Interior Dross - Urbanized Landscapes and the Interior Remains

INTERIOR DROSS Urbanized Landscapes and the Interior Remains

IDES 351 Spring 2019 College of Architecture University of Nebraska-Lincoln

TABLE OF CONTENTS 004-006____Brief 008-021____Waste Landscapes of Dwelling Mikinna McGerr + Keleigh Ketelhut

022-035____Waste Landscapes of Transition Alexis Grobel + Isabelle Brehm

036-071____Waste Landscapes of Infrastructure Anna Gutmann + McKenzie Taylor

072-077____Waste Landscapes of Obsolescence Faith Combs + Jamee Decker

078-083____Waste Landscapes of Exchange Van Stanek + Emma Young

084-093____Waste Landscapes of Contamination Charlotte Wortmann + Sarah Thompson

094-096____Glossary

IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

INTERIOR DROSS

Urbanized Landscapes and the Interior Remains BRIEF Interior Dross explores the relationships between horizontal urbanization, the interior built environment and the context of Lincoln, NE. Horizontal urbanization is most often referred to as “sprawl”, that is the spread or development of urban infrastructure irregularly or without restraint and usually deemed unattractive. Sprawl usually evokes a negative connotation, however in Alan Berger’s Drosscape he refers to sprawl as “an unintended consequence, the overflow or spillover of urbanization”, and in a sense, an inevitable byproduct of “life’s expansionist, waste-making tendencies”.1 Interior Dross embraces this non polarized attitude and seeks for opportunity in these vast and rapidly growing landscapes within the context of Lincoln.

Berger’s Drosscape proposes that when used as a verb, “drosscraping is a sort of scavenging of the urbanized surfaces for interstitial landscape remains.”2 For our purposes, we will be scavenging for interior landscapes under the categories defined by Berger: waste landscapes of dwelling, transition, infrastructure, obsolescence, exchange and contamination within the context of the Lincoln community. This project will ask students to be critical of Lincoln’s urbanized landscape and how to identify building typologies that fall into Berger’s dross categories. What opportunities do these underutilized, vacant or abandoned infrastructures present? How can the interior built environment be positioned to connect communities and enhance the social quality of neighborhoods and environment? How can expansive, horizontal infrastructure be re-imagined as dense city hubs that increase the social, economic and environmental value of underused infrastructure?

Drosscape; Alan Berger; Boulder County CO

Drosscape; Alan Berger; Maricopa County AZ

“...today’s city is so diffuse that it has become a “galactic metropolis”, a city-form resembling a galaxy of stars and planets, with large empty areas in-between, held together with something akin to gravitational attraction.”3 SITE: LINCOLN DROSS 1. Waste Landscapes of Dwelling (#d5add) 2. Waste Landscapes of Transition (#465ca9) 3. Waste Landscapes of Infrastructure(#7ba5d7) 4. Waste Landscapes of Obsolescence (#6ec498) 5. Waste Landscapes of Exchange (#d4e162) 6. Waste Landscapes of Contamination (#c26c28) INTERIOR AS TYPOLOGY Horizontal urbanization is ubiquitous and not limited to our immediate context of Lincoln, therefore Lincoln will act as a proto-site, or test site. Students will explore the Lincoln landscape as an initial point of reference and translate and elaborate findings to a domestic, universal scale. Questions for consideration: _What “core/shell” conditions of Berger’s dross categories exist in Lincoln? Structural systems?

Grid/Regulating lines? Apertures? Size and scale of buildings and site? Volumes? _Are these “core/shell” conditions present elsewhere? _Are there building patterns? Proximities?

Clustering? _Are there geographic/infrastructural patterns within Lincoln and beyond? _Growth/expansion patterns?

1 Alan Berger, “Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America,” Princeton Architectural Press, 24.

2 Ibid, 236 3 Pierce Lewis, “The Galactic Metropolis,” Beyond the Urban Fringe: Land Use Issues of the Nonmetropolitan America, ed. Rutherford Platt and George Macinko, 23.

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INTERIOR DROSS

Urbanized Landscapes and the Interior Remains SCAVENGE: INTERIOR DROSS PART 1 In pairs, students will scavenge the Lincoln landscape for interior typologies that fall under Berger’s six categories. Students are to catalog and analyze various aspects of these typologies to reveal the complex relationships that exist between these sites and the local and global cultural phenomenon of horizontal urbanization.

Students will investigate: PHYSICAL SITE; geography, building typologies, zoning, corridors, etc.

NONPHYSICAL SITE; policy, demographics, culture, perception, etc.

DELIVERABLES _Taxonomies _Maps _Catalogs: photos, texts, etc _Diagrams _Base drawings of building typologies: plans/ sections/axos/of; 3/32” scale. _Models of building typologies; 3/32” scale. _Class glossary (via Google docs) SCHEDULE Week 7 [Feb 18-22] Scavenge: Inventory+Analysis Week 8 [Feb 25-Mar 1] Scavenge: Inventory+Analysis Week 9 [Mar 4-Mar 8] Scavenge: Inventory+Analysis Review Forming Narrative Week 10 [Mar 11-Mar 15] Forming Narrative+Concept Development Week 11 [Mar 18-Mar 22] Spring Break Week 12 [Mar 25-Mar 29] Mid Review Week 13 [Apr 1-Apr 5] Design Development Week 14 [Apr 8-Apr 12] Design Development Week 15 [Apr 15-Apr 19] Design Development Week 16 [Apr 22-Apr 26] Final Review Week NOTE: All deliverables should be considered “open documents”. Continuous progress and edits are encouraged and expected.

Drosscape; Alan Berger; Houston TX

OMA/Rem Koolhaas; New Seoul International Airport

Drosscape; Alan Berger; Ethropic Indicators Houston TX

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RESOURCES Buildings Must Die: A Perverse View of Architecture Jane Jacobs and Excerpts available via Canvas Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America Alan Berger Available via Canvas In the Mood for Landscape Victoria Di Palma Available via Canvas Petrochemical America Richard Misrach and Kate Orff Available via Canvas

Drosscape; Alan Berger; Rocky Mountain Steel Mills CO

Drosscape; Alan Berger; Housing in Phoenix AZ

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DWELLING

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DWELLING

Analysis: South 48th Street Before 1940

Dwelling Typologies:

1. Single Family - Single Family Attached, Single Family Detached 2. Multi-Family - Condos, Townhomes, Duplex 3. Apartment & Student - Multi-Story Apartments, Dorms 4. Mobile Home & Vacancies - Trailer Parks, Vacant Spaces

Materials:

Single Family - Light frame construction, single family, single/multi-level

Wood, concrete, steel Multi-Family Mobile Home & Vacancies -Wood/metal construction, mobile/stationary

Metals, wood

Amenities: Parks, schools, churches Single Family Detached Ranch style

Duplex & Townhouses Multi-family

Vacancies Abandoned & unused land

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DWELLING

Analysis: Sunset Acres 1940-1980

Dwelling Typologies:

1. Single Family - Single Family Attached, Single Family Detached 2. Multi-Family - Condos, Townhomes, Duplex 3. Apartment & Student - Multi-Story Apartments, Dorms 4. Mobile Home & Vacancies - Trailer Parks, Vacant Spaces

Materials:

Single Family - Light frame construction, single family, single/multi-level

Wood, concrete, steel Apartments - Commercial construction, multi-story, single/multi-room

Steel, concrete, wood Mobile Homes & Vacancies - Wood/metal construction, mobile/stationary

Metals, wood

Amenities: Single Family Detached Ranch style

Creeks, parks, commercial, churches, library, retirement community, school, light industrial, agriculture

Multi-story apartment Family

Mobile Homes Community

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DWELLING

Analysis: Highlands 1980-2010

Dwelling Typologies:

1. Single Family - Single Family Attached, Single Family Detached 2. Multi-Family - Condos, Townhomes, Duplex 3. Apartment & Student - Multi-Story Apartments, Dorms 4. Mobile Home & Vacancies - Trailer Parks, Vacant Spaces

Materials:

Single Family - Light frame construction, single family, single/multi-level

Wood, concrete, steel Apartments & Student - Commercial construction, multi-story

Steel, concrete, wood

Amenities:

Ponds, creeks, church, school

Single Family Detached Craftsman, Ranch style

Multi-Story Apartment Family, Student

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DWELLING

Analysis: Lake Amenities

Capital Beach

Capital Beach Analysis

Bowling Lake

Bowling Lake Analysis

Oak Lake

Oak Lake Analysis INNER ZONE

OUTER ZONE

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DWELLING

Neighborhood Overview

4 24 22

3

5

38

41

40 8

32

7

13 28 23

42

36

15

13

21 39

45

29

14 1

31 2

27 26

20

11

35

46 10

34 25 37

17 33

BEFORE 1940 1940 - 1980

46

1980 - 2010

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DWELLING

Key to Neighborhood Overview LAKE/POND

PARK

NEIGHBORHOODS

TIME PERIODS

24

HIGHLANDS

1970 - 2000

1920 - 1930, 1950 - 1980

25

HITCHING POST HILLS

NONE

ARNOLD HEIGHTS

1940 - 1980

26

INDIAN VILLAGE

1920 - 2000

4

AUTUMN WOOD

NONE

27

IRVINGDALE

1900 - 1990

5

BELMONT

1920 - 1930, 1950 - 2000

28

MALONE

1920 - 2000

6

BETHANY

1890 - 1920

29

MAPLE VILLAGE

1960 - 1970

7

CAPITOL BEACH

1990 - 2000

30

MEADOWLANE

1920 - 2010

8

CLINTON

1920 - 2010

31

NEAR SOUTH

1920 - 1940

9

COLLEGE VIEW

1890 - 1930

NORTH BOTTOMS

1920 - 1930

10

COLONIAL HILLS

1950 - 2010

33

PORTER RIDGE

1980 - 2010

11

COUNTRY CLUB

1920 - 2010

34

SALT VALLEY VIEW

NONE

12

DOWNTOWN

NONE

35

SOUTH 48TH

1920 - 2010

13

EAST CAMPUS

1920 - 1930, 1950 - 1990

36

SOUTH SALTCREEK

1920 - 1980

14

EAST RIDGE

1920 - 1930, 1950 - 1980

37

SOUTHERN HILLS

1990 - 2000

15

EVERETT

1920 - 2000

38

SUNSET ACRES

1970 - 2010

16

FALL BROOK

2000 - 2010

39

TAYLOR PARK

1960 - 1980

17

FAMILY ACRES

1940 - 1950, 1960 - 2010

40

UNIVERSITY PLACE

1920 - 1930, 1940 - 2010

18

FAR SOUTHEAST

2000 - 2010

41

VINTAGE HEIGHTS

1970 - 2000

19

FOX HOLLOW

1970 - 2010

42

WEST A

1920 - 1930, 1960 - 1980

20

GREATER SOUTH

1920 - 2000

43

WEST LINCOLN

1890 - 1960

21

HARTLEY

1890 - 2010

44

WILDERNESS RIDGE

2000 - 2010

22

HAVELOCK

1890 - 2000

45

WOODS PARK

1910 - 1920, 1940 - 2010

23

HAYMARKET

1920 - 2000

46

YANKEE HILL

2000 - 2010

AMENITIES

NEIGHBORHOODS

TIME PERIODS

1

40TH AND A

1920 - 2000

2

ANTELOPE PARK

3

AMENITIES

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DWELLING

Analysis: Time Period 1980 - 2010

FOX HOLLOW NEIGHBORHOOD

HIGHLANDS NEIGHBORHOOD

Satellite map, Fox Hollow Neighborhood

Satellite map, Highlands Neighborhood

Street Size Analysis, Fox Hollow Neighborhood

Street Size Analysis, Highlands Neighborhood

Amenities Analysis, Fox Hollow Neighborhood

Amenities Analysis, Highlands Neighborhood

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DWELLING

Analysis: Time Period 1940 - 1980

INDIAN VILLAGE NEIGHBORHOOD

SOUTH 48TH NEIGHBORHOOD

Satellite map, Indian Village Neighborhood

Satellite map, South 48th Neighborhood

Street Size Analysis, Indian Village Neighborhood

Street Size Analysis, South 48th Neighborhood

Amenities Analysis, Indian Village Neighborhood

Amenities Analysis, South 48th Neighborhood

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DWELLING

Analysis: Time Period Before 1940

SOUTH SALT CREEK NEIGHBORHOOD

SUNSET ACRES NEIGHBORHOOD

Satellite map, South Salt Creek Neighborhood

Satellite map, Sunset Acres Neighborhood

Street Size Analysis, South Salt Creek Neighborhood

Street Size Analysis, Sunset Acres Neighborhood

Amenities Analysis, South Salt Creek Neighborhood

Amenities Analysis, Sunset Acres Neighborhood

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DWELLING

AXONOMETRIC VIEW NEIGHBORHOOD ANALYSIS

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DWELLING

1600 1607 1700 1780 1825 1840 1855 1870 1880 1890 1895 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1600

United States Housing Types

1607

1700

1780

1825

1840

1855

1870

1880

1890

1895

1905

1910

1915

1920

Housing in the United States has varied greatly throughout history. Housing types were most commonly influenced by external factors such as resources or international influence. Innovative periods such as the industrial revolution have had impact on dwelling types but how they are constructed today. These housing types and influences date back to the 1600’s. Our most general characterizations date up to the 1930’s where most of the single family residential types presented in the timeline are still being built today. The most common use of materials include wood, but innovative methods began to introduce bricks, stone, wood, and stucco. Today we see engineered and prefabricated forms of construction, these materials include but are not limited to plastic sidings and other engineered materials.

Types:

Eras:

▶ Log Cabin ▶ Georgian ▶ Greek Revival ▶ Italiante ▶ Queen Anne ▶ Richardsonian ▶ Colonial Revival ▶ Neoclassical ▶ French Revival ▶ Pueblo Revival ▶ Modernism ▶ Ranch

▶ Saltbox ▶ Federal ▶ Gothic Revival ▶ Second Empire ▶ Shingle ▶ Folk Victorian ▶ Cape Cod ▶ Tudor Revival ▶ Spanish ▶ Craftsman ▶ International ▶ Bungalow

▶ American Colonial ▶ Neoclassicism ▶ Victorian ▶ Gilded Age ▶ Wright's Influence ▶ 20th Century Revivals ▶ 20th Century Boom ▶ "Neo" ▶ Prefabricated/Industrial

1925

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 1930

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DWELLING Analysis

68501 68505 68509 68516 68523 68528 68528 68583 68502 68506 68510 68520 68524 68529 68588 68503 68507 68512 68521 68526 68542 68504 68508 68514 68522 68527 68544 Dwelling: a shelter (such as a house) in which people

Outside voids - encircle enclave as buffers and separators

Shelter: something that covers or affords protection: to protect

Inside voids - spread throughout development, serve as

live

Recreation: work: diversion

Natural: nature

refreshment of strength and spirits after

from adjacent development

social (privacy and entertainment), circulation, and recreational needs of its inhabitants

being in accordance with or determined by

Synthetic:

devised, arranged, or fabricated for special situations to imitate or replace usual realities

Built: formed as to physique or bodily contours UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

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DWELLING

Plans/Sections Analysis

APARTMENT BUILDING PLAN 3/32” = 1’0

APARTMENT BUILDING PLAN 3/32” = 1’0

APARTMENT BUILDING ELEVATION 3/32” = 1’0

Plan, Apartment NTS

Section, Apartment vv

SINGLE FAMILY PLAN 3/32” = 1’0

APARTMENT BUILDING ELEVATION 3/32” = 1’0

SINGLE FAMILY PLAN 3/32” = 1’0

Plan, Single Family Home NTS

SINGLE FAMILY ELEVATION 3/32” = 1’0

Section, Single Family Home NTS

SINGLE FAMILY ELEVATION 3/32” = 1’0

Amenities Analysis, South Salt Creek Neighborhood

Amenities Analysis, Sunset Acres Neighborhood

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LANDSCAPE OF TRANSITION

IDES351 PROJECT 2

A parking space is a simple element, it is a spot to keep a car when it is not in use. A parking space is the transition of an activity.

SPRING 2019

In the United States, there are around 500 million parking spaces taking up around 3,590 square miles.

The United States population is only 326 million.

Parking lots and garage industry has expanded in line with overall construction activity in the past 5 years. The industry has grown 1.1% to reach revenue of $10 billion in 2019, the number of businesses has grown .8%, and the number of employees has grown by 1.8%. As businesses and population grows, the demand for parking also increases.

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PARKING LAYOUTS & DIMENSIONS

60 degrees

interlocking

12’

normal interlock

herringbone

26’

parallel

perpendicular

perpendicular

15’

45 degrees

75 degrees

wall to interlock

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HISTORY ON THE AUTOMOBILE & PARKING Horses were the main means of transportation for while, even when the first automobile was invented, until the early 1900s. In the 19th century, cities were filled with stables, which were the parking garages of that time, and would charge the same for stalling a horse. The fuel for the horses was oats, barley, hay and straw, which later was turned into gasoline for automobiles. The advent of the automobile overrode the horse-drawn vehicles in the early 1900s. The first gas station was installed in 1905, which began the higher demand of vehicle transportation. In 1907 there was a 33-fold increase in the number of cars registered to people, which put the number up to around 5 million. The reason for this major increase was due to the major price decrease in cars, in 1908 the price was $850 and in 1916 the price was only $260.

As more cars began to take up the streets, the demand for a place to park grew bigger. Parking instantly became a problem and cities were looking for a solution to park as many cars as possible on as little space as possible. The first multi story parking garage was built in 1918 for a hotel, and it was several blocks away from the hotel.

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HISTORY ON THE AUTOMOBILE & PARKING

There were 2 different ideas about cars, one was that it was just a machine, and the other was the feeling of freedom associated with driving the car and being mobile. These two ideas sparked the two types of parking garages, the mechanized garage and a garage with ramps. Mechanized garages had attendants who would place the car on a platform, with car lifts and turntables, the car was automatically moved up to a parking spot. These types of parking could reduce the space allocated to parking by 40%, but it did not have the freedom of parking your own car or the freedom to enter or exit when you wanted. The mechanized garage existed from about 1920 until 1960, which was when land constraints did not follow the requirements to continually expand the construction of the mechanized garages.

Parking garages soon replaced the mechanized parking garages in the 1950s when there was a construction boom. Parking garages with ramps made it possible to have the freedom of parking your own car, and entering and exiting on their own.

The ramps, however were a challenge to build, they couldn’t be too long because then parking space would be lost, but they couldn’t be too short because then cars wouldn’t be able to drive up them. Although there was some disadvantages with the ramps, the ability to park cars on your own was more important to people.

Autonomous vehicles are forcing developers of parking garages to future-proof parking structures from the outset of their construction. Real estate developers are beginning to build new parking garages to be easily converted into office spaces.

Although building parking structures to be easily converted into other spaces, it comes with a set of problems. The high ceilings required for a parking garage gives less space in the converted building, the ramps within parking garages make for uninhabitable space on the interior.

Developers have to think about reinforcing floors to accommodate the load of cars as well as the columns. Although some problems exist, this seems to be the future of parking.

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PARKING RAMPS

A parking ramp slope of 5% or less is recommended, although parking ramp slopes up to 7% are accepted by the public in very dense urban areas. The maximum parking slope permitted in the International Building Code should not exceed 6.667%.

side by side helix

two-way double threaded

one-way double threaded

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SECTIONS & PLANS

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STRUCTURE AND MATERIALITY

pre - cast

+ quality control - membranes are fabricated at a plant + lower construction cost + greater expansion joint spacing + more adaptable to winter construction + shorter on-site construction schedule + spandrels also serve as structural load bearing elements - more propensity for leaking at joints - higher maintenance cost - reduced drainage slopes - shear walls reduce visibility at the interior - more bird roosting ledges + easy drainage + post-tensioning forces reduces slab cracking + generally no shear walls + lower maintenance cost + monolithic construction (fewer sealant joints) + accommodates parking structures on irregular sites (underground) - higher construction cost - less adaptable to winter construction - larger on-site staging requirement - closer expansion joint spacing - congestion of tendons & rebar at beam column joints - harder to attain quality control - exposed weather

cast - in - place

steel framed

+ flexible column spacing + generally no shear walls + lower construction cost + easily accommodates vertical expansion + can be performed by local subcontractors - not recommended where the steel is required to be fire rated by the building code - steel painting for corrosion protection - maintenance of steel paint system - steel delivery times can fluctuate - extensive bird roosting ledges on the beam flanges - erection concerns due to mixing foundation, steel, and precast subcontractors

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LAND USES AND PARKING REQUIREMENTS

warehouse

warehouse

warehouse

restaurant

restaurant

restaurant

church

church WAREHOUSING MANUFACTURING LIBRARY & & STORAGE & PROCESSING MUSEUM

church

HEALTH/FITNESS

OFFICES EDUCATION

1 per 1,000 sq. ft.

1 per 4 employees

1 per 500 sq. ft.

1 per 1.5 employees

1 per 300 sq. ft.

1 per 2 employees

1 per 300 sq. ft.

1 per 2 employees

1 per 10 students 1 per 2 employees 1 per 300 sq. ft.

1.5 per teaching station

6 per teaching station

1 per 5 students 1 per 2 employees 1 per 300 sq. ft.

1 per 2 employees

RESTAURANTS, BARS, & RETAIL

1 per 200 sq. ft.

1 per 2 beds 1 per 3 employees

MEDICAL SERVICES

1 per guest room 1 per 5 employees

HOTELS

1 per 4 fixed seats 1 per 30 sq. ft. of auditorium floor

CHURCHES & AUDITORIUMS

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WHAT IS A TRANSITION SPACE?

“Waste landscapes of transition (LOTs) reveal the transitory nature of capital investment and realestate speculations. Some LOTs are intentionally designed and built as transitional land uses, such as staging areas, storage yards, parking surfaces, transfer stations, etc. Others act as a holding ground until real-estate values increase.”

-Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America Alan Berger

Timeline of a Transition Space.

TIMELINE OF A TRANSITION SPACE

-Land is for sale -REIT’s (Real Estate Investment trust) which is a company that finances, owns, and sometimes operates real estate buys the land to convert it.

-Land is bought which is an investment for the company who bought it.

-Company loses money in this investment -Land is converted into a storage unit

-Land is converted into a storage unit and can begin producing revenue from consumers over time.

-Land functions as a storage which produces a large revenue from a considerably small investment.

-During this time of ‘transition’ the plans for further developement can be implemented.

-Once the plans have been completed, and enough revenue from the storage unit has been accumulated, the land can be converted into something else.

-Land is now functioning as something else such as an office space, which is what the company originially intended the land to be used for.

-This process allows companies more time to accumulate money which they might not have had before creating this investment.

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I 180

I 80

Cornhusker Hwy

TRANSITION AS STORAGE

O street

hwy 77

Hwy 2

STORAGE IN LINCOLN, NEBRASKA This map documents the storage units in Lincoln Nebraska. From this map we can notice that the majority of the units run along the major streets and highways in Lincoln. This informs us that the storage lots are surrounded by mainly industrial and vehiclebased institutions due to the fact that storage units are designed around the vehicle. Images to the right show a glimpse of what these lot shapes look like. In terms of simple building structure and materiality, they are similar. In terms of lot size and shape they are different but all share the fact that they crowd and fill the lot that they are on.

Sample Storage Units 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Budget Storage NW Boat and RV Public Storage Eagle Nest Self Storage Wilderness Self Storage I-80 Self Storage Homebase Self storage Infinity Self storage

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INSTITUTIONS SURROUNDING STORAGE

Residential areas are the highest number of areas that surround storage units. This analysis begins to show the comparison of storage units that are adjacent to residential areas and storage units that are not adjacent to storage units. It then shows the median household income and median rent of these areas. It shows that residential areas adjacent to storage units have the two lowest household incomes and residential areas that are not adjacent to storage units have the two highest household incomes and the three highest median rents.

Sample neighborhoods & thier proximity to storage units

adjacent

40th A Amber Hills Antelope Park Arnold Heights Autumn Wood Belmont Bicentennial Estates Bishop Park Capitol Beach Clinton Colonial Hills Country Club Crown Pointe Cushman East Campus Eastridge Everett Family Acres Far South Greater South Hartley Havelock Haymarket Highlands Hitching Post Hills Indian Village Irvingdale Malone Maple Village Meadowlane Near South North Bottoms Pester Ridge Porter Ridge Salt Valley View South 48th Street South Salt Creek Southern Hills Sunset Acres Taylor Park Tri-Court University Place West A Woods Park Yankee Hill Yankee Ridge Lincoln Median:

not adjacent

Median household income

Median rent

$44,206

$572

$33,554

$580

$58,061

$862 Major streets Lincoln Neighborhoods (listed to the right) Storage Units

$60,527

$766

$59,059 $72,003

$545 $1,013

$39,762

$572

$49,725

$454

$55,729

$669

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SAMPLE STORAGE & THEIR LOT SHAPE

shapes of lots:

Lincoln, Ne Northwest RV and Boat Public Storage

Rectangular Square Triangular Pie Shaped Reverse Pie Irregular Other

REC SQU TRI PIE RPI IRR OTH

Lot shape can dictate how useful your land is.

Rectangular lots are most efficient for space when it comes to urban development.

Lincoln, Ne Homebase Self Storage

Lincoln, Ne Wilderness Self Storage

Minneapolis, MN The Lock Up Self Storage

Los Angeles, CA Los Angeles Self Storage

NYC, New York NYC Mini Storage Inc.

Seattle, Washington Simply Self Storage

Bismarck, North Dakota Denny’s Storage Co.

their count

III IIIIII III IIII II IIIIII IIIIIII IIIIIIII I II II II I III I II I II I I I

types of buildings that surround storage units in Lincoln hotel fast food general store/ gas station tech store plumbing services body shop selling parts residential garbage service bank corporate offices spa energy plant retail store financial services school senior living center marketing agancies accounting firm church car wash

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WHAT THEY LOOK LIKE

INDOOR STORAGE UNITS - Indoor storage units are obviously found inside large self storage buildings which may look like warehouse space on the outside. To reach the indoor storage units, you most likely have to pass through some sort of gate or security and then you will have access to various sized storage units. Most storage units are sized from a 5x5 to a 10x30 with everything in between.

CLIMATE CONTROLLED STORAGE UNITS - Climate controlled storage is a storage unit which is an indoor storage unit which has temperature and humidity controls to keep temperature constant and humidity out. The advantage of this is to protect unique items which may be damaged do to extreme temperature fluctuations or humidity. The cost of a climate controlled storage unit is going to be a bit more than a typical storage unit because of the special circumstances but the cost is minimal compared to the damage a regular unit will do to your belongings. People living in the South and Midwest should pay special attention to climate controlled units because they will be beneficial to rent if you are planning to rent a storage unit for several months. You can see more information on climate controlled storage here and here, but items such as electronics, art, paintings, photos and wine should be stored in a climate controlled unit no matter what area of the country you live in

typically a separate company from regular self storage facilities and operate a bit differently as well. These companies will deliver a mobile storage unit (they can also be called a Pod and Storage Container) to your home and allow you to fill it at anytime. Once you fill it, they will pick it up and either hold the storage unit at their facility or drive it to the location you need it. It is a convenient option to a traditional storage unit or a moving truck.

Units sizes include: 5’ X 5’ 5’ X 10’ 10’ X 10’ 10’ X 15’ 10’ X 20’ 10’ X 30’

DRIVE UP STORAGE UNITS - These units are probably the most common storage units you see when driving down the road. They are arranged in long lines and have doors similar to your garage door.

They have wide aisles so you can easily drive a car or truck directly up to the unit.

OUTDOOR STORAGE UNITS - Outdoor units are exactly that…outdoor. They are subjected to the climate, temperature and elements at all times.

Most people only use outdoor storage for cars, boats, tractors and RV’s. Some will be similar to a car park with a roof overhead while others may just be a parking lot outside. They are convenient for large vehicles but are not designed for much else, especially your art or wine collection.

MOBILE STORAGE UNITS - These are the units you see parked in the front of a person’s house when they are moving or renovating. Mobile storage is

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE

IDES351 PROJECT 2

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH

bridge, n. a structure spanning and providing passage over a river, chasm, road, or the like. a connecting, transitional, or intermediate route or phase between two adjacent elements, activities, conditions, or the like cul¡vert, n. a tunnel carrying a stream or open drain under a road or railroad.

-LINs are landscape surfaces associated with systems including easements, setbacks, and rightof-way associated with transportation, electric transmissions, oil and gas pipelines, waterways, and railways -There are more than 590,000 bridges associated with the networks of the U.S., highway intersections, ramps, and cossings -LINs need to be adaptively redesigned to meet the changing needs of future transportation modes and energy production and consumption, and have the potential to be reused for socially and ecologically reconnecting increasingly deconcentrated populations

infrastructure, n.

1. the system of public works of a country, state, or region 2. the underlying foundation or basic framework (of a system or organization) includes: roads, bridges, dames, water and sewer systems, railways and subways, airports, and harbors Types of Infrastructure: 1. Transportation - roads, trains, airport 2. Energy - power lines 3. Water - streams, water treatment 4. Safety and Resilience - police departments 5. Health and Education - public universities, city owned community centers 6. Public Space - parks and recreation, sidewalks Government Owned Buildings: Street Maintenance 949 W Bond Ste 200 Urban Development 808 P St. Old City Hall 920 O St. LES 1040 O St. Aging 1005 O St. 233 Building 233 S 10th St. Pershing Center 266 Centennial Mall South K Street Complex 440 S 8th St. Star Tran 710 J St. Co/Ci Building 555 s 10th St. 9th & J St. Building 555 S 9th St. Mental Health 825 J St. Hall of Justice 575 S 10th St. Court House Plaza 633 s 9th St. Corrections 605 S 10th St. Drivers Testing Station 500 West O st.

Cooperative Extension / Weed Control 444 Cherrycreek Rd. Youth services Center 1200 Radcliffe St.

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE CATALOGUE

1

4

2

5

3

6

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE CATALOGUE

7

10

8

11

9

12

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE CATALOGUE

13

16

14

17

15

18

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE CATALOGUE

19

22

20

23

21

24

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE CATALOGUE

25

28

26

29

27

30

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE CATALOGUE

31

34

32

35

33

36

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE CATALOGUE

37

40

38

41

39

42

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE CATALOGUE

43

46

44

47

45

48

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE CATALOGUE

49

52

50

53

51

54

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE CATALOGUE

55

58

56

59

57

60

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE CATALOGUE

61

64

62

65

63

66

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE CATALOGUE

67

70

68

71

69

72

N/A

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

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LANDSCAPE OF IN BRIDGE MAP

1

2

3 4

14 15 5

6

10

9

12

71

16 17 18 19

7

8

73

13

11

20 21

75

22

72 52

29

27

30

51

26

25

5

28

31

32 34 33

35

36

37

39

40

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NFRASTRUCTURE 67

OF LINCOLN

64

65

66

63 62 61 60

23

59

24

58

53

57 56 55 54

1

70

50 49

48 47 46

43

44 45

69 38

42

41

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

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LANDSCAPE OF IN

BRIDGE

BRIDGE NUMBER

DATE BUILT + REMODELED

LENGTH

WIDTH

USE

OVER

1

W Cummings @ NW 41ST

LOCATION

1986

177

30

Vehicle

Water

LIGHTS Few

2

Air Park RD @ NW 41ST

1999

182

30

Vehicle

Water

Few

3

W Mathis @ NW 41ST

1995

182

30

Vehicle

Water

Yes

4

NW 12TH @ West Adams

1975

311

52

Vehicle

Road

Few

5

N 1ST @ Cornhusker Hwy

1979

191

51

Vehicle

Water

Few

6

Charleston ST @ I180

1935

181

22

Vehicle

Water

No

7

Charleston ST @ I180

1935

181

22

Vehicle

Water

No

8

Charleston ST @ I180

1935

181

22

Vehicle

Water

No

9

Line Drive @ Sunvalley Blvd.

2000

281

45

Vehicle

Water

Yes

10

Charleston ST @ I180

1935

181

22

Vehicle

Water

No

11

N 10th ST @ Y ST

1992

555

12

Pedestrian

Multiple

Yes

12

Haymarket

2002

540

27.9

Pedestrian

Multiple

Yes

13

N 10th ST @ Military RD

1996

363

30

Vehicle

Water

Few Few

14

N 14th ST @ Saunders ST

1968

217

44

Vehicle

Water

15

N 14th ST @ Virginia ST

1991

303

45

Vehicle

Water

Yes

16

Military @ N Antelope Valley

2006

179

62

Vehicle

Water

Few

17

Big X North Leg

2006

198

115.8

Vehicle

Railway

Few

18

Big X East Leg

2007

1090

105

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes

19

Holdrege ST @ N 18TH ST

1936 // 2010

150

12

Pedestrian

Railway

No

20

Big X South Leg

2006

102

113

Vehicle

Multiple

Few

21

Y ST @ N 17th ST

2006

116

54

Vehicle

Water

Yes

22

Vine @ N 19th ST

2006

92

66

Vehicle

Multiple

Few

23

Lincoln 27th @ Leighton

1984

1234

56.4

Vehicle

Road

Yes

24

N 27th & W ST

2009

360

14

Pedestrian

Road

No

25

W O ST @ Sun Valley BLVD

1993

372

63

Vehicle

Water

Yes

1935 // 2007

1867

56

Vehicle

Railway

Yes

1991

352

35

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes

26

West O ST @ 7th ST

27

Capital Parkway West

28

Lincoln L ST @ J ST

1991

3314

35

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes

29

Lincoln K ST @ J ST

1987

3199

35

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes

30

Lincoln A @ S ST

2003

217

36

Vehicle

Water

Few

31

Lincoln A @ 3rd ST

2003

852

36

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes

32

SJCT US77//NEB HWY 2

1971

202

30

Vehicle

Water

No

33

300'W of W Prospector PL

1936 // 2013

143

12

Pedestrian

Water

No

34

JCT US77/N2 .1 SW

1992

128

77

Vehicle

Road

Few

35

Lincoln Folsom over Hanes Branch VD

1986

147

32

Vehicle

Multiple

Few

36

Park Blvd @ S 1st St.

1947 // 1963

200

25.8

Vehicle

Multiple

Few

37

US 77

2006

120

40

Vehicle

Water

No

38

S 27th @ NE HW 2

1996

288

10

Pedestrian

Multiple

No

39

S 14th and Old Cheney

2004

209

10

Pedestrian

Road

No

40

1st St @ Cardwell Branch

1937

51

19

Vehicle

Land

No

41

S 56th @ Old Cheney Rd

42

S 48th ST @ Nebraska HWY 2

1976

43

52

Vehicle

Multiple

Few

1955 // 1982

62

67

Vehicle

Multiple

Few

43 44

Lincoln Sheridan @ 33rd

1934

136

40.9

Vehicle

Bike Path

No

Lincoln Sheridan @ 33rd

1934

136

22

Vehicle

Bike Path

No

45

S 70th St @ Holmes Prk Rd

1986

71

68

Vehicle

Multiple

46

S 40th St. @ Normal Blvd

1958

72

32

Vehicle

Water

47

South St. @ S 37th St.

1935 // 2011

113

44

Vehicle

Water

48

Garfield St @ S 29th St.

1935

54

12.1

Pedestrian

Road

No

49

J St @ S 24th St.

1959 // 2008

102

34

Vehicle

Water

Yes

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52

No No No

50

N St. @ S 21st St

2008

188

36

Vehicle

Water

Yes

51

O St. @ 21st St.

2009

1867

56

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes

52

P St. @ 21st St.

2006

166

34

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes

53

N 48th St. @ Y st.

1990

125

10

Pedestrian

Multiple

No

19

Holdrege ST @ N 18TH ST

20

Big X South Leg

150

12

Pedestrian

Railway

No

2006

102

113

Vehicle

Multiple

Few

21

Y ST @ N 17th ST

2006

116

54

Vehicle

Water

Yes

22

Vine @ N 19th ST

2006

92

66

Vehicle

Multiple

Few

23

Lincoln 27th @ Leighton

1984

1234

56.4

Vehicle

Road

Yes

24

N 27th & W ST

2009

360

14

Pedestrian

Road

25 O ST @ Sun Valley IDES351WPROJECT 2 BLVD

1993

372

63

Vehicle

1935 // 2007

1867

56

Vehicle

Railway

Yes

1991

352

35

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes

26

West O ST @ 7th ST

27

Capital Parkway West

NFRASTRUCTURE

E DATA

1936 // 2010

Water SPRING

No

2019

Yes

28

Lincoln L ST @ J ST

1991

3314

35

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes

29

Lincoln K ST @ J ST

1987

3199

35

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes

30

Lincoln A @ S ST

2003

217

36

Vehicle

Water

Few

31

Lincoln A @ 3rd ST

2003

852

36

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes

32

SJCT US77//NEB HWY 2

1971

202

30

Vehicle

Water

No

33

300'W of W Prospector PL

1936 // 2013

143

12

Pedestrian

Water

No

34

JCT US77/N2 .1 SW

1992

128

77

Vehicle

Road

Few

35

Lincoln Folsom over Hanes Branch VD

1986

147

32

Vehicle

Multiple

Few

36

Park Blvd @ S 1st St.

1947 // 1963

200

25.8

Vehicle

Multiple

Few

37

US 77

2006

120

40

Vehicle

Water

No

38

S 27th @ NE HW 2

1996

288

10

Pedestrian

Multiple

No

39

S 14th and Old Cheney

2004

209

10

Pedestrian

Road

No

40

1st St @ Cardwell Branch

1937

51

19

Vehicle

Land

No

41

S 56th @ Old Cheney Rd

42

S 48th ST @ Nebraska HWY 2

1976

43

52

Vehicle

Multiple

Few

1955 // 1982

62

67

Vehicle

Multiple

Few

43 44

Lincoln Sheridan @ 33rd

1934

136

40.9

Vehicle

Bike Path

No

Lincoln Sheridan @ 33rd

1934

136

22

Vehicle

Bike Path

No

45

S 70th St @ Holmes Prk Rd

1986

71

68

Vehicle

Multiple

No

46

S 40th St. @ Normal Blvd

1958

72

32

Vehicle

Water

No

1935 // 2011

113

44

Vehicle

Water

No

1935

54

12.1

Pedestrian

Road

No

1959 // 2008

102

34

Vehicle

Water

Yes

47

South St. @ S 37th St.

48

Garfield St @ S 29th St.

49

J St @ S 24th St.

50

N St. @ S 21st St

2008

188

36

Vehicle

Water

Yes

51

O St. @ 21st St.

2009

1867

56

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes Yes

52

P St. @ 21st St.

2006

166

34

Vehicle

Multiple

53

N 48th St. @ Y st.

1990

125

10

Pedestrian

Multiple

No

54

Lincoln 66th @ Q

1996

62

60

Vehicle

Water

No

55

Lincoln Vine @ Cotner

1959 // 1997

54

60

Vehicle

Water

No

56

Lincoln Cotner @ Vine

1960 // 1997

55

60

Vehicle

Water

No

57

N 64th St. @ X St.

1987

120

23

Vehicle

Water

No

58

Francis St. @ N 52nd St.

1959

60

44.2

Vehicle

Water

No

59

N 48th St @ Garland St

1957

60

42.5

Vehicle

Water

No

60

Lincoln Huntington @ 35th

1972

117

61

Vehicle

Water

No

61

N 27th St @ Fairfield St

1985

384

67

Vehicle

Water

Yes

62

N 27th St @ Fairfield St

1985

384

67

Vehicle

Water

Yes

63

N 48th St @ Cornhusker

1935

136

42

Train

Road

No

64

Superior St @ N 40th St.

1975

293

49

Vehicle

Water

Few

65

Havelock Ave @ N 58th St

1938

259

24

Train

Road

No

66

.6 N Adams St & N 84th St

1998

118

10

Pedestrian

Road

No

67

Fletcher Ave @ N 84th St.

1948

26

23.7

Vehicle

Water

No

1977

301

28

Vehicle

Water

No

68

1 Mi N Cornhusker HW & N 70th

69

Does Not Exist

70

E Conrhusker & 70th St

Pedestrian

Road

No

71

Sun Valley Blvd

Train

Multiple

No

72

Sun Valley Blvd

Train

Multiple

No

73

Sun Valley Blvd

Vehicle

Railway

No

74

Does Not Exist

75

N 10th ST @ Y ST

Vehicle

Multiple

Yes

1993

746

36

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

LANDSCAPE OF IN

BRIDG

RAILROAD

VEHICLE

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

NFRASTRUCTURE

GE USE

PEDESTRIAN

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

LANDSCAPE OF IN

COMMON BRIDG

USE

LIGHTS

VEHICLE 79.5%

TRAIN 5.5%

NO 47.9%

PEDESTRIAN 15.1%

LIGHTS NO FEW YES

0

10

20

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

30

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

NFRASTRUCTURE

GE TYPOLOGIES

OVER 40

30

FEW 23.3%

20

10 YES 28.8% 0

40

50

WATER

ROAD

60

RAILWAY

MULTIPLE

LAND

BIKE PATH

70

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

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LANDSCAPE OF IN

LENGTH

LENGTH AVERAGE = 378’ EXTRA SMALL <45’

SMALL 46’-100’

67

40

41

LARGE 201’-1000’

EXTRA LARGE >1001’

20

32

18

48

49

39

23

55

47

14

26

56

21

30

51

58

60

65

29

59

66

9

28

42

37

38

54

57

64

45

53

68

46

34

15

22

43

4

44

27

63

24

33

13

35

25

19

61

52

62

1

12

16

11

6

75

2

31

MEDIUM 101’-200’

3 50 5 17 36

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

NFRASTRUCTURE

H DATA

LENGTH

LIGHTS

3000’

YES

1500’

FEW

0

NO

0

75

LENGTH x WIDTH 125

100

75

50

25

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

3000

59

IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE TYPOGRAPHY FIGURE/GROUND

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE EIDETIC IMAGE

The underside of bridges are commonly viewed as a scary place where crime may occur. This perception is especially prevalent during evening hours where lighting is limited. At the same time, bridges can also provide shelter to the homeless. How can designers make positive use out of this wasted landscape? Do bridges have to be a dark and feared place during the night? This image challenges the norms of how the wasted landscape of a bridge can provide a positive space for the public.

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SPRING 2019

LANDSCAPE OF IN

BRIDGE USE

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NFRASTRUCTURE

E COLLAGE

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LANDSCAPE OF IN

BRIDGES ALON

15

17 21 52 50 16 47 20 22 51 49

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46

64

IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

NFRASTRUCTURE

NG STREAM

45

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

65

49

60 47

54 45 42

46

58 59

2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1947 1946 1945 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930

66

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

21 20 22 66

37 34 53 57

16 2 5

200

12 11

50 3 1 6 100

31

51 18 23

39 17 30 32 14 36

41 48 40

67 0

4

9 38 15 68 64 65

24 13 25 27 62

28 29 3500

vehicle pedestrian train

52 35 19 33 43

SPRING 2019 IDES351 PROJECT 2

LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE TIMELINE

26

75

44 63

55 56

IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE MATERIALITY, VOLUME, AXONOMETRIC

Steel Truss & Wood

Concrete Girder

Concrete Slab

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE TYPOLOGIES

Large Girder Bridge (vehicle)

Medium Truss Bridge (pedestrian)

Small Girder Bridge (vehicle)

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE PLANS & ELEVATIONS

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LANDSCAPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alan Berger, “Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America,” Princeton Architectural Press.

“City of Lincoln Bridge Map.” InterLinc: City of Lincoln: Fire & Rescue Department. https://www. lincoln.ne.gov/aspx/both/gis/lincolnbridges/ default.aspx.

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

SPRING 2019

71

IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

LANDSCAPE OF OBSOLESCENCE

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IDES351 PROJECT 2

SPRING 2019

LANDSCAPE OF OBSOLESCENCE - (n) Site locations pertaining to objects that are no longer in use or have retired.

There are many examples of types of sites that are waste landscapes of obsolescence. They can be defined as landfills, recycling centers, automobile junkyards, recycling drop offs, garbage collection services, water management centers, and thrift stores. For the scope of this project, we focused on studying sites of landfills, automobile junkyards, and recycling centers in Lincoln, NE.

and businesses and takes them to a transfer station. The transfer station takes them to landfills, recycling centers, compost sites, and waste to energy plants. Waste to energy plants use waste and coverts to electricity which ends up in homes and businesses. The recycling centers take the materials to manufacturing facilities and they convert the materials to products that end up in stores which then end up back in homes and businesses. Users can take old vehicles to automobile junkyards or landfills. The automobile junkyards recycle old parts to go back into vehicles which go back to homes.

This map describes the cycle of garbage and recycling process. The garbage collection service picks up garbage, recyclable materials, and food waste from homes, recycle drop offs,

FOOD WASTE BUSINESSES COMPOST SITES HOMES

LANDFILLS

VEHICLES GARBAGE COLLECTION SERVICES GARBAGE

AUTOMOBILE JUNKYARDS

TRANSFER STATIONS

RECYCLING DROP OFFS

RECYCLABLE MATERIALS

MANUFACTURING FACILITIES

RECYCLING CENTERS

STORES

WASTE TO ENERGY PLANTS

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SITE MAPS 6

5

4

2

3

1

LANDFILLS

6

5

4

2

3

1

RECYCLE CENTERS

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GARBAGE COLLECTION SERVICES

AUTOMOBILE JUNKYARDS

6

5

4

2

3

These map shows all of the landfills, recycling centers, automobile junkyards, recycling drop offs, and garbage collection services in Lincoln.

The ones with numbers represent the 6 sites that we did site analysis of. We choose two recycling centers, two landfills, and two automobile junkyards. Many of the sites were close to corn-husker highway, so we showed it bolder than other roads to show hierarchy.

1

RECYCLE DROP OFFS

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SITE DIAGRAM

Lincoln Landfill 6001 Bluff Rd, Lincoln, NE 68517

Lincoln Small Vehical Transfer 5101 N 48th St, Lincoln, NE 68504

Recycle Link 4600 N 48th St, Lincoln, NE 68504

Star City Auto Salvage 2705 N 33rd St, Lincoln, NE 68504

Larryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Auto Recycling 2035 Yolande Ave, Lincoln, NE 68521

Mid America Recycling 440 J St, Lincoln, NE 68508

Capital City 100 W P St, Lincoln, NE 68528

Nebraska Recycling Lincoln Solid Waste 3140 N St, Lincoln, NE 68510

17 Gateway Mall, Lincoln, NE 68505

American Recycling 5001 S 16th St, Lincoln, NE 68512

Alter Trading Recycling 6100 N 70th St, Lincoln, NE 68507

Four Brothers Inc 5440 N 70th St, Lincoln, NE 68507

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MATERIALS AND STRUCTURE DIAGRAM

Steel Rafter Ridge Monitor Steel Purlin

Insulation Steel Column

Personal Door Steel Roll-Up Door Vinyl Siding

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LANDSCAPE OF EXCHANGE

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LANDSCAPE OF EXCHANGE

Abandoned malls and retail centers left behind by new waves of development BRIEF Retail vacancy is on the rise in Lincoln which means there is opportunity for change. There are three main types of exchange points in relation to retail spaces. These include indoor/outdoor shopping malls, strip malls and big box stores.

HISTORY Lincoln’s retail landscape has evolved with the trends throughout history. Large scale retail companies have been prevalent in the area for over a century. The department store boom began in 1880 with the construction of the Miller and Paine department store, built on the corner of 12th and O Street, and Herpolsheimer’s at 11th and O Street.

DEPARTMENT STORES Although traditional department stores were on the rise for many years, we see the trend taking a downhill turn. Studies have shown that this is due to the fact that department stores don’t provide shoppers with the most convenient shopping experience, because they don’t have the variety that people are looking for. This lack of variety, coupled with the idea that most department stores sell the same kinds of products from one to the other, are two large factors that contributed to their decline in sales.

Sears

JCPenney

Dillard’s

SALES (IN BILLIONS)

Macy’s

2007

Department Store Decline

2017

Miller and Paine Building; Lincoln NE

Herpolsheimer’s; Lincoln NE

Retail Map; Lincoln, NE

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LANDSCAPE OF EXCHANGE BIG BOX STORES Traditional department stores with large windows, unique architecture and intricate details became a thing of the past once big box stores came about in the late 1980’s. These structures provide maximum amounts of space in generic building shells. Big box stores gained popularity because of their cost-efficient designs and short construction time lines.

MALLS Shopping malls are beginning to decline. The large department stores are beginning to go out of business, which directly affects malls as a whole.

The large department stores within malls were designed to serve as “anchor stores”, which helped with circulation through the mall and provided reference points when navigating the space.

(MINOR RETAIL)

(CIRCULATION)

Mall Circulation (ANCHOR)

(ANCHOR)

(FOOD COURT)

Big Box Store Anatomy

Mall Taxonomy

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LANDSCAPE OF EXCHANGE PARKING MINIMUM SQ. FT

100 INT.

:

81 EXT.

Parking Lot to Retail Ratio

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LANDSCAPE OF EXCHANGE

1825 Arnold Constable opens its first small dry goods store on Pine Street in New York City. It is named the first American department store.

1858 Rowland Hussey Macy founded Macy’s as a dry goods store.

1857 Arnold Constable relocated into a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House.

1869 Arnold Constable rapidly outgrew the Marble House and erected a cast-iron building on Broadway and Nineteenth Street.

1894 Major stores competed for Christmas sales with elaborate window displays.

1880’s New York’s retail

1988 The first Walmart supercenter opens.

1995 Walmart had 239 Supercenters.

2017 Walmart has 6,363 international stores.

1962 The first Walmart Discount City opens in Rogers, Arkansas

center moved, creating a stretch of shops called the “Ladies Mile”.

Meijer opens their first superstore in Grand Rapids Michigan introducing the global market to the Big Box format.

Time line of Department Store Evolution

The time line above shows the evolution of department stores throughout history. From the first recorded department store in 1825 to the first Walmart Discount City in 1962, we see a similar trend in the growth of department stores.

The architecture is one of a kind. From the large windows designed to draw shoppers in, to the unique architectural details that are specific and unique to each company. This trend starts to become abandoned in 1988 with the opening of the first Walmart Supercenter, which kicked off the big box craze.

FUTURE The future landscape of retail is projected to shift away from the traditional model that we see today. In order to be successful, retailers must give people something to do other than shop. The idea that shopping is the activity is no longer valid. With the rise in online shopping making it easier and quicker to purchase everyday necessities with the click of a button, brick and mortar retailers need to focus on transforming the shopping experience.

Future success for malls will rely on them adopting the idea of designing for people and reformatting the current retail landscape into something more experiential.

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RESOURCES “The History of Department Stores.” Discussion - The History of Department Stores. January 26, 2019. Accessed March 07, 2019. http://www. departmentstorehistory.net/.

“Big Box Retail Construction | General Contractor | Columbus.” Construction One. Accessed March 07, 2019. http://www.constructionone.com/projects/bigbox/.

Santa Clara City Code. Accessed March 07, 2019. https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/ElkGrove/html/ ElkGrove23/ElkGrove2358.html#23.58.04 “The Origins of 11 Big Box Stores.” Mental Floss.

November 25, 2011. Accessed March 07, 2019. http:// mentalfloss.com/article/29336/origins-11-big-boxstores.

“Modeling Consumer Perception of Public Space in Shopping Centers.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Accessed March 07, 2019. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ abs/10.1177/00139169921971994?casa “Leading 100 American Retailers Based on U.S. Retail Sales 2017 | Statistic.” Statista. Accessed March 07, 2019. https://www.statista.com/statistics/195992/usaretail-sales-of-the-top-50-retailers/.

The Future of Shopping Centers - Article - A.T. Kearney.

Accessed March 07, 2019. https://www.atkearney.com/ retail/article?/a/the-future-of-shopping-centers-article.

McKEE, JIM. “Jim McKee: The Rise and Demise of Lincoln-owned Department Stores.” JournalStar.com.

November 17, 2013. Accessed March 07, 2019. https://journalstar.com/news/local/jim-mckee-therise-and-demise-of-lincoln-owned-department/ article_150e990b-fad9-5ebb-a680-82634903f5eb.html.

“The Herpolsheimer Company.” Nebraska Library Commission Blog. December 20, 2016. Accessed March 07, 2019. http://nlcblogs.nebraska.gov/ nlcblog/2016/12/20/the-herpolsheimer-company/.

Danziger, Pamela N. “The Fall Of The Mall And How To Make Them Rise Again.” Forbes. October 15, 2018.

Accessed March 07, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/pamdanziger/2018/10/14/ the-fall-of-the-mall-and-three-ways-to-make-them-riseagain/#4eb746e52a26.

“Why Department Stores Are in Danger, in 3 Charts.”

Fortune. Accessed March 07, 2019. http://fortune. com/2017/02/21/department-stores-decline-charts/.

“Number of Shopping Malls in the U.S. by Size | Statistic.” Statista. Accessed March 07, 2019. https:// www.statista.com/statistics/208108/shopping-centersin-the-us-by-size/.

“Projected Amazon Annual Total Revenue 2022 | Statistic.” Statista. Accessed March 07, 2019. https:// www.statista.com/statistics/745091/annual-netrevenue-of-amazon/.

“U.S. Department Store Sales (excl. Leased Departments) 1992-2016 | Statistic.” Statista.

Accessed March 07, 2019. https://www.statista.com/ statistics/197712/annual-department-store-sales-inthe-us-since-1992/.

“Taming the Big Box.” Building Design Construction.

April 01, 2005. Accessed March 07, 2019. https://www. bdcnetwork.com/taming-big-box.

“Read @ATKearney: The Future of Shopping Centers.”

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LANDSCAPES OF CONTAMINATION

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LANDSCAPES OF CONTAMINATION WASTE LANDSCAPES OF CONTAMINATION According to Alan Berger, waste landscapes of contamination (also known as LOCOs) are sites that have experienced contamination as a result of their previous land use. For interior dross, we defined waste landscapes of contamination as inactive or decommissioned sites due to contamination from various activities on site. In order for these sites to be reactivated (i.e. reestablished), extensive decontamination and/or reclamation must occur.

We have found five (5) typologies of LOCOs: airports, military operations, mining, manufacturing, and storage. All five typologies have been and/ or currently can be found in Lincoln, Nebraska and Lancaster County as a whole. The process of detecting and reporting LOCOs is time-consuming.

Detection of a LOCO site must be done through scientific means (e.g. chemical analysis, core sampling, and computer modeling). This means many LOCOs can remain undetected until citizens or owners of property request Section 128(a) Assessments. Federal law goes further to define Superfund sites, which are uncontrolled or abandoned commercial/industrial/military facilities with hazardous waste. Only one site in Lancaster County has made the EPAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Superfund list, the National Priorities List (NPL). However, the aforementioned site has been decontaminated since being listed. One barrier to researching sites

in Lancaster County is the lack of information. The EPA website is not updated regularly due to the lack of appropriations funding. Another term for LOCOs is brownfields; for the purpose of interior dross, brownfields are defined as a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination.

THE EPA RECEIVED 0.2% OF THE TOTAL US FEDERAL BUDGETARY RESOURCES FOR FY 2018.

SUPERFUNDS RECEIVED ONLY $1.5 B in FY 2018.

EPA OBJECT CLASSES GRANTS AND FIXED CHARGES 41.8%

CONTRACTUAL SERVICES 25.3%

PERSONNEL COMPENSATION 21.2%

UNKNOWN 10.2%

* ACQUISITIONS AND ASSETS

OTHER 0.6%

ACQ.* 0.6%

EPA APPROPRIATIONS IN FY18 MILITARY OPERATIONS

TYPOLOGIES IN LINCOLN AREA

RTS

PO

AIR

NG

NI

Collage of Lincoln building and potential effects below ground.

MANUFACTURING

STORAGE

MI

LOCOs Typologies in Lincoln area.

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LANDSCAPES OF CONTAMINATION MAJOR TAKEAWAYS * There is not enough federal funding being provided for these issues. * Brownfield sites closer to major cities are being funded by the state and are being fixed at a faster rate then sites farther out of city limits. * Many sites have been fixed to date however, there are many sites that could potentially be contaminated in the future. That being mainly airports, mining sites, military operations buildings, manufacturing plants, chemical plants, etc. * With technology like bioremediation and phytoremediation , we as a society can be proactive when building future potentially hazardous contaminated sites.

LOCOs Cause and Effect Timeline

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LANDSCAPES OF CONTAMINATION Buildings Must Die: A Perverse View of Architecture Jane Jacobs and Excerpts available via Canvas Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America Alan Berger Available via Canvas In the Mood for Landscape Victoria Di Palma Available via Canvas Petrochemical America Richard Misrach and Kate Orff Available via Canvas “Landmarks Timeline.”

American Chemical Society. Accessed February 2019. https://www.acs. org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/ landmarks/landmarks-timeline.html

“Phytoremediation Plants Used to Clean Contaminated Soil.”

Countryside Network.

May 21, 2018. Accessed February 2019. https:// countrysidenetwork.com/daily/growing/soilcompost/phytoremediation-plants-used-to-cleancontaminated-soil/ “Superfund Cleanup Process.” EPA. October 24, 2018. Accessed February 2019. https://www.epa. gov/superfund/superfund-cleanup-process “Superfund History.” EPA. November 26, 2018.

Accessed February 2019. https://www.epa.gov/ superfund/superfund-history “Manufacturing Timeline.” Department of Energy.

Accessed February 2019. https://www.energy.gov/ eere/amo/timeline/manufacturing-timeline

Drosscape; Alan Berger; Rocky Mountain Steel Mills CO

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LANDSCAPES OF CONTAMINATION

Past LOCOs in Lincoln area.

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LANDSCAPES OF CONTAMINATION

Present LOCOs in Lincoln area.

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LANDSCAPES OF CONTAMINATION

Potential future LOCOs in Lincoln area.

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LANDSCAPES OF CONTAMINATION

Potential future LOCOs in Lincoln area.

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TAXONOMIES

’

’

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Grain Storage

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’ 40

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Military Operations

’

Airplane Hangar

’ 20

40

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0’

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’

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’

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’ 30

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Manufacturing Plant

Mining Scale N/A

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GLOSSARY ANCHOR TENANT a considerably larger tenant in a shopping mall, often a department store or retail chain.

BIG-BOX STORE a large chain store having a boxlike structure; is a physically large retail establishment, usually part of a chain of stores.

BIOREMEDIATION the treatment of pollutants or waste (as in an oil spill, contaminated groundwater, or an industrial process) by the use of microorganisms (such as bacteria) that break

EPA Environmental Protection Agency FEDERAL FUNDING money provided by the US government GRAIN ELEVATOR a building for elevating, storing, discharging, and sometimes processing grain GRAIN SILO A silo is a tall, round, metal tower on a farm, in which grass, grain, or some other substance is stored.

BRIDGE a structure spanning and providing passage over a river, chasm, road, or the like. a structure spanning and providing passage over a river, chasm, road, or the like. a connecting, transitional, or intermediate route or phase between two adjacent elements, activities, conditions, or the like. a connecting, transitional, or intermediate route or phase between two adjacent elements, activities, conditions, or the like

HANGAR a covered and usually enclosed area for housing and repairing aircraft

BROWNFIELD a former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination

L.O CONTAMINATION Sites that have experienced contamination due to previous land use

BROWNFIELD a tract of land that has been developed for industrial purposes, polluted, and then abandoned

LOCO’S Landscapes of Contamination

CHEMICAL PLANT a factory that produces or processes chemicals CULVERT a tunnel carrying a stream or open drain under a road or railroad.

CUTBACK a reduction in something, such as the number of workers in a company or the amount of money a government or company spends DECONTAMINATED to make (an object or area) safe for unprotected personnel by removing, neutralizing, or destroying any harmful substance, as radioactive material or poisonous gas.

DROSS “waste”, something that is trivial or inferior DROSSCAPE the inevitable wasted landscapes within urban areas

HITHERTO until now or until the point in time under discussion.

INSIDE VOIDS Spread throughout development, serve as social (privacy and entertainment), circulation, and recreational needs of its inhabitants

L.O INTERIOR CONTAMINATION Buildings that have been decommissioned or inactive based on contamination from previous land use.

L.O EXCHANGE “Abandoned malls and retail centers left behind by new waves of development L.O. OBSOLESCENCE a covered and usually enclosed area for housing and repairing aircraft L.O TRANSITION Landscapes bought at lower prices and used as placeholders until property value goes up to build higher revenue buildings MALL a large enclosed shopping area from which traffic is excluded MANUFACTURING PLANT a plant consisting of one or more buildings with facilities for manufacturing

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GLOSSARY NPL National Priorities List; is the list of sites of national priority among the known releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants throughout the United States and its territories. The NPL is intended primarily to guide the EPA in determining which sites warrant further investigation.

OBFUSCATED confusing

to

be

evasive,

unclear,

or

OUTSIDE VOIDS Encircle enclave as buffers and separators from adjacent development PERIPHERY the outer limits or edge of an area or object.

PHYTOREMEDIATION a process of decontaminating soil or water by using plants and trees to absorb or break down pollutants.

RECREATION spirits: diversion

Refreshments of strength and

RETAILTAINMENT a commercially-designed experience intended to combine entertainment and retail SCAPE escape, or a view of a scene (resurfaced or reprogrammed) STEELFRAME BUILDING Building frame systems where the vertical and horizontal structural elements are formed by a system of structural steel beams and columns. The range of available shapes and sizes allows virtually any architectural requirement to be met.

STRIP MALL a long one-story building or group of buildings housing several adjacent retail stores or service establishments SUPERFUND a large fund set up to finance an expensive program or project.

SYNTHETIC Devised, arranged or fabricated for special situations to imitate or replace usual realities TERRAIN VAGUE geographic area not clearly defined

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