Final Project management by Erna Looi

PROJ ECTMANAGEMENTMGT60704

ASSI GNMENT2

FI NALPROJ ECTMANAGEMENTREPORT

NAME:ERNAL OOITENG YAN STUDENTI D:0328087 TUTOR:MR.EMMANUELO.CANLAS

TABLE OF CONTENT 1. 0THEPROJ ECT

1. 1Pr oj ectBr i ef 1. 2Pr opos edPr ogr ammes 1. 3Pr oj ectObj ec ves 1. 4Pr oj ectGoal s 1. 5Pr oj ectCl i ent 1. 6Pr oj ectSt akehol der s

2. 0SI TEANAL YSI S

5. 0RI SKMANAGEMENTAND PLANNI NG 5. 1Ri s kAnal ys i s 5. 2Mai nt enanceSt r at egy

6. 0PROJ ECTDELI VERY

6. 1Succes sCr i t er i a 6. 2Wor kBr eakdownSt r uct ur e( WBS) 6. 3Gan Char t

2. 1Si t eI nt r oduc on 2. 2SWOTAnal ys i s 2. 3PESTLEAnal ys i s

3. 0PROJ ECTANAL YSI S 3. 1Des i gnSui t abi l i t y 3. 2Pr oj ectVi abi l i t y

4. 0PROJ ECTPROCUREMENTAND PLANNI NG 4. 1Pr oj ectPr ocur ement 4. 2Res our cePl anni ng

1. 0 The Pr oj ect 1. 1Pr oj ectBr i ef Thecl i entoft hi spr oj ecti nt endst ocr eat eas pacet hatwi l lactasagat her i ngpoi ntf ort hel ocalcommuni t y .Thepr oj ectbr i ef ai mst ocr eat eapl acet hatoﬀer soppor t uniesf ort hepeopl eoft heci t yt oexchangedi ﬀer entcul t ur esi nt hef or m ofar t , l anguage,andmor e.

1. 2Pr opos edPr ogr amme Kar at ,Theci t y’ sar chi ve,J ohorBahr u. Thepr opos edpr oj ecti st ocr eat eanan quesf ocus edcent r et oal l ow t hepeopl eoft heci t yt oexchangecul t ur esandal s ot o br i ngbackt heor i gi nales s enceoft heexi s ngan quesmar ket .Thepr oj ectai mst ot r acebackt ot her oot sofPas arKar atus i ngi t asamedi um t oal l ow t hepeopl eoft heci t yt ovi ew t heci t yt hr oughadi ﬀer entper s pec ve.Thecent r ewi l lal s oactasan an queseduca onhubf ort hevendor st oal l ow t hem t ol ear nhow t oper s onal i z eandmodi f ys econdhandi t emsandan quest o cr eat emor el ocal i z ei t emsf ors al eatt heexi s ngmar ket .Theover al lai m oft hepr opos edpr oj ecti st os us t ai nandenhancet he exi s ngcul t ur esoft heci t y .

1. 3Pr oj ectObj ec ves -T opr ovi deeduca ononr epur pos i ngan quesands econdhandi t ems . -T os us t ai nt heexi s ngcul t ur eoft heci t y . -T oac vel yengagewi t ht hel ocalcommuni t y . -T oa r actt our i s t swi t hani den t yofi t sown. -T odel i vert hepr oj ectwi t hi nt hegi ven mef r ame. -T opr oduceagoodqual i t ybui l di ng. -T obeabl et oi den f ypot en alr i s ksi near l ys t agesofpr oj ectandkeepr i s ksundercont r ol . -T obeabl et opl anandu l i s er es our ceswi s el y .

1. 0 The Pr oj ect 1. 4Pr oj ectGoal s Shor tTer m Goal T oens ur et hatpr oj ecti sbei ngdel i ver edi ngoodqual i t yaccor di ngt ocl i ent â&#x20AC;&#x2122; sneedswi t hi nt hepr opos ed mef r ameandt o s t aywi t hi nbudgetwi t houtover whel mi ngamountofext r acos t s . LongTer m Goal T os us t ai nt heexi s ngan quescul t ur eamongt hepeopl eofJ ohorBahr u,cr ea ngal andmar kuni quet oi t sownnamet hus boos ngt hei ncomeofl ocalbus i nes s esandB40baz aarvendor s .

1. 5Pr oj ectCl i ent I SKANDARMALAYSI A Themai ns t akehol deroft hepr oj ecti st hepr oj ectcl i entI s kandarMal ays i a.I s kandarMal ays i ai sar egi onaldevel opment aut hor i t yofJ ohorBahr u.I s kandarMal ays i aai mst oachi eve equali ndi vi dualweal t hf ort hecommuni t yl i vi ngi nI s kandar Mal ays i a.Thust hepr opos aloft hi spr oj ectt oai dt hei r devel opmentpl anf orJ ohorBahr u.

1. 0 The Pr oj ect 1. 6Pr oj ectSt akehol der s St akehol der sar ecl as s i ďŹ edaspeopl e,or gani z a onsorgr oupst hatar econcer nedwi t ht hepr oces sorout comeoft hepr oj ect .The s t akehol der sar epeopl ewhoar eac vel yi nvol vedwi t ht hepr oces soft hepr oj ectors omeonewhohass omet hi ngt ogai norl os e asar es ul toft hepr oj ect . Ext er nalSt akehol der s

MBJ B I WSK

ELAr chi t ect s .

TNB

J QSI nt er nat i onal Sdn.Bhd.

BOMBA SAJ

STEPCons ul t ant s Sdn.Bhd.

I nt er nalSt akehol der s KeySt akehol der I s kandarMal ays i a

J KR FI XELO Sdn.Bhd. Pl antTr ees Sdn.Bhd. RekaBi na Sdn.Bhd.

Vi s i t or s& Cons umer s Local Commni t y I nves t or s

1. 6. 1KeySt akehol der s Thekeys t akehol deroft hi spr oj ecti st hecl i entoft hepr oj ectI s kandarMal ays i a.I s kandarMal ays i ahast hehi ghes ti mpacton t heover al lpr oj ectout comeast heyar et hemai ndeci s i on maker soft hepr oj ect .

1. 0 The Pr oj ect 1. 6. 2I nt er nalSt akehol der s I nt er nals t akehol der sar ei ndi vi dual soror gani z a onst hatar edi r ect l yi nvol vedwi t ht hepr oj ecti t s el f .I nt er nals t akehol der s us ual l yi ncl udest hepr oj ect ’ scl i ent ,member soft hecons ul t antt eam andpr oj ectr eam,cont r act or s ,s ubcont r act or saswel las s i t eper s onnel s .

Pr oj ectTeam

Quant i t ySur veyor

Ar chi t ect

C&SEngi neer

ELAr chi t ect s .

J QSI nt er nat i onalSdn.Bhd.

STEPCons ul t ant sSdn.Bhd.

M&EEngi neer

Lands capeAr chi t ect

or act r Cont

FI XELO Sdn.Bhd.

Pl antTr eesSdn.Bhd.

naSdn.Bhd. RekaBi

1. 6. 3Ext er nalSt akehol der s Ext er nals t akehol der sar epeopl ewhoar enotdi r ect l yi nvol vedi nt hepr oj ecti t s el fbutwi l lbeaﬀect edbyt heout comeor deci s i onsoft hes ai dpr oj ect .Thes eus ual l yi ncl udest hel ocalaut hor ies ,l i cens i ng,pr of es s i onalbodi es ,s t ockhol der s ,l ocal communi t yandt hecus t omer s .

Regul at or y Bodi es

EndUs er

Maj l i sBandar aya J ohorBahr u ( MBJ B)

Syar i kat Bekal anAi r J ohor( SAJ )

Vi s i t or sand Cons umer s

I nves t or s

BOMBA

J abat an Ker j aRaya ( J KR)

T enaga Nas i onal Ber had( TNB)

I ndahWat er Kons or um Sdn. Bhd.( I WK)

LocalCommuni t y

2. 0 Si t eAnal ysi s 2. 1Si t eI nt r oduc on Thegi vens i t ei ss t r at egi cal l yl ocat edi nt heci t ycent r eof J ohorBahr u.I ti sf r ont edbyf ourvehi cul ars t r eet smaki ngi t ani s l ands i t ewi t hhi ghexpos ur et ovehi cl esand pedes t r i ans .Thes i t ewasor i gi nal l yas unkencarpar kwi t ha s l opea eradevel opmentpr oj ectwasabandoned. Thes i t ei ss ur r oundedbyf amoushi s t or i call andmar ksand ol ds hopscr ea nganat mos pher er i chi nhi s t or yand cul t ur e.I ti sal s ol ocat edneardi ďŹ&#x20AC;er entdi s t r i ctf unc ons l i kecommer ci al ,educa on,i ns t u onalandmor ecr ea ng t heneedt ocat ervar i ousgr oupsofpeopl e. Theci t yl obbyi spr opos edatt hi sgi vens i t eduet oi t s s t r at egi cl oca onandat mos pher e.I ti sl ocat edatt hehear t ofJ ohorBahr u,al l owi ngdi ďŹ&#x20AC;er entgr oupsofpeopl et obe abl et ovi s i ti twi t hnol i mi t a ons .Thi spr oj ectai mst oact asaci t yl obbyands er vest hecommuni t yofJ ohorBahr u.

Si t eCondion

Si t eLoca on

Si t eSur r oundi ng

2. 0 Si t eAnal ysi s 2. 2S. W. O. T.Anal ys i s

STRENGTHS -Sur r oundedby4r oadscr ea nghi ghvehi cul ar acces s i bi l i t y . -Hi ghvi s ualexpos ur et opedes t r i ansduet oi s l ands i t e nat ur e. Locat edi nci t ycent r ehencehi ghi nt ens i t yofhuman ac vi t yf r om t our i s t s .

OPPORTUNI TI ES -Pr es enceoft our i s t scr ea ngoppor t uni t yt ogener at e i ncomet hr ought our i s ts al es . -Pr es enceofr i chhi s t or i calbackgr oundofs i t ecr ea ng oppor t uni t yt oconnecthi s t or i cbackgr oundt ocur r ent devel opment .

WEAKNESSES -Hi ghvehi cul arac vi t ys ur r oundi ngs i t ecaus i ngt r aﬃc conges ondur i ngpeakwor ki nghour s . -Lackofhous i ngar easnears i t ecaus i ngt hel ackof per manentl ocalchar act er sons i t e.

THREATS -Hi ghnoi s eandvehi cul ars mokepol l u ont hatmi ght caus eapr obl em t ohumanheal t h. -Lar geamountofhomel es speopl el ur ki ngar ound dur i ngt heni ght . -Fl as hﬂoodsduet oheavyr ai nvol ume.

2. 0 Si t eAnal ysi s 2. 3PESTLEAnal ys i s ThePESTLEAnal ys i si saf r amewor kf oror gani s a onst oanal yz et hekeyf act or st hatwi l li nﬂuenceapr oj ectf r om t heext er nal envi r onment .Thekeyf act or soft heanal ys i si ncl udes :Pol ical ,Economi c,Soci ol ogi cal ,T echnol ogi cal ,LegalandEnvi r onment al .

1.Pol i cal Thecl i entoft hepr oj ect-I s kandarMal ays i a, i sagover nmentpr oj ectunderI s kandarRegi onalDevel opmentAut hor i t y( I RDA) , bas edi nJ ohor .Thepr opos edpr oj ectai mst obr i ngbackt hecul t ur eofanan quesmar kett oal l ow t hel ocalbaz aarvendor st o vent ur ei nt odi ﬀer ents our ceofi ncomegener a onandt oi mpr ovet hes al esoft hel ocalbaz aarvendor s .Ot hert hant hat ,t he pr oj ectal s oai mst obr i ngt hel ocalcommuni t yt oget hert hr ought hean quescul t ur eofJ ohort obr i ngbackt hei den t yoft he now l os tbaz aarkar atcr ea ngamar kett hatwi l la r actt our i s t swi t hani den t yofi t sowni ns t eadofaf akegoodsmar ket .The pr oj ectout comewi l lpos ivel yi mpactt hecommuni t yofJ ohorBahr uai di ngI RDAt of ul ﬁl li t sgoalt opr omot eweal t hs har i ngand i ncl us i venes s .Thepr opos edpr oj ectf al l sundert heI s kandarDevel opmentr egi onandi spar tofadevel opmenti nia vet akenby I RDAt opr omot ei ncl us i venes sanda r actt our i s t s .Ast hi spr oj ecti sbyI s kandarMal ays i a,i twi l lbes uppor t edbyt heI s kandar Regi onalDevel opmentAut hor i t y( I RDA)andt hel ocalgover nment .

2.Economi cal Thepr oj ecti ss t r at egi cal l yl ocat edi nt heci t ycent r eofJ ohorBahr uwi t ht hehi ghi nt ens i t yofhumanac vi t yf r om l ocal sand t our i s t s .I ti sl ocat edamongdi s t r i csofcommer ci al ,i ns t uional ,cul t ur alandr el i gi ousac vieswhi chcr eat esacons t antﬂow of vi s i t or st hr ought hes i t ef ort hei rdai l yac vies .Thi swi l lbeeconomi cal l ybeneﬁci alt ot hecl i entast hehi ghi nt ens i t yofhuman ac vieswi l lal l ow mor evi s i t or st ovi s i tt hecent r eandgener at emor ei ncomef ort hebaz arvendor s .

3.Soci al

J ohorBahr ui smadeupofacommuni t yofdi ﬀer entr acesl i vi nghar moni ous l yt oget her .Thepr opos edpr ogr ammesoft hecent r e needst of ul ﬁl lt heneedsoft heexi s ngcommuni t yasanen t yandnott os egr egat et hem.Bypr opos i ngacul t ur alpr ogr amme t hatal lr acescanpar ci pat eandr el at et o,t hepr oj ectwi l lcompl i mentt heexi s i t ngs oci alcul t ur eons i t eandevenenhancei t .

2. 0 Si t eAnal ysi s 2. 3PESTLEAnal ys i s 4.Technol ogy Locat ednearSi ngapor e,J ohorBahr ui scons t ant l ycat chi ngupwi t hnew t echnol ogi caladvancement ss ot hati twi l lnotf al l behi nd.Theus eofadvancedt echnol ogi esi nt hi spr oj ectal l owst hel ocalcommuniesandt our i s t st obeabl et oexpl or ei nt ot he cul t ur eofan quest hr oughadi ďŹ&#x20AC;er entmedi um.Theus eofar ar el yus edf academat er i ali sappl i edt ot hebui l di ngt oa r act vi s i t or sf r om al lovert heci t yandot hercount r i est ovi s i tt hecent r e.Pas s i vedes i gns t r at egi esar eal s oappl i edt ot hedes i gnt o r educet heover al lcar bonf oot pr i ntoft hebui l di ng,cr ea ngabe erl i vi ngenvi r onmentf ort hepeopl eofJ ohorBahr u.

5.Legal Thes i t ei sl ocat edi naher i t agez oneofJ ohorBahr us ot hebui l di ngst her ehavet oadher et ocer t ai ngui del i nest opr es er vet he exi s i t ngaes t he csoft heher i t agear ea.A6met ers et backf r om t heexi s i t ng5 wal kwayi sr equi r edf r om t hegr oundďŹ&#x201A;oor onwar ds .Thepr opos edbui l di ngcanonl ybebui l tupt o5s t or eyswi t haccor di ngt ot hel ocalaut hor i t y-Maj l i sBandar ayaJ ohor Bahr u( MBJ B) .

6.Envi r onment al Pas s i vedes i gns t r at egi esl i kenat ur al l yven l at edwal kways ,s t ackandcr os sven l a on,nat ur all i gh ngar eappl i edt ot hedes i gn oft hebui l di ngt or educet heover al lcar bonf oot pr i ntoft hebui l di ngs ot hati ti sr es pons i bl et ot heenvi r onment .Mor eover , gr eener i esandpocketpar ksar es pr eadt hr oughoutt hebui l di ngt or educet heheatf r om t hes uncr ea ngacomf or t abl ebui l di ng envi r onmentandt omakeupf ort hel os tgr eener i esoft heus eds pace.

3. 0 Pr oj ectAnal ysi s 3. 1Des i gnSui t abi l i t y 3. 1. 1Cont ext ualRes pons e

CONNECTI ON Thebui l di ngi sdes i gnedwi t ha gr oundﬂoorci r cul a ont hat connect st heexi s ngback al l eyt ot her es toft hes i t e.

DI FFERENTFRONTAGES

BUI LDI NG FACADE

BUI LDI NG GRAI N

The3s i desoft hebui l di ng ar edes i gnedwi t hdi ﬀer ent appr oachest or es pondt ot he mulf unc onals i t e.

Thef acadeoft hebui l di ng paysr es pect st ot he s ur r oundi ngbui l di ngsby havi ngs i mi l arel ement s .

Thegr ai noft hebui l di ng s t ar t sf r om ﬁnegr ai nt o cour s egr ai nasi tgoes upwar ds .

3. 1. 2Pr ogr amma cRes pons e Thepr opos edpr ogr am ofanan quesf ocus edcent r eai mst obr i ngbackt heor i gi nal f adedi den t yofbaz arkar atasanan quesmar keti ns t eadofaf akegoodsmar ket . Bybr i ngi ngbackt hean quescul t ur e,i twi l lal l ow t hepeopl eofJ ohort obondover as i mi l ari nt er es tandal l ow t hel ocalbaz arvendor st ovent ur ei nt oanew di mens i on ofi ncomegener a ont hr ought hes al esofan ques .Thecent r ewi l lal s opr ovi de educa ononan quesr es t or a on,modi ﬁca onandmor et oi mpr ovet hes ki l l soft he baz aarvendor sf ort hem t os us t ai nt hecul t ur eofan ques .

3. 0 Pr oj ectAnal ysi s 3. 2Pr oj ectVi abi l i t y 3. 2. 1Techni calFeas i bi l i t y As t eels t r uct ur als ys t em wi l lbeadopt edi nt hecons t r uc onoft hepr opos edbui l di ng.St eelcons t r uc oni sf as t erandmor ecos t eﬀec vecompar edt oot herbui l di ngmat er i al s .Duet obei ngs ur r oundedbyf ours i desofbui l di ngs ,t hevi s ualwei ghtoft he bui l di ngneedst ober educet onotover whel mi t ss ur r oundi ngshencet heus eofs t eels ec ons .Ot hert hant hat ,t or educet he car bonf oot pr i ntoft hebui l di ng,oper abl el ouvr ewi ndowsar epl acedatt het opofwal l st oal l ow f ors t ackven l a on.Adoubl e s ki nf acadei sadopt edt or educet heheatpenet r a onf r om t hes uns ot hatt hebui l di ngi scool .

3. 2. 2Envi r onment alFeas i bi l i t y Skyl i ght sar ei nt r oducedt hr oughoutt hewal kwaysoft hebui l di ngt oal l ow f ornat ur all i gh ngdur i ngt hedayt or educet heus eof el ect r i ci t y .Thepubl i cwal kwaysconnec ngt hes pacesoft hebui l di ngar eal s onat ur al l yven l at edal l owi ngai rt openet r at e t hr ought hewhol ebui l di ng.Oper abl el ouvr ewi ndowsar eal s ous edi nt hedes i gnoft hebui l di ngt oal l ow s pacest obenat ur al l y ven l at edwheneverpos s i bl et or educet heus eofel et r i ci t yf orai r condioni ngandal s ot or educechl or oﬂur ocar bonemmi s i ons t ot heat mos pher e.

3. 2. 3Soci alFeas i bi l i t y Thepr opos edpr ogr ammehasnor es t r i c onst oacer t ai nus ergr oupal l owi ngt hepeopl eofJ ohorBahr ut obeabl et ocomeal ong andgat herasonewi t hacommonac vi t y .Thr ought hecul t ur eofan ques ,t hepeopl ewi l lbeabl et oexchangei nf or ma onon r es ppec vecul t ur est hr ought hehi s t or i calas pectofan quesal l owi ngoneanot hert ol ear nf r om eachot herandappr eci at eeach ot her ’ sdi ﬀer ences .Thepr opos edpr ogr ammeswi l lal s oenr i cht heknowl edgeoft hel ocalbaz aarvendor sal l owi ngt hem oppor t uniest ogener at ei ncome,i mpr ovi ngt hel i f es t yl eoft hebaz aarvendor s .Bybr i ngi ngbackt hean quescul t ur e,t he exi s ingbaz aarwi l lﬁnaal l yhaveani den t yofi t sowni ns t eadofbei ngknownas“j us tf akegoods ” .Thi swi l lt hena r actmor e t our i s t sandvi s i t or s ,boos ngt heover al leconomi calas pectofJ ohorBahr u.

3. 0 Pr oj ectAnal ysi s 3. 2Pr oj ectVi abi l i t y 3. 2. 4Economi calFeas i bi l i t y

3. 2. 4. 1Schedul eofAccomoda on Bas ementPl an

Fl oor Bas ement

Space Oﬃce St aﬀQuar t er s Ser vi ces St or ageRoom Par ki ngSpace T ot al

Gr oundFl oor

Gr os sFl oorAr ea( m2) 65 40 123 44 1109

Fi r s tFl oor

1427

Wal kways Ki t chens Caf es Ser vi ces T oi l et s Cl i ni c

334 27 66 20 50 30

Wor ks hops Li br ar y Ret ai l

122 70 226

T ot al

Fl oor

1257

Second Fl oor

Gr oundFl oorPl an

Fi r s tFl oorPl an

Space

SecondFl oorPl an

Gr os sFl oorAr ea( m2)

Wor ks hops

108

Showcas e Labs Mulpur pos eHal l

144 90 207

Br eakoutSpace Wal kways T oi l et s T ot al

54 128 50 781

Oﬃces Mulpur pos eHal l Wal kways T oi l et s

108 130 56 50

T ot al Bui l di ngGr os sFl oorAr ea( m2) =Gr oundFl oor+Fi r s tFl oor+SecondFl oor =1257+781+389 =2427m2

389

3. 0 Pr oj ectAnal ysi s 3. 2Pr oj ectVi abi l i t y 3. 2. 4Economi calFeas i bi l i t y 3. 2. 4. 2BudgetCal cul a on

4. 0 Pr oj ectPr ocur ement& Pl anni ng 4. 1Pr oj ectPr ocur ement I nt hecas eoft hi spr oj ect ,t hemet hodofpr oj ectpr ocur ementus edi st heTr adi onalPr ocur ementmet hod.Fort hi smet hodof pr oj ectpr ocur ement ,t hecl i ent-I s kandarMal ays i ai sundert heobl i ga onsoft wos epar at econt r act s ;wi t ht hecons ul t ant sand wi t ht hecont r act or .Thecons ul t ant sar eappoi nt edt obei nchar geoft hedes i gnwor ksandcos tmanagementoft hepr oj ect wher east hecont r act ori sr es pons i bl ef oral lt hecons t r uc onwor ks .Thet r adionalpr ocur ementpr oces st akesmor e me compar edt oot herpr ocur ementmet hodsduet oi t ss equen almet hodol ogy . Thecons ul t antt eam oft hi spr oj ecti sappoi nt edbef or et het ender i ngpr oces st oens ur et hatal lt hedr awi ngsar ecompl et ed bef or et hecommencementoft hecons t r uc on.Bydoi ngt hi s ,t hecl i entwi l lbeabl et oobt ai nacompl et ebi l lofquan es( BQ)t o getacer t ai nt yoncons t r uc oncos tbef or eawar di ngt hecont r act or .Thecons ul t antt eam oft hi spr oj ecti sl edbyt hear chi t ectof t hepr oj ect-ELAr chi t ect s .Theot hercons ul t ant si nvol vedar et hequan t ys ur veyor ,M&EEngi neer ,C&SEngi neerandLans cape Ar chi t ect . As el ec vet ender i ngpr oces swasus edf ort hi spr oj ecti nor dert oappoi ntt hemai ncont r act or .Af ew oft hebes teval uat ed cont r act or st hr oughexper i encewer ei nvi t edf ort het ender i ngpr oces s .Themos tappr opr i at econt r act orwasawar dedt he cont r actwi t ht headvi ceoft hear chi t ectt ot hecl i ent . Thecont r actus edf ort hi spr oj ecti st hePAM Cont r act2006( Wi t hQuan es ) ,al umps um cont r actwi t hquan es .ThePAM Cont r act2006wi t hquan esi scal cul at edbas edont hebi l lofquan es ,BQ anddr awi ngs .Forobj ect st hatcan’ tbeaccur at el y quan fied,t heycanber evi s edbyanes mat edamountbutal ls houl dbekeptt oami ni mum. Theawar dedcont r act oroft hi spr oj ecti sr es pons i bl et ocar r youtanout l i neofwor ki nr et ur nf oranagr eeds um i nt hecont r act . Theamountmaybeafixedamountofs um t hat ’ snots ubj ectt or ecal cul a ons ot her ewoul dbenooppor t uni t yf ort heempl oyer t omakechanges .Thes um i ss ubj ectt oami ni malamountoffluct ua ons ,us ual l yt ochangest hatar enotf or es eeabl eatt he t ender i ngs t age.Revi s i onofs um maybeus eofaf or mul at oas s es sfluct ua onsorbychecki ngi nvoi ces .Thi spr ovi desahi gher i ns ur ancet ot hecl i ent .