding to environmental flows is not only a protective measure benefitting future generations in the midst of dramatic climate shifts- it also translates into a matter of immediate life safety for housing existing populations. In such an extreme environment, the design of living environments must integrate structural, environmental, and planning considerations to consolidate environmental conditions within the chosen architectural language. New cross-disciplinary tools can help to inform comprehensive solutions to a complex design challenge. Confrontations between manmade systems and environmental systems often result in temporary shortages of essential services for dwellings in the North, for example in the case of power blackouts and severed transportation of necessary material goods. In response to these deficiencies, the design of remote settlements in the North must be constructed in accordance with ideas of self-sufficiency and supplementary, back-up energy systems. Many vernacular building traditions can serve as a reference for designing environments that are self-sufficient and sustainable within the extreme climatic conditions challenging human habitation in the North.
BUILDING IN AVALANCHE RISK ZONES Northern settlements have suffered a history of material destruction as well as death and injury on account of avalanche catastrophes. High-speed currents of snow have blocked access to these settlements, annihilated buildings, and buried entire communities in their paths. It is important to avoid designing in avalanche high risk zones, but in some areas of development positioned at important trading points or economic centers, it may be difficult to completely avoid building in areas susceptible to some avalanche risk. In the event of an avalanche, building design must be capable of withstanding extreme and concentrated lateral forces. Streamlined designs parallel to these forces as well as reinforced foundation design can reduce a building’s vulnerability to small-scale avalanches. Vernacular building traditions in the North provide references for designing in a similar environmental context today. Traditional building forms, as well as structural design, for example, both address important considerations for construction within avalanche risk zones. The design of the surrounding site must also consider access to the building in the case of heavy snow and avalanches. Accessibility for buildings can be completely blocked if site planning has not been carefully considered in response to climatic conditions and avalanche risk. Challenges facing both site planning and architectural design must be met with innovative solutions that can protect against often unexpected climatic disasters.
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EXTREME WEATHER PROTECTION Avalanches pose a variety of threats to human habitation. Different types of avalanches occur in different terrains and contexts and can be understood as unique reactions to unique environments. This section will analyze traditional building designs in their response to risks associated with avalanches, heavy snowfalls, strong winds, and extreme cold. Various formal solutions have been developed to respond to avalanche risk- solutions both integrated with building design and solutions that act as separate, isolated structures.
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snow protection: traditional methods SNOW DRIFTING Snow is deposited on the lee (downwind) side of hills or in downwind depressions. Snow drifts form when the flow of wind is interrupted by obstacles or barriers. The snow is swept away in areas of high wind speeds and deposited when wind speeds drop, often some distance behind the object. Obstacles and barriers can be in the form of hedges, trees, fences, buildings, and even snow deposited from snow removal processes.19 After time, snow drifting will form a streamlined enclosure and will not build up further so long as the wind direction and flow remains the same and the surface of the snow is lower than surrounding obstacles. SNOW FENCES Collector Fences Fences must be arranged perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds. Winds will slow after passing the fence, causing wind-blown snow to settle before reaching the site. Most of the snow will be deposited behind the fence, so the fence should be positioned a great enough distance to avoid snow accumulation in the area surrounding the building. Fences should be positioned approximately 15 times the fence height from the building volume. A decrease in solid fence area will produce a longer and shallower the drift. Open fences with a density ratio between 40 and 60 percent have maximum collecting capacity. Two rows of fences between 4-6 feet are usually more cost-effective than a higher fence. If space is limited, a more solid collector fence can be placed before the building to cause greater accumulation in front of the fence as opposed to behind. Solid fences require stronger and more expensive foundations and can result in strong winds keeping the area behind the fence clear of snow. Blower Fences The wind passing below the fence is accelerated and the snow behind the fence is cleared up to an approximate distance of 20 feet. Blower fences are most often used in preventing snow accumulation behind ridges and depressions. The incline of the fence should be similar to the lee side of the depression, but not less than 30 degrees. Deflector Fences 8-10 feet high fences can deflect the wind to cause accelerated winds behind the fence and the erosion of snow. In the case of changing winds, the positioning of deflector fences should be such that they do not act as collector fences and deposit snow close to the building.
fORMAL sOLUTIONS POSITIONING THE BUILDING The walls facing a descending avalanche must be constructed in the correct form and with adequate strength to resist the applied force of an avalanche. The larger the surface of the resisting wall, the larger the pressure this wall will be exposed to in the event of an avalanche. Therefore, it is ideal to position the building in a way so as to minimize the length of the impact surface. For example, when a wall is perpendicular to the avalanche direction, it must bear the entire kinetic force of this avalanche, while orientating the walls differently lessens the required strength of resistance. Acute angles or curved forms are also capable of splitting the course of a descending avalanche and reducing the applied force. WEDGE FORMS Structures with strength equal to the kinetic force of avalanches in the form of dams, walls, galleries, and deflecting walls can deviate, divide, or channel an avalanche. These protective structures can be built against isolated buildings or constructed in their immediate vicinity in order to divide an avalanche and alter its track to avoid the building. A stone wedge positioned on the hill-ward side of a building is a traditional avalanche proofing method with a long history. The interior angle of the wedge should not exceed 60 degrees in order to effectively split the avalanche. The sides of the wedge must be long enough to prevent snow from eddying and engulfing the protected building. DEVIATING WALLS Deviating walls are intended to alter the path of an avalanche. Their deviating capacity is relative to their height as well as the gradient of the slope and the angle of deviation. Deviating walls can be most effective when they raise the edges of a natural depression or gully and preventing the avalanche from leaving the already-existing channel. Similar to wedge forms, the angle of deviation should not be greater than 30 degrees. A smaller angle of deviation will reduce the applied force of the avalanche that the deviating structure must resist. PARTIALLY BELOW-GRADE CONSTRUCTION Another long-established method for protecting living spaces from avalanches is to build houses that are embedded into the hillside. In semi-subterranean construction, roofs are traditionally flat or follow the sloping angle of the terrain, allowing the avalanche to flow over the building without causing great damage to the building. In this case, the roof and the wall structure must be reinforced in order to bear the weight of the snow. Vernacular traditions of partially below-grade construction can be reinterpreted in various ways in contemporary design.
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site information Explorations of prototypical designs of a ‘smallest-possible habitable unit’ explore modern translations of traditional construction strategies in the extreme North. The shelter will be programmed for mountaineers and hikers seeking shelter in remote locations and at high altitudes and it is designed to withstand harsh winter conditions. The prototype will be given a real site in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps, Slovenia, a location that faces severe winter weather. The alpine shelter will be accessed primarily in the summer months. However, the design must be also be accessible during the winter months. The building must be self-sufficient, independent from external energy sources, for example, which may fail in harsh winter weather.
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project introduction PURPOSE The prototypical design will investigate architectural solutions in extreme climatic conditions as well as traditional building designs that respond to risks associated with avalanches, heavy snowfalls, strong winds, and extreme cold. The shelter will be given a real site on the peak of a mountain exposed to the harshest climatic conditions. FUNCTIONALITY The prototype unit will accommodate up to 8 people, offering space for sleeping and cooking, and designed as a ‘smallest-possible-habitable unit’. Even in extreme weather conditions, it will provide a safe shelter for mountaineers and hikers for durations of one to three days. The unit should be self-sufficient without the need for external electrical and heating supply networks and it must minimize future maintenance costs. It can make use of both primitive or vernacular building practices as well as advanced technology to achieve designs with full self-sufficiency and zero site impact. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS The process will involve structural engineers and elements of sustainable architecture (intelligent building skins, etc) to produce a shelter with strict design constraints. The shelter must be designed for easy transportation, low maintenance, and harsh weather conditions. The volume must weigh less than 1800 kg to be transported via helicopter to the destination site. If it is heavier, it can be transported as a series of smaller parts that can be easily assembled on site. Designs must enable low maintenance throughout the shelter’s lifespan since the unit will be isolated from any other man-made construction and will not have access to electricity or heating. The shelter will also be built in an area susceptible to harsh weather conditions. It must be resilient in the case of avalanches, heavy snowfalls, rainfalls, and ice storms and have the capacity to carry heavy snow loads.
site CONDITIONS LOCATION The site is a destination center for hikers and climbers in all seasons. The present site with the existing shelter is located under the Skuta Mountain in Kamniške Alpe, Slovenia at an elevation of 2070 meters. It sits on the karst plateau of Mali Podi along an unmarked trail leading to the summit of Skuta with an altitude of 2532 meters.31 Each year a few hundred mountaineers and hikers stop at the existing shelter, some for the night, some only for a brief break. This particular site is valued for its spectacular views of the surrounding mountains and the valley of Kamniška Bistrica. EXISTING ALPINE SHELTER The existing shelter provides 12 sleeping places (6 bunk beds) with blankets, a table, and a bench. The shelter is open all year round, though it is very rarely used between December and May. The most crowded months are July, August and September. The first shelter in this location was built in 1946. In 1981, The Mountaineering and climbing club Ljubljana-Matica built the present shelter that was larger and better protected from the weather than the previous one. CLIMATE Winter climatic conditions are very harsh at the altitude of the site location. Snow cover exists for more than half of the year. In winter, the depth of snow cover in the area may reach several meters. The average temperature of the year is close to 0 °C. In summer, the average temperature rises close to 8-10 °C and in winter drops to -6 °C, but colder days may reach temperatures less than -20 °C.
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minimum living space design
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boat house
train cabin
Minimum space design is characteristic of a variety of living spaces - for boats, motor caravans, trains, etc., where available space is limited. This design approach can also be advantageous for economic or functional reasons. Minimum space design has also developed a kind of minimalist design aesthetic that both reinforces and is derived from economic and functional efficiency. At the beginning of the 20th century, spatial efficiency became an increasingly important topic of discussion in relation to the housing question. Immediate demand for housing in the post-war period led to economy of design and a scientific approach to architecture as a means to determine the minimum requirements of life. Particularly at the end of the 1920’s, the social and economic situation led many architects to think about the question of Existenzminimum; while designing minimal and standardized apartments for the working class. Existenzminimum was defined in terms of the minimal acceptable floor space, density, fresh air, access to green space, access to transit, etc. required to support life and create a habitable dwelling. During the same period, the aspiration for a more simple, rational, and efficient living model was expressed in Le Corbusier’s house as “a machine for living.” Continued reflection on minimum living spaces has been developed by various architects throughout the past half century. Efforts in making living environments more functional, for example, have led to the evolution of ergonomics as a new scientific field in order to maximize spatial efficiency and well-being. With continued densification of contemporary cities, multifunctional designs have also led to a reduction in necessary allocation of space.
petit cabanon
capsule tower, kikusha kurokawa
SHELTER STRUCTURE TRANSPORTATION Structural design must be lightweight in order to facilitate easy transportation to remote locations that may not have automobile access. Transport by helicopter is common practice where other vehicular modes of transportation are not possible or hazardous. In these cases, transportation and construction must occur outside of winter months, when weather conditions are more favorable for flying. Structural systems must also be consolidated within the building’s volume where possible to allow compact movement and transportation. A higher degree of prefabrication and reduced on-site assembly will also reduce the complications associated with building on steep and uneven terrain. This also reduces the necessary transportation of construction workers, materials, and tools for assembly. Shelters can be transported as a whole or in numerous parts. However, increasing the number of parts will also increase the on-site construction and expense of the building. Prefabrication allows greater quality control outside of a hazardous and an uneven construction site. AFFIXMENT Small buildings can be raised off of a steep slope or embedded within it. When a foundation wall is embedded within a hillside, it is important to provide sufficient anchorage, reinforcement, backfill, and drainage to prevent the wall from collapsing or toppling over. The most secure foundations will fix the building to bedrock whether at the ground surface or below loose rock or soil. If grade conditions are susceptible to freeze-thaw action, it is important to fix the building to a more secure and stable ground layer. If footings and foundations are designed with enough strength and security, large cantilevers are possible. However, designs must determine and consider extreme and maximum wind and/or snow loads. In the case of strong winds and lateral forces, buildings can also be tied down with cables or structural steel to provide additional lateral stability. Traditional construction is sometimes built above grade using a stone foundation. However, if the foundation is not tied to bedrock below, the form of the building and site positioning must be carefully considered so as not to expose the building to extreme lateral forces applied by strong winds or avalanches.
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STEP CASE Fred Kim, Katie MacDonald, & Erin Pellegrino
Harmonika Rewind Tianghang Ren
CUBE Xin Su
LEDGE HOUSE Elizabeth Pipal
POP HOUSE Fred Kim, Katie MacDonald, & Erin Pellegrino
TREE/HOUSE Mike Meo
The Wind Lauren McClellan
Interlock Elizabeth Wu
ROTATE Myrna Ayoub
ARK I REVISITED Nadia Perlepe
Extreme Adaptability Oliver Bucklin
TWIN HOUSE Zheng Cui
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STEP CASE Fred Kim, Katie MacDonald, & Erin Pellegrino Step Case is an economical, single-unit shelter that can exist both as a solitary unit and as an assembly, conglomerating in a variety of configurations to adapt to various alpine slopes. Shaped by the human form, the shelter accommodates sleeping, sitting, and standing. A slide-out table and fold-out chair double as additional seating and shelving devices, providing a combination of pragmatism and flexible social space. With its stepped form, the roof becomes an extension of the mountain topography, allowing mountaineers to scale the building as well as gather and socialize in the warmer months.
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Specifications
WEIGHT................................................2000 KG DIMENSIONS..........2.5m x 2.5m x .8m/module MATERIALS.........................alucobond & wood OCCUPANCY...........................1 person/module
ESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
2.0
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2000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 4 TRIPS TO SITE
2000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 4 TRIPS TO SITE
2000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 1 TRIP TO SITE
Fig. 1. Deployment Strategies
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50째 Slope - Snow Pile & Avalanche Hazards
35째 Slope - Snow Pile Hazards
20째 Slope - Wind Hazards
Fig. 2. Slope Types & Hazards
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Fig. 3. Modular Assemblies
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Fig. 4. Modular Assemblies
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Fig. 3. Modular Assemblies
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Fig. 4. Modular Assemblies
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Fig. 3. Modular Assemblies
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Fig. 4. Modular Assemblies
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Fig. 5. Stepping Module
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Fig. 6. Podium Module
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Fig. 7. Module Assembly
35 Hexcel Fiberlam Insulation Layer
Wood Veneer
Hexcel Fiberlam Panel
Connection Magnet
Level Adjustable Foundation
Extruded metal panels, as used in airplanes, serve as a lightweight structural system for the stepped module. The generic geometries of hexagon, circle, or triangle extrusions can be densified to protect against lateral wind loads and vertical loads on the feet.
Fig. 8. Material Detail
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Fig. 9. Animated Sections of Stepping Module
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Fig. 10. Animated Sections of Podum Module
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Harmonika Rewind Tianghang Ren The shelter design is essentially an organic combination of rotation and folding structure. Instead of being static, the shelter derives from the perspectives of industrial design. By rotating two walls around the axis with beds attached to them, the shelter pushes the limits of materality and space. It, as well, maximizes its versatility by changing the volume of interior space and multiple combinations with several units. The envelope of the shelter is inspired by the concertina, which surprisingly resonates with the slovenian traditional instrument Harmonika. The concept of the envelope is functionally and culturally in the sync with Slovenian context.
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Harmonika Rewind Specifications
DIMENSIONS......................4.8m x 3.0m x 1.4m MATERIALS............................Gore-tex & wood OCCUPANCY....................4 persons per module
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Fig. 1 Module Assembly
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Fig. 2 Module Assembly
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Fig. 3 Section
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Fig. 4 Plan
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cube Xin Su The CUBE is a compact shelter including two levels, each of which contains four beds, arranged according to the “Pinwheel“ pattern. It not only maximize the efficiency of space, but also make space transferable between private and social. The structure is consistent with the logic of spatial elements. The detail, which is designed to adapt to the installation procedure, is carefully treated, so that all the components could be prefabricated in the factory, transported to the site and easily assembled there.
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cube Specifications
WEIGHT................................................3500 KG DIMENSIONS.................................3.2m x 3.3m MATERIALS..................cross laminated timber OCCUPANCY.........................8 people per cube
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3500 Kg - 3.2M X 3.3M - 2 Trips To Site
3500 Kg - 3.2M X 3.3M - 6~8 Trips To Site
3500 Kg - 3.2M X 3.3M - 1 Trip To Site
Fig. 1. Deployment Strategies
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1 BED x 8 = 4 BEDS x 2
PARTITION
PINWHEEL
CHATTING - SOCIAL
SLEEPING - PRIVATE
With the “Pinwheel“ pattern, two goals are achieved: 1. To make the 8-beds-shelter as compact as possible. 2. To create private and social space and make it transferable by the ways people use it. The central square is used as common area for climbing up and down. Considering the heavy snow in the winter, except for the door, there is another entrance on the top of the shelter.
SITTING & STANDING
LYING
Fig. 2. Arrangement and Scale
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Fig. 2. Floor Plan
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Fig. 3. Section 1
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Fig. 4. Section 2
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Stand bar - fixed to level adjustable foundation (pre-installed and attached to the ground)
Step 0 Foundation Step 1 Main Structure
Step 2 Lower Window & Enclosure Panel
Fig. 5. Installation Steps
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Step 3 Upper Window & Enclosure Panel
Step 4 Partition Panel Step 5 Roof
To better perform the shelter and further simplified the installation, wooden joints are considered preferentially, for they could be assembled without complicated tools. Especially when in the extreme cold weather, operation of some device can be very difficult.
Fig. 6. Installation Steps
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1m 1:40
Fig. 7. Axonometric
Furthermore, the possibility to adapt to variant terrains is also considered. Based on types of structure. This cubic shelter could be located in different places of the mountain. 63
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LEDGE HOUSE Elizabeth Pipal Ledge House is an eight person shelter that seeks to distill the joy of the climbing experience while providing a brief respite from its sometimes too harsh reality. It hangs from a cliff, minimizing its impact on the natural landscape while simultaneously allowing spectacular views from within. Its seeming precariousness alludes to the adrenaline of mountaineering. It is a warm home for a moment of contemplation, before the climber forges on.
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ledge house Specifications
WEIGHT.................................................2500 kg DIMENSIONS.................................5.5m x 5.5m MATERIALS....wood, structural aerogel panels OCCUPANCY........................................8 people
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2500 KG - 5.5m x 5.5m - 2 TRIPS TO SITE
2500 KG - 5.5m x 5.5m - 2 TRIPS TO SITE
2500 KG - 5.5m x 5.5m - 1 TRIP TO SITE
Fig. 3. Deployment Strategies
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Fig. 4. Portaledge
Fig. 5. Formal Derivation
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Fig. 6-8. Top View and Plans
2.5, 1.5m 1:40
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Fig. 9. Long Section
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Fig. 10. Cross Section
section BB 1:40
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Fig. 11. View of Approach Under Snowy Conditions
thermal break (wood poss.)
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steel plate
high strength grout
cables spacer interior finishes aerogel insulation moisture barrier structural panel waterproof insulation
Fig. 12. Detail of Hanging Connection Between Cliff and Bivak
structural panel moisture barrier aerogel insulation
steel bearing plate
Fig. 13. Detail of Floor and Cable Connections
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pop house Fred Kim, Katie MacDonald, & Erin Pellegrino Pop Haus is a climbable, modular shelter that adapts to various alpine sites. Deployed by helicopter as a planar assembly, the shelter folds open on site to become a three dimensional space. The structure’s modular system allows for units to be placed along slopes of varying heights. Wooden joints are moved into place and secured with dowels. Inside, beds fold out to accommodate both sleeping and socializing.
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POP HOUSE Specifications
WEIGHT..................................1000 KG/module DIMENSIONS.................................2.5m x 2.5m MATERIALS............................................LVL OCCUPANCY.......................1-4 people/module
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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
1000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 2 TRIPS TO SITE
1000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 2 TRIPS TO SITE
4000 KG - 5m x 2.5m - 1 TRIPS TO SITE
Fig. 1. Deployment Strategies
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Fig. 2. Flat panel arrives on site
Fig. 3. Panel pops open
Fig. 5. Flat site module assembly
Fig. 6. Sloped site module assembly
Fig. 4. Assembly is secured
Fig. 7. Steep site module assembly
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Fig. 8. Elevation & Section
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Level adjustable foundation
Fig. 9. Connection details
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Fig. 10. Planometric views
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Fig. 11. Sectional views
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Fig. 12. Occupancy diagrams
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Fig. 13. Cladding assemblies
Fig. 14. Switchback roof profiles
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TREE/HOUSE Mike Meo The Tree/House is an ultralight, vertical safe haven for the hiker that loves to climb. The scheme organizes sleeping and storage spaces around a central circulation atrium. The pinwheel allows for the minimization of the interior volume while simultaneously maximizing the hiker’s personal space. The hiker can experience both connectivity with the other hikers occupying the Tree/House while still being able to retreat to their own unique level and viewport within the tower. Each “L” bed unit has one leg for sleeping and another for storage of the hiker’s personal gear. The outer form reflects the inner tectonic. A simple triangulated arm rotates in tandem with the beds. The Tree/House is light in its material composition. A tight weather-proof fabric stretches between the aluminum structural elements. The textile membrane decreases the shelter’s thermal mass and exterior surface area. With the lowered thermal mass, heat generated by bodies can quickly warm the vertical volume. A welcomed surprise, the Tree/House provides the hiker with a sheltering tree well above the treeline.
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TREE/HOUSE Specifications
WEIGHT.......................................................2000 KG DIMENSIONS.....................................3mx3mx5m MATERIALS...........................aluminum or wooden structure, wood platform, tent membrane OCCUPANCY......................................8-10 people
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1000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 2 TRIPS TO SITE
1000 KG - 2.5m x 2.5m - 2 TRIPS TO SITE
4000 KG - 5m x 2.5m - 1 TRIPS TO SITE
1m 1:40
Transportation to site
The Tree/House is composed of two interwoven structural elements: four main posts, and one repeated triangulated space frame module. These provide for an open central area and a rigid, cross-braced periphery. Unlike a tree, the Tree/House’s structural integrity is more dependent on its periphery than its core.
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Construction sequence
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1m 1:40
99 The pinwheel plans allows for a compressed vertical space above the feet and generous open space from the knees to the head. The hiker can layout, sit up, and stretch without feeling the crowding typical in bunk beds.
Cross bracing between the four vertical members occurs at the periphery of the shell, allowing the central circulation atrium to be free of diagonal members. The hiker can freely pass the central core to their bed surface.
1m 1:40
100 Early iteration compose of wood module and steel structural module, rotated about a central atrium.
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Fig. 1. Rendering
THE WIND Lauren McClellan
wind \’w’ind\ 1a: to weave; 1c: to introduce sinuously or stealthily; 2a: to encircle or cover with something pliable; 2b: to turn completely or repeatedly about an object- coil, twine; 2e: to raise to a high level (as of excitement or tension)- usually used with up; 3a: to cause to move in a curving line or path.
The Wind is a shelter composed of modules - or ‘the smallest possible inhabitable unit’ that stack and turn about a central social space. Each module is a planar ring that thickens on one side to accomodate sleeping, sitting, standing, eating and circulating. The stacking aggregation both defines the spiraling circulation and gives the surfaces their dynamic character through their relationship to one another. The following pages illustrate different site and material tectonic realizations of the shelter. One programmatic appointment of The Wind is inspired by Slovenian bivaks and engenders a hiking shelter. The round form and diagrid structure bear extreme climatic loading (snow and wind).
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THE WIND Specifications
WEIGHT................................................2000 KG DIMENSIONS.................................3.6m x 3.6m MATERIALS.................................................TBD OCCUPANCY......................1 person per module
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2000 KG - 3.6m diameter - 1 TRIP TO SITE
500 KG - 3.6m diameter - 4 TRIPS TO SITE
2000 KG - 3.6m diameter - 1 TRIP TO SITE
Fig. 7. Deployment Strategies
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Fig. 8. Construction Detail
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605 cm
1m 1:40
Fig. 1. Side Elevation
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605 cm
Fig. 2. Front Elevation
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Fig. 5. Unrolled Structural Skin
50 cm
605 cm
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Fig. 6. Section
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360 cm
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Fig. 3. Plan
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Fig. 4. Module Stack Exploded
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interlock Elizabeth Wu Interlock is a modular unit that takes the traditional box-cut joint for wood-house construction to an extreme. The construction explores how cross-laminated timber can be both a structural and thermal regulator while expressing the funtionality through the facade. The units are compact in floor area and are flexible enough to adapt to various inclines and topographies.
125
126
interlock Specifications
WEIGHT................................................3500 KG DIMENSIONS.................................3.0m x 3.0m MATERIALS..................cross-laminated timber & polycarbonate OCCUPANCY......................8 people per module
127
128
TIMBER JOINT CONNECTIONS
EXISTING BIVAK SURFACE AREA Envelope: 48 m2 Floor: 16 m2 + 14.4 m2 Roof: 16 m2 TOTAL: 94.4 m2
PROPOSED BIVAK FLOOR WEIGHT ~2000kg STRUCTURE HEIGHT 3.0m
SURFACE AREA Envelope: 40.8 m2 Floor: 7.5 m2 + 14.4 m2 Roof: 7.5 m2 TOTAL: 70.2m2
FLOOR WEIGHT 1500kg STRUCTURE HEIGHT 4.4m
increase height of sleeping area alternate stacking of beds to provide personal space
minimize footprint of sleeping area Fig. 4. Concept Diagrams
shared space at ends of beds for storage and food prep
129
R1
max panel width 295.0 cm
R2
A
F
G
B
Assembly: 3000kg 3.0m x 3.0 m 2 TRIPS TO INSTALL
F
G B A
max panel height 1650.0 cm
C
C
R1
E
D
Assembly: construct module in [2] parts off-site
+ floor plate R2 E D
Production:
minimize material usage (16.5 m x 2.4 m panels)
Pre-assembly: minimize material storage space Fig. 5. Deployment Strategies
420.0 cm 10 cm
130
lateral struts anchored to rock-face 3-layer polycarbonate glazing 3-layer cross laminated timber 5-layer cross laminated timber 285.0 cm 206.0 cm
79.0 cm
102.0 cm
Section X-X
52.0 cm
285.0 cm
100.0 cm
Detail Sequence 01
Plan at +170cm 116.2 m
1m 1:40
Fig. 3. Plan_Attachment Option 01
444.0 cm
131
Section Y-Y
5-layer cross laminated timber
5.0
28 cm
3-layer polycarbonate glazing
cm
Detail Sequence 02
28 5
.0
Plan at +350cm
Fig. 4. Plan_Attachment Option 02
1m 1:40
KLH Cross Laminated Timber Panels
Polycarbonate Panels
132
Roof to Wall angle clips + screws
Panelite Clearlite double layer
Panelite Clearlite triple layer Interior Wall grooves and cutouts for electrical + plumbing
Wall-Floor angle clips + screws
1m 1:10
Fig. 5 Suggested Manudfacturer Details
Polygale extruded triple-cell + aluminum top and rail
3. Bed platforms slide from above
133
7. Align and lock roof panels to wall notches, additional fasteners as required
6. Adjust and seal polycarbonate frame in place 5. Slide polycarbonate panes 2. Snap-fit and lock in place 4. Panel A
DETAIL SEQUENCE 01 Outside Corner
3. Slide and lock Panel B, provide sealing tape
Panel D
2. Set Panel A
Panel E
1. Foundation
1. Slide and align Panels D&E DETAIL SEQUENCE 02 Interior Corner Fig. 6. Customized Connections
1m 1:10
134
10 cm
420.0 cm
12 cm
206.0 cm
285.0 cm 206.0 cm 1m 1:40 cm
Fig. 7. Section X-X
79.0 cm
135
444.0 cm
425.0 cm
.0
5 28
Fig. 8. Section Y-Y
1m 1:40
cm
136 SOLAR (23O) WIND SNOW 2% SLOPE
CLUSTER
LINEAR MIRROR
LINEAR
SPIRAL
Fig. 1. Rendering
8% SLOPE
120% SLOPE
137
138
rOtate Myrna Ayoub The main goal of this project was to create a multi-functional and easily changeable space for all mountaineers seeking shelter. The concept of the prototype is inspired by the farmer’s plow and its rotational mechanism. The interior space is organized through a module that rotates to become a seat, bed, storage and counter space. The skin is fabricated from a series of ribs that mold to the rotation modules in cross section and is covered in transluscent fiberglass textile coated in teflon. The facade and modules are held by the vierendeeel truss structure which allows the prototype to cantaliever from the mountain.
Fig. #1. Day Perspective
139
140
rotate Specifications
WEIGHT................................................2000 KG DIMENSIONS......................5.5m x 3.2m x 3.5m MATERIALS..............aluminum, textile & wood OCCUPANCY........................................8 people
141
142
2000 KG - 5.5m x 3.2m - 1 TRIP TO SITE
2000 KG - 5.5m x 3.2m - 1TRIP TO SITE
2000 KG - 5.5m x 3.2m - 1 TRIP TO SITE
Fig. #3. #1. Deployment Strategies
143
Transclucent fiberglass textile coated in teflon covers the ribbed facade, shielding the shelter from rain and snow while allowing sunlight to enter the shelter.
A vierendeel cantaliever structure carries the ribbed facade and furniture elements of the shelter. These pipes are piled into the mountain. The cantaliever allows for snow build up in extreme weather conditions while keeping the entrance and view open for the mountaineers.
Aluminum ribbed facade shapes around the rotating furniture modules in cross section creating porousness throughout the shelter. The soft curves of the form adapt to the mountain topography.
Wooden filler ribs protect against lateral wind loads and vertical loads on the feet. While giving the interior space a warmer feeling.
Fig. #4. Exploded Axonometric
144
100
50
SIT
100 58
SLEEP
100
100
50
50
STORE
Fig. #5. Module Diagrams
USE
145
Fig. #6. Module Diagrams
146
Fig. #7. Interior Perspectives
147
Fig. #8. Interior Perspectives
555
148
325
10
204
64
204
9
64
100
100
100
1m 1:40
Fig. #9. Planometric views
325
149
80
360
280
100
300
555
267
Fig. #10. Sectional views
1m 1:40
150
-10
-8
-9
-7
-9
-10
0
-5
-6
3
-4
2
-1
9
7
4
5
3
0
-1
-3
8
6
5
1
-2
-3
-6
-7
2
-4
10
6 9
8
15
14
12
11
13
16
14
12
11
19
23
31
29
27
26
30
32
42
41
39
38
36
21
32
30
28
24
35
33
20
29
27
25
22
18
17
15
26
24
23
21
20
18
17
43 34
37
33
35
38
36
39
45
47
56
65
63
72
74
73
75 76
70
68
69
78
71
72
81
80
83
78
80
74
84
82
79
89
62
71
81
75
85
83
86
87
86
84
90 92
93
91
89
54
65 64
59
69
66
88
53
63
60
57 68
77
51
62 61
67
77
50
60
58
56
54
52
48
59
57
55
66
42
53
51
49
46
44
41
50
48
47
45
44
40
90
94
92
93
Fig. #11. Facade Ribs Diagram
95
96
95
97
96
87
151
Fig. #12. Ribs Construction Diagram
152
153
154
Fig. 1. Rendering
ark | revisited Nadia Perlepe ALPINE SHELTER or NOAH’S ARK This shelter is a solid, compact structure with the ability to sustain life in the most extreme of environments, not unlike an ark. This ark provides a safe haven during night or extreme environmental conditions. INTERIOR This shelter is conceived as a lifeboat, anchored on a mountain. It’s amphitheatric interior has a dual function. First, it is a social space, where hikers sleep, store their belongings, eat and socialise. Second, it is a window- a viewing point, and observation deck, that opens up to nature and offers views both towards the mountain and towards the sky.
155
156
CONCEPT
+ THE ARK
ALPINE SHELTER
ARK | revisited
CONCEPT TO ARCHITECTURE
ARK ANCHORED
AMPHITHEATER
ARK | REVISITED
AMPHITHEATER AS
OBSERVATION DECK
VARIATIONS ON A PLAN
SOCIAL SPACE
concept diagrams
ark | revisited Specifications
WEIGHT........................................................>3000 KG DIMENSIONS...............................................6m x 2.5m MATERIALS........steel frame, charred wood, plywood OCCUPANCY....................................................8 adults
157
158
1m 1:40
Transportation Diagram
159 VARIATIONS on a PLAN axonometric
Plan Variations
1m 1:40
BLACK STAINED TIMBER FINISH
CHARRED WOOD
ATERIALS | EXTERIOR
GREY CEM WOOD BO
MATERIALS | AXONOMETRICS 160
BLACK STAINED TIMBER FINISH
CHARRED WOOD
GREY CEMENT WOOD BOARD
FIBRE C MATERIALS
MATERIALS | AXONOMETRICS charred wood
CHARRED WOOD
BLACK STAINED TIMBER FINISH
EY CEMENT OOD BOARD MATERIALS
GREY CEMENT WOOD BOARD | MATERIALS
CHARRED WOOD
FIBRE C MATERIALS | INTERIOR FACADE VARIATIONS
PLYWO
plywood panels
CHARRED WOOD
GREY CEMENT WOOD BOARD
CHARRED WOOD
FIBRE C
PLYWOOD
| FACADE VARIATIONS
grey cement wood boards
CHARRED WOOD
GREY CEMENT WOOD BOARD
FRIBRE C
black stained timber finish
GREY CEMENT WOOD BOARD
FRIBRE C Material Variations
GREY CEMENT WOOD BOARD ED WOOD
FIBRE C CHARRED WOOD
PLYWOOD GREY CEMENT WOOD BOARD
161
ADE VARIATIONS
OOD
GREY CEMENT WOOD BOARD
FRIBRE C
Exterior Cladding Variations
2m 1:40
162 0.24
1.9
2.4
0.5
6.6
2.8
1.9
0
1m 1:40
Plans & Sections
1
2
163
1.9
2.4
0
Elevations & Sections
1
2
1m 1:40
164
EXPLODED PERSPECTIVE structure
Exploded Perspective | Structure
165
Interior Views
166
Extreme Adaptability Oliver Bucklin Through folding, this shelter transforms from a compact, stackable, easy to ship package to a fully inhabitable shelter in miinutes. The built in legs adapt to almost any slope, and the volume of the shleter almost triples in deplyment.
167
168
Extreme Adaptability Specifications
WEIGHT..................................................................................2000 KG DIMENSIONS(folded)...............................4m(l) x 2.4m(w) x 1.25m(h) DIMENSIONS(deployed).........................5.8m(l) x 2.4m(w) x 2.5m(h) MATERIALS.............................................plastic, foam, aluminum OCCUPANCY.........................................................................8 people
169
170
2000 KG - 2.5m x 1.5m x 2.4m
2000 KG - 2.5m x 1.5m x 2.4m
4 units /standard shipping container
171
Deployment of Legs
Deployment of Shelter
172
Transverse Section of Deployed Module
Transverse Section of Folded Module
Scale 1:40
173
Longitudinal Section of Deployed Module
Longitudinal Section of Folded Module
Plan of Deployed Module
174
Main frame that holds leg mechanism
Primary rack slides to adjust longitudinal elevation change
175
Secondary rack slides to adjust to transverse elevation change
Primary and secondary racks slide in conjunction to adjust to diagonal elevation change
176
TWIN HOUSE Zheng Cui TWIN HOUSE is a shelter comprised by two module units. Each module works by itself with the minimum space and fold-able furniture for a group of 4 people standing, sitting, eating, socializing and sleeping. Each module unit can be placed as 3 different positions, creating 9 configurations in total for the module assembly which allows the shelter to adapt to various alpine locations. In the booklet, 5 configurations have been tested. Each configuration has a unique indoor and outdoor space character, different mountaineer groups could choose different configurations for their use. Two-module system also makes a single module easier for vehicle and helicopter to carry to the designated location.
177
178
TWIN HOUSE Zheng Cui
WEIGHT......................................... 1000 KG per module DIMENSIONS.........L2.0m x W2.0mx H3.0m per module MATERIALS......................................alucobond & wood OCCUPANCY.................................. 4 person per module
179
180
<1000kg
<1000kg
The weight of each module is possibly below 1000kg, which is easy for vehicle and helicopter to transport. If the building is made of wood(including structure), it could be even lighter. That means the transportation and installation on site can be finished by 2-4 people in one day.
Fig. 32.Transportation
imber Structrure System-â&#x20AC;?Cageâ&#x20AC;?
a 1mX1m wood/alucobond panel will be cut into 2 or 4 triangle pieces, these pieces can be either facade material attached to the triangle structure elements and being assembled in the factory or the facade material is infilled into the triangle structure element as one piece, and these pieces can be carried by the helicopter/truck to the site and being assembled on site
structure with attached facade panels
5
1
2
1
2
3
4
3
4
6
7
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
13
20
5
11
8
14
15
10 16
each traigle panel contains sturcture and facade elements,no extra structure and facade materials are needed after the assembly
14
17
18
21
22
24
25
19
23
25
Module A Elevation
Module B Elevation Fig. 31.Structure System and Facade
181
182
TWIN HOUSE A0B0 MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 1
B0 A0
B0
A0
B90
A0
B90
A0
A0 B180
A0
B180
TWIN HOUSE A0B0
TWIN HOUSE A90B0
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 1
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 2
Fig. 5. Module Assembly Options
TWIN HOUSE A180B0 MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 4
TWIN HOUSE A90B0 MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 2
A90
B0
B0
B0
A90
A180
B0 A180 TWIN HOUSE A180B90 MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 5
TWIN HOUSE A90B90 MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 3
A90
B90
B90
A90
A180
B90
B90
A180
A90 A90
A180
B180
A180
B180 B180
B180
TWIN HOUSE A90B90
TWIN HOUSE A180B0
TWIN HOUSE A180B90
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 3
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 4
MODULE ASSEMBLY OPTION 5
183
1000 1.0
184
1000 1.0
3000 3.0m 1000 2.0
2000
Ladder
500
500 0.5
1000 1.0
500 0.5
2000 2.0m
2000 2.0m
Ladder
500 0.5
500
1000 2000
500
1000 1.0 2000 2.0m
500 0.5
MODULE CONCEPT 2 Dimension : L2m,W2m,H3m Minimum Space of 4 people standing,sitting and sleeping, with storage space
Fig. 1. Module and Module Assembly Concept
1000 2000
5
A90
A180
Horizontal 90o
Vertical 180o
A0 o
Vertical 0
Position 1 0o
Position 3 Rotating 180o
Position 2 Rotating 90o
2000 1000
500
500
1000
1000
500
2000 STORAGE
1000
1000
500
500
500
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
1000 STORAGE
1000
A0o 500
2000
1000 2000
A90o
STORAGE
500 500
1000
500
1000
3000
Section 1-1
A180o
1000 500
500
500
500
500
500
1000
2000
STORAGE STORAGE
STORAGE
3000
STORAGE
1000
STORAGE
500
STORAGE
STORAGE
2000
1000
1000
1000
500
3000
STORAGE STORAGE
3000
500
STORAGE
500
500
STORAGE
1800
1400
3000
500
Section 2-2
Module A Rotation Possibilities 500
1000
500
1000
3000
B0 Vertical 0
B90 o
B180
Horizontal 90o
Vertical 180o
Position 1 0o
Position 2 Rotating 90o
Position 3 Rotating 180o
2000
1000
500
1000
500 500
1000
1000
500
500 500
1000
500
2000
3000
3000
1800
1000
500
STORAGE
500
500
1400
500
500
1000
STORAGE
1000 3000
STORAGE
3000
1000 STORAGE
STORAGE
500
STORAGE
500
500
STORAGE
2000
1000
1000
STORAGE
2000
STORAGE
STORAGE
1000
STORAGE
500
STORAGE
500
STORAGE
3000
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
1000 2000
Section 1-1
500
500
1000
500
B90o
STORAGE
1000
500
B0o
B180o
2000 1000
00
185
Section 2-2
Module B Rotation Possibilities
Fig. 2. Module A&B Rotation Possibilities
1m 1:60
186
Daytime Relaxing
Eating/Meeting
Going up through ladder
Sleeping
Fig. 3. Module A Interior Activity Scenarios
187
Daytime Relaxing
Group Meeting
Eating
Sleeping
Fig. 4. Module B Interior Activity Scenarios
188
Daytime Relaxing
Meeitng/Entertaining
Dining
Sleeping
Fig. 9. Interior Activity Scenarios of Option 1
189
2
1.0
2
+1.70
3
+1.20
+1.70
3
2.0
3.0
Ladder
+2,00
0.00
+0.50
1
1
Floor Plan 0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
0.5 1.5
+4.20
1.0
Plan
0.5
1800
1.0
4.2
1.0
STORAGE
+2,00
0.5
1400
+1.70
LADDER
STORAGE
0.5
3.0
STORAGE
1.2
1.0
+1.20
+0.50
STORAGE
0.5
STORAGE
0.00
Section 3-3 0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
0.5 1.5
Fig. 8. Assembly Option 1 Floor Plan & Section Section 3-3
1m 1:40
190
Daytime Relaxing
Dining
Fig. 14. Interior Activity Scenarios of Option 2
Meeitng/Entertaining
1 2.0
+0.50
0.00
0.00
1500
+0.50
1.0
2000
0.5
191
2 2.0
3
2.0
3
+0.50
1.5
500
+0.50
2
Floor Plan
Plan
1.0
1
0.5
0.5
1800
STORAGE
1.0
1.0
3.0
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
0.5
0.5
2.0
STORAGE
Section 1-1 0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
Section 2-2 0.5
3.0
1.0
0.5
2.0
Section 1-1
Section 2-2
Fig. 13. Assembly Option 2 Floor Plan & Sections
1m 1:40
192
Daytime Relaxing
Dining
Fig. 19. Interior Activity Scenarios of Option 3
1 2.0
193
1.0
2 +0.50 2.0
1.5
3.0
0.5
+0.50
0.00 1.0
0.00
3
3.0
3
+0.50
0.5
+0.50
1.5
1
0.5
2 STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
Plan
2.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
STORAGE
Floor Plan
0.5
STORAGE
0.5
STORAGE
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
Section 1-1
4.0 1.0
0.5
Section 1-1
1.0
4.0
0.5
Section 1-1
STORAGE
STORAGE
STORAGE
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
0.5
STORAGE
0.5
STORAGE
STORAGE
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
Fig. 18. Assembly Option 3 Floor Plan & Sections 4.0
Section 2-2 0.5
Section 2-2 1.0
Section 2-2
1m 1:40
194
Daytime Relaxing
Meeitng/Entertaining
Dining
Sleeping
Fig. 24. Interior Activity Scenarios of Option 4
195
2
1 2.0
2.0
+0.50
-1.00
0.00
3
+0.50 0.5
1
2
Floor Plan Plan
2.0 1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
STORAGE
3.0
STORAGE
3.0
1.0
1.0
STORAGE
0.5
0.5
1800
STORAGE
0.5
0.5
STORAGE
1.0
3
2.0
1.5
-0.50
Section 1-1 0.5
1.0
Section 2-2
0.5
2.0
Section 1-1
Section 2-2
Fig. 23.Assembly Option 4 loor Plan & Sections
1m 1:40
196
Daytime Relaxing
Meeitng/Entertaining
Dining
Sleeping
Fig. 28. Interior Activity Scenarios of Option 5
1
2 2.0
1
1.0
197
+0.50
2.0
-1.00 2.0
0.00
3
+0.50 0.5
0.5
1
2
Floor Plan Plan
3.0
2.0 1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
STORAGE
3.0
1.0
1.0
STORAGE
2.0
1.0
STORAGE
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
3
1.5
1.5
3.0
-0.50
Section 1-1
Section 1-1
Section 2-2
Section 2-2
1m 1:40 Fig. 27. Assembly Option 5 Floor Plan & Sections