COPHA 2017 Proceedings by ESDA

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN: 2189-2237 The 3rd Conference on Public Health in Asia April 28-29, 2017 at the KKR Hotel, Hiroshima, Japan

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Table of Contents

Conference Program:

Pages 05 to 46

Review Committee:

Pages 11 to 13

Abstracts Section:

Pages 48 to 80

Full Papers Section:

Pages 81 to 114

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace

COPHA / COHDA 2017 The 3rd Conference on Public Health in Asia April 28-29, 2017 at the KKR Hotel, Hiroshima, Japan

The 4th Conference on Human Development in Asia April 29-30, 2017 at the KKR Hotel, Hiroshima, Japan

Schedule & Agenda

Hosted by: INTESDA www.intesda.org

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Upcoming Events in Hiroshima The 4th Asian Symposium on Healthcare Without Borders August 1-3, 2017 a the KKR Hotel in Hiroshima, Japan www.intesda.org/healthcare-without-borders/ How can we ensure the equitable and efficient allocation of health-related resources across all Asia to meet basic needs and emergencies? What role can policy makers play in creating affordable universal health care? With the theme Changing Priorities, it is hoped that today’s challenges in health care can be met with viable global solutions. Thus we welcome you to join us for this exciting 3-day symposium to share, learn and network as well as to explore the culture, history and beauty of Hiroshima! Submissions Due Friday, June 2, 2017

…

Advancing the Life Sciences and Public Health Awareness August 1-3, 2017 at the KKR Hotel in Hiroshima, Japan www.intesda.org/advancing-life-sciences-public-health-awareness/ ALPHA 2017 is an excellent opportunity to advance research in the life sciences, raise awareness of public health issues, improve health equity and to commend the important work of researchers and health professionals around the world. In fact, the American Nurses Association has declared 2017 to be the Year of the Healthy Nurse. Submissions Due Friday, June 2, 2017 …

HWB / ALPHA 2017 Plenary Speakers

Natthawut Kaewpitoon, Ph.D. Dr. Kaewpitoon serves dual roles on the Faculty of Public Health, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand and also serves at Suranaree University of Technology Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. His research interests include: Parasitology, Epidemiology, Public Health, Bioinformatics, Genetic, Gastroenterology. He earned his PhD in BioMedical Science, his MSc in Medical Parasitology and BSc in Public Health all at Khon Kaen University in Thailand.

Professor Eiko Kawagoe, Kobe City College of Nursing, Japan Eiko Kawagoe is a noted author and academic on medical English education and healthcare communication. She is a professor in the School of Nursing at Kobe City College of Nursing. Professor Kawagoe is also the former Vice President of the Japan Association for Media English Studies and a Councilor of the Japan Society for Medical English Education. Her research interests include medical English education, ESP, and current English studies. She has published numerous books, such as “Current English (Medical Version) – The Daily Yomiuri” (Daigaku Kyoiku Pub., 2011), “Travelers’ First Aid Kit” (Cengage Learning, 2008), “Mimikara Manabu Tanoshii Nurse Eigo” (Kodansha, 2002), “Nursing Terms and Expressions Everybody Uses” (Medical View, 2007) and “15 Points in Reading English for Nursing Purposes” (Medical View, 2005).

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Upcoming Events in Hiroshima The Asian Conference on Urban Planning and Sustainable Cities August 1-3, 2017 at the KKR Hotel in Hiroshima, Japan www.intesda.org/urban-planning-sustainable-cities/ As the world’s population becomes predominantly urban, academics and practitioners are challenged to find sustainable solutions to increasingly complex urban problems. Sustainable cities require a balance between environmental protection and economic development ensuring equitable outcomes. Achieving such a delicate balance requires tackling complex urban problems that may lead to unsustainable development paths. Understanding today’s complex urban problems requires a variety of theoretical frameworks and methods. The Asian region has traditionally looked at urban planning problems from an intra-disciplinary quantitative perspective. The conference welcomes innovative technical approaches, but also encourages diverse views and analysis procedures, including qualitative and mixed methods. We seek to create a learning environment where participants can share their research and discuss trans-disciplinary ideas to propose solutions to today’s increasingly complex urban problems. Submissions Due Friday, June 2, 2017 …

UP-City 2017 Plenary Speaker

Luis Santiago, Ph.D. Dr. Santiago’s research has been guided by a vision of more equitable access to natural resources in urban settings, a broader participation in urban green area planning and decision-making, and an identification of paths to ensure the availability of those resources for future generations. His work has researched patterns of uneven access to common green areas among city residents and visitors, and has also elicited beach and river recreationists’ participation in selecting and valuing environmental attributes they consider fundamental in their recreation experience. Planning has always been a field of study that values integration of knowledge. Dr. Santiago’s research agenda has been one based on strengthening inter-disciplinary links to advance planning theory and methods by examining them from a broader social-ecological context. From a planning knowledge perspective, his efforts have included exploring ecosystem services as an alternative planning and management analytical framework, and examining the institutional context in which such a framework can facilitate resource management and broader stakeholder participation.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Upcoming Events in Hiroshima The 4th Asian Symposium on the Humanities & Human Rights Education August 6-8, 2017 in Hiroshima, Japan http://intesda.org/human-rights-education-symposium/ The human rights landscape today, with its ever-changing peaks and valleys, has made some noteworthy advances in promoting greater access to human rights on a global scale; however, they cannot overshadow the existing violations against humanity that are aggravated through the discrimination and marginalization of peoples. SHARE 2017 will be an opportunity to explore these issues through the lens of the humanities. With the theme New Directions, SHARE 2017 aims to promote a greater understanding of the intersections between the humanities and human rights through peaceful and respectful discussion of the issues. This event is an interdisciplinary platform for academics, researchers, policy makers, human rights advocates, students and professionals. Submissions Due Friday, June 2, 2017 …

The 4th Asian Conference on Humanities, Social Sciences and Sustainability August 6-8, 2017 in Hiroshima, Japan http://intesda.org/arts-humanities-sustainability-conference/ Contemporaries tend to define sustainability as environmental issue; however, it is important to take a holistic perspective that embraces the critical relationship between ecological sciences and humanities. This is evident as human communities as well as their diverse biological and cultural heritage are increasingly threatened by mounting environmental and societal problems from climate change and exploitation of finite resources to the inequities and human costs of unsustainable practices and technologies. Our shared biosphere and rapid globalization ensure no country is immune from another’s problems and risks, which means a collective and multidisciplinary approach is essential for integrating environmental and cultural sustainability. With the theme of ‘Resilience’ the conference will promote a critical understanding of the innovative and organic approaches from the humanities and social sciences toward sustainability. Submissions Due Friday, June 2, 2017 …

Plenary Speaker

Susan Oguro, Ph.D. Dr. Susan Oguro researches in the areas of International and Intercultural Education, Languages Policy and Pedagogy and Human Rights Education. She is a Senior Lecturer in the School of International Studies in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at UTS. She is the School’s Engagement and International Coordinator, Coordinator of the Switzerland Major within the International Studies degree and the Postgraduate Coordinator for the School. Susan holds a PhD (Sydney), MA (UNSW), B.Ed (CSU) and BA (UNSW). Her research interests include Intercultural Learning and Teaching, Languages Curriculum and Pedagogy, Heritage Language Education, Human Rights Education and Swiss Studies.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshima’s Desire for Peace About COPHA 2017 The 3rd International Conference on Public Health in Asia (COPHA 2017)» Welcome to the 3rd International Conference on Public Health in Asia. COPHA 2017 is an international, peer-reviewed, weekend event which will be held in Hiroshima, Japan from Friday and Saturday, April 28-29, 2017 at the Hiroshima KKR Hotel. The symbol of Hiroshima is ‘water’ and so the theme of COPHA 2017 is Global Challenges for Public Health and Water. The aim of this conference is to promote the importance of global health and also access to safe drinking water, both of which have been declared as basic human rights by the United Nations. Today, over 780 million people lack access to clean water and nearly 1.9 billion lack adequate sanitation and 1.5 million children under the age of five die each year as a result of diarrheal disease, and in India alone, approximately 600,000 children fall victim to diarrhea or pneumonia annually as a result of toxic water and poor hygiene. COPHA 2017 is an excellent opportunity for health managers, physicians, nurses, healthcare administrators, researchers, academics, medical students, humanitarian aid workers, policy makers, non-profit professionals and related healthcare specialists to exchange information, debate and discuss trends in public health, water, sanitation and hygiene. About COHDA 2017 The 4th International Conference on Human Development in Asia (COHDA 2017)» Welcome to the 4th International Conference on Human Development in Asia (COHDA 2017). This is an international, peer-reviewed weekend event. All sessions will be held at the KKR Hotel in Hiroshima, Japan on Saturday and Sunday, April 29-30, 2017. The aim of this event is to draw attention to both the progress and challenges facing an increasing globalized Asia. The economic, industrial and political developments among the nations that are located within the continent have brought about dramatic social change. Within a span of just over a century, Asia has been a major site of colonialism and decolonization, global warfare, political upheaval and regime change, the rise of new nations, ongoing ethnic and religious conflict, economic boom and recession, population explosion, cultural diasporas, viral epidemics, technological advancement, and severe environmental pollution and disasters. While commentators and analysts have recognized the vast changes that have shaped the Asian continent, it is also crucial to understand the continuities that are maintained even in the face of such impetus for change. Apart from change, what constants still resist change? In addition, what factors contribute to such ongoing resilience? Although it may be argued that the forces of globalization and development have set in motion a number of positive changes in the ways we live our lives, this has also been counterbalanced by the continuities of inequality and suffering of many others. The tide of change often exists in a state of tension with the forces of continuity. Hence, in order for us to comprehend the forces of change, we must also engage other opposing forces. At the same time, attempts to mediate the tension between change and continuity have given rise to growing diversities. Driven partly by the forces of migration within a global economic order often guided by transnational markets of production or consumption, new political and social-cultural fragmentations and intersections within nation-states in Asia have emerged. In the face of such developments, the implications of and challenges to efforts at sustainability are numerous. While it is increasingly recognized that sustainability entails dimensions far beyond the ecological sphere, the next step is to examine and understand the impact of change and continuity and the resultant diversities that are contained within.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace COPHA / COHDA 2017 Review Committee COPHA / COHDA 2017 are international, peer-reviewed conferences. Our review process employs a double-blind review system with instructions and a scoring rubric that assesses a range of areas which are not limited to, but include originality, clarity, organization, methodology, spelling, grammar and suitability for the conference. Accepted abstracts and papers will appear in the official proceedings, which is published in electronic format shortly after the conference. COPHA ISSN: 2189-2237 COHDA ISSN: 2188-3432 COPHA Review Committee Natthawut Kaewpitoon, Ph.D.

Faculty of Public Health, Vongchavalitkul University, Thailand

Soraya Kaewpitoon, Ph.D.

Suranaree University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

Sumattana Glangkarn, Ph.D.

Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Thailand

Vorapoj Promasatayaprot, Ph.D.

Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Thailand

Noorsuzana Mohd Shariff, Ph.D.

Healthy Lifestyle Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia

M.Syed Ali, Ph.D.

PG and Research Department of Biotechnology, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts and Science, India

Ikuko Sobue, Ph.D.

Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Integrated Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan

COHDA Review Committee

Jo Ann Oravec, Ph.D.

Dept. of Information Technology and Supply Chain Management, College of Business and Economics, University of Wisconsin at Whitewater, USA

Susan Miller, Ph.D.

Dept. of Foreign Languages, Nippon Sport Science University, Japan

Hau-ching Florence HO, Ed.D.

School of Professional Education & Executive Development, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

Robert Reuschlein, Ed.D.

Professor, Radio For Peace International; Founder, Real Economy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace COPHA / COHDA 2017 Organizer This symposium was made possible by INTESDA, The International Education for Sustainable Development Alliance, which is a diverse community of educators, academics and nonprofit professionals founded in 2015, in part, to support the Sustainable Development Global Goals set by the United Nations. It is committed to addressing sustainable development issues through capacity building, advocacy, networking and sharing knowledge. Finally, on behalf of our team, we would like to extend our deepest thanks to the people of Hiroshima, Japan for their support and gracious hospitality. For more information about INTESDA and its programs, please visit www.intesda.org COPHA / COHDA 2017 Proceedings The proceedings for this symposium have been approved and assigned an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) through the Japanese National Centre for ISSN under the auspices of the National Diet Library. The National Diet Library, which acquires national serial publications exhaustively as the only national and deposit library in Japan, plays a role as the Japanese National Centre for ISSN. The Proceedings will be sent to all registered participants and made available through the INTESDA homepage shortly after the symposium. Please note that the proceedings are published in electronic format only as we strive to be a carbon neutral event.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshima’s Desire for Peace COPHA / COHDA 2017 GENERAL INFORMATION Designated Hotel – KKR Hotel Hiroshima All sessions will be held in the KKR Hotel Hiroshima, which is located a short distance from Hiroshima Castle and the government offices of Hiroshima Prefecture. Three public transportation rail systems pass within a short distance of the KKR Hotel Hiroshima: 1. 2. 3.

JOHOKU Station on the ASTRAM Rail Line is only 3 minutes west on foot. HAKUSHIMA Station on the Dentetsu Streetcar Line (also known as the ‘Hiroden’) is also 3 minutes west on foot. Please transfer at “Hacchobori” to Hakushima-line and get off at the termination. JR HIROSHIMA Station or JR YOKOGAWA Station is only 5 minutes by taxi

Venue As one of the largest cities in western Japan, Hiroshima has been a bustling, affluent and prosperous city with a rich history dating back to 1589, when it was established as the capital city of a powerful samurai warlord. Today, of course, Hiroshima is most well-known as the first city in the world to have suffered an atomic bombing, which occurred towards the end of World War II on August 6, 1945. Around the city of Hiroshima, you will find many well-used green spaces, none of which are more important than the poignant Peace Memorial Park, where various statues and monuments reside, as well as the A-Dome building, which has become a symbol of peace and has been registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In addition, Hiroshima boasts some of the best traditional Japanese landscaping, including the beautiful Shukkeien Garden complete with tea-houses, ponds and bridges – located just a short distance on foot from the KKR Hotel. Finally, there is the iconic Miyajima Shrine Island, which is revered as on of the “three views of Japan” with its towering red torii gate standing in the midst of the Inland Sea. Dress During sessions and receptions, the expected dress code is business casual. Weather April temperatures in Hiroshima tend to be warm and dry. The temperature at night will be chilly. Equipment Presentation rooms are equipped with PC notebook computers, screens, projectors, speakers, laser pointers and microphones. Please note that the computers are not connected to the sound system in the room. If you intend to have an audio track during your presentation, please let us know. We also provide onsite technical support, if needed. Coffee Breaks & Meals Coffee, tea, ice water and snacks will be available during designated periods (please refer to the schedule for details). There will be an optional, ticketed welcome reception on Friday, April 28 from 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. The ticket cost is 2500 JPY per person and includes an all-you-can-eat-anddrink-menu selection. All other meals, such as breakfast, lunch and dinner are at the discretion of the participant (registration does not include meals).

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Time Moderators Presentations during regular sessions have been allotted 25 minutes. We advise that presenters limit their presentation to 25 minutes and then use the remaining 5 minutes for questions and answers. We also ask that you allow time for the next presenter to prepare. As it is difficult for presenters to be mindful of the time, we have selected (2) people from each panel to alert the presenters when the presentation has reached the 25-minute mark. The primary task of the moderator is simply to remind presenters when the presentation time has expired so as to allow for a smooth transition for the next presenter. The moderators are not required to introduce the speakers because details are included in the schedule program regarding the name and affiliation of the speaker. If a presenter is absent or arrives late, the moderators should start the next presentation and inform the audience accordingly. If a moderator arrives late or is absent the panel should nominate an alternate moderator. Any presenters arriving late must wait until the final presenter has finished, and then may use any remaining time to present. Internet Access WIFI access is available in the KKR lobby area. Please see the front desk for login and password details. If you are staying in the KKR, then you can access the Internet free-of-charge in your room using the LAN cable provided. Having difficulty connecting to the WIFI inside the KKR? Please note that the organizers have no control over the WIFI access, so please inquire at the hotel front desk. Printing Photocopies can be made at the Lawson convenience store near the KKR. Alternatively, for larger printing needs, there is a Kinkoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s located on Hon-Dori Avenue. See the KKR front desk for directions. Stores near the KKR There are two convenience stores within easy walk of the KKR: the nearest is a Lawson across from the KKR. Also, there is a 7-11 approximately 5 minutes on foot. Ask the front desk for a map and directions. Banks / ATM / Currency Exchange There is a bank that offers currency exchange within 5 minutes on foot from the KKR. Please ask the hotel front desk for a map and directions. All banks in Hiroshima are open Monday to Friday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. and closed on Saturday and Sunday. Please remember to bring your passport when exchanging money. International ATMs with English menus are also available at 7-Eleven convenience stores, which are open 24 hours with locations throughout the city.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

COPHA / COHDA 2017 Co-Chairperson

Takayuki Yamada Chairperson, The International Advisory Council for INTESDA, Japan Charter and Founding Member of RID 2760 Rotary Club of Chubu Nagoya Mirai Special Adviser, Polio Plus Committee of Japan Committee Member, Rotary International Youth Exchange of Japan Mr. Yamada also serves as a special adviser of the Polio Plus Committee of Japan. Since 2011, he has personally led annual humanitarian and medical missions to India and Bhutan to assist with immunization efforts to eradicate polio in South Asia. Most recently, Mr. Yamada was appointed to serve on the strategic planning committee for the Rotary International Youth Exchange Program in Japan.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

COPHA / COHDA 2017 Co-Chair & Program Director

Michael K. Sasaoka Alvord Program Director INTESDA, Japan Michael oversees special programs, events and business development for INTESDA, which mobilizes ideas and raises awareness for sustainable development and the Global Goals. Michael holds degrees in international business and Japanese from San Diego State University, USA. Combining his interests in business and education he has been involved with education and training in Japan for the past seventeen years at the secondary, tertiary and corporate level. His research interests include globalization, sustainable development and education rights. In his free time, he is an avid aquarist and maintains a sixteen-hundred liter, aquascaped saltwater aquarium. He is passionately concerned about the impact of pollution and over-fishing on the global health of oceans and reefs.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

COPHA / COHDA 2017 Welcome Letter Dear Colleagues, Welcome to the 3rd International Conference on Public Health in Asia and the 4th International Conference on Human Development in Asia – jointly hosted by the International Education for Sustainable Development Alliance (INTESDA). We gather here today united by our determination and shared vision of a better world in which public health and human development take center stage. And it is through this intersection of interests that meaningful discourse and change arise. Your commitment to these objectives and gathering at the KKR Hotel Hiroshima bring renewed hope and ideas to a continent. The planning for these events began more than one year ago. We were encouraged early on by the high number of quality and diverse submissions we received, as well as the inquiries for audience. Naturally, though, the high cost of travel to Japan and the difficulty of securing hotel accommodation in Hiroshima, especially just prior to the Golden Week holiday period, has been challenging for some hopeful participants. Nonetheless, we are delighted that so many participants representing a diverse range of countries will be taking part in this event. We sincerely thank you for your participation in COPHA / COHDA and for broadening the intellectual scope and raising awareness of public health and human development in Asia and elsewhere. We hope you enjoy your stay in Hiroshima as well as the city’s rich cultural heritage while advancing our shared goals. Sincerely, Takayuki Yamada Program Committee Chairperson Michael Sasaoka Co-Chairperson & Program Director

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Conference Schedule Overview Friday, April 28, 2017 Commencement will be held in the Suehiro Ballroom Coffee, Tea and Ice Water will be served 13:00 to 15:00

Participant Check-in (Receive your name badge, receipt and schedule) Location: KKR Hotel Lobby

13:30 to 14:00

Opening Remarks & Orientation Held in the Suehiro Ballroom Introduction by the Program Committee

14:00 to 14:25

Oral Session A Held in the Suehiro Ballroom COPHA Presenter 0370

14:25 to 14:40

Recess

14:40 to 15:05

Oral Session B Held in the Suehiro Ballroom COPHA Presenter 0344

15:05 to 15:20

Recess

15:20 to 16:35

Oral Session C Held in the Suehiro Ballroom COPHA Presenters 0346, 0393 and 0377

17:00 to 19:00

Welcome Reception (This is an optional, ticketed event. Reception Tickets are 2500 JPY per person. We will depart from the KKR Hotel lobby as a group and travel downtown by streetcar â&#x20AC;&#x201C; please purchase your streetcar ticket. Dinner includes an all-you-can-eat-and-drink menu.)

INTESDA

1-3-2 Tamamiya-cho, Asai Building 203 Gifu City, Gifu-pref., Japan 500-8835 www.intesda.org

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Schedule Overview Saturday, April 29, 2017 All sessions will be held in the Suehiro and Chidori Ballrooms Snacks with Coffee, Tea and Ice Water will be served from 13:00 to 17:00 10:00 to 15:00

Participant Check-in (Receive your name badge, receipt and schedule) Location: KKR Hotel 1st Floor Lobby

10:00 to 12:05

Oral Session D-1: Global Perspectives on Human Development Suehiro Ballroom: 0449, 0435, 0433, 0421, 0426

10:00 to 12:05

Oral Session D-2: Global Perspectives on Public Health Chidori Ballroom: 0313, 0324, 0329, 0378, 0394

12:05 to 13:00

Recess

13:00 to 14:00

Poster Session A in Suehiro Ballroom 0332, 0342, 0347, 0348, 0349, 0359, 0364, 0335, 0380, 0392, 0395 Please set up and/or remove your poster during the recess period.

14:00 to 14:30

Recess

14:30 to 15:30

Poster Session B in Suehiro Ballroom 0305, 0334, 0351, 0361, 0363, 0379, 0396, 0403, 0406, 0454 Please set up and/or remove your poster during the recess period.

15:30 to 16:00

Recess

16:00 to 17:00

Poster Session C in Suehiro Ballroom 0306, 0307, 0308, 0338, 0341, 356, 0360, 0365, 0367, 0374, 0376, 0386, 0389, 0390, 0417 Please set up and/or remove your poster during the recess period.

INTESDA

1-3-2 Tamamiya-cho, Asai Building 203 Gifu City, Gifu-pref., Japan 500-8835 www.intesda.org

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Schedule Overview Sunday, April 29, 2017 The Final Session and Closing Remarks will be held in the Suehiro Ballroom Snacks with Coffee, Tea and Ice Water will be served from 09:00 to 11:00 09:00 to 09:30

Virtual Presentations 0318, 0450, 0453

09:30 to 10:00

Oral Session E: Special Panel: Media & Politics Suehiro Ballroom: 0425

10:00 to 10:30

Recess

10:30 to 11:30

Oral Session F: Urban Planning, Healthcare & Social Support Suehiro Ballroom: 0429 and 0440

11:30 to 11:45

Closing Remarks in the Suehiro Ballroom Coffee and light snacks will be served.

11:45 to 16:45

Optional Tour to Miyajima (This is an optional, ticketed event. Tour Tickets are 2500 JPY per person.)

INTESDA

1-3-2 Tamamiya-cho, Asai Building 203 Gifu City, Gifu-pref., Japan 500-8835 www.intesda.org

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Friday, April 28, 2017 Opening Remarks & Orientation COPHA Presenters and Welcome Reception 13:00 to 15:00 Check-in Table Open 13:30 to 14:00 Commencement & Orientation Held in the Suehiro Ballroom Opening Remarks Introduction by the Program Committee Please note that all oral presenters are allotted 25 minutes for presentation and Q&A. Certificate of presentation will be given after the session has ended. Oral Session A 14:00 to 14:25 0344 14:00 to 14:25 0344 Environmental Health The management of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Bangkok, Thailand Alice Sharp, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thailand1 Sirada Pookkasorn, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thailand2 14:25 to 14:40 Recess Oral Session B 14:40 to 15:05 0370 14:40 to 15:05 0370 Non-communicable Diseases Autism in Oman: Epidemiology and Etiology Yahya Al-Farsi, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman1 Marwan M. Al-Sharbati, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman2 Mostafa I. Waly, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman3 Samir S. Al-Adawi, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman4 Mohammed Al-Shafaee, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman5 Maha M. Al-Khaduri, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman6 15:05 to 15:20

Recess

INTESDA

1-3-2 Tamamiya-cho, Asai Building 203 Gifu City, Gifu-pref., Japan 500-8835 www.intesda.org

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshima’s Desire for Peace Friday, April 28, 2017 Oral Session C 15:20 to 16:35 0346, 0393 and 0377 Time Session Moderators: Taweesuk Sirisai and Min Bae Time Moderator should alert the next speaker when 5 minutes is remaining

15:20 to 15:45 0346 Public Health & Community Health Analysis of Toddlers Weighing Coverage Achievement Based on Community Empowerment Cycle and Ladder Of Citizen Participation (Case Study in “Posyandu” in Sidoarjo District, East Java, Indonesia) Fifit Eka Furi Astutik, Insan Unggul Health College, Indonesia1

15:45 to 16:10 0393 Public Health Systems Roles of sub-district health promotion hospitals administrators in Policy Implementation: A case study of Surin Province. Taweesuk Sirisai, Mahasakham University, Thailand1 Vorapoj Promasatayaprot, Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Thailand2 Wittaya Yoosuk, Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Thailand3 Surasak Chaiyasong, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Thailand4

16:10 to 16:35 0377 Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Home-work for the Medical Missionary Min Bae, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom1

17:00 to 19:00 Welcome Reception The Welcome Reception is an optional, ticketed event. We will depart as a group from the KKR Hotel lobby at 17:00. The Reception Ticket is 2500 JPY per person. Streetcar fare to and from the restaurant is not included. Dinner includes an all-you-can-eat-and-drink menu.

INTESDA

1-3-2 Tamamiya-cho, Asai Building 203 Gifu City, Gifu-pref., Japan 500-8835 www.intesda.org

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace

Saturday, April 29, 2017 10:00 to 12:05 Oral Sessions D-1 & D-2

INTESDA

1-3-2 Tamamiya-cho, Asai Building 203 Gifu City, Gifu-pref., Japan 500-8835 www.intesda.org

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace

Saturday, April 29, 2017 10:00 to 12:05 Oral Session D-1 Global Perspectives on Human Development Suehiro Ballroom 0449, 0435, 0433, 0421, 0426 Session Time Moderators: Myengkyo Seo, Amelita Pedrola and Deddy Bratakusumah Please alert each presenter when 5 minutes remain in the allotted presentation time. 10:00 to 10:25 0449 Public Policy What is Human Development And how does it relate to the 21st Century? Harry Carley, Matsuyama University, Japan1 10:25 to 10:50 0435 Religion, Philosophy and Ecology The Enigma of Religious Freedom in Islamic Malaysia Myengkyo Seo, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea1 10:50 to 11:15 0433 Education and Education Technology Teacher Education Program of State Universities in Region 1: Input to Outcome â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Based and Learning Curriculum Amelita Pedrola, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Philippines1 11:15 to 11:40 0421 Education and Education Technology The Availability Degree of Excellence Management Standards and their impact on the performance results in Kuwait University Meznah ALazmi, Kuwait University, Kuwait1 Reem Rassam Almutairi2 11:40 to 12:05 0426 Public Policy Complementary Model in Interaction between Political Officials and Bureaucrats in Indonesia Deddy Bratakusumah, National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), Indonesia1

12:05 to 13:00 Recess

INTESDA

1-3-2 Tamamiya-cho, Asai Building 203 Gifu City, Gifu-pref., Japan 500-8835 www.intesda.org

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Saturday, April 29, 2017 10:00 to 12:05 Oral Session D-2 Global Perspectives on Public Health Chidori Ballroom 0313, 0324, 0329, 0378, 0394 Session Time Moderators: Harry Carley, Hazel Ylagan and Ratna Setyaningrum Please alert each presenter when 5 minutes remain in the allotted presentation time. 10:00 to 10:25 0313 Nursing Practice & Education Relationship between Academic Performance and the Nursing Licensure Examination of Graduates from a City-Subsidized University Gil Soriano, De La Salle Health Sciences Insitute/ Centro Escolar University, Philippines1 10:25 to 10:50 0324 Access to Healthcare Detection of Bacterial Contamination in Whole Blood Derived and Apheresis Derived Platelet Concentrate Ma. Gladys Aquino, Arellano University, Philippines1 10:50 to 11:15 0329 Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Determination of Heavy Metal Contamination in Pampanga River: Basis for a Remediation Program Hazel Ylagan, Centro Escolar University, Philippines1 11:15 to 11:40 0378 Nursing Practice & Education Correlation between knowledge, attitude and the use of Personal Protective Equipment among Operation Room and Internal Disease Inpatient Nurse in Panglima Sebaya Hospital Ratna Setyaningrum, Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia1 Dian Rosadi, Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia2 11:40 to 12:05 0394 Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Clean Water = Good Health: An Equation that is Difficult to Solve in Many Parts of the World Harry Carley, Matsuyama University, Japan1

12:05 to 13:00

Recess

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace

Saturday, April 29, 2017 13:00 to 14:00 Poster Session A Please set up your poster before 13:00 and remove by 14:00 Easels, poster-boards, tacks and tape are provided

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Saturday, April 29, 2017 13:00 to 14:00 Poster Session A Suehiro Ballroom 0332, 0342, 0347, 0348, 0349, 0359, 0364, 0335, 0380, 0392, 0395 0332 Poster Presenter Maternal, Infant & Child Health A Literature Review on the Effects of Music to Reduce Pain and Distress during Preschoolers Immunization Yamane Yui, Hiroshima University, Japan1 Muraki Kotaro, Muraki Pediatrics Clinic, Japan2 Kamei Tatsuya, Hiroshima University, Japan3 Sobue Ikuko, Hiroshima University, Japan4 0342 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health A radar chart utilization to study Breslow's healthy lifestyle for the children in Japanese elementary school Hiromi Kawasaki, Hiroshima University, Japan1 Satoko Yamasaki, Hiroshima University, Japan2 Masahiro Kawasaki, Hiroshima, University, Japan3 Luoming Huang, Hiroshima Unversity, Japan4 Rahman Md Moshiur, Hiroshima University, Japan5

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Saturday, April 29, 2017 13:00 to 14:00 Poster Session A (continued) Suehiro Ballroom 0332, 0342, 0347, 0348, 0349, 0359, 0364, 0335, 0380, 0392, 0395 0348 Poster Presenter Ageing Health Methodology evaluation for targeting frailty of high-risk elderly people by basic checklist analysis Kanae Osaki, Hiroshima University, Japan1 Michiko Moriyama, Hiroshima University, Japan2 0349 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health The process of leading to coping behaviors of people with sleeping disorders: A qualitative descriptive study using Health Belief Model Ayako Toyoshima, Hiroshima University, Japan1 Michiko Moriyama, Hiroshima University, Japan2 MD Moshiur Rahman, Hiroshima University, Japan3 0359 Poster Presenter Public Health and Palliative Care A study of tendencies for terminal cancer patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; concerns in Japan Miki Oeki, Hiroshima University, Japan1 Yuki Sasaki, Japanese Red Cross Hiroshima College of Nursing, Japan2 Atuko Nonaka, Musashimurayama Hospital, Japan3 Akiko Iguchi, Musashimurayama Hospital, Japan4 Kazuyo Miyao, Kimura Hospital, Japan5 Mayumi Yamasaki, Shimura Hospital, Japan6 0364 Poster Presenter Public Health Promotion Factors Affecting Health in Foreign Workers in Japan: A Systematic Literature Review Weng Li, Hiroshima University, Japan1 Michiko Moriyama, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan2 Md Moshiur Rahman, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan3

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshima’s Desire for Peace Saturday, April 29, 2017 13:00 to 14:00 Poster Session A (continued) Suehiro Ballroom 0332, 0342, 0347, 0348, 0349, 0359, 0364, 0335, 0380, 0392, 0395

0335 Poster Presenter Nursing Practice & Education A Prefectural Hospital’s Approaches and Future Perspectives on Fall Prevention Measures as Part of Community-based Medical Services Makoto Inoue, Prefectural University of Hiroshima Faculty of Health, Japan1 Sanae Uchiyama, Prefectural Akitu Hospital, Japan2 Narumi Kurokui, Prefectural Akitu Hospital, Japan3 Yoshiko Tomozawa, Prefectural Akitu Hospital, Japan4 Atushi Kanai, Prefectural Akitu Hospital, Japan5 Mie Ebisu, Prefectural Akitu Hospital, Japan6 0380 Poster Presenter e-Health, m-Health, Telemedicine A Prefectural Hospital’s Approaches and Future Perspectives on Fall Prevention Measures as Part of Community-based Medical Services (The 2nd report) Sanae Uchiyama, Prefectural Akitu Hospital, Japan1 Nanae Miyamoto, Prefectural Akitu Hospital, Japan2 Shizoka Shigematsu, Prefectural Akitu Hospital, Japan3 Makoto Inoue, Prefectural University of Hiroshima Faculty of Health, Japan4 Koji Asou, Prefectural University of Hiroshima Faculty of Health, Japan5 0392 Poster Presenter Ageing Health A survey on healthcare needs of the late elderly living alone at the island area in Kure City, Japan Osamu Hiramitsu, Hiroshima University, Japan1 Sakamoto Ritsuko, Hiroshima University, Japan2 Sakamoto Moe, Hiroshima University, Japan3 Fukushima Mie, Hiroshima University, Japan4 Kawai Madoka, Hiroshima University, Japan5 Michiko Moriyama, Hiroshima University, Japan6 0395 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health Analysis of the distribution of medical expenditure and disease structure in a super-aging society Kana Kazawa, Hiroshima University, Japan1 Susumu Iwamoto, Yamaguchi University, Japan2 Michiko Moriyama, Hiroshima University, Japan3 14:00 to 14:30 Recess

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace

Saturday, April 29, 2017 14:30 to 15:30 Poster Session B Please set up your poster before 14:30 and remove by 15:30 Easels, poster-boards, tacks and tape are provided

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Saturday, April 29, 2017 14:30 to 15:30 Poster Session B Suehiro Ballroom 0305, 0334, 0351, 0361, 0363, 0379, 0396, 0403, 0406, 0454 0305 Poster Presenter Maternal, Infant & Child Health Confirming Patterns of the Body Size Trajectory in Japanese Children Chiyori Haga, Okayama University, Japan1 0334 Poster Presenter Nutrition & Malnutrition Research trends within the public health system pertaining to iNPH dementia Miwa Yamamoto, Tottori University, Japan1 Yoko Miyoshi, Tottori University, Japan2 Junko Yoshimura, Tottori University, Japan3 Tomonori Maeda, Tokyo Univesity, Japan4 0351 Poster Presenter Nursing Practice & Education Differences in Perceived Need for Support Among New Nursing Teachers Working in a Japanese Nursing College Based on the Years of Experience Yusuke Kurebayashi, Kyorin University, Japan1 Tomomi Goda, Takarazuka University, Japan2 Satomi Ikeuchi, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan3 Aiko Hamada, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Japan4 Toshiyuki Kihara, Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan5 0361 Poster Presenter Nursing Practice & Education Experienced home-visiting nursesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; clinical judgment and actions in response to a change to the condition of the children who need medical care Chizuko Edagawa, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Japan1 Yukari Toyota, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Japan2 Mikiko Hori, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Japan3 0363 Poster Presenter Nursing Practice & Education The State of Career Support Needs for New Faculty Members for Nursing Programs in Universities in Japan Tomomi Goda, Takarazuka University, Japan1 Satomi Ikeuchi, Kanazawa Medical University Japan2 Kurebayashi Yusuke, Kyorin University, Japan3 Aiko Hamada, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Japan4 Toshiyuki Kihara, Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan5

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Saturday, April 29, 2017 14:30 to 15:30 Poster Session B (continued) Suehiro Ballroom 0305, 0334, 0351, 0361, 0363, 0379, 0396, 0403, 0406, 0454 0379 Poster Presenter Nursing Practice & Education Fundamental Capabilities of New Faculty Members for Nursing Programs Satomi Ikeuchi, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan1 Tomomi Goda, Takarazuka University, Japan2 Yusuke Kurebayashi, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Japan3 Aiko Hamada, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Japan4 Toshiyuki Kihara, Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan5 0396 Poster Presenter Nursing Practice & Education A literature review on Alcohol Drinking among Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer Akemi Torobu, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan1 Kayo Kamoshita, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan2 0403 Poster Presenter Mental Health & Psychiatry A Literature Review on Psychiatric Nursesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Coping with Their Negative Emotions toward Patients Yoko Matsumoto, Japanese Red Cross Hiroshima College of Nursing, Japan1 Katsuko Okimoto, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Japan2 0406 Poster Presenter Maternal, Infant & Child Health Influence of Teenage Rebellion on the Relationships between University Students and their Parents Katsuko Okimoto, Okayama Prefectural University, Japan1 Yuko Amino, Okayama Prefectural University, Japan2 Takako Kasahara, Japan3 Ayaka Koide, Japan4 Rika Fujii, Japan5 0454 Poster Presenter Healthcare & Social Support Review of literature on childraising by mothers with ADHD symptoms Yuko Amino, Okayama Prefectural University, Japan1 Okimoto Katsuko, Okayama Prefectural University, Japan2 15:30 to 16:00 Recess

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace

Saturday, April 29, 2017 16:00 to 17:00 Poster Session C Please set up your poster before 16:00 and remove by 17:00 Easels, poster-boards, tacks and tape are provided

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1-3-2 Tamamiya-cho, Asai Building 203 Gifu City, Gifu-pref., Japan 500-8835 www.intesda.org

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Saturday, April 29, 2017 16:00 to 17:00 Poster Session C Suehiro Ballroom 0306, 0307, 0308, 0338, 0341, 356, 0360, 0365, 0367, 0374, 0376, 0386, 0389, 0390, 0417 0306 Poster Presenter Non-communicable Diseases Factors Contributing to Acute Gouty Arthritis: A matched Case Control Study Khin Saw Naing, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia1 Justin Suali Salleh, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia2 Yusof Haji Ibrahim.Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia3 Than Myint, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia4 Aza Sherin Mohd Yusuff, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia5 Aye Mya Thidar, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia6 0307 Poster Presenter Communicable Diseases Determinants of Acute Diarrhoea in the Community of Pulau Banggi, Sabah, Malaysia Than Myint, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia1 Andau Konodan Musien, District Health Office, Kudat District, Sabah, Malaysia2 Daw Khin Saw Naing, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia3 Khamisah Awang Lukman, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia4 Saffree Jeffree, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia5 Datuk Yusof Ibrahim, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia6 0308 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health Application of Farkas Principles in Assessing Facial Beauty of Sabah Ethnic Groups Aye Mya Thidar, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia1 Daw khin Saw Naing, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia2 Tin Tin Myint, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia3 Zainal Arifin Mustapha, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia4 0338 Poster Presenter Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Quality of Tap Water in Bann Tha Phosri Community, Det Udom District, Ubon Ratchathani Pawena Limpiteeprakan, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand1 Pimonda Makkarin, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand2 0341 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health Prevalence of nomophobia among Thai undergraduate students using smartphones in public university Shewarat Prasan, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand1 Sarunya Hengpraprom, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand2

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0356 Poster Presenter Sexual Health & Wellness Factors associated to sexual behavior of technical students in Det Udom District, Thailand Aree Butsorn, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand1 0360 Poster Presenter Non-communicable Diseases Family History of Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Family History of Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Pre-diabetes and Diabetes among Fifteen-year-old and Older Individuals in Ubon Ratchathani Phalakorn Suebsamran, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand1 0365 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health The Development of Service Model of The Local Fund Health Security (LFHS) in Thailand Vorapoj Promasatayaprot, Mahasarakham University, Thailand1 Sumattana Glangkarn, Mahasarakham University, Thailand2 Kris Khunluek, Kalasin University, Thailand3 Samart Phansakhoo, Nongkhai Province, Thailand4 0367 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health The Learning Process to Protect the Liver Fluke Participatory Sasiwan Tassana-iem, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand1 Jiraporn Jumpajun, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand2 Neeranute Wontisong, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand3 Suwatsa Panneng, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand4 Kanjana Vongsawat, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand5 Wiboonsuk Talkul, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand6 0374 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health The Preventive and Control Behaviors about Hand, Foot and Mouth Diseases of Child Care Centers in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand Comsun Thongchai, Mahasarakham University, Thailand1

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Saturday, April 29, 2017 16:00 to 17:00 Poster Session C (continued) Suehiro Ballroom 0306, 0307, 0308, 0338, 0341, 356, 0360, 0365, 0367, 0374, 0376, 0386, 0389, 0390, 0417 0376 Poster Presenter Environmental Health Environmental and Health Impact Assessment for Ports in Thailand Chamchan Chanchang, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand1 Pornchai Sithisarankul, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand2 Thanawat Supanitayanon, Royal Thai Navy, Thailand3 0386 Poster Presenter Maternal, Infant & Child Health Developmental surveillance among early childhood in the Child Development Centers of Local Administrative Organizations Sumattana Glangkarn, Mahasarakham University, Thailand1 Vorapoj Promasatayaprot, Mahasarakham University, Thailand2 0389 Poster Presenter Communicable Diseases Factors related to Leptospirosis preventive behavior in Northeast Thailand Patnapa Thani, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand1 Kanokwan Ponglun, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand2 Arthit Thani, Chalermkarnchana University, Thailand3 0390 Poster Presenter Non-communicable Diseases Insulin Resistance among Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Women in Oman: A Case-Control Study Maha Sulaiman, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman1 Yahya M. Al-Farsi, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman2 Mostafa I. Waly, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman3 Jumana Saleh, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman4 Maha M. Al-Khaduri, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman5 0417 Poster Presenter Education and Education Technology Learnersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Concentration and Group Participation in the E-Learning System with Facial Expression Recognition Approach Hong-Ren Chen, National Taichung University of Education, Taiwan1 Chiao-Lin Kung, National Taichung University of Education, Taiwan2

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace

Sunday, April 30, 2017 Final Sessions 09:00 to 12:00

INTESDA

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Sunday, April 30, 2017 Virtual Presentations 09:00 to 09:30 Suehiro Ballroom 0318, 0450, 0453

0318 Ageing Health Physical Activity Level among Elderly in Kelantan Malaysia Rohayu Hami, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia1

0450 Education and Education Technology An Effective Professional Development Series Improves the Quality of Teacher-Child Interactions Anika Bugarin-Jebejian, Concordia University, USA1

0453 Cultural Studies and Cultural Geography Determining the Factors Pivotal in Identity Formulation and Acceptance: Looking at Identity Through the Lens of Returning Korean Transnational Adoptees Sandy SeEun Kim, Daewon Foreign Language School, South Korea1 Dayna Shin, North London Collegiate School London Jeju, South Korea2

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Sunday, April 30, 2017 Oral Session E: Special Panel on Media & Politics 09:30 to 10:00 Suehiro Ballroom 0425 09:30 to 10:00 0425 Media and Politics The Influence of News Coverage of The Conflict Parties in The Media Towards Electoral Behavior. Case Study: Indonesian "Golongan Karya" Party's Internal Conflict in 2014 Sesilia Dela Puspita, University of Indonesia, Indonesia1 Puspa Citra Anjani, University of Indonesia, Indonesia2 Aqila Deviatika, University of Indonesia, Indonesia3 Intan Nilaputri, University of Indonesia, Indonesia4 Nathalia Christine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia5

10:00 to 10:30

Recess

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Gathering to Share Hiroshimaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desire for Peace Sunday, April 30, 2017 Oral Session F: Urban Planning, Healthcare & Social Support 10:30 to 11:30 Suehiro Ballroom 0429 and 0440 Session Time Moderators: Siriwan Kaewchird and Vedrana Ikalovic Please alert each presenter when 5 minutes remain in the allotted presentation time. 10:30 to 11:00 0429 Healthcare & Social Support The Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility on Employee Engagement in Thailandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ESG100 List: A Proposed Research Framework for Ph.D. Dissertation Siriwan Kaewchird, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Thailand1

11:00 to 11:30 0440 Urban Planning Two Modes of Tokyo Temporalities. Shibuya and Taito Under-construction Everyday Life Vedrana Ikalovic, Keio University, Japan1 Ana Gabriela Medina Gavilanes, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain2 Alice Covatta, Keio University, Japan3

11:30 to 11:45 Closing Remarks in the Suehiro Ballroom Coffee and light snacks will be served. 11:45 to 16:45 Optional Tour to Miyajima (This is an optional, ticketed event. Tour Tickets are 2500 JPY per person. The fee includes roundtrip transportation, Miyajima entrance fee, tea and cake, and guidance in English. Please arrive at the come to the Suehiro Ballroom no later than 11:30 a.m. The tour will depart by 12:00 p.m.)

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Upcoming Events in Nagasaki The International Symposium on Strengthening Peace through Education August 9-11, 0217 in Nagasaki, Japan www.intesda.org/humanities-arts-peace-symposium/ SHAPE 2017 will focus on and center around the theme of the Unity in Community. This is a three-day, special international, peer reviewed symposium created to provide an opportunity for academics, researchers, students, school administrators, non-profit professionals, humanitarians, activists and others to explore global cooperation and innovations in education and the promotion of global peace. Submissions Due Friday, June 2, 2017

...

The International Symposium on Tourism & Travel Technology for Peace August 9-11, 0217 in Nagasaki, Japan www.intesda.org/information-communication-technology-human-development/ With the theme Travel Technology: Passport to Peace, the aim of IST4P 2017 is to draw attention to the intersections and interconnectedness between tourism and technology for a more peaceful and sustainable world. Nagasaki City, which is the heart of the Nagasaki-hanto Peninsula, is a port city that developed all the way up along the steep slope of a mountain, while it also stretched out horizontally, hugging Nagasaki Bay. Such spots include Peace Park which tells of the facts and memories of the horrible damage that was inflicted by the atomic bomb and continues to appeal to the world with its wish for peace, and the nation’s oldest wooden Christian church, O-ura Tenshu-do, which even today exudes an exotic atmosphere. Thus we invite participants to join us in Nagasaki for this very special event. Submissions Due Friday, June 2, 2017

… Plenary Speakers

Alan Brady, Ph.D. Professor Alan Brady is a retired professor from the Faculty of Sociology at Kwansei Gakuin University — one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Japan. Professor Brady has lived and worked in Japan for over 40 years and he has taught at KGU since 1991. His primary research interests are the sociology of education and integrated socialnatural worlds sustainability, language education policy, planning, and practices at universities in Japan, and the development of a civic responsibility and global and glocal citizenship through integrated language and content higher learning. His most recent publications have centered on that development.

Professor Harry Carley Matsuyama University, Japan Harry Carley, MA ELT, MA Ed Tech, teaches in the English Department of the School of Humanities, at Matsuyama University, Ehime, Japan. His almost 30 years of residing in Japan has afforded him the opportunity to become involved with all aspects of English language teaching. His aim has been to offer lessons that offer opportunities for language expansion as well as at the same time as contributing to expanding learner’s active presentation and computer skills.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Presenter Index Name Akemi Torobu Alice Sharp Amelita Pedrola Ana Gabriela Medina Gavilanes Anika Bugarin-Jebejian Aqila Deviatika Aree Butsorn Ayako Toyoshima Aye Mya Thidar, Chamchan Chanchang Chiyori Haga Chizuko Edagawa Comsun Thongchai Deddy Bratakusumah Fifit Eka Furi Astutik Gil Soriano Harry Carley Harry Carley Hazel Ylagan Hiromi Kawasaki Hong-Ren Chen Intan Nilaputri Kana Kazawa Kanae Osaki Katsuko Okimoto Khin Saw Naing Ma. Gladys Aquino Maha Sulaiman Makoto Inoue Meznah ALazmi Miki Oeki Min Bae Miwa Yamamoto Myengkyo Seo Naoko Takeyama Nathalia Christine Osamu Hiramitsu Patnapa Thani Pawena Limpiteeprakan Phalakorn Suebsamran Ratna Setyaningrum Reem Rassam Almutairi Rohayu Hami Sanae Uchiyama Sandy SeEun Kim Sasiwan Tassana-iem Satomi Ikeuchi Sesilia Dela Puspita Shewarat Prasan Siriwan Kaewchird Sumattana Glangkarn

Session Poster Session B Oral Session A Oral Session D-1 Oral Session F Virtual Session Oral Session E Poster Session C Poster Session A Poster Session C Poster Session C Poster Session B Poster Session B Poster Session C Oral Session D-1 Oral Session C Oral Session D-2 Oral Session D-1 Oral Session D-2 Oral Session D-2 Poster Session A Poster Session C Oral Session E Poster Session A Poster Session A Poster Session B Poster Session C Oral Session D-2 Poster Session C Poster Session A Oral Session D-1 Poster Session A Oral Session C Poster Session B Oral Session D-1 Poster Session A Oral Session E Poster Session A Poster Session C Poster Session C Poster Session C Oral Session D-2 Oral Session D-1 Virtual Session Poster Session A Virtual Session Poster Session C Poster Session B Oral Session E Poster Session C Oral Session F Poster Session C

Page 15 4 7 23 21 22 18 11 17 19 14 14 18 7 5 8 7 8 8 10 19 22 12 11 15 17 8 19 12 7 11 5 14 7 10 22 12 19 17 18 8 7 21 12 21 18 15 22 17 23 19

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Taweesuk Sirisai Than Myint Tomomi Goda Vedrana Ikalovic Vorapoj Promasatayaprot Weng Li Yahya Al-Farsi Yamane Yui Yoko Matsumoto Yuko Amino Yusuke Kurebayashi

Oral Session C Poster Session C Poster Session B Oral Session F Poster Session C Poster Session A Oral Session B Poster Session A Poster Session B Poster Session B Poster Session B

5 17 14 23 18 11 4 10 15 15 14

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Join us this August in Hiroshima and Nagasaki AUGUST 1-3, 2017 AT THE KKR HIROSHIMA Healthcare Without Borders Advancing the Life Sciences and Public Health Awareness Urban Planning and Sustainable Cities These events will precede the 72nd Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony

… AUGUST 6-8, 2017 AT THE CROWNE PLAZA HIROSHIMA Humanities and Human Rights Education Humanities, Social Sciences & Sustainability These events will coincide with the 72nd Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony

… AUGUST 9-11, 2017 AT THE CROWNE PLAZA NAGASAKI Strengthening Peace Through Education Tourism for Peace These events will coincide with the 72nd Nagasaki Peace Memorial Ceremony

For submission and registration information, please visit www.intesda.org/events2/ COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Abstracts Section

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0305 Poster Presenter Maternal, Infant & Child Health Confirming Patterns of the Body Size Trajectory in Japanese Children Chiyori Haga, Okayama University, Japan Introduction: Body size can be important indicators of overall health, in not only adulthood but also children. Understanding the trajectory patterns of it over time will be useful to determine strategies to control it in children. I conducted an explorative analysis to establish the patterns of BMI in Japanese children by comparing to previously gathered data. Methods: This study included 784 children (384 boys, 400 girls), born between 2004 and 2007 in Tsuru City, Japan. We used a discrete mixture model to explore the trajectory patterns of Body Mass Index (BMI), calculated as weight (kg)/height (m 2), and standardized by using the z-score. The trajectories until 12 years old identified from Tsuru City were then compared to those identified from Koshu City Results: Four trajectory patterns of BMI were identified among boys, and 5 patterns were identified among girls. Overweight boys were found to cluster into 2 types: those maintaining a status of being severely overweight (4.0%) and those that gradually become overweight at 6-years-old (26.6%). These patterns associated with the overweight status in boys have been previously observed; however, the pattern that was previously associated with underweight was not observed in this study. Conclusion: The BMI trajectories identified here were similar to those of previous studies. These results suggest that in both sexes, there are 2 trajectory patterns associated with children being overweight and a single trajectory pattern associated with children being underweight. Since Japanese children's relative body size tended to be consistent from intervention programs should target preschoolers. 0306 Poster Presenter Non-communicable Diseases Factors Contributing to Acute Gouty Arthritis: A matched Case Control Study Khin Saw Naing, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Justin Suali Salleh, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Yusof Haji Ibrahim, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Than Myint, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Aza Sherin Mohd Yusuff, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Aye Mya Thidar, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Gout is an ancient disease since Hippocrates time and its incidence and prevalence are apparently increasing worldwide. According to Malaysian Clinical Practice Guide 2008, gouty arthritis is one of the commonest arthritis seen in public hospital and general practice in Malaysia . From the Primary care perspectives, gout is obviously the commonest arthritis seen in general practice as gout forms about 2.5% of the total patients seen by Primary care physicians in the studied GP clinics of Papar district, Sabah. One study in Sarawek stated that hospitalized gout patients are predominantly of native population and their gout problem is significantly associated with family history of gout, obesity, comorbidities and metabolic disorders. A matched case control study involving 90 patients with acute gouty arthritis and 90 controls matched in age group and gender was conducted in Papar district, Sabah, Malaysia, to determine the risk factors contributing to acute gout attack among male patients at the selected private primary care clinics. Intake of alcohol and purine rich diet, family history of gout, use of diuretics, hypertension, diabetes and renal impairment are among the factors significantly associated with acute gout attacks. The findings would form the basis for future recommendations for development of clinical practice guidelines regarding the prevention and management of gout. As gout attacks limits mobility and productivity, better prevention and management based on this study findings would reduce the social and economic burden of gout to a certain extent.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0307 Poster Presenter Communicable Diseases Determinants of Acute Diarrhoea in the Community of Pulau Banggi, Sabah, Malaysia Than Myint, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Andau Konodan Musien, District Health Office, Kudat District, Sabah, Malaysia Daw Khin Saw Naing, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Khamisah Awang Lukman, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Saffree Jeffree, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Datuk Yusof Ibrahim, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Background: Acute diarrhoea is a major health problem all over the world. It contributes 1.8 million deaths globally. This study was focused on the villages of Pulau Banggi, Sabah, Malaysia. Objectives: To identify determinants of acute diarrhea in the community of Pulau Banggi, Sabah, Malaysia. Methods: For cholera prevention, the Oral Cholera Vaccination campaign had been done in the selected villages of Pulau Banggi in 2015. A cross-sectional study was done in 2 randomly selected non-vaccinated villages and 2 randomly selected vaccinated villages of Pulau Banggi. The sample size was 212 persons of 88 households in 4 villages. Data collection was done by 4 enumerators by using interview questionnaires. Findings: Among 212 persons, the incidence of acute diarrhoea during the past two weeks in the study area was 17 persons (8.0%). Diarrhoea infection was much more in under 5 years age group i.e., (10%). Diarrhoea was predominantly increased among males (8.9%) and Ubian ethnic group (11.9%). If a person’s house had toilet facility at home, there was less risk in diarrhoea but not significant (OR=0.801, 95%CI=0.285-2.255). If a person had open defecation practice, there was more risk of diarrhoea but not significant (OR=1.667, 95%CI=0.609-4.558). If a person had OCV vaccination, there was less risk of diarrhoea and significant (OR=0.218, 95%CI=0.048-0.982). 0308 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health Application of Farkas Principles in Assessing Facial Beauty of Sabah Ethnic Groups AYe Mya Thidar, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Daw khin Saw Naing, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Tin Tin Myint, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Zainal Arifin Mustapha, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia The human face is a unique structure allowing each person to possess a distinctly recognizable facial identity. The face is the common element in defining beauty of individuals although the perception of beauty may vary among the beholders. Generally, the attractive faces are known to present with ideal facial proportions based on the divine proportions of 1.618. Ancient Greeks had developed “Neoclassical Facial Canons” as a guide to assess facial beauty. In medical practice, the precise measurement of face is important in diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of operative outcomes for aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. As such, Neoclassical Canons are used as guidance in facial reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. This study was conducted in the Northern districts of Borneo Island in which several ethnic groups of Sabah, Malaysia resides. The ethnic of which Kadazan-Dusun forms the majority (17.8%) are known for their attractive faces. This study measured the facial characteristics of Bajau, Sungai and Rungus (a descendent of Kadazan-Dusun) ethnic groups residing in Sabah and compared their vertical and horizontal facial ratios. Using Farkas facial Cannons, the beauty of the three ethnic groups were scientifically assessed. The results revealed that the upper portion of the face for both sexes was significantly longer among Rungus and the relative nose width was significantly greater among Bajau ethnic group. Naso-facial canon for Sungai females and orbital cannon for all ethnic groups regardless of gender follows the Farkas principles. Other facial proportions of all three ethnic groups deviate from Farkas definition of facial beauty.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0313 Oral Presenter Nursing Practice & Education Relationship between Academic Performance and the Nursing Licensure Examination of Graduates from a City-Subsidized University Gil Soriano, De La Salle Health Sciences Insitute/ Centro Escolar University, Philippines This study determined the relationship between the academic performance and nursing licensure examination of graduates of a city-subsidized university and the nursing professional subjects that best predict the outcome of the nursing licensure examination. The study used a descriptive-correlation design. Academic records of two batches in 2012 and 2013 were used. Independent variables included the nursing professional subjects and the dependent variables were the subtests in the licensure examination. Means, standard deviations, Pearson r correlation, and Multiple Regression Analysis were used for the quantitative data. Findings reveal that graduates were average performers in their academics. This was inversely correlated with the nursing licensure examination. This still suggests direct relationship since the grading system in the university ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 where 1.0 is excellent. Critical Appraisal II, Nursing Care Management 104, and Nursing Care Management 106 were significant predictors of performance in the licensure examination. 0318 Oral Presenter Ageing Health Physical Activity Level among Elderly in Kelantan Malaysia Rohayu Hami, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Objectives: To describe the physical activity level among elderly using a validated Modified Baecke Questionnaire and the relationship with the socio demographic variables. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. The respondents were elderly age 60 and above was selected by convenience sampling from the out patients clinics Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The Malay translated Modified Baecke Questionnaire for Older Adults was administered by structured interview. Total score of the questionnaires was divided into quartiles to classify the subject as having low, moderate or high physical activity. Low and moderate physical activity level was grouped as inactive and high level activity as active. Results : Mean (SD) of age was 67.4 (5.8) ranged from 60 to 87 years, 40% of them were men. Minimum score was 0.72 and maximum score was 21.31 with mean (SD) of 3.85 (2.87). Low physical activity comprise of 47.7%, moderate 26.1% and high 26.2% of the respondents. Majority 73.8% of the respondents fall into inactive group. Univariable and multivariable analysis of 12 socio demographic and clinical characteristics were not significantly associated with physical inactivity among elderly. Conclusion: Majority of the elderly in this study fall into the inactive group (73.8%) and no factor was significantly associated with physical inactive elderly in this study. Keywords : physical activity, elderly, modified Baecke Questionnaire.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0324 Oral Presenter Access to Healthcare Detection of Bacterial Contamination in Whole Blood Derived and Apheresis Derived Platelet Concentrate Ma. Gladys Aquino, Arellano University, Philippines Bacterial infection transmitted by transfusion of blood and blood products is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Among the blood products, platelet is of special concern because its storage condition favored bacterial growth. In the Philippines, screening for bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates is not routinely done and there is little study to date that assessed bacterial contamination in platelet products. In this study, 150 units of platelet concentrates (75 apheresis and 75 whole blood derived) from a regional blood center were sampled and tested for bacterial contamination. Platelet samples were cultured under aerobic conditions for 5 days. Bacteria isolated were identified using conventional biochemical tests and microscopy. Of the 75 whole blood- derived platelets, 3 units were found to be positive and identified to be Staphylococcus epidermidis while all the 75 apheresis derived platelet were negative for bacteria. This study lays the ground for further investigation that may be used to review current implemented protocols on platelet collection, processing and storage and create new strategies or protocols that will prevent bacterial contamination. Platelet contamination with bacteria remains a significant transfusion risk. Implementing bacterial screening of platelets could reduce the risk of septic reactions due to transfusion of bacterially contaminated platelets. 0329 Oral Presenter Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Determination of Heavy Metal Contamination in Pampanga River: Basis for a Remediation Program Hazel Ylagan, Centro Escolar University, Philippines Pampanga river is the second largest river in Luzon and the third largest but most important river in the Philippines. It traverses the province of Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Bulacan. It divides into small branches that empty to several fishponds especially in the town of Candaba. In this study, the level of toxic heavy metals namely Cadmium, Chromium, Nickel, and Lead in Candaba river were evaluated. Water samples were collected from 5 barangays along the river by manual grab sampling technique. Samples were tested using atomic absorption spectrophotometry . Results of the study showed that lead and nickel concentration from all the barangays sampled exceeded the maximum allowable level as compared by the standards set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources -Philippines for Class C water. The mean level concentration of lead from all the 5 selected stations was 5.67 mg/l. 0332 Poster Presenter Maternal, Infant & Child Health A Literature Review on the Effects of Music to Reduce Pain and Distress during Preschoolers Immunization Yamane Yui, Hiroshima University, Japan Muraki Kotaro, Muraki Pediatrics Clinic, Japan Kamei Tatsuya, Hiroshima University, Japan Sobue Ikuko, Hiroshima University, Japan For a large number of children, immunization is a medical procedure they frequently undergo, involving pain and distress. Therefore, it is important to develop appropriate methods to reduce immunization pain and distress from the preschool period. To examine the effects of music to reduce such pain and distress in children, the contents of the existing literature were analyzed. Seven research papers mainly addressing this issue were collected using the databases Ichushi Web and PubMed. Among these, 6 examined, and 4 reported the analgesic effects of music on immunization to infants (2), preschoolers (1), or adolescents (1). The 2 remaining papers reported that music did not show such effects on preschoolers. The paper reporting the analgesic effects of music on immunization to preschoolers was based on analysis of data, including those regarding suggestion; therefore, the results were not limited to music. Furthermore, 4 of the 7 papers also examined the effects of music to reduce immunization distress, and 3 reported such effects on preschoolers (2) or infants (1), while the other did not. The results revealed that music reduces immunization in preschoolers.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0334 Poster Presenter Nutrition & Malnutrition Research trends within the public health system pertaining to iNPH dementia Miwa Yamamoto, Tottori University, Japan Yoko Miyoshi, Tottori University, Japan Junko Yoshimura, Tottori University, Japan Tomonori Maeda, Tokyo University, Japan Purpose The present study aimed to reveal research trends in the public health system regarding iNPH dementia by conducting a PubMed comparison study. Methods We searched for articles containing the terms “Public health,” “system,” and “iNPH dementia.” Articles containing these terms were analyzed using Trend Search, a widely marketed and commercially available text mining software developed by FUJITSU. PubMed comprises more than 22 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Some citations include links to full-text articles from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. Thesaurus words in articles from PubMed were also analyzed using Trend Search. The analysis provides a concept map of relational words, with the strength of the relationship between words reflected in the line thickness and distance between them. Ethical considerations: Only anonymous articles were selected. Results and Conclusions The publication search yielded five articles with terminology hits. Mapping yielded the two wedges of “shunt” and “surgery”. Wedge 1: Shunts The first wedge, patients and iNPH, started with “preset.” This key word was associated with the terms “over drainage,” “group,” “pressure,” “valve,” and “improvement.” Wedge 2. Grade and Dementia The second wedge started with “grade,” which was associated with the terms “increase,” “flow,” “cases,” “brain,” “blood,” “urinary,” “bladder,” “mid-cingulate,” “perfusion,” and “surgery.” “Grade” was in turn associated with “dementia,” “clinical,” “iNPH,” “follow-up,” “cognitive,” and “signs.”

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0335 Poster Presenter Nursing Practice & Education A Prefectural Hospital’s Approaches and Future Perspectives on Fall Prevention Measures as Part of Community-based Medical Services Makoto Inoue, Prefectural University of Hiroshima Faculty of Health, Japan Sanae Uchiyama, Prefectural Akitu Hospital Narumi Kurokui, Prefectural Akitsu Hospital, Japan Yoshiko Tomozawa, Prefectural Akitsu Hospital, Japan Atushi Kanai, Prefectural Akitsu Hospital, Japan Mie Ebisu, Prefectural Akitsu Hospital, Japan To develop future perspectives on fall prevention measures in communities by retrospectively examining Prefectural Akitsu Hospital’s approaches. Prefectural Akitsu Hospital’s approaches were initially summarized, and opinions and free descriptions regarding the following items, collected from community residents, nurses, and patients, were subsequently classified: 1. Approaches examined by the Committee for Nursing Quality Improvement and Fall Prevention Team through collaboration in the past 2. Status of an originally developed fall prevention exercise (‘The Samba for Fall Prevention’) 3. Approaches adopted in in-hospital day care services 1. Since 2011, community-based companies, public universities, and other organizations have continuously adopted fall prevention approaches, and conducting related surveys and studies, contributing to the enhancement and maintenance of community residents’ awareness of fall prevention. 2. Since 2013, the original exercise has been disseminated through the Akitsu Festivals and extension lectures on medical services. It has also been performed by community residents. Other approaches include: visiting community events and meeting places for residents to promote fall prevention among the latter, and enhance their awareness of this issue; and providing preventive medical approaches through collaboration with related facilities within the community. 3. Approaches adopted in in-hospital day care services [Conclusion] In order to enable inpatients to continue to live in their long-lived-in communities, it may be important to initiate measures to prevent falls and ADL reduction during hospitalization. In this respect, approaches and activities based on hospital-community liaison may be needed.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0338 Poster Presenter Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Quality of Tap Water in Bann Tha Phosri Community, Det Udom District, Ubon Ratchathani Pawena Limpiteeprakan, Ubonratchathani University, Thailand Pimonda Makkarin, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand The provision of clean water to people in a community through its public water supply system is necessary as poor water quality may affect humans’ health. The objectives of this study were to survey the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of tap water in Bann Tha Phosri community. Data were collected from a recorded interview with the person in charge of the maintenance of the water supply system. Water samples were taken from six points and seven parameters, turbidity, pH, chlorides, free residual chlorine, total hardness, total dissolved solids, and coliform bacteria were analyzed in the laboratory. The statistics used for data analysis were percentage and averages. The research revealed that the environment of the facility contained unnecessary items which sometimes obstructed movement and affected working conditions. The facility did not have a daily or weekly water quality monitoring plan due to lack of budget. It was found that the physical and chemical aspects of the water met the water supply criterion of the Public Health Department Law 2553 (B.E. 2011) but the microbiological aspect failed to meet the standard. Also, bacteria were found in all samples tested. Residual chlorine was found to be less than 0.2 mg/L at every sampling point. Urgent improvement should be considered as the chlorine residual did not meet the World Health Organization standard of not less than 0.2 mg/L and not in excess of 0.5 mg/L. Failure to address this problem may result in this tap water affecting humans’ health. 0341 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health Prevalence of nomophobia among Thai undergraduate students using smartphones in public university Shewarat Prasan, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Sarunya Hengpraprom, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Background:The effects of using smartphones are rising. Nomophobia, the fear of being out of smartphones contact, occurs among young people. Related research are also limited in Thailand. While many countries have already studied widely in this issue. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of nomophobia among undergraduate students in Thailand. Methods: Data were collected using questionnaires to assess nomophobia from 3,045 Thai undergraduate students, who were selected using multi-stage sampling method from 9 public Thai universities. Data analysis used Chi-square statistics. Results: The results revealed 99.5% of undergraduate students had nomophobia. Most of them have moderate symptoms (60.6%). Symptoms appear most prominently, The samples feel anxious when a family or friends couldn’t contact with them. Games are popular programs downloaded (98.5%). People played games when they were tired and lonely. Conclusion: It should be taken seriously to prevent nomophobia which, if severe, may lead to psychiatric symptoms. Keywords: Nomophobia, prevalence, undergraduate, Thai university.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0342 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health A radar chart utilization to study Breslow's healthy lifestyle for the children in Japanese elementary school Hiromi Kawasaki, Hiroshima University, Japan Satoko Yamasaki, Hiroshima University, Japan Masahiro Kawasaki, Hiroshima University, Japan Luoming Huang, Hiroshima Unversity, Japan Rahman Md Moshiur, Hiroshima University, Japan Background It is necessity to learn the importance of the lifestyle from the beginning of childhood, which can ensure a good health throughout the life. It is better to visualize the consequence of a balanced lifestyle since it is difficult for a child. Purpose The study aims to examine the difficulties of the radar chart used for a child's understanding. Method The data of the childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reaction is used, which has distributed the Breslow's healthy lifestyle as a radar chart. All the 232 objects are the fourth grader in an elementary school of the town. Results Among the 55 (23.7%) children who were judged by the radar chart, 47 noticed the imbalance. Regarding improvement of awareness, major priority areas of children were rest, diet, and exercise. Consideration As we did not explain to the guardian, it was considered that a radar chart was not understandable by the children. School health teacher needs to explain the view of the radar chart for efficiently following the vision of the healthy habit. In Japan, the fifth grader studies include how to write a graph in arithmetic. It is good concept that an actual life also uses a graph so that it may be connected with a fifth grader's arithmetic. The knowledge of Breslow's healthy lifestyle is educated by visualizing children's custom and its explanation to the guardian.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0344 Oral Presenter Environmental Health The management of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Bangkok, Thailand Alice Sharp, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thailand Sirada Pookkasorn, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thailand Rapid increasing and improving of new technologies in electrical and electronic equipment industry has increased the consumption of home appliances and communication technology equipments. Resulting in the generation of huge amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) which contains hazardous substances that can be released to the environment and threaten human health if using unsafe recycling and disposal practices. Thailand is one of the countries that have been facing E-waste problems both from domestic generation and illegal importation. The important factor of E-waste problems in Thailand is “the informal sector” who plays a major role in Thai E-waste disposal by using unsafe dismantling and recycling methods to recover valuable components in E-waste. This study focuses on the current situation of E-waste management practices in Bangkok by the informal sector. The work includes field survey study about their activities. The respondents were E-waste collectors and recyclers in Wat Suan Kaew Foundation and Soi Sue yai Ootit and secondhand computer shops. The results from interview can be concluded that the majority of respondents do not have clear knowledge about good E-waste management including effects from E-waste to their health and the environment. Additionally, the study also conducted questionnaire survey with general public. Four hundreds thirty set of questionnaires collected focused on behavior and awareness of local public in E-waste situation and its management. The important keys to solve these problems are to raise public awareness about proper E-waste management and its effects to public health especially to the informal sector. 0346 Oral Presenter Public Health & Community Health Analysis of Toddlers Weighing Coverage Achievement Based on Community Empowerment Cycle and Ladder Of Citizen Participation (Case Study in “Posyandu” in Sidoarjo District, East Java, Indonesia) Fifit Eka Furi Astutik, Insan Unggul Health College, Indonesia In Sidoarjo District, there are many public health centers with low toddlers weighing coverage. In 2009, there are 18 (69,23%) public health center’s areas with toddlers weighing coverage under the minimum services standard. In 2010 and 2011, there are 16 (61,53%) public health center’s areas with toddler weighing coverage under the minimum services standard. The aim of this research is to analyze the achievement of toddlers weighing coverage in “Posyandu” based on Community Empowerment Cycle and Ladder of Citizen Participation. “Posyandu” is a kind of community based health service with community empowerment approach. This study used quantitative method with cross sectional approach. The sample was taken by using multistage random sampling method to obtain sample of each of 24 “Posyandu” in Trosobo, and Tulangan public health center. Data analyzed by using linear regression method. The results of this research show that there is significant influence between community empowerment cycle, stages of community participation and the ladder of citizen participation for toddlers weighing coverage. Therefore, it is still necessary to increase awareness and understanding of community about “Posyandu” to increase the participation of community in weighing the toddlers. Increased awareness and understanding of community can be done through education, counseling, introduction and provision of information to the community. Keywords: Posyandu, Indonesia, Community Empowerment Cycle, Ladder of Citizen Participation

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0347 Poster Presenter Access to Healthcare Barriers of accessibility to public medical health system in Mozambique: A qualitative study Naoko Takeyama, Hiroshima University, Japan Michiko Moriyama, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan This study was conducted to clarify how medical staffs’ activities influence to select a health system by an in-depth interview that was implemented in Mozambique as developing country. First, it revealed that there was a traditional medicine as well public health system provided by the government in Pemba city (study site). The residents choose one of them to deal with health problems. It was clarified that they were discontented with care, which they can receive at public hospital. The major reason of their dissatisfaction is due to medical staffs’ communication. They expect an explanation about disease and treatment; however, they receive just a medication without enough explanation. Furthermore, this study revealed the followings factors that can influence the patients’ selection of medical system. The traditional healer’s dealing is more familiar and politer. There is enough explanation about symptoms and disease including its causes, and the trust based on experiences of reliable people of family and community. Government doesn’t officially certify the traditional healers and their treatment. However, people have tendency to select traditional medicine irrespective of a resident area as well as their social and economic state. It indicates that the traditional healers’ handling can attract them more than public medical workers. In addition, the people have the recognition of public medical health system as developed for other citizens of colonial immigrants. So, they can feel a barrier to select it until now. This study showed that people have double psychological barriers for public hospital except physical and social-economic factors. 0348 Poster Presenter Ageing Health Methodology evaluation for targeting frailty of high-risk elderly people by basic checklist analysis Kanae Osaki, Hiroshima University, Japan Michiko Moriyama, Hiroshima University, Japan Japanese government recommends municipal governments to use a basic checklist to target the frail elderly and to intervene in an early stage. The aim of this study is to examine the effective methodology for the targeting. Three data sets were matched and analyzed. One was the checklist results administered by mail at the point of year in August 2014 from the elderly age over 65 lived in A city. The others are their participation data of preventive activities, and data of their certification of the long-term care insurance and the care level at the end of May 2016. These data were analyzed by Cox proportional hazard model, and which of the items of age, sex, and the checklist items were most likely to be required long-term care. Data showed that out of the 43,591 elderly population, 28,955 (66.4%) returned the checklist. Among them, 1,538 elderly were certified as care-needy status. Factors as old age, male, 10 items applicable are detected as indicators, and as categories, deteriorated motor function, withdrawal, forgetfulness, and depression are detected as risk factors becoming a care-needy status. In addition, the combination of deteriorated motor function, withdrawal, and depression was strongly related to the support required status. The three categories strongly related to care-needy status from support level 1 to long-term care required level 2. Therefore, it is suggested that to prevent the elderly at risk of going to care-needy condition, targeting the elderly who satisfied these three categories from the checklist is important.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0349 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health The process of leading to coping behaviors of people with sleeping disorders: A qualitative descriptive study using Health Belief Model Ayako Toyoshima, Hiroshima University, Japan Michiko Moriyama, Hiroshima University, Japan MD Moshiur Rahman, Hiroshima University, Japan Many people respond to sleeping disorders by drinking alcohol or sleeping pill, although they can prevent worsening by coping appropriately. It is considered that the care method promoting the appropriate coping behavior can be constructed, if the reason and process leading to the behavior becomes apparent. The study aim to analyze the process that influence for coping behaviors to sleeping disorders. We interviewed 27 people, 14 male and 13 female, aged 20â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to 60â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s with sleeping disorders with or without having coping behaviors. We analyzed their process qualitatively using the framework as a Health Belief Model (HBM). The types of sleeping disorders were insomnia: 22, delayed sleep phase syndrome: 1, sleep apnea syndrome (SAS): 4, and others: 5 (overlapping). In insomnia and delayed sleep phase syndrome, the influence of insomnia symptom or lack of sleep on mind and body was recognized as perceived susceptibility, and the onset of depression and physical illness were recognized as severity. The susceptibility and severity created a perceived threat. However, in SAS, the awareness of mental and physical disorders from drowsiness during the daytime was recognized as severity, and perceived threat didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t develop because there was no perceived susceptibility. Our study findings clarified that insomnia and delayed sleep phase syndrome could be described within the framework of HBM that explains the health behavior develops when perceived threat increases and perceived benefits become significant more than the barriers. On the other hand, there was a limitation as SAS could not be explained by this model.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0351 Poster Presenter Nursing Practice & Education Differences in Perceived Need for Support Among New Nursing Teachers Working in a Japanese Nursing College Based on the Years of Experience Yusuke Kurebayashi, Kyorin University, Japan Tomomi Goda, Takarazuka University, Japan Satomi Ikeuchi, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan Aiko Hamada, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Japan Toshiyuki Kihara, Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan Introduction In Japan, although the need for support of new nursing teachers to understand their role and to avoid their leaving is being clarified, it remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify the differences in the degree of need according to the years of experience as a nursing teacher. Methods A questionnaire was circulated among nursing teachers with 5 years or less of experience working at a signatory university of the Japan Association of Nursing Programs. The questionnaire included demographics and the need for support for items referenced by the FD mothermap developed by Chiba University in Japan. The items consisted of 5 <classifications> and 20 [elements], and the participants were asked to answer these items on a 3-point Likert scale. The degree of need was compared between a oneyear group and a 2–5-year group using the Chi-square test. Results We obtained 273 questionnaires and analysed 207. In [Managing classes] and [Supervising clinical practice] as elements in <Education>, [Having a researcher’s mind] and [Having the ability to conduct research] in <Research> and [Innovation in nursing activities] in <Social contribution>, the need for support in the one-year group was higher than in the 2–5-year group. Discussion This study revealed that support for nursing teachers should be arranged according to their years of experience at nursing college. Specifically, support for new nursing teachers should focus on managing classes, supervising clinical practice, the researcher’s mind, facilitation of ability to conduct research and innovation in nursing activities.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0356 Poster Presenter Sexual Health & Wellness Factors associated to sexual behavior of technical students in Det Udom district, Aree Butsorn, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand A cross-sectional analytical study was to investigate factors associated to sexual behavior of technical students in Det Udom district, Ubon Ratchathani Province. There were totally samples 333 students in the year 1-3 vocational certificate students. Data were collected between September 2015 to February 2016 by using the questionnaire which developed by the researcher. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The study showed, mean of sexual behavior of Technical students was 13.22 (S.D. = 4.03). The possible score range was 13.47-14.96, comparing to 48.11-53.43 percentage. When considering each issue, 15.3% recurring issue is to hold the hand and arm, shoulder-towaist each other. 9.9% of the opposite sex were friends known on the internet. 9.9% use lover’s house for make love. Factors associated to sexual behavior of technical students has four factors: access to sexuality (X18), friends (X17), sexual attitudes (X13), and vocational education (X4). The best model can predict the sexual behavior of technical students 59.70% (R2adj = 0.597, R2 = 0.602, R = 0.776, SEest = 4.406, F = 123.826, p <.001) and written as a predicted equation as follows. Y = 6.165 + 0.840(X18) + 0.565(X17) - 0.529(X13) - 1.824(X4) Z = 0.394Zx18 + 0.286ZX17 - 0.213ZX13 - 0.131X4 To resolve the sexual behavior problems among technique students have to use media creating good sexual attitudes and increasing surveillance the period of the first year students for solving the problem of sexual behavior of technical students to continue. 0359 Poster Presenter Public Health and Palliative Care A study of tendencies for terminal cancer patients’ concerns in Japan Miki Oeki, Hiroshima University, Japan Yuki Sasaki, Japanese Red Cross Hiroshima College of Nursing, Japan Atuko Nonaka, Musashimurayama Hospital, Japan Akiko Iguchi, Musashimurayama Hospital, Japan Kazuyo Miyao, Kimura Hospital, Japan Mayumi Yamasaki, Shimura Hospital, Japan Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate terminal cancer patients’ self-perceptions towards their family caregivers. Methods Eleven terminally ill patients with cancer underwent semi-structured interviews, and used content analysis techniques. The interviewer asked the patients about their experiences of feeling burdensome or overly indebted to family caregivers. The results were evaluated using anonymous self-administered questionnaires. Patients rated their responses on a 5-point frequency scale. Results Valid responses were obtained from 67 patients (26 males and 41 females) with a mean [SD] age of 72.3 [13.1] years. Our analysis showed that the concerns of terminal cancer patients for their family members included 8 categories (response rate “feel all of the time”). Sorry for increasing burden as the disease progresses(47%), Sorry for making the family caregiver ill(41%), Sorry for burdening caregivers unilaterally and not being able to return the favor(40%), Sorry for being a source of stress to the family (37%), Sorry for not being able to achieve my duty or role(31%), Sorry for being a financial burden (31%), Sorry for forcing the family caregiver to change his or her schedule (29%), Sorry for doing too many things(22%). Conclusions A lot of terminal cancer patients experienced sense of burdensomeness towards their family members for sacrificing their well-being and daily lives. This study provided useful insights for nursing professionals to understand the psychological responses that terminally ill patients have to nursing care provided by their family members.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0360 Poster Presenter Non-communicable Diseases Family History of Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Family History of Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Pre-diabetes and Diabetes among Fifteen-year-old and Older Individuals in Ubon Ratchathani Phalakorn Suebsamran, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand A family history of diabetes mellitus has been reported to be associated with the risk of diabetes. However, few studies have examined this as a risk factor for persons who are pre-diabetic and diabetic in Asian populations. This analytical cross-sectional study aimed to determine the relationship between family history and pre-diabetes and diabetes. Data were collected from 400,471 men and women participating in the Health Checks Ubon Ratchathani (HCUR) project in 2007. Pre-diabetes was defined as a fasting blood glucose of >100-125 mg%, and >125 mg% is diabetes. Data on family history categorized into two groups, yes or no. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to estimate the association between self-reported family history and pre-diabetes and diabetes. Results showed that the prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was 10.5% and 4.1% respectively. After adjustment for other risk factors, family history of diabetes mellitus was independently associated with pre-diabetes and diabetes (adjusted odds ratio of 1.95, 95% CI 1.88-2.02, and 3.31, 95% CI 3.16-3.47). There was no interaction between family history of diabetes mellitus and other potential covariates. A family history of diabetes mellitus was independently associated with the risk of pre-diabetes and diabetes in a possibly dose-response fashion. It, therefore, seems reasonable to argue that family history of diabetes may be useful as a predictive for populations at risk of diabetes and prevention in Asian populations. Keywords: Family history of diabetes, Pre-diabetes, Analytical cross-sectional study 0361 Poster Presenter Nursing Practice & Education Experienced home-visiting nurses’ clinical judgment and actions in response to a change to the condition of the children who need medical care Chizuko Edagawa, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Japan Yukari Toyota, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Japan Mikiko Hori, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Japan The purpose of this research is to clarify the process of reaching a clinical judgement and actions among experienced home-visiting nurses when there are changes in the condition of the children who need medical care. Through semi-structured interviews, we collected data from the nurses with about 5 years of nursing experience and were recommended by their director to participate in this study. The interviews were conducted from June to November 2016. We asked them about the process of reaching a clinical judgement and actions when there are changes in the condition of the children who need medical care. The interview results were transcribed and the data were organized. The study participants were 7 home-visiting nurses. As for the process of reaching a clinical judgement, the nurses collected information on the timing of symptom development or related factors and repeated inference and validation. They compared the situation with the children’s usual status and monitor the changes in body temperature, breathing, and heartbeat. They also incorporated the balance of sleeping/wakefulness and mood and activity level in their judgement. The nurses’ actions included minor adjustment of care in accordance with the symptom and making an arrangement for early medical examination in case the symptom aggravates. They communicated with the children’s mothers frequently and shared information. They respected the mothers’ views and information, continued to observe, understood the level of the mothers’ anxiety, and took actions to solve the issues at an early stage.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0363 Poster Presenter Nursing Practice & Education The State of Career Support Needs for New Faculty Members for Nursing Programs in Universities in Japan Tomomi Goda, Takarazuka University, Japan Kurebayashi Yusuke, Kyorin University, Japan Satomo Ikeuchi, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan Aiko Hamada, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Japan Toshiyuki Kihara, Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify career support needs for new faculty members at nursing universities. Method An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was mailed to faculty members with one to five years of experience at member of JANPU in January 2017. Questions was 1) attributes; 2) level of learning for the capabilities required; and 3) career support needs. 2) 3) were created using FD Mother Map for Nursing Education. A trend toward support needs was examined by calculating descriptive statistics. This research was conducted with the approval of the University Research Ethics Committee. Results 215 responses were used for analysis. The top five responses for “requiring support” were, under education, “structuring curriculum” at 65.1%; “selecting students for admission” 63.7%; and under research, “promoting joint international research” at 77.7%; “promoting international academic exchanges” 77.2%; “giving presentations at international academic conferences” 70.2%. At the same time, the top three responses for “not requiring support” were, under fundamentals, “managing one’s health as a nursing professional” at 60.0%; “having a vision of nursing” 46.5%; “understanding the importance of skills in nursing practice” 42.8%. Discussion The career support needs were particularly high in understanding internationalization within research followed by education. At the same time, needs related to fundamental abilities as a nursing professional within fundamentals tended to be somewhat low, which suggests the need for support that keeps these facts in mind.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0364 Poster Presenter Public Health Promotion Factors Affecting Health in Foreign Workers in Japan: A Systematic Literature Review Weng Li, Hiroshima University, Japan Michiko Moriyama, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan Md Moshiur Rahman, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan Purpose: Many literatures reported that overwork and stress were deteriorating the health conditions of workers worldwide. The aim of this study is a systematic evaluation of the factors that might affect health in foreign workers in Japan. Method: A systematic search of the literature was conducted using the Japan Medical Abstracts Society databases and three keywords as foreign, workers, and health problems. First 75 articles with the 2 keywords (foreign and workers) were extracted, then 30 articles with the 3 keywords (foreign, workers, and health problems) were reviewed. Finally, 13 articles were chosen and analyzed as strongly matched to the purpose of this study. Result: The 13 articles were published between 1993 to 2016 and reported the studies were conducted in Japan. Most articles mentioned the major factor was job stress. The other causes are language barrier, cultural and social system. All these factors ultimately impact on workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; physical and mental health, consequently causes alteration of appetite, sleeping disorders, depression, and other physical and mental health illness. Mental health issue has been becoming a major health problem in Japan among the foreign workers. Conclusion: Language barrier is the main reason of foreign workers for slow adjusting life in Japan, and even not to seeking medical treatment. Therefore, mental health needs to be addressed as a leading health problem for most of the foreign workers. 0365 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health The Development of Service Model of The Local Fund Health Security (LFHS) in Thailand Vorapoj Promasatayaprot, Mahasarakham University, Thailand Sumattana Glangkarn, Mahasarakham University, Thailand Kris Khunluek, Kalasin University, Thailand Samart Phansakhoo, Nongkhai Province, Thailand This study was action research which the main purpose was to examine the development of service model of the Local Fund Health Security (LFHS) in Thailand in order to emphasize the public citizen and communities participate in that . The study employed various methodology including 1) planning 2) Action 3) observation and 4) reflection. This study was employed the areas and the subjects consisted of 31 committees and sub - committees of the LFHS in Tambon Nammong, Thabo district, Nongkhai province, Thailand and 10 representative citizen by using the purposive sampling technique. The instrument used in this study was questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistic; percentage, mean, standard deviation, maximum value, minimum, median. Qualitative data was used with observation and interview were analysis by content analysis. The results of this research were as follows: The development of service model of the LFHS in Thailand were 7 procedures ; (1) workshop participation (2) workshop in action plan (3) performing in action plan (4) following supervision (5) self â&#x20AC;&#x201C; assessment (6) knowledge sharing seminar (7) obstacles and solutions. The service model of the LFHS in Thailand was passed the qualifications of LFHS by 7 procedures to be the high potential. This research suggested that, the success factor in the implementation of this mechanism is to build understanding and participation of the President of the LFHS and committees and sub - committees of that. To strive for a common goal on the use of databases in the area to drive.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0367 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health The Learning Process to Protect the Liver Fluke Participatory Sasiwan Tassana-iem, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand Jiraporn Jumpajun, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand Neeranute Wontisong, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand Suwatsa Panneng, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand Kanjana Vongsawat, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand Wiboonsuk Talkul, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand Koi Pla Dip (rare fish) and Lab Pla Dip (chopped rare fish) are the eating culture to welcome guests at the event in the community. However, this behavior is a risk of liver fluke infection. Local people also have a misunderstanding about the causes of disease, This participatory action research, purposed to study the process of learning to prevent liver fluke. The target population was selected due to prevalence rates of liver fluke in 2015 that was Tao-Ngoi district, Sakon Nakhon province. The participants consisted of inhabitant, community leaders, the operator stores, village health volunteers and network partners in the area. The instrument were the geo-social mapping, interview, and focus group. Data were analyzed using content analysis. The research had operated the participatory learning process into three phases, Phase 1 found co-think, co-create and contemplate doing, made the inhabitant being aware of the problem by reflection, understanding the causes and how to prevent the risk of liver fluke. For phase 2, the results revealed the building of community leaders, the model of knowledge transfer exhortations to quit and reduce the risk of liver fluke. Phase 3 was a reflection step showed people who were involved in all phases increased awareness of the risks and the consequences of disease. Using community leaders as a way to prevent the development of sustainable communities. The key concepts included problem understanding, public access, persuaded to avoid risk behavior, and network interface. 0370 Oral Presenter Non-communicable Diseases Autism in Oman: Epidemiology and Etiology Yahya Al-Farsi, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Marwan M. Al-Sharbati, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Mostafa I. Waly, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Samir S. Al-Adawi, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Mohammed Al-Shafaee, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Maha M. Al-Khaduri, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman From year 2011 to 2016, the Autism Research Group (ARG) at Sultan Qaboos University conducted a research project about autism in Oman. The researchers estimated the prevalence of autism in Oman for the first time, and the data suggested that autism was severely under-diagnosed and under-reported in the country. The results also suggested that malnutrition was prevalent among children with autism in Oman. The project has shed more light on the role of oxidative stress and epigenetic effect of environmental factors on the occurrence of autism. At community level, the researchers were able to evaluate the socioeconomic burden of autism on families caring for children of autism in the country. They also evaluated the teachersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and physiciansâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; awareness towards autism. The data led to a better understanding of autism etiology as well as contributed to increased awareness about the disorder in Oman. Although the data about etiology of autism pose more questions in the complexity of its etiology, the findings were of considerable importance in understanding the role of oxidative stress in children with autism. The ARG had received several local and international awards. Overall, the researchers were able to publish 25 pee-reviewed full text scientific papers, and 34 abstracts presented at international conferences. The postgraduate dissertations Two PhD and three MSc dissertations were completed in the project. The group also developed a novel mobile application for screening of autism among Arabic-speaking communities. The ARG cooperates with governmental entities in order to establish a national autism rehabilitation centre in Oman.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0374 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health The Preventive and Control Behaviors about Hand, Foot and Mouth Diseases of Child Care Centers in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand Comsun Thongchai, Mahasarakham University, Thailand This research was aimed to study health behaviors for prevention and control the Hand foot mouth disease (HFMD) in child care centers, Ubon Ratchathani Province. The participatory research process was conducted between May, 2015 and April, 2016. The study instruments used questionnaires, focus groups and in-depth interviews focusing on their practices of prevention and environment management of HFMD. The samples of survey questionnaires were caregivers who working in 80 child development centers of the 80 parishes in Ubon Ratchathani province. Results showed that the majority were female (96.3%), average age 42 years (71.3%), marital status were couples (88.7%)and studied in undergraduate (65.2%). with a period of performance as teachers in child care centers range from 10 to 14 years were percentage 57.5 and 66.3 percent of health workers had been trained about the control HFMD disease. The level of preventive behavior in hand foot mouth disease among child caregivers was at high level. The mean score was 2.86 (S.D. = 0.114).On the other hand, the level of environmental management to prevent HFMD was low. The mean score was 1.24 (S.D. = 0.215). These results should be concerned to develop a program for improving knowledge of HFMD in caregivers of child care centers by training. There may have the preparation of education medias and bluff supervision. Surveillance of hand foot mouth disease and health behaviors promotion with community participation need to be supported continuously. 0376 Poster Presenter Environmental Health Environmental and Health Impact Assessment for Ports in Thailand Chamchan Chanchang, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Pornchai Sithisarankul, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Thanawat Supanitayanon, Royal Thai Navy, Thailand Port development in Thailand is an essential part of the national maritime interest in connection with ship and shore activities. The growth of maritime industry and transportation has led to the expansion of portsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; areas and capacity. Each port type causes different environmental impacts. The report of Environmental and Health Impact Assessment (EIA, HIA and EHIA) is regarded as the environmental management process in the planning period. It is a key tool to anticipate and prevent any adverse effects that might occur on the environment as well as community health resulting from the project implementation. This measure, in turn, creates advance preparation on both the preventive and problem-solving means before the project gets off the ground. At present, the majority of new projects on port development has still been in the process of information gathering for EHIA submission. Some cannot start to operate due to their EHIA failure. For example, the Tha-sala port which did not pass EHIA, mainly because emphasis had been focused on adhering to legal regulations without taking into consideration the in-depth analysis of data being conducted by community entities in the area. Thus caused the project to be finally abolished. Impact assessment on environment and health should be aimed at detailed understanding of the community in each particular area so that effective data of objective achievement in preventing environmental problems could actually be carried out and welcomed by the concerned society.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0377 Oral Presenter Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Home-work for the Medical Missionary Min Bae, University of St Andrews, UK This paper is about medical discourses on public health problems, particularly working classes’ poor health, of the late nineteenth century in Britain. E. W. Lane (1823 – 1889), through his 1875 article, ‘Home-work for the Medical Missionary’, argued that the medical profession should take a principal role, even more important than that of clergy, in tackling social problems. Lane was neither working as a local health officer nor in a position that could influence public health policies. His social concerns came from his medical thoughts on hygiene, which had developed since his first work, Hydropathy; or Hygienic Medicine, 1859. Among medical men, some continued to support the ideas of environmental hygiene, while others held the view that hygiene was assimilated into physiology, but for increasing numbers of the medical profession, hygiene was now important not because it represented healthy ways of life, but because it could prevent infection and fever diseases. Lane’s argument, that many social problems were rooted in poverty and ignorance of hygiene, challenged this professional view of hygiene as well as the social view that the doctors’ role should legitimately be limited to physical and bodily problems. Lane was not the only doctor who held that view. Apart from the prevailed sanitary science and the rising microbiology of the time, the classical and heterodox concept of hygiene was also strongly used in the medical discourses on public health until the 1870s. 0378 Oral Presenter Nursing Practice & Education Correlation between knowledge, attitude and the use of Personal Protective Equipment among Operation Room and Internal Disease Inpatient Nurse in Panglima Sebaya Hospital Ratna Setyaningrum, Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia Dian Rosadi, Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia Hospital nurses are always faced with different kinds of patient's illness. Therefore, nurses should have sufficient knowledge and attitude in the use of PPE while providing care and treatment to patients so that being protected by disease infection. This study aims to determine the correlation between knowledge, attitude and the use of PPE among operation room and internal disease inpatient nurses in Panglima Sebaya Hospital. This is an observational analytic research with cross sectional approach. Sampling was done by purposive sampling technique were determined by inclusion criteria as many as 38 respondents. Research instruments using questionnaires and observation sheet. Data were analyzed by Fisher Exact with 95% of significance level. The results showed that there is a significant correlation between knowledge and the use of PPE (p=0.010) and there is a significant correlation between attitude and the use of PPE (p=0.0001) among operation room and internal disease inpatient nurses in Panglima Sebaya Hospital.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0379 Poster Presenter Nursing Practice & Education Fundamental Capabilities of New Faculty Members for Nursing Programs Satomi Ikeuchi, Kanazawa Medical University, Japan Tomomi Goda, Takarazuka University, Japan Yusuke Kurebayashi, Kyorin University, Japan Aiko Hamada, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Japan Toshiyuki Kihara, Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan [Purpose] This study identifies the level of learning of fundamental capabilities for faculty members, with one to five years of teaching experience, working at universities/colleges with nursing programs. [Method] In January 2017, anonymous, self-administered questionnaires were mailed to faculty members with one to five years of experience at universities/colleges that are members of the Japan Association of Nursing Programs in Universities (249 member schools). The question items included 1) attributes and 2) level of learning of the capabilities required of a faculty member for nursing. It was created using the “Faculty Development Mother Map.” The trend in learning was examined by calculating the required descriptive statistics. [Results] A total of 273 responses were used for analysis (an effective response rate of 86.1%). The top five responses to the “being independent” item were under fundamentals with “managing one’s health as a nursing professional” at 153 (65.1%), “understanding the importance of skills in nursing practice” at 124 (52.8%), “having a vision of nursing” at 120 (51.1%),“having an ethical vision as a nursing professional” at 108 (46.0%), and “maintaining autonomy as a nursing professional” at 102 (43.4%). The top two responses under “do not know” were “promoting international exchanges” at 122 (51.9%) and “promoting joint international research” at 120(51.1%) under research. [Discussion] While new faculty members for nursing are acquiring fundamentals such as “fundamental abilities as a nursing professional,” they tend to lack “research” knowledge regarding “understanding internationalization,” and, thus, the need support in that particular area.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0380 Poster Presenter e-Health, m-Health, Telemedicine A Prefectural Hospital’s Approaches and Future Perspectives on Fall Prevention Measures as Part of Community-based Medical Services: The 2nd report Sanae Uchiyama, Prefectural Akitu Hospital, Japan Nanae Miyamoto, Prefectural Akitu Hospital, Japan Shizoka Shigematsu, Prefectural Akitu Hospital, Japan Makoto Inoue, Prefectural University of Hiroshima Faculty of Health, Japan Koji Asou, Prefectural University of Hiroshima Faculty of Health, Japan In the super-aging society of Japan, which has the longest life expectancy in the world, the prevention of care dependency among the elderly is a major social issue. To develop future perspectives on fall prevention measures in communities by retrospectively examining Prefectural Akitsu Hospital’s approaches. Prefectural Akitsu Hospital’s approaches were initially summarized, and opinions and free descriptions regarding the following items, collected from community residents, nurses, and patients, were subsequently classified: 1. Approaches examined by the Committee for Nursing Quality Improvement and Fall Prevention Team through collaboration in the past 2. Status of an originally developed fall prevention exercise 3. Approaches adopted in in-hospital day care services 1. Since 2011, community-based companies, public universities, and other organizations have continuously adopted fall prevention approaches, and conducting related surveys and studies, contributing to the enhancement and maintenance of community residents’ awareness of fall prevention. 2. Since 2013, the original exercise has been disseminated through the Akitsu Festivals and extension lectures on medical services. It has also been performed by community residents. Other approaches include: visiting community events and meeting places for residents to promote fall prevention among the latter, and enhance their awareness of this issue; and providing preventive medical approaches through collaboration with related facilities within the community. In order to enable inpatients to continue to live in their long-lived-in communities, it may be important to initiate measures to prevent falls and ADL reduction during hospitalization. In this respect, approaches and activities based on hospital-community liaison may be needed. 0386 Poster Presenter Maternal, Infant & Child Health Developmental surveillance among early childhood in the Child Development Centers of Local Administrative Organizations Sumattana Glangkarn, Mahasarakham University, Thailand Vorapoj Promasatayaprot, Mahasarakham University, Thailand Early childhood, the first five years of life, is a time of rapid cognitive, linguistic, social, emotional and motor development. The development of a child’s brain depends on environmental stimulation, especially on the quality of care and interaction that the child receives. This descriptive research aimed to assess the development of children in the Child Development Centers of Local Administrative Organizations in Kantharawichai district, Maha Sarakham province. The Development Surveillance and Promotion manual (DSPM) was employed to measure child development in 5 domains consisting of gross motor (GM), fine motor (FM), receptive language (RL), expressive language (EL), and personal and social (PS). The results of 277 children were divided into aged groups following the DSPM. The assessment showed children 1924 months and 25-29 months failed mostly in RL and EL domains such as repeated speaking, explaining pictures, and telling some body organs. Most 30 months children failed mostly in PS and RL domain such as waiting, singing and listening tales. For the other older groups, the fails were similar in FM domain such as drawing duplicated pictures, dragging lines, and cutting paper into pieces by scissors. The children who had development suitable as their ages, had been promoted the development follow the DSPM. The children who were unable to do some skills of 5 domains had been improved by child care teachers and parents. The surveillance and screening of child development have been monitored continuously to protect the child’s rights to develop their full cognitive, emotional, social and physical potential.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0389 Poster Presenter Communicable Diseases Factors related to Leptospirosis preventive behavior in Northeast Thailand Patnapa Thani, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand Kanokwan Ponglun, Ubonratchathani University, Thailand Arthit Thani, Chalermkarnchana University, Thailand Leptospirosis is an emerging disease in Thailand with a significant increase in reported incidence since 1996. Khukhan district located on the north-eastern part of Thailand is one of the most epidemic areas currently reported as high incidence of leptospirosis. Although the morbidity rate of reported cases slightly decreased, the number of mortality rate obviously increased in a recent decade. To investigate the factors related to leptospirosis preventive behavior, we conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study in Khukhan district, Sisaket province from October to November, 2016. Questionnaires involving 235 famers revealed that the overall awareness of leptospirosis disease, attitude and leptospirosis preventive behavior were represented at high levels (98.7%, 66.4% and 54.0%, respectively). However, social support of the participants was moderate levels, but had no significant effect on leptospirosis protective behavior. The relationships between factors and leptospirosis protective behavior analyzed by Pearsons product moment correlation coefficient statistic demonstrated that illness history of leptospirosis, training history of leptospirosis and participant attitude were significantly related to the leptospirosis protective behavior (r = 0.519, 0.211 and 0.219, respectively). Although the overall awareness of leptospirosis disease and attitude of the participants demonstrated high level, some misunderstandings in detail of leptospirosis still remained high. 0390 Poster Presenter Non-communicable Diseases Insulin Resistance among Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Women in Oman: A Case-Control Study Maha Sulaiman, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Yahya M. Al-Farsi, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Mostafa I. Waly, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Jumana Saleh, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Maha M. Al-Khaduri, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Background Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder affecting between 6-12% of reproductive aged women. Insulin resistance is one of the potential causes for PCOS. Despite the worldwide increasing rates of obesity, diabetes and infertility among women population, there is dearth of PCOS research in the developing countries. The aim of this study is to assess the insulin resistance associated with PCOS to improve the management programs of diabetes among women in Oman. Methods A hospital-based case control study has been conducted among women aged 16-49 years. The study included 102 women diagnosed with PCOS (as per Rotterdam 2003 criteria) and 110 control women who were unknown to have PCOS. Socio-demographic data, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical profile were collected at baseline levels. Results Irregular menses, hirsutism and acne (P=0.001) were significantly higher in PCOS women. The mean of the body mass index (p= 0.003), waist-hip ratio (P= 0.01) and waist circumference (P= 0.001) were significantly higher in PCOS women compared to women in the control group indicating central obesity. PCOS women were at a higher risk of insulin resistance; fasting insulin levels (OR= 5.8; 95%CI 1.5, 22.8, P= 0.01) compared to the control group. Conclusion The study provides supportive evidence of high risk of diabetes among women in general and PCOS women in specific which necessitates the establishment of effective programs to control diabetes mellitus and promote healthy lifestyle activities.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0392 Poster Presenter Ageing Health A survey on healthcare needs of the late elderly living alone at the island area in Kure City, Japan Osamu Hiramitsu, Hiroshima University, Japan Sakamoto Ritsuko, Hiroshima University, Japan Sakamoto Moe, Hiroshima University, Japan Fukushima Mie, Hiroshima University, Japan Kawai Madoka, Hiroshima University, Japan Michiko Moriyama, Hiroshima University, Japan Purpose: To prepare for the integrated community care system and provide necessary services from a municipal government, a survey was conducted to identify the elderly health conditions and needs related to healthcare. Method: The elderly age over 85 and living alone (n=303, 31.4% of all elderly age over 85) in the island area in Kure city were selected based on the municipal government resident register. A structured interview questionnaire was used to evaluate their vital signs, nutritional status, physiological symptoms, and physical conditions by the researchers, during November 2016 to March 2017. Results: Successful interviews were obtained from 198 elderly (65.3%). Regarding health status, 87% thought they were healthy, but 48% of them were above level 1 hypertension; 63% went out every day by them; 87% cooked by themselves, but 34% were evaluated as risk of malnutrition. Regarding needs, 71% wanted to live without any care services, but mostly having their childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s support outside of islands; 60% have desire to die at home, although having with many misunderstanding; and only 26% knows procedures of the long-term insurance system. Conclusion: The elderly living alone at their home who are physically and mentally healthier; however, they are at high risk of frail. Therefore, paying special attention to them every day and support system to ensure their nutrition and eliminating risks are important to make them safe living at home as much as possible. 0393 Oral Presenter Public Health Systems Roles of sub-district health promotion hospitals administrators in Policy Implementation: A case study of Surin Province. Taweesuk Sirisai, Mahasakham University, Thailand Vorapoj Promasatayaprot, Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Thailand Wittaya Yoosuk, Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Thailand Surasak Chaiyasong, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Thailand The sub-district health promotion hospitals or Primary Care Unit (PCU) are an innovative in the Thai health system with regard to the health Policy. This purpose of the study is to examine the process of policy implementation through the PCU that being operated in Surin province. The study design was a mixed methods methodology comprising a quantitative research and a qualitative research. The 48 samples of the PCU administrators, being operated in 2016, in Surin province were purposively selected as the sample. The study tools were a questionnaire and an interview. The collected data were analyzed by using percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson moment correlation coefficient, and independent t-test. Results of the study revealed the managerial administration of the PCU (50.2%) was in a middle level. From aspects of the following: 1) adaptation ability; 2) task integration ability; 3) latent ability; and goal attainment. It was found that administrator of PCU were ready to cope with changes, able to integrate primary task process and had a high level of good working culture. Meanwhile, working staff had a lower level than that administrator of PCU in 4 aspects. In conclusion, implementation of the PCU can be successful practitioners, the must understand the purposes of the policy and have the clear communication system to generate the participation of all stakeholders. Finally, the proactive system management will lead to effectives of the successful policy implementation.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0394 Oral Presenter Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Clean Water = Good Health : An Equation that is Difficult to Solve in Many Parts of the World Harry Carley, Matsuyama University, Japan This presentation with accompanying paper will discuss the importance of clean water which can then promote good health. The consequence of having access water that is free of dirt and disease has been known throughout history but even in the twenty-first century there are many individuals that suffer with health issue due to the fact that they are unable to acquire clean water. Surprisingly this is not an issue that takes place in remote jungles or areas without proper sanitation facilities. More and more the issue of unclean water is arising within industrial nations. There are many reasons for this including lack of funding, old and neglected infrastructures, the debate over benefits of fluorinated versus lack of fluorinated water resources, in addition to many others. The current debate over the importance of the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in the United States could have devastating effects and traumatic results if de-funded as the current presidential administration is proposing. Clean water and access to it affects all of us. Many water borne diseases which can be transmitted through insects or by other means is highly possible. The health risks to the total population too hazardous to ignore. 0395 Poster Presenter Public Health & Community Health Analysis of the distribution of medical expenditure and disease structure in a super-aging society Kana Kazawa, Hiroshima University, Japan Susumu Iwamoto, Yamaguchi University, Japan Michiko Moriyama, Hiroshima University, Japan [Purpose] The Data Health Plan has been introduced in Japan, in which all National Health Insurances (municipal governments) are mandated to analyze their health receipts data and make strategic plans to reduce healthcare expenditure. Off the top, in order to clarify the detail disease structure and how medical expenditure is spent, we analyzed the combined medical and long-term care insurance receipts data. [Methods] Subjects were persons insured under the national health insurance for persons aged 74 or younger and the medical insurance system for elderly persons aged 75 or over plus specified diseases of City A in Japan. We analyzed these medical receipts and long-term care insurance receipts data. The receipt data were from April 2014 to March 2015. [Results] Schizophrenia, alcohol-related disorders, cardiovascular events, malignant neoplasm, and lifestyle-related diseases ranked high in medical expenditure under the national health insurance; whereas hip fracture, cardiovascular events, heart failure, Alzheimerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s disease, pneumonia, neurodegenerative disease, HIV/AIDS, and end-stage renal disease occupied top medical expenditure in total under the medical insurance system for elderly persons. As aging, the more elderly are hospitalized, the mean medical expenditure increases, and many of them died in the hospitals. [Conclusion] Disease structure is completely different between the two insurance groups. Disease management and case management of healthcare service coordination and allocation are the key to control medical expenditure and QOL of the elderly as well as providing advance care planning services. This strategic approach will be required to all municipal government as a national medical insurance.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0396 Poster Presenter Nursing Practice & Education A literature review on Alcohol Drinking among Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer Akemi Torobu, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan Kayo Kamoshita, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan Background Treatment advances have led to a growing population of childhood cancer survivors. Many are at risk for developing treatment-related late effects. The risk of developing long-term complications increases with time and can be aggravated by age-related comorbidity and environmental factors (tobacco, alcohol, obesity). Alcohol drinking may affect levels of health risk. A number of papers have examined these behaviors in childhood cancer survivors. The purpose of this study was to provide a review and summary of the published studies in the areas of alcohol drinking, and related interventions among childhood cancer survivors. Methods Using “childhood cancer survivors”, “alcohol drinking”, “alcohol use”, “health behavior”, as keywords,we searched for articles published between 2007 and 2016 in the Ichushi Web and Pubmed database.Descriptive and intervention studies that included survivors of childhood cancers and a measurement of alcohol drinking were reviewed. Result Among the 163 papers extracted, 18 were analyzed. Results suggest that childhood cancer survivors engage in health-promoting activities at rates comparable to the general population. Behavioral interventions have mostly targeted. Results, overall, are not encouraging, due primarily to difficulties recruiting and retaining participants. Conclusion There is consistent evidence that higher alcohol consumption in late adolescence continues into adulthood and is also associated with alcohol problems including dependence. Although more rigorous studies are needed, recommendations for health-promoting behaviors should be a regular topic of discussion between health care providers and their childhood cancer survivor patients. 0403 Poster Presenter Mental Health & Psychiatry A Literature Review on Psychiatric Nurses’ Coping with Their Negative Emotions toward Patients Yoko Matsumoto, Japanese Red Cross Hiroshima College of Nursing, Japan Katsuko Okimoto, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Japan Using the Web Japan Medical Abstracts Society and CiNii, we searched for domestic articles published between 2005 and 2016, and analyzed 22 articles on how psychiatric nurses deal with their negative feelings about patients. As a result, psychiatric nurses dealt with their negative feelings about patients by [making self-help efforts] and [using social support]. The former is an emotion-centered approach that is free from invasiveness because of the absence of direct intervention for patients; therefore, this approach is expected to produce immediate effects. However, these effects are only temporary as the approach represses nurses’ feelings. Hence, they need to adopt a problem-solving approach whereby they face relevant parties and [use social support] in order to resolve patients’ problems. Thus, by dealing with patients’ problems as organizational tasks, psychiatric nurses are able to have objective viewpoints, and develop useful strategies that are beneficial for both themselves and patients.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0406 Poster Presenter Maternal, Infant & Child Health Influence of Teenage Rebellion on the Relationships between University Students and their Parents Katsuko Okimoto, Okayama Prefectural University, Japan Yuko Amino, Okayama Prefectural University, Japan Takako Kasahara, Japan Ayaka Koide, Japan Rika Fujii, Japan Aim: To clarify the between-sex differences in the influence of teenage rebellion on the relationships between university students and their parents. Methods: On the basis of a cross-sectional approach, an anonymous self-completed questionnaire survey was conducted involving 200 university students (100 males and 100 females). Using the Parent-Child Relationship Scale (Kodaka, 2008), the questionnaire inquired about the subjects’ backgrounds. The t-test or U test was used to analyze the relationships between the subjects and their parents, as well as those according to the presence or absence of teenage rebellion. Results: Concerning the relationships between the subjects and their parents, significant differences were noted in a “positive influence by parents” and “conflict with parents” between males and females (p<0.05), with the latter showing higher scores. The numbers of females and males who had experienced teenage rebellion were 67 and 39, respectively, and the numbers of females and males who had not experienced it were 33 and 57, respectively. Concerning the relationships between the subjects and their parents according to the presence or absence of teenage rebellion, significant differences were noted in a “positive influence by parents”, “conflict with parents”, and “obedience to parents” between females with and without teenage rebellion (p<0.05), with the former showing higher scores. A significant difference was noted in “conflict with parents” between males with and without teenage rebellion (p<0.05), with the latter showing higher scores. 0454 Poster Presenter Healthcare & Social Support Review of literature on childraising by mothers with ADHD symptoms Yuko Amino, Okayama Prefectural University, Japan Okimoto Katsuko, Okayama Prefectural University, Japan Aim: To clarify the characteristics of childraising by mothers with ADHD symptoms, as well as issues regarding such childraising, based on a literature review. Methods: We searched for target articles using the Web Japan Medical Abstracts Society and PubMed, with the keywords “ADHD”, “mother”, and “parenting”. Of the 196 articles extracted, 7 were investigated as they were consistent with the study objectives. Results: Compared with mothers without ADHD symptoms, those with ADHD symptoms were characterized by: “feeling greater difficulty with childraising”, “more strongly blaming their children for their negative actions”, “praising their children to a lesser extent for their positive actions”, “having less interaction with their children”, and “feeling greater difficulty with consistent discipline”. Such women suffer severe ADHD symptoms when having more than four children, and their difficulty with childraising becomes stronger with age; therefore, continued intervention for them needs to be conducted from early on. However, as it is unknown what kind of intervention can relieve such difficulty, there is a need to clarify this.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0450 Oral Presenter Education and Education Technology An Effective Professional Development Series Improves the Quality of Teacher-Child Interactions Anika Bugarin-Jebejian, Concordia University - Portland, USA Just as the educational system in the United States is working to figure out the best ways to reach the developmentally diverse student population found in our public and private institutions; we should be looking how to best prepare our teachers. Over the years, the threat of trickle down curriculum has become a reality and there is increasing pressure on in-coming kindergarteners to be knowledgeable of more and more. Teachers express through honest feedback the lack of quality and/or effective professional development opportunities available to them. There are many opportunities for professional development in the field of education if you have time and funds, but most are targeted toward those in administrative positions. There needs to be some sort of reform when the positive changes in the education system can been seen in the success of the students, which is directly affected by the quality and effectiveness in teacher instruction. A quality feedback through coaching model is the most effective way to develop educators in order to improve teacher-child interactions that translates into high quality education. 0449 Oral Presenter Public Policy What is Human Development And how does it relate to the 21st Century? Harry Carley, Matsuyama University, Japan This presentation discusses human development, it's meaning and purpose. The term 'human development' is most often loosely defined and difficult to describe. Although important most individuals, public offices, and governmental administration at the highest levels are unable to give clear and defined answers as to what human development actually incurs. For Asia, there are many factors that should be included when clarifying human development and it's attributes. The history, culture diversity, educational background, along with continuously expanded life spans, all play key components in evaluating human development. Additionally, as technology has become such a significant part of individuals lives this too plays a part in how humans will develop in the future. Technology currently offers comforts that benefit and assist our development but can also extinguish our independence though dependence. It has also become increasingly aware that humans do not control the earth but are actually present here to reside with nature not to master it. Past human development is currently the cause of many environmental ills that plague the expansion and positive evolution of current citizens. There are many issues to consider when discussing human development which this presentation and accompanying paper hopes to address in an educative and informational manner for conference participants as well as fellow scholars with regards to future reference.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0440 Oral Presenter Urban Planning Two Modes of Tokyo Temporalities. Shibuya and Taito Under-construction Everyday Life Vedrana Ikalovic, Keio University, Japan Ana Gabriela Medina Gavilanes, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain Alice Covatta, Keio University, Japan Shibuya as one of the most commercial, entertaining, and fashionable districts in Tokyo attracts thousands of people every day. In this ward, there is currently the development of a large-scale urban plan that lasts seventeen years. It is centralized and includes the reconstruction of the train station and the development of new skyscrapers, altering consequently the physicality and identity of the area. Taito is one of the shitamachi wards, being mostly residential but also including and being surrounded by some of the most important Tokyo’s landmarks, bringing thousands of people everyday. Ongoing construction projects that are being developed simultaneously in Taito are changing in an intensive way the socio-spatial features of the area. These two different approaches to urban planning affect directly the local way of living, for what people need to adapt, create or reinvent their relationship with the environment. On the one hand, there is a commercial response to the planning in Shibuya in a small scale, that somehow mitigates the characteristic “chaotic” flow. On the other hand, there is a residential aspect in Taito that incentivizes people to engage in a domestic way with the exterior. These two approaches enact as humanscale behaviours that produce what we denominate as “common spaces”. Because Tokyo is constantly under construction, in a permanently temporary state, purpose of the paper is to discuss the human scale reaction to these two mega urban plans: in time and in space. 0435 Oral Presenter Religion, Philosophy and Ecology The Enigma of Religious Freedom in Islamic Malaysia Myengkyo Seo, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea This research analyses how a private religious practice contests the boundaries among religion, the family and the state in Malaysia. It focuses on the Administration of the Religion of Islam (Federal Territories) Bill 2013 which sparked a nationwide debate on religion and the family as it allows one parent to convert children younger than 18 years old without consulting another parent. The question of converting a child is neither new nor is it confined to Malaysia. What makes the issue more complicated in Malaysia, however, is the timing of the event; a parent converts the child at the end of connubiality. This article aims to bring forward the discussion of religion, the family and the state, not only how the family has become the entrance to a religion, but also how a religious conversion, framed by the state, may complete the break-up of the family.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0433 Oral Presenter Education and Education Technology Teacher Education Program of State Universities in Region 1: Input to Outcome –Based and Learning Curriculum Amelita Pedrola, Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Philippines This descriptive – evaluation research involve 1226 respondents to assess the Teacher Education Program of state universities in Region 1. The vision, mission, goals and objectives, curriculum and instruction, faculty, research and extension, and library were “very much attained”. Laboratories and physical facilities were “moderately attained”. General education subjects were rated as “fully implemented” by administrators and “implemented” and “very effective” by faculty and students; professional education subjects were rated “fully implemented” and “very effective” and “implemented” and “effective” correspondingly. Faculty, students, and administrators assessed the professional competence of the graduating students “very satisfactorily” and “satisfactorily” respectively. Their personal and social qualities were “very satisfactorily”. Their performance in the LET gradually increased from 2010 to 2012. The graduates were assessed as “very satisfactorily” by both employers and graduates. There was no significant difference as to their professional competence and personal and social qualities. An OutcomeBased Teaching and Learning Curriculum Model was proposed. Keywords: outcome-based teaching, curriculum model, teacher education program, professional competence, performance 0429 Oral Presenter Healthcare & Social Support The Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility on Employee Engagement in Thailand’s ESG100 List: A Proposed Research Framework for Ph.D. Dissertation Siriwan Kaewchird, National Institute of Development Administration (Nida), Thailand What Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) means to employees and how they recognize and identify with an organization’s CSR strategy may lead not only to a greater gain for society but also to a greater benefit to organizations through higher employee engagement. The previous researches revealed some positive relationship between CSR and employee engagement. Nevertheless, less research in Thailand has been conducted to gain more insights on how organization policies on CSR activities make the differences in employee engagement. This paper explores the effects of CSR on employee engagement based on social exchange theory and also investigate the mediating effects of organizational trust on CSR and employee engagement in accordance with attachment theory. It looks for the connection by using quantitative methods to verify the effects of CSR on employee engagement. The purpose of this study is to guide organizations about the role of CSR and how to design CSR efforts based on the inside-out approach rather than based solely on outside-in strategy. This study is an initial phase of a doctoral dissertation about influences of CSR on employee engagement with the mediating effect of organizational trust. Further study will be performed to examine the relationship among three variables. 0426 Oral Presenter Media and Politics Complementary Model in Interaction between Political Officials and Bureaucrats in Indonesia Deddy Bratakusumah, National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), Indonesia The relationship between politics and the bureaucracy or the political influence of the bureaucracy is a discourse that also surfaced in Indonesia. Various laws are made to realize the Indonesian bureaucracy that is free from political influence. In fact, a complementary interaction between political officials and bureaucrats is a necessity in a bureaucratic system contained in Indonesia. The influence or control of political officials should be carried out within the framework of supervising the implementation of policies that have been decided in the political process, and provide corrections to bureaucrats when found errors or irregularities.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0425 Oral Presenter Education and Education Technology The Influence of News Coverage of The Conflict Parties in The Media Towards Electoral Behavior. Case Study: Indonesian "Golongan Karya" Party's Internal Conflict in 2014 Sesilia Dela Puspita, University of Indonesia, Indonesia Puspa Citra Anjani, University of Indonesia, Indonesia Aqila Deviatika, University of Indonesia, Indonesia Intan Nilaputri, University of Indonesia, Indonesia Nathalia Christine, University of Indonesia, Indonesia In this era of technology, whether in-hands or virtual news in mass media spreads in counts of days, minutes, and even seconds. This is a phenomena where news are accessible just a moment away after an occurrence or an interview. A kind of provided information from mass media goes to political situation which we would like to examine in this paper –studying the impact of public reports about conflicts in the internal political parties towards electoral behavior, by taking Golkar (Golongan Karya party) as a sample case, that was one of the largest party participating in general election in Indonesia. Conflicts in internal parties, recognizing the massive highlights from mass media towards Golkar in 2014. It impacts the content of mass media which at the beginning seemed intransparent with the conflict reports itself. We would like to emphasize the role of a survey body (Lembaga Survey Indonesia) in examining the electability of political parties, as include Golkar. The result of current studies shows that Golkar’s popularity significantly diminishing right after the massive reports of their internal conflicts. Start from this background, we would like to analyse the correlation between conflict reports of internal parties to electoral behavior in tandem with Carmines’ Minimal Effects Model theory. This research uses experimental methods that conducted to political science’s student in University of Indonesia. The aims of using experimental methods is to know the impact of public reports about conflict in the internal politcal parties towards electoral behavior. 0421 Oral Presenter Education and Education Technology The Availability Degree of Excellence Management Standards and their impact on the performance results in Kuwait University Meznah ALazmi, Kuwait University, Kuwait Reem Rassam Almutairi This study aims to identify the Availability Degree of Excellence Management Standards, and their impact on the performance results in Kuwait University, From the perspective of the academic Leaders of the colleges, using descriptive correlational method structured questionnaires was administered to a sample of the academic college leaders on Kuwait University (n= 104). Using the appropriate statistical methods, the findings showed that: (a) The perceptions of the academic college leaders regarding the availability degree of Excellence Management Standards were generally medium. Moreover, their perceptions about the reality of performanceresults inKuwait University were also medium. (b) There were no statistically significant differences inperceptions of the academic college leaders about the availability degree of Excellence Management Standards regarding to college classification and career level variables, on the other hand some significant differences were found in Processes & Services Standard regarding to sex variable. (c) There were no statistically significant differences inperceptions of the academic college leaders about the reality of performanceresultsregarding to college classification, career level, and sex variables. (d) The Standards of Excellence Management (combined or separated) have statistically impacts on the performance results according to the academic Leaders of the colleges perceptions. In the light of this study some recommendations were reported, including: (a) the need to promote the supporting culture of Excellence Management among leaders & Kuwait University staff. (b) Take advantage of performance results as feedback to build Policies and strategies that meet the needs of the Beneficiaries.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

0417 Poster Presenter Education and Education Technology Learners’ Concentration and Group Participation in the E-Learning System with Facial Expression Recognition Approach Hong-Ren Chen, National Taichung University of Education, Taiwan Chiao-Lin Kung, National Taichung University of Education, Taiwana In the society that enjoys prosperous development of information technology, teachers are using the increasingly innovative methods to teach. E-learning and group discussion in class are also widely applied in class teaching. However, such methods make it difficult for teachers to see clearly how each student learns. Concentration is closely related to learning. Not listening with concentration means the failure to enter into the state of learning. The most important thing for group discussion is the level of involvement. The higher level of involvement naturally ensures more knowledge that students acquire. Among the many ways to measure concentration, image processing is comparatively objective and does not interfere with learning. Therefore, this paper proposed implementing the concentration-oriented digital learning system based on face detection mechanism to analyze the students’ concentration on digital learning and their level of involvement in group discussion. In the practical application to teaching, the system operated the learning of textbooks of varying degrees of difficulty as well as group discussion. The learners’ images of learning were captured. Their facial features were then extracted to analyze the concentration and level of involvement. As shown by the results, concentration was significantly correlated with learning effects when the students engaged in digital learning; the students’ concentration increased when they studied more difficult textbooks. Regarding group discussion, the level of involvement was not significantly correlated with learning effects, but the analysis of the level of involvement in group discussion could still serve as a reference for teachers’ ratings.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Full Papers Section

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Correlation between Knowledge, Attitude and the Use of Personal Protective Equipment among Nurses on Inpatient Room (Surgery and Internal Disease Room) in PanglimaSebaya Hospital TanaPaser, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Diana Virgowaty Public Health Study Program Lambung Mangkurat University

Ratna Setyaningrum Occupational Health and Safety Department Lambung Mangkurat University

Dian Rosadi Epidemiology Department Lambung Mangkurat University

ABSTRACT Hospital nurses are always faced different kinds of patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; illness, both infectious and noninfectious. Therefore, nurses should have sufficient knowledge and attitude in using PPE when providing care to patients so that covered from being infected by the disease. Good behavior towards the use of PPE may increase the professionalism of the nurse in front of patients. This study aims to determine the correlation between relationship between knowledge, attitude and the use of PPE. This is a quantitative research using cross sectional approach. Sampling was done by purposive sampling techniques were determined using the criteria for inclusion. Sample in this study were nurses in Surgery Room and Internal Disease Room Panglima Sebaya Hospital with a total sample of 38 people. Research instruments using questionnaires and observation sheets. Data analysis used Fisher exact test with a significance level of 95% (Îą = 0.05). Based on research, the results show that there is significance correlation between knowledge and the use off PPE (p <0.010), and significance correlation between attitude and the use of PPE (p <0.0001). Keywords: knowledge, attitudes, the use of PPE, nurse

1 INTRODUCTION Occupational health and safety among health workers in hospitals is very important in maintaining the quality of health services. All health workers in hospital need to get health and safety protection, especially nursing staff. This is because nurses always interact with patients in performing their duties to provide nursing care to patients. Many hospitalized patients suffer from infectious diseases so nurses are particularly vulnerable to contracting by patients' illnesses if they do not use standard personal protective equipment (PPE) (1). Data from World Health Organization (WHO) in 2010 recorded from 35 million health workers, 3 million exposed blood pathogens, 2 million exposed to hepatitis B virus (HBV), 0.9 million exposed to HBC virus and 170,000 exposed HIV and AIDS virus. Joseph's study among 2005-2007 shows the number of Work Accident Injuries Needle Stick Injury/Acid Needle Injury (KAK NSI) reaches 38-73% of total health care workers (2).

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

In Indonesia, based on data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health's Health Research and Development Agency in 2013, as well as parameters from research on liver disease, caused by hepatitis B virus and acute and chronic in the world in 2013, estimated 7,000 health workers in Indonesia are infected with hepatitis B, with 5,000 of them infected via hypodermic needle (3). Nurses are at great risk of becoming infected with the illness suffered by the patient they are treated if they are not careful or vigilant in maintaining their health. Nurses should use PPE as a form of universal precautions in health services. Universal precautions are efforts to prevent nosocomial infections (infections caused by medical action) that continue to pose a threat to health workers (4). Hospital nurses are always confronted with various types of patient diseases, both infectious and non-infectious. Therefore, nurses should use PPE when providing care to patients not to be infected by the disease (1). Panglima Sebaya Hospital is a hospital belonging to Paser Regency type C government and the only hospital and largest in Paser area. Preliminary study conducted by direct observation twice with the span of 5 days in the Inpatient Room of Panglima Sebaya Hospital to nurses who perform nursing actions, there are still nurses who do not use the PPE, that is still the discovery of 4 people nurses do not use protective clothing and protective shoes and 3 nurses still use masks and handscoons after taking action to the patient, there are also 8 nurses who do not know the types of PPE. Panglima Sebaya Hospital is a government hospital on Tana Paser Regency. It is the only and largest hospital in Tana Paser area. Preliminary study conducted by direct observation twice with the span of 5 days in the Inpatient Room of Panglima Sebaya Hospital to nurses who perform nursing actions, there are still nurses who do not use the PPE, that is still the discovery of 4 people nurses do not use protective clothing and protective shoes, 3 nurses still use masks and handscoons after taking action to the patient, there are also 8 nurses who do not know the types of PPE. The above points are likely due to the large number of patients so it is not proportional to the number of nurses available so nurses are not always able to use PPE properly according to SOP. Data on medical record of Panglima Sebaya Tana Paser Hospital in 2014 recorded as many as 12,306 inpatients and in the year 2015 13,618 patients or an increase of 9.63%. Based on the preliminary study there are 2 rooms with more nursing routine activities than other inpatient rooms such as preoperative patient preparation, postoperative wound care, post-accident wound care for surgical room with total number of patients surgery room 2015 as many as 1444 patients and wound care Gangren, the treatment of lung TBC patients who are still in one room with the internal medicine room with the number of patients is 3,896 patients (5). Based on the above description it is necessary to conduct research on "correlation between knowledge, attitudes and the use of Personal Protective Equipment among nurses in the Inpatient Room of RSUD Panglima Sebaya Tana Paser" The aim of this research is to determine the correlation between knowledge, attitude and the use of Personal Protective Equipment among nurses in the Inpatient Room of RSUD Panglima Sebaya Tana Paser.

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

2 METHOD This is a quantitative research with cross sectional approach. Samples is determined by purposive sampling technique as many as 38 people. The sampling technique was based on this inclusion criteria: (a) respondents have diploma degree; (b) respondents ever socialized about the use of PPE. The instruments used in this study are questionnaires and observation sheets. Data were analyzed using Fisher Exact test with a confidence level of 95%. 3 RESULTS 3.1 Respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Characteristic Table 1 Respondentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Characteristic Variable

Total

Percentage (%)

29 9 38

76.3 26.7 100

34 4 38

89.5 10.5 100

35 3 38

92.1 7.9 100

Knowledge Good Less Total Attitude Good Not Good Total The Use of PPE Good Not Good Total

Table 1 shows that most of respondents have good criteria I knowledge. In detail, respondents' knowledge is less about several things, such as 5 respondents (13.2%) did not know what is meant by PPE, 5 respondents (13.2%) did not know the type of PPE for nurses, 10 respondents (26,3%) do not know the usefulness of PPE. A total of 8 respondents (21.1%) did not know the result of not using APD, 6 respondents (15,8%) did not know the risk if not use APD, 6 respondents (15,8%) did not know the loss if not use APD, 31 respondents (81.6%) were did not know the proper use of PPE. In addition, most of respondents have good criteria in attitude. But, the use of PPE in the room is still incomplete as apron use at the time of wound care is still there that do not use it. This is due to the inconvenience in apron use and the very limited number of aprons in the room so that not all nurses can use APD according to standard. Furthermore, most of respondents have good criteria in the use of PPE. There is still a bad behavior in terms of use of PPE due to lack of awareness of the importance of health and safety in work. For that we need good information and correctness of the importance of use of PPE according to standard

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

3.2 Correlation between Knowledge and the Use of PPE among Respondents Table 2 Correlation between Knowledge and the Use of PPE Knowledge Less Good

The Use of PPE Not Good Good 3 (8%) 6 (16%) 0 (0%) 29 (76%)

Total

p-value

9 (24%) 29 (76%)

0.010

Table 2 shows that respondents group who are good in the use of PPE are more prevalent on respondents who have good knowledge (76%) compared with respondents who have less knowledge (16%). Table 2 also showed the p-value = 0.010 (p <0.05). It can be concluded that there is a significant correlation between knowledge and the use of PPE among respondents. Based on the results of the study, as many as 6 (16%) of respondents who have poor knowledge turned out to behave well in the use of PPE. This happens because of the experience factors that the respondents have during their work. Some respondents who have less knowledge of the PPE still use PPE well because it has long worked, so it becomes a habit. According to Ramadan (2009), there are three sources of knowledge namely knowledge gained through direct experience, knowledge gained through a conclusion and knowledge gained from testimony and authority (6). 3.3 Correlation between Attitude and the Use of PPE among Respondents Table 3 Correlation between Attitude and the Use of PPE Attitude Not Good Good

The Use of PPE Not Good Good 3 (8%) 1 (2.5%) 34 0 (0%) (89.5%)

Total

p-value

4 (10.5%) 34 (89.5%)

0.001

Table 3 shows that the group of respondents who are good in the use of PPE are more prevalent in respondents who have good attitude (89.5%) compared with respondents who have not good attitude (25%). Fisher exact test shows p-value = 0.001 (p> 0.05). It can be concluded that there is a significant correlation between attitude and the use of PPE among respondents. The results of this study are accordance theory of the Bloom Behaviour in Notoadmodjo (2003), which explains the fact that consumer is the function of the predictive factor of the predisposing factor of the individual factor in the individual within the body of the individual's perception. The corresponding attitude influences the action in using the PPE in the workplace (7). Sunaryo (2004) formulates that the behaviour is the trajectory of individual actors, respond closely to certain stimuli or objects (8). Meanwhile, according to Notoadmodjo (2012), attitudes are counter-responses that are still closed to a stimulus or object (9). The results of the study were investigated by the study of Putra (2012) showed that there was association between attitude and the use of PPE (p-value = 0.004) (10). In

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

addition, the research conducted by Ratnaningsih (2010), indicates that there is correlation between attitudes to the practice of APD (p-value 0.010) (11). Attitude is a predisposition for doing or not doing a certain amount of action, so that it is not only the pure internal psychological condition, but also a process of individual consciousness. Attitudes are either a decipherment or a willingness to act and not as a result of action or activity. Attitudes are a highly evidenced evolutionary predisposing in terms of individuals acting in different ways and their actions are often different (9). 4 CONCLUSION It can be concluded that there is significance correlation between knowledge and the use of PPE among respondents with p-value=0.010, and there is a significance correlation between attitude and the use of PPE among respondents with p-value=0.001. It is expected that PanglimaSebaya Hospital TanaPaser can be added a nurse supervision duties in supervising the behavior of the use of PPE in the environment around the hospital for the creation of health and safety for the officers and patients. For the improvement of knowledge, it is necessary to re-conduct training on PPI in relation to the use of PPE according to SOP. The need for increased awareness or attitudes of officers by way of dissemination of promotional media in the form of brochures, posters about the behavior of the use of PPE in the work environment. In addition, to motivate employees can applied a reward or award such as bonuses/prizes or certificates of appreciation. It is expected for educational institutions to provide education and training to students about the importance of PPE in the world of work that is vulnerable to accidents and illness. For future researchers, it is advisable to conduct similar research with quantitative and qualitative methods and to explore other predisposing factors such as values/norms, beliefs, perceptions and supporting factors (infrastructure facilities) and obtain more indepth information about the behavior of nurses in Using PPE.

REFERENCES [1] Indonesia Health Ministry, 2010, pedomanpelaksanaankewaspadaan universal di pelayanankesehatan, DirektoratJendralPemberantasanPenyakitMenulardanPenyehatanLingkungan, Jakarta [2] Indonesia Health Ministry, 2010, KeputusanMenteriKesehatan 1087/MENKES/SK/VIII/2010 tentangStandarKesehatandanKeselamatanKerja (K3RS), Jakarta.

RI di

Nomor RumahSakit

[3] Hepatitis B darijarumsuntik. (http://health.liputan6.com/read/2106059, accessed on 12 March 2016). [4] Prasetyo PE, 2013, hubunganantaratingkatpengetahuanperawatdengankepatuhanmenggunakanAlatPelindungDiri (APD) di RuangRawatInapRumahSakitWijayakusumaPurwokerto, UniversitasMuhammadiyahPurwokerto, Purwokerto.

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[5] Medical record ofPanglimaSebayaTanaPaser Hospital, 2015.For a book: author(s), (year), book title, page or chapter numbers, publisher, city. [6] Ramadhan BF, 2009, gambaranpersepsikeselamatanbersepeda motor siswa/isekolahmenengahatas di kotabogortahun 2009, Universitas Indonesia-FKM, Jakarta. [7] Notoatmodjo S, 2003, pendidikandanperilakukesehatan, RinekaCipta, Jakarta. [8] Sunaryo, 2004, psikologikeperawatan, EGC, Jakarta. [9] Notoatmodjo S, 2012, promosikesehatandanperilakukesehatan, RinekaCipta, Jakarta. [10] Putra MUK, 2012, hubungantingkatpengetahuandansikapdenganperilakupenggunaanalatpelindungdiripadamahasiswapro fesiFakultasIlmuKeperawatanUniversitas Indonesia, Jakarta. [11] Ratnaningsih S.Hubunganumur, masakerja, pengetahuandansikappekerjadenganpraktikpemakaianAlatPelindungDiri (APD) di PT. X Semarang (Studiproyekpembangunanrumahsakitpendidikan).UniversitasDiponegoro Semarang, 2010.

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Quality of Tap Water in Bann Tha Phosri Community, Det Udom District, Ubon Ratchathani Pawena Limpiteeprakan* College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand

Pimonda Makkarin College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand

……......................................

ABSTRACT The provision of clean water to people in a community through its public water supply system is necessary as poor water quality may affect humans’ health. The objectives of this study were to survey the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of tap water in Bann Tha Phosri community. Data were collected from a recorded interview with the person in charge of the maintenance of the water supply system. Water samples were taken from six points and seven parameters, turbidity, pH, chloride, free residual chlorine, total hardness, total dissolved solids, and coliform bacteria were analysed in the laboratory. The statistics used for data analysis were percentages and averages. The research revealed that the environment of the facility contained unnecessary items which sometimes obstructed movement and affected working conditions. The facility did not have a daily or weekly water quality monitoring plan due to lack of budget. It was found that the physical and chemical aspects of the water met the water supply criteria of the Public Health Department Law 2553 (B.E. 2011) but the microbiological aspect failed to meet the standard. Also, bacteria were found in all samples tested. Residual chlorine was found to be less than 0.2 mg/L at every sampling point. Urgent improvement should be considered as the chlorine residual did not meet the World Health Organization standard of not less than 0.2 mg/L and not in excess of 0.5 mg/L. Failure to address this problem may result in this tap water affecting humans’ health.

Keywords: tap water system, water quality, community

1 INTRODUCTION Water is a natural resource that is very important to humans, animals, and plants. Present social, economic, technological, and environmental developments affect the cleanliness of water as a natural resource which may impact on human health. In 2015, surveys conducted by the Statistics Department found that 78.9% of Thailand’s households had tap water, 64% of the population drank tap water, 40.9% used tap water to treat and sell as bottled water or water vending machines, and 23.1% used water subjected to other treatment methods, such as boiling and filtration [1]. This data shows the importance of the correct management and maintenance of tap water supplies. The tap water supply system of Bann Tha Phosri community in Det Udom district, Ubon Ratchathani province was established in 1983 by the use of a raw water supply from Lum Dome groundwater. This plant served four of 11 villages in Tha Phosri sub-district, village No. 1, village No. 2, village No. 7, and village No. 10. The plant was constructed following the standards of the Department of Water Resources and was owned by Tha Phosri sub-district administrative organization. At present, there are problems about the tap water not meeting quality standards. The system has only one person to take care of the whole operation, and there is a lack of administration and maintenance budget. Complaints were made by the four villages and investigations found that the tap water was very turbid and contained excessive amounts of alum. This research aimed to evaluate the performance of the water supply plant and the quality of the tap water of Bann Tha Phosri community, Det Udom district, Ubon Ratchathani. Tests were completed to assess the

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physical, chemical, and biological parameters of the raw water resource and the tap water distributed to the four villages. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was a survey research to investigate the quality of the tap water of Bann Thai Posri community, Det Udom district, Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand. The population used in this research was the officer who took care of the water supply system. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the water supply system of the villages. Tap water quality was also evaluated. 2.1 Reagents and solutions Analytical reagent grade chemicals were employed for the preparation of all solutions. Freshly prepared deionized water was used in all experiments. 2.2 Sample collection The sampling was carried out in November 2016. Water samples were collected in prewashed high density polyethylene bottles. Before taking samples, the bottles were rinsed with target water to be collected. The sample bottles were labeled with the date and sampling source. pH, turbidity, free residual chlorine, and total dissolved solids of the samples were measured directly in the field. The samples for chloride, total hardness, and coliform bacteria were refrigerated and analysed in the laboratory within 24 hours. Samples for coliform bacteria were collected in brown bottles that were sterilized at 121 C for 15 minutes. Samples of water were collected from six different points. Point 1 was before the treatment process. Point 2 was after the treatment process in a storage tank. Points 3 to 6 were the last distribution points for the four villages (villages 1, 2, 7, and 10). 2.3 Physical-Chemical and Biological analyses Seven parameters were used to determine the water quality, and these included physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. The details of the parameters and methods are shown in Table 1. Prior to analysis, all instruments were calibrated according to manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recommendations. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate and the means of all the values were calculated. The quality of tap water was evaluated according to the standards suggested by the Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. Table 1 Parameters and analytical methods of sampling water Parameters pH Turbidity Total Dissolved Solid Total Hardness Chloride Free Residual Chlorine

Unit NTU mg/L mg/L CaCO3 mg/L mg/L Â

Coliform Bacteria

MPN/100 mL

Analytical method / Instrument pH meter (Horiba Model D-72) Turbidimeter (HACH 2100Q) TDS Multiparameter (Cond 3310) EDTA Titrimetric Method Argentometric Method Free/Total Chlorine Colorimeter (EUTECH ECC201) Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique

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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Water supply system The water supply system of Bann Tha Posri community was situated in Moo 2 in the area of Bann Tha Posri temple (Figure 1). Mrs Soda Rasree was the person in charge of the plant. Since it was built in 1983, this plant has never been subjected to any tests of the water supply for the four villages (1, 2, 7, and 10) containing 546 households. The supply of raw water was considered sufficient for water production for the whole year. Increased turbidity of the raw water was often found in the rainy season. The maintenance process involved sand-washing every three days, washing of the sedimentation tank every 6 months, and washing of the high storage tank once a year. The clear storage tank before distribution was never washed. Thirteen kilograms of alum were added per day. Chlorine was manually dropped directly into the pipe before storage in the clear storage tank as the automatic distribution machine was broken and there was not enough budget to fix it.

Figure 1: Location of Bann Tha Posri tap water system 3.2 Physical-chemical and biological analyses The results of physical, chemical, and biological analyses (mean Âą standard deviation values) of the water samples from each sampling point are indicated in Table 2.

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Table 2 Mean and standard deviation of water quality in each sampling point Parameter Sampling point Mean ± S.D. Drinking water Standard [2] pH 1 8.46 ± 0.19 2 4.56 ± 0.14 6.5-8.5 3 4.03 ± 0.08 4 3.99 ± 0.04 5 3.91 ± 0.01 6 3.79 ± 0.01 Turbidity 1 29.5 ± 0.53 (NTU) 2 2.79 ± 0.05 5 3 1.08 ± 0.02 4 2.71 ± 0.11 5 1.77 ± 0.18 6 0.63 ± 0.01 Total Dissolved Solid 1 642.6 ± 19.3 (mg/L) 2 110.0 ± 1.00 1,000 3 128.6 ± 0.57 4 122.3 ± 0.57 5 126.6 ± 0.57 6 138.3 ± 0.57 Total Hardness 1 134.3 ± 6.81 (mg/L CaCO3) 2 85.0 ± 4.00 500 3 94.3 ± 3.06 4 97.3 ± 2.08 5 83.3 ± 1.53 6 97.3 ± 1.53 Chloride 1 2.70 ± 0.10 (mg/L) 2 2.70 ± 0.10 250 3 6.23 ± 0.15 4 1.67 ± 0.11 5 1.57 ± 0.11 6 8.37 ± 0.75 Free Residual Chlorine 1 (mg/L) 2 0.03 ± 0.01 0.2-0.5 3 0.04 ± 0.01 4 0.05 ± 0.02 5 0.08 ± 0.02 6 0.03 ± 0.01 Coliform Bacteria 1 40.7 ± 6.81 (MPN/100 mL) 2 15.7 ± 2.31 0 3 21.3 ± 4.51 4 24.7 ± 2.31 5 25.7 ± 8.08 6 18.3 ± 2.31 Sampling point: 1 Raw water, 2 Water after treatment process in storage tank, 3 Water from the last distribution point for village No. 1, 4 Water from the last distribution point for village No. 2, 5 Water from the last distribution point for village No. 7, 6 Water from the last distribution point for village No. 10

The majority of the sampling water from the distribution pipe had a pH lower than neutrality. The standard was set to near neutrality in the range of 6.5-8.5 [2]. The study of Manoworn et al. found that the pH of the water quality in the water supply distribution systems failed the standards for drinking water. Findings were in the range of 5.5-7.9 [3]. There is no health-based guideline for

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pH, but low pH may affect human health indirectly. Low pH water can be corrosive and cause damage to equipment, so it can increase metal leaching from pipes such as those made of zinc or lead, which may consequently affect human health and/or cause the water to have a metallic or sour taste [4]. The turbidity of the water was in the range of 0.63-2.79 NTU, below the standard at 5 NTU. The appearance of water with less turbidity is acceptable for consumption. Water with high turbidity may protect microorganisms from the disinfection process. Total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, and chloride were within the acceptable limits for drinking water. The level of TDS was 110.0-138.3 mg/L. TDS is a measure of all the chemical constituents dissolved in water, and it is closely linked to chloride and total hardness. The chloride and total hardness levels were also very low at 1.57-8.37 mg/L and 83.3-97.3 mg/L CaCo3 respectively. The other two parameters, free residual chlorine and coliform bacteria, failed the standard limits. The free residual chlorine level was 0.03-0.08 mg/L, lower than the acceptable level of 0.20.5 mg/L. Free residual chlorine helps to disinfect the pathogens along the pipe carrying the tap water before reaching the consumer. It is therefore important to have a level that meets the standard. Another study about the quality of tap water supply also found that the level of free chlorine residual was lower than the standard at the distribution point in the household [5]. Low levels of free residual chlorine are linked to the number of coliform bacteria found in the water samples. All of the water samples failed the coliform standard for drinking water. However, most of the villagers did not use this tap water for drinking purposes. In this case, this parameter had little effect on human health. 4 CONCLUSION This research described a survey that investigated the quality of water from the tap water treatment plant in Bann Tha Phosri community. It provided a baseline for water quality data in this area. The water quality in the distribution systems failed a number of tests. Firstly, it did not meet the pH index. The pH of the water was within the low pH range of 3.79-4.56. Secondly, the free residual chlorine was also sub-standard at all 5 sampling points. Finally, coliform bacteria were found in the distribution systems. The rest of the parameters had reasonably good chemical quality according to the standards for drinking water. However, it is recommended that the chlorination process of the water supply plant should be improved and the water quality before distribution should be regularly monitored. The operator of the plant should be trained to maintain the system properly. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors thank Mrs Soda Rasree whose operates the water treatment plant of Bann Tha Phosri community in Det Udom district, Ubon Ratchathani province for her collaboration in carrying out the data collection in the field. Thanks also go to the staff of the Office of International Relations at Ubon Ratchathani University for assistance with English. REFERENCES [1] National Statistical Office Thailand. This world does not have much water to use [Online]. Available from: http://service.nso.go.th/nso/web/article/article_60.html [Accessed 2017 April 7]. (in Thai). [2] Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health. 2010. Drinking water standard [Online]. Available from: http://foodsan.anamai.moph.go.th/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=588&filename=Law_2016 [Accessed 2017 April 7]. (in Thai). [3] Manoworn, W., Inmuong, Y. and Inmoung, U., 2013, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Assessment of water quality at water supply plant in Sawathee sub-district, Khon Kaen Provinceâ&#x20AC;?, KKU Journal for Public Health, 6 (1), 181-190. (in Thai).

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[4] Kim, E.J., Herrera, J.E., Huggins, D., Braam, J., Koshowski, S., 2011, “Effect of pH on the concentrations of lead and trace contaminants in drinking water: A combined batch, pipe loop and sentinel home study”, Water Research, 45 (9), 2763–2774. [5] Yimrattanabovorn, C., Karuchit, S., 2012, Water Quality Assessments in Community Water Supply System, Chapter, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima. (in Thai).

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Analysis of Toddlers Weighing Coverage Achievement Based on Community Empowerment Cycle and Ladder Of Citizen Participation (Case Study in “Posyandu” in Sidoarjo District, East Java, Indonesia) FIFIT EKA FURI ASTUTIK INSAN UNGGUL HEALTH COLLAGE SURABAYA ABSTRACT In Sidoarjo District, there are many public health centers with low toddlers weighing coverage. In 2009, there are 18 (69,23%) public health center’s areas with toddlers weighing coverage under the minimum services standard. In 2010 and 2011, there are 16 (61,53%) public health center’s areas with toddler weighing coverage under the minimum services standard. The aim of this research is to analyze the achievement of toddlers weighing coverage in “Posyandu” based on Community Empowerment Cycle and Ladder of Citizen Participation. “Posyandu” is a kind of community based health service with community empowerment approach. This study used quantitative method with cross sectional approach. The sample was taken by using multistage random sampling method to obtain sample of each of 24 “Posyandu” in Trosobo, and Tulangan public health center. Data analyzed by using linear regression method. The results of this research show that there is significant influence between community empowerment cycle, stages of community participation and the ladder of citizen participation for toddlers weighing coverage. Therefore, it is still necessary to increase awareness and understanding of community about “Posyandu” to increase the participation of community in weighing the toddlers. Increased awareness and understanding of community can be done through education, counseling, introduction and provision of information to the community. Keywords: Posyandu, Indonesia, Community Empowerment Cycle, Ladder of Citizen Participation BACKGROUND “Posyandu” is a kind of community based health services in Indonesia. The aim of “Posyandu” is for controlling the growth of toddler. In “Posyandu”, the toddler will be weighed to see their growth and their nutritional status. They also will be given the additional food and counselling services as the follow up of their weighing result. “Posyandu” is held at a certain area in the community. The success indicator of “Posyandu” is based on the community participation, viewed from “D/S Indicator” (“D” is for the number of weighted toddlers, “S” is for the total number of toddlers at the coverage area of “Posyandu”). In Sidoarjo, we have minimum standard of “D/S” as the success indicator of “Posyandu”. That minimum standard is 70-80%. In 2009, 18 of 26 “Posyandu” didn’t achieve the minimum standard of “D/S”. Then in 2010 and 2011, 16 of 26 “Posyandu” didn’t achieve that minimum standard. Based of those results, we can see that more than 50% of “Posyandu” in Sidoarjo couldn’t achieve the minimum standard of success indicator of “Posyandu”. It reflected that “Posyandu” in those area couldn’t achive the aim of “Posyandu”. The aim of this study is to analyze Toddlers Weighing Coverage Achievement Based on Community Empowerment Cycle and Ladder of Citizen Participation in “Posyandu” in Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia.

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METHOD This study is a cross sectional study. Data collected in 48 “Posyandu” in Sidoarjo. Data collected for three months from May-June 2013. Data collected from mothers who have toddlers age 30-59 days old, public figures (cadres of “Posyandu” and village’s headman), and the health workers who responsible for those “Posyandu”, with multistage sampling method. For the 1st stage, the researcher categorized the “Posyandu” to be 2 groups: the “Posyandu” that achieved the minimum standard of weighing coverage (“D/S Indicator”), and the “Posyandu” that couldn’t achieve the minimum standard of weighing coverage. Then, it was resulted 24 “Posyandu” in Trosobo (as the sample of “Posyandu” that achieve the minimum standard of weighing coverage) and 24 “Posyandu” in Tulangan (as the sample of “Posyandu” that couldn’t achieve the minimum standard of weighing coverage). For the 2nd stage, the researcher used cluster sampling method to choose the sample from each group (cadre group, mother group, influencing public figures group, and health workers group). Then, it was resulted 48 mothers, 24 influencing public figures, 24 cadres of “Posyandu”, and 12 midwives (health workers) as the sample. Data collection method in this study is interview with the structured questionnaire. Data analyzed by using SPSS software. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Community Empowerment Cycle in “Posyandu” 1. Awakening Based on the result, is obtained that 72,9% “Posyandu” have a high awakening. It reflects the well efforts of health workers in raising the awareness of community about the importance of “Posyandu”. The respondents said that there were some announcements about the importance of “Posyandu” for knowing the toddlers’ growth. 2. Understanding The study result shows that 60,4% “Posyandu” have a high level of understanding The process of giving understanding was held by using some methods, such as group discussion, giving socialization and motivation to mothers group, train the cadres, and giving explanation to the influencing public figures. The process of giving understanding was held by the health workers who have responsible for those “Posyandu”. 3. Harnessing The result shows that the harnessing level of community is in high level (81,3%). Harnessing level is when the community use their knowledge and skills as their daily life (Wilson, 1996). 4. Using From the result, it obtained that the using of “Posyandu” by the community is in average level (54,2%). B. Stages of Community Participation in “Posyandu” Stages of community participation consist of four stages: (1) participation in decision making, (2) participation in implementation, (3) participation in

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evaluation, and (4) partitipation in benefit. 1. Participation in Decision Making Decision making stage is a process of taking decision. It differs to 3 action, there are when taking the early decision, following all process of considering, and take a part of deciding a plan (Cohen and Uphoff, 1980). Community’s participation in decision making will encourage them to use their right in giving opinion, directly and indirectly, related with their interest. Participation in this stage means the involvement of community in planning of action and budget. People give their suggestions, ideas, even critical trought community gathering. The aim of this participation stage is to get input about the conditions and problems in community (Mikkelsen, 1995). In this stage, people discuss about the plan of “Posyandu” Program, the facilities and the budget of “Posyandu”.The result shows that 87,5% “Posyandu” in Trosobo have high level of participation in decision making and 75% “Posyandu” in Tulangan have average level of participation in decision making. 2. Participation in Implementation The implementation of “Posyandu” cover these activities: (1) weighing, (2) determining growth level, (3) education, and (4) health services, consist of giving immunization, early detection of growth disturbance, and giving treatments of disease. The result shows that 87,5% Posyandu in Trosobo have high level of participation in implementation but 75% “Posyandu” in Tulangan have average level of participation in implementation. 3. Participation in Evaluation The participation in evaluation here is when the community actively critize the implementation of “Posyandu”, actively involve in controlling the implementation of “Posyandu” (including control the register and the documentation). The result shows that 87,5% “Posyandu” in Trosobo have high level of participation in evaluation and 70,8% “Posyandu” in Tulangan have average level of participation in evaluation. 4. Participation in Benefit The participation in benefit such as: material benefits, social benefits, and personal benefits. Related with “Posyandu”, people can feel the benefit of “Posyandu” such as the benefit for the toddlers’ growth, increase the good relationship in family and community, increase the knowledge of community about the groth of toddlers. Based on the result, 87,5% “Posyandu” in Trosobo have high level of participation in benefit and in Trosobo, there were 62,5% “Posyandu” are in average level. C. Ladder of Citizen Participation Arstein (1969) described that community participation is like a ladder pattern. The ladder describes the involvement level of people based on their power in making decision. The ladder is identical with people power.

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Table 1. Ladder of Citizen Participation No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ladder of Citizen Participation Manipulation Theraphy Informing Consultation Placation Partnership Delegated power Citizen power Total

Trosobo

Tulangan

6 5 4 4 5 0 0 0 24

22.2 18.5 14.8 14.8 18.5 0 0 0 100

0 0 0 9 12 3 0 0 24

% 0 0 0 37.5 50.00 12.5 0 0 100

The result shows that most of respondents are in the fifth ladder. It describes that the communication between mothers group, cadres of “Posyandu” and influencing public figures has gone well. The health workers still give them a border in holding activities and health services in “Posyandu”. The ladder of participation can be seen when arrange the plan of “Posyandu” (when people give their ideas, suggestion, and critical). Mothers group have a participation in weighing their babies in “posyandu”, the cadres have a participation in giving services in “Posyandu”. D. The Influence of Community Empowerment Cycle towards Weighing Coverage Table 2. The Influence of Community Empowerment Cycle towards Weighing Coverage “Posyandu” in Trosobo Variables

“Posyandu” in Tulangan

B value

Sign

Note

B value

Sign

Note

Empowerment Cycle Awakening

24.189

0.000

58.743

0.000

14.487

0.003

288.000

0.000

Understanding

15.859

0.000

226.140

0.011

Harnessing

19.614

0.000

184.532

0.001

Using

19.614

0.000

Significantly influence Significantly influence Significantly influence Significantly influence Significantly influence

114.706

0.000

Significantly influence Significantly influence Significantly influence Significantly influence Significantly influence

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From table 2, we can see that all of empowerment cycle variables significantly influence towards weighing coverage (sig < 0,05). And the harnessing variable is the most influencing variable towards weighing coverage. E. The Influence of Stages of Community Participation towards Weighing Coverage Table 3. The Influence of Stages of Community Participation towards Weighing Coverage Trosobo Variables Stages of community participation cycle Participation in decision Participation in implementation Participation in evaluation Participation in benefit

Tulangan

B value

Sign

Note

B value

Sign

Note

24.648

0.000

Significantly influence

83.376

0.000

Significantly influence

19.179

0.000

36.998

0.001

12.778

0.005

69.408

0.000

19.580

0.000

56.403

0.000

16.028

0.001

54.308

0.000

Significantly influence Significantly influence Significantly influence Significantly influence

From table 3, we can see that all of empowerment cycle variables significantly influence towards weighing coverage (sig < 0,05). Of all variables, participation in benefit is the most influencing variable towards weighing coverage. It means that the more benefit people feel from “Posyandu”, the more active they’ll participate so that it can increase the weighing coverage. F.

The Influence of Ladder Of Citizen Participation towards Weighing Coverage Table 4. The Influence of Ladder Of Citizen Participation towards Weighing Coverage Trosobo

Tulangan

Variabel

B value

Sign

Note

B value

Sign

Note

Ladder of citizen participat ion

8.583

0.000

Significantly influence

11.419

0.000

Significantly influence

From table 4, we can see that ladder of citizen participation significantly influence towards weighing coverage. It shows that the higher participation from mother groups, cadres, and influencing public figures, will increase the weighing coverage in “Posyandu. Conclusion 1. Community empowerment cycle significantly influence towards stages of community participation, ladder of citizen participation and weighing coverage. 2. Ladder of citizen participation significantly influence towards weighing coverage. Refference Burke, Edmund M., (2004). Sebuah Pendekatan Partisipatif dalam Perencanaan Kota (Terjemahan A Participatory Approach to Urban Planning). Bandung: Penerbit Yayasan Sugijanto Soegijoko. Chambers R., (2005). Ideas for Development. London and Sterling VA: Earthscan. Conyers D., (1994). Perencanaan Sosial Di Dunia Ketiga. Terjemahan Susetiawan, Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Cousins J., Bradley., (2005), Will The Real Empowerment Evaluation Please Stand Up?: A Critical Friend Perspective, Empowerment Evaluation: Principles in Practice. New York: The Gulford Press. Cohen J.M., Uphoff N.T., (1980). Participation’s place in rural development: seeking clarity trough specificity. World Development Vol. 8:. 213-235. Depkes RI, (2006). Buku Pedoman Petugas Lapangan. Jakarta: Komite Nasional Posyandu. COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

DepKes RI, (2009). Pegangan Untuk Kader dan Petugas Kesehatan. Jakarta: Depkes RI. Dinkes Kabupaten Sidoarjo, (2011). Laporan Kinerja Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Sidoarjo: Dinkes Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Effendy N., (1998). Dasar-Dasar Kesehatan Masyarakat. Jakarta: Buku Kedokteran EGC. Â Ife J., Tesoriero F., (2008). Community Development Alternatif Pengembangan Masyarakat di era globalisasi. Yogyakarta. Pustaka Pelajar. Ife J., Terosiro F., (1995). Community Development: Creating Community Alternatives,Vision, Analysis and Practice, Longman, Australia. Ife J., Tesoriero F., (2006). Community Development. Australia: Pearson Educatin Australia. Â Meyer J.P.,& Allen N.J., (1997). Commitment in The Workplace Theory Research and Application. California : Sage Publications Mikkelsen Britha., (1995). Methods of Development Work and Research: A Guide for Practioners. Sage Publications, Inc. Nasdian FT., (2006). Pengembangan Masyarakat (Community Development). Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor. Parsons Ruth., J James D., Jorgensen., Santos H. Hernandez., (1994). The Integration of Social Work Practice. Wadsworth, Inc., California. Supriyanto S., Djohan., (2011). Metodologi Riset Bisnis dan Kesehatan, Banjarmasin: PT. Grafika Wingi Kalimantan. UNDP., (2002). Handbook on Monitoring and Evaluating for Result. New York: United Nation Development Programme Wandersman., Abraham, et al., (2005), The Principle of Empowerment Evaluation, Empowerment Evaluation: Principles in Practice. New York: The Gulford Press. Wilson Terry., (1996). The Empowerment Mannual. London: Grower Publishing Company.

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The Management of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Bangkok, Thailand Alice Sharp School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology

Sirada Pookkasorn Department of Common and Graduate Studies Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology

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ABSTRACT Rapid increasing and improving of new technologies in electrical and electronic equipment industry has increased the consumption of home appliances and communication technology equipments. Resulting in the generation of huge amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) which contains hazardous substances that can be released to the environment and threaten human health if using unsafe recycling and disposal practices. Thailand is one of the countries that have been facing E-waste problems both from domestic generation and illegal importation. The important factor of E-waste problems in Thailand is “the informal sector” who plays a major role in Thai E-waste disposal by using unsafe dismantling and recycling methods to recover valuable components in E-waste. This study focuses on the current situation of E-waste management practices in Bangkok by the informal sector. The work includes field survey study about their activities. The respondents were E-waste collectors and recyclers in Wat Suan Kaew Foundation and Soi Sue yai Ootit and secondhand computer shops. The results from interview can be concluded that the majority of respondents do not have clear knowledge about good E-waste management including effects from E-waste to their health and the environment. Additionally, the study also conducted questionnaire survey with general public. Four hundreds thirty set of questionnaires collected focused on behavior and awareness of local public in E-waste situation and its management. The important keys to solve these problems are to raise public awareness about proper E-waste management and its effects to public health especially to the informal sector.

Keywords: Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment, WEEE, E-waste, WEEE management, Electronic waste management

1 INTRODUCTION Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) or E-waste becomes one of the rapid growing pollution problems worldwide because the amount of E-waste generation has sharply increasing from many factors such as consumer demand and a high obsolescence rate lead to frequent and unnecessary purchases of electrical and electronic equipment [7]. The 2012 UN report estimated that by 2017 global E-waste will increase 33% from 49.7 million to 65.4 million tons per year [3] while WHO estimated that 75% to 80% of global E-waste generation are exported to developing countries in Asia and Africa [4]. Thailand is one of developing countries that have been facing E-waste problems due to the absence of technologies, facilities, resources and E-waste regulations, causing illegal importation for E-waste dismantle and recycle purpose [5,6,12,15]. Improper or unsafe E-waste recycling by “the informal sector” who plays a major role among Ewaste stakeholders in Thailand cause toxic substances distribution such as heavy metals (e.g. Cd, Cu and Pb) and persistent organic pollutants (e.g. dioxin and brominated flame retardants) into soil, air and water around E-waste recycling and landfill sites lead to bioaccumulation, food contamination and widespread ecological exposure resulting in human health impacts [1,2,8,11,14] ,

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This paper aims to study the current situation of E-waste in Bangkok area by the informal sector. Sue yai ootit E-waste community in Bangkok was selected as study area because this area has a study of heavy metals contamination in soil and the area need remediation. For better understanding about E-waste flow and situation, Suan Kaew Foundation at Wat Suan Kaew and second hand computer shops in Bangkok were selected for site visits and interviews to identify waste flow and observe the real E-waste situation and management problems. 2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Secondary data collection This study reviewed related documents on the current situations and E-waste problems in Thailand. 2.2 Primary data collection The study conducted field observation and interview with the informal sector from E-waste peddlers, recyclers and junkshops in Sue yai ootit E-waste community, E-waste scrap dealers and recyclers who attend E-waste auction at Wat Suan Kaew foundation and conducted field observation and interview with 60 second-hand computer shops in Bangkok The interview and observation were conducted under 2 main aspects. 1) Management of second-hand products, obsolete products and worthless scrap. 2) Knowledge about E-waste effect to their health and the environment. 3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Current E-waste situation in Thailand E-waste in Thailand is increasing sharply in recent years similarly to global E-waste situation. Pollution Control Department (PCD) estimated that the amount of E-waste generated in 2014 is 376,801 tons and 384,233 tons in 2015. That forecast was done for only 8 types of household appliances. It is expected that the actual amount of E-waste generation is much higher than this number and is likely to increase each year. [10,14] From the study of WEEE assessment in 2012 by PCD and Electrical and Electronics Institute (ThaiEEI), they forecasted the amount of E-waste using Weibull Distribution Model cooperate with Logistic Model which consider about decline stage of electronic equipment market, lifespan of product, field study and product consumption data and found the results as shown in Table 1 [9]. Table 1 Forecast of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Quantity in 2012 - 2016 Product Television Camera, VDO recorder VCD, DVD player, MP3 player Printer, FAX Telephone, Mobile phone Personal computer, Notebook Air conditioner Refrigerator

2012 2,377 724 3,253 1,495 8,524 1,789 696 822

Quantity (thousand unit) 2013 2014 2015 2,483 2,587 2,689 785 875 983 3,380 3,476 3,537 1,507 1,520 1,532 9,146 9,750 10,337 1,999 2,210 2,421 717 740 766 872 922 972

2016 2,790 1,059 3,571 1,542 10,907 2,630 796 1,023

The major amount of E-waste are from household who dispose their E-waste with municipal solid waste. Besides, approximately 50% of Thai people will sell their obsolete electrical and electronic equipment to the informal sector such as peddlers and junk shops for dismantle and recycle purpose. These behaviours lead to environmental and public health problems because ECOPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

waste were disposed with other waste without proper treatment and the informal sector using primitive and unsafe recycling methods without any protection [10]. The current situation of Ewaste flow is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Flow of electrical and electronic equipment in Thailand Department of Disease Control (DDC) estimated that there are almost 100 electronic waste dismantle and recycle communities in Thailand which commonly located all over the country. These E-waste communities do dismantle and recycle E-waste. The important E-waste community in Bangkok is located at “Sue yai ootit E-waste community [14]. There was a study about heavy metals contamination in soil from Sue yai ootit E-waste communities. Table 2 shows that there were obviously high contamination of copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) in E-waste community area. The detected level was higher than control area, Thai soil standard and the intervention value (Netherland soil standard). These heavy metals can cause health effect such as damage to central and peripheral nervous systems, blood systems, kidney damage and affect children’s brain development. Table 2 Heavy metals contamination in soil from Sue Yai OOtit E-waste Community Area Sue yai ootit community

Research by

Damrongsiri, S., 2014 Damrongsiri, S., Bangkok area’s soil 2014 Thai soil standard value The Intervention Value (Netherland’s standard)

Heavy metal concentration (mg/kg soil) Zn Cd Ni Mn

4,828

1,058

1,847

511

234

374

400

1,600

1,800

300

3.9

190

530

720

100

From Song and Li study, there are evidences to support that improper E-waste management by the informal sector in China caused human health problems from heavy metals exposure in Ewaste dismantling and recycling process. The results from this study shown that exposure of Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) (which are metals of concern in Sue Yai oothid E-waste community in table 2) from daily intake by direct occupational exposure of workers caused potential cancer risk, abnormalities and disability of new-borns, lower IQ of children aged 3 – 4, abnormalities of sex hormone levels in male workers and change of biochemical matter in human cellular including hemoglobin and especially DNA damage from lead poisoning were significant higher than control areas. Moreover, the residences who live near to informal E-waste recycling sites especially for the children also had serious health risk through air inhalation, dietary intake, soil/dust ingestion and skin contact from heavy metals emission in recycling process. [15] This

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study confirmed that informal sector activities in Sue Yai oothid E-waste community are dangerous and should stop, or move outside the residential area and have proper management in order to protect workers and nearby residents from hazardous substances exposure and health risk. 3.2 Field Observation and Interview 1) Field obsevation at Sue yai ootit E-waste community Sue yai ootit E-waste community is an important E-waste community in Bangkok. This community consists of many E-waste junk shops together with residential areas. Besides, the area is a crowded urban area with apartments, condominiums, university, children day care centre and surface water source. Some of the shops were operating in this area for more than 20 years. Activities of informal sector in this community includes E-waste buy and sell and the dismantling of E-waste to further recycle process. They use primitive methods without any protection and work in improperly managed workplaces. Figure 2 shows the current situation of this informal E-waste dismantling community.

Figure 2: E-waste Junk shop worker 2) Field observation at Suan Kaew Foundation Suan Kaew Foundation is the operation under Wat Suan Kaew. This is the largest stakeholder of E-waste recycling in Thailand. Every week, the Foundation will arrange an E-waste auction, most of E-waste in the centre are computers, TVs, washing machines and refrigerators from household and business sector, and government agency who donate their E-waste to the foundation for the auction. (Figure 3) Mr. Manit Wongboonkum (Chief of the foundation) told that this auction will sell E-waste in large number e.g. 1,000 unit per time, so there are only big dealers who will join this auction and transfer these E-waste in to informal dismantle, separate and recycle process.

Figure 3: E-waste auction at Suan Kaew Foundation 3) Field observation at second hand computer shops There are many second hand computer shops in Bangkok. Normally these shops get second hand computers from many sources such as computer owners directly sell to them, from E-waste auctions, from computer company sale and from importation. For

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example, computer shop which is shown in Figure 4, obtains obsolete computers from the importation from Japan. This E-waste trading has high value for 800,000 – 1,000,000 Baht/Momth.

Figure 4: Second hand computer shops 4) Interview The answers from interviewees regarding environmental and health problems concluded as follows. - Respondents know only basic information that E-waste is dangerous and may cause cancer. They do not know details about E-waste effect to their health. - Respondents do not think that separation and dismantle can lead to bad effects of their and public health and adverse to the environment, therefore using primitive method in handling waste. - Respondents do not think that touching and breathing in separation process can cause sickness, they think only that “who burn” parts for recycle is more dangerous and be troublemakers. - Respondents who extract precious metals such as gold, silver, copper, lead, nickel and tin from electronic circuit boards, they use chemicals and do open burning for extraction that cause severe contamination in soil, water and ambient air. - Respondents dose not realize that their activity lead to widespread social problems. 4 CONCLUSION Thailand is not only facing with large quantity of domestic E-waste and improper E-waste management but also face to second hand electronic equipment, discarded electronic appliances that illegal imported from developed countries. Improper management of E-waste disposal by the informal sector with unsafe methods. From the study, it can concluded E-waste problems in Thailand from informal sector as followed. • •

• • •

There were large E-waste dismantling and recycling communities all over Thailand. The junk shop owners, second hand computers shop owners and the workers lack of awareness of hazardous substances in E-waste and their impacts from improper dismantle and separation. They do not realize that their activities lead to widespread public problems. The network of informal E-waste trading is enormous; both at the domestic and international levels Worthless E-waste scraps such as foam insulator of refrigerators were disposed with municipal solid waste. Obsolete electronic equipment auction from any organizations and Suan Kaew foundation are big sources of E-waste distributed to the informal sector.

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5 RECOMMENDATIONS To solve E-waste problems, related stakeholders should consider the following points. 1) Improve knowledge and understanding about E-waste proper management and rising awareness of waste separation to Thai people especially to the informal sector. 2) Promulgate specific E-waste management law in order to have a proper treatment of E-waste and rising public awareness about E-waste issues. Strictly enforces law. 3) Support the establishment of the good management complete system of E-waste separation, dismantling and recycling factories all over the country for easy access to all people. 4) Support private sector and informal sector to join take back system and invest to operate environmentally friendly dismantle and recycle factories. 5) Support local government to have effective waste collection and separation system including the fund to operate. REFERENCES [1] Chan J.K.Y., and Wong, M.H. (2012), “A review of environmental fate, body burdens, and human health risk assessment of PCDD/Fs at two typical electronic waste recycling sites in China”. Sci Tot Environ., 463-464, 11111123. [2] Chen, A., Dietrich, K.N., Huo. X., and Ho, S. (2010), “Developmental neurotoxicants in e-waste: an emerging health concern”. Environ Health Perspect. 119, 431-438. [3] Collins T, Kuehr, R., and Kandil, S. (2013), World E-waste Map Reveals National Volumes, International Flows. United Nations University (UNU), Massachusettes Institute of Technology (MIT), National Center for Electronics Recycling (NCER). [4] Diaz-Barriga F. (2014), Evidence-based intervention programs to reduce children's exposure to chemicals in ewaste sites. 1-90, WHO working meeting on e-waste and children's health. [5] Duffert C, Brune, M.N., and Prout, K., Background document on exposures to e-waste. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. [6] Frazzoli C, Orisakwe, O.E., Dragone, R., and Mantovani, A. (2010), “Diagnostic health risk assessment of electronic waste on the general population in developing countries scenarios”. Environ Impact Assess Rev. 30. 388-99. [7] Gagliardi D., and Mirabile M., Overview of OSH issues related to the e-waste management. World Health Organization., Geneva, Switzerland. [8] PCD, (2014), Legislative Drafting on the Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Other Household Hazardous Wastes., Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. [9] PCD, (2015), Integrated WEEE management Strategy in 2014-2021., Waste and Hazardous Substances Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department, Bangkok, Thailand. [10] PCD, (2016), Draft Report of Thailand pollution situation in 2015, Pollution Control Department, Bangkok, Thailand. [11] Puckett, J., Byster, L., and Westervelt, S., Exporting harm: the high-tech trashing of Asia. Basel Action Network,. [12] Wong C.S.C., Duzgoren-Aydin, N.S., Aydin, A., and Wong, M.H. (2007), “Evidence of excessive releases of metals from primitive e-waste processing in Guiyu, China”. Environ Pollut. 148, 62-72. [13] Song, Q., and Li, J., (2015), “A review on human health consequences of metals exposure to e-waste in China”., Environmental Pollution, 196, 450–461. [14] Vassanadumrongdee, S., (2015), Electronic waste problems. Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. [15] Zhang S, and Forssberg, E., (1997), “Mechanical separation-oriented characterization of electronic scrap”. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 21. 247-68.

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Clean Water = Good Health: An Equation that is Difficult to Solve in Many Parts of the World Harry Carley English Department, School of Humanities Matsuyama University

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ABSTRACT This paper with accompanying conference presentation will discuss the importance of clean water which in turn promotes good health. Humans rely on water for their very existence. Depending on temperature and locale, individuals without water can only survive for 3 – 7 days. The consequence of having access to water that is free of dirt and disease has been known throughout history but even in the twenty-first century there are many individuals that suffer with unnecessary health issues due to the fact that they are not able to acquire taint-less water. Surprisingly more and more this is not an issue that takes place in remote jungles or in areas without proper sanitation facilities. Recently the issue of unclean water has been becoming more common within industrial nations. Reasons for this include lack of funding, old and neglected infrastructures, and the debate over benefits of fluorinated versus lack of fluorinated water resources, in addition to many others. The power of clean and adequate water supplies can lead to such unforeseen benefits such as better educational achievements. When water is not available other substitutes such as soda and carbonated soft drinks may be selected by young people leading to long term health effects such as diabetes. Clean water and access to it affects all of us. Water borne diseases are easily avoidable with sufficient sanitary measures. As most often, it is the young and elderly who suffer the most adverse effects. The health risks to the total population are too grievous to ignore. Keywords: Clean water, Healthy life, Necessity, Sustainability

INTRODUCTION It is understood that as humans we require continuous supplies of water to keep ourselves alive and functioning adequately. Our bodies are roughly two thirds water and necessitate continuous replenishment. The amount each person needs to maintain normal health and fitness can vary widely. Water plays numerous, critical roles to help the body function, including regulating temperature, protecting sensitive tissues, transporting nutrients, and ridding the body of wastes (Jequier & Constant, 2010). People also range greatly in the amounts of water they use and lose according to various conditions and activities - sweat loss, for example, increases with heat and activity (MacGills, 2016). For those residing within industrialized nations obtaining clean water most often only requires a short walk to a faucet, pouring a cup from a water cooler, or even simply buying some bottled water from a convenience store. Unfortunately for many people this is merely a dream and far from the harsh reality of everyday life. Although our planet is nearly 70% water not all of it is fresh. The estimated amount that is drinkable is somewhere around less than 3% worldwide. The health risks from a lack of clean water

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are astounding and incredible to hear for those of us who have had dependable sources of purified drinking liquid all our lives. As more and more chemicals have entered the water system the reliability of clean safe water is coming under constant scrutiny. It has become such a crisis and realized necessity for every citizen of every nation that the United Nations has declared clean water as a right for dignified life. On 28 July 2010, through Resolution 64/292, the United Nations General Assembly explicitly recognized the human right to water and sanitation and acknowledged that clean drinking water and sanitation are essential to the realisation of all human rights. The Resolution calls upon States and international organisations to provide financial resources, help capacitybuilding and technology transfer to help countries, in particular developing countries, to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all (UNDESA, 2010). Additionally, the United Nations General Assembly adopted several comments and acknowledgements during the International Decade for Action 'WATER FOR LIFE 2005-2015. Article I.1 states that; "The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite for the realization of other human rights". Comment No. 15 also defined the right to water as the right of everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable and physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic usesâ&#x20AC;? (UNDESA, 2002). Of course although something as vital as clean water has been recognized by a world governmental body such as the United Nations does not necessarily change anything at the local level. There are still close to a billion people worldwide who do not have access to clean and safe water (The Water Project, 2016) every day.

WATER QUALITY The definition of what exactly substantiates 'clean water' can vary greatly depending on who or what governmental body is offering the description. Additionally, water quality may be affected by many things such as agricultural use nearby which may involve harmful pesticides and chemicals, industrial facilities which also may be exposing the nearby water system to dangerous contaminates, and also more commonly throughout the world, the practice of going to the toilet outside. Around the world, 946 million people still go to the toilet outside. Eritrea is top of the list, with 77% of its population practising open defecation, a practice which can lead to the contamination of drinking water sources, and the spread of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A and typhoid (Purvis, 2015). The health risks from such a practice may lead to many types of easily avoidable diseases if proper toilet facilities were available. The lack of decent restroom type areas

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can also lead to a downturn in education opportunities for girls in many instances along with the threat of dehydration. A survey of 5 000 schools in Senegal showed that over half had no water supply and almost half had no sanitation facilities. Of those schools with sanitation, only half had separate facilities for boys and girls. The result was that girls chose not to utilise these facilities, either because they did not want to risk being seen to use the toilet, or because they were warned that these facilities were not private or clean enough. Girls also avoided drinking water at school to avoid urination, thereby becoming dehydrated and unable to concentrate (Human Development Report 2006). Plastic pollution has become another concern. In many industrialized nations bottled water has become a huge business. This in turn has led to an unfortunate increase in garbage from discarded plastic containers of various sizes. These types of 'bottled water' are usually not bio-degradable and have led to huge environmental issues. The reasons that American school children have resorted to these plastic canisters versus drinking water from fountains or other fixed devices has to do with lack of water quality. The drinking water infrastructure found in older schools is often deteriorated, and the pipes may contain high levels of lead which leaches into the water (Patel & Hampton, 2011).In some states, such as California, the contamination issues are broader than lead, and include arsenic (naturally occurring), and other contaminants like nitrate and chromium that effect rural communities in particular (2000 California 305(b), ND). Many students do not drink tap water from school drinking fountains because of water quality and safety concerns (Patel AI, Bogart, Uyeda, Rabin, & Schuster, 2010). There is a level of distrust among many students of all ages regarding the quality of the water at their educational institution. Worldwide 443 million school days are lost each year due to water-related diseases (The Water Project, 2016). Due to the fear of drinking water from sources connected to school facilities many children in industrialized countries have turned to consuming carbonated beverages instead. There has been an alarming rate of obesity in young people which is especially true in the United States. Doctors have been able to establish a direct link between drinking soda pop and the increase in the weight of juveniles. The weight of evidence has been sufficient for many scientific associations and expert bodies to recommend the reduction in free sugars intake, in particular the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages as a public health policy goal (Lobstein, 2014). Even the substitution of socalled diet drinks over drinking water can lead to such live long illnesses as Type 2 diabetes. Consumption of soft drinks has repeatedly been identified as a risk factor for weight gain and diabetes (Mercola, 2015).The full paper has to be submitted electronically to the submissions coordinator: secretariat@esdfocus.org

ILLNESSES The harmful effects of unclean water are immense and most often prey on child, the elderly or those already inflicted with some other illness. Many of these most commonly leading to death. About 4 billion cases of diarrhoea per year cause 1.8 million deaths, over 90 per cent of them (1.6 million) among children under five. Repeated episodes of diarrhoeal disease makes children more vulnerable to other diseases and malnutrition

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(UNICEF, 2003). Instances of other illnesses throughout the globe directly related to water quality include: Arsenicosis: Long-term exposure to low concentrations of arsenic in drinking-water causeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s painful skin keratosis (hardened lesions) and can result in cancers of the skin, lungs, bladder and kidney. Millions of people are potentially in danger from arsenic poisoning since they rely on water supplies that are contaminated with arsenic (mainly from natural sources) and do not have a safe water alternative or are unaware of the risks. Cholera: Cholera is an acute bacterial infection of the intestinal tract. It causes severe attacks of diarrhoea that, without treatment, can quickly lead to acute dehydration and death. Cholera is a world-wide problem, especially in emergency situations. It can be prevented by access to safe drinking water, sanitation and good hygiene behaviour (including food hygiene). Image 2 Source: WHO Guinea worm disease: People contract the disease (also known as Dracunculiasis) when drinking water contaminated with Dracunculus larvae. The larvae mature into large (up to a metre long) adult Guinea worms and leave the body after about a year, causing debilitating ulcers. HIV/AIDS: A hygienic environment, clean water and adequate sanitation are key factors in preventing opportunistic infections associated with HIV/AIDS, and in the quality of life of people living with the disease. AIDS-affected people are more susceptible to water-related diseases than healthy individuals, and they become sicker from these infections than people with healthy immune systems. Trachoma: Trachoma is an eye infection spread mainly through poor hygiene caused by lack of adequate water supplies and unsafe environmental sanitation conditions. About 6 million people are blind today because of trachoma. It affects women two to three times more than men. Children are also especially susceptible. Studies have found that providing adequate water supplies could reduce infection rates by 25 per cent. Typhoid: Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by ingesting contaminated food or water. Symptoms are characterized by headaches, nausea and loss of appetite. About 12 million people are affected by typhoid every year (UNICEF, 2003). Along with these diseases there are also many others. Most are avoidable with proper water sanitation and hygienic procedures. Although the total numbers of individuals dying from these illnesses is continuously decreasing, the actual number of cases are still measured in the millions worldwide.

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WATER POWER Access to and the availability of clean water throughout the world can offer enormous advantages to those who previously did not have it. There are many indirect benefits to having access to clean water. A recent study of the economic returns on investments in water supply and sanitation indicated that every US$1 spent on water supply and sanitation services could lead to an economic return of between $5 and $46, with the highest returns in the least-developed areas (Haller, Hutton, & Bartram, 2007). Thus, poor countries with access to improved water experienced average annual growth of 3.7% whereas countries with the same per capita income but without such access have an annual growth of only 0.1% (Stockholm International Water Institute, 2005). Obviously, the poorer nations have the most to gain, both economical and for society as a whole. In many nations women are the principle water gathers. Their time spent collecting the life sustaining liquid may total as much as 5 hours each day. Currently, women in sub-Saharan Africa spend an average of about 200 million hours per day collecting water, and a whopping 40 billion hours per year, according to the U.N. Development Programme (Deen, 2012). This burden reduces the number of hours girls are able to attend school and ultimately diminishes their opportunities for extended education beyond the bare minimum. The point being that if the water is unsanitary nearby this means that those gathering the water have to travel farther distances using more time that could be spend on other things such as education, family care or evening farming to expand their food source.

CONCLUSION The threat of water contamination and resulting illness is not only something that affects third world inhabitants. The absolute quantity and the diversity of pollutants reaching freshwater systems have increased since the 1970s. These include not only biological contaminants, e.g. microorganisms responsible for traditional water-borne diseases, but also heavy metals and synthetic chemicals, including fertilizers and pesticides (UN, 1999). Over 1 billion people globally lack access to safe drinking-water supplies, while 2.6 billion lack adequate sanitation; diseases related to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene result in an estimated 1.7 million deaths every year (WHO, 2002). Development and implementation of water quality standards, monitoring of water quality/water-related disease indicators, are critical to protection of water sources (WHO, 2017). In wealthy nations, high-quality water is universally available with large amounts of money being spent to assure reliable household supplies. In poorer countries, improved access to water is generally delivered through communally managed public water points in rural areas and unreliable distribution systems in towns and cities (Hunter, 2010). Many areas of the world have sufficient rainfall and other sources to replenish clean water sources. Unfortunately, the continued population growth is putting a severe stain on these water origins. The results being extremely large numbers of deaths in impoverished areas and breakouts of new instances in more developed countries. Flint,

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Michigan, 2014 and Ontario, Canada in the year 2000, being two more recent examples of unclean and not properly treated water being accessible to the general public. Both instances, resulting in numerous deaths and countless individuals becoming ill due to poor water quality. Access to and management of water sources is extremely vital. These days, the responsibility for the management of these services usually rests with engineers and others not formally part of the public health system (Hunter, 2010). With water being the ultimate necessity for existence of all forms of life on the planet it would seem that it would be regarded with the utmost in respect. Yet there are countless ways that clean water can become undrinkable and polluted beyond use. Each person on Earth requires at least 20 to 50 liters of clean, safe water a day for drinking, cooking, and simply keeping themselves clean (National Academy of Sciences, 2007). The time lost from non-attendance at school not only affects individual lives but also the future economic growth of entire nations. Health care institutions already strained may be pushed beyond recoverable limits to the increase in water related diseases. In poorer countries with already limited medical resources this may mean medical officials literally choosing who lives and who may die. As usual in these heart breaking instances it is most often children, women, and the elderly who suffer the most and die as a result.

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COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237

Patel AI & Hampton KE (2011). Encouraging Consumption of Water in School and Child Care Settings: Access, Challenges, and Strategies for Improvement. American Journal of Public Health 101.8 (2011): 1370-1379. Patel AI, MD, Bogart LM, Uyeda KE, Rabin A, Schuster MA. (2010). Perceptions about Availability and Adequacy of Drinking Water in a Large California School District. Prev Chronic Dis 2010; 7(2):A39. Purvis, K. (2015). Access to clean water and sanitation around the world â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mapped. Theguradian. July 1, 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionalsnetwork/2015/jul/01/global-access-clean-water-sanitation-mapped Stockholm International Water Institute (2005). Making water a part of economic development: the economic benefits of improved water management and services. Stockholm: Stockholm International Water Institute. Stockholm International Water Institute2005 Making water a part of economic development: the economic benefits of improved water management and services Stockholm. Stockholm International Water Institute. The Water Project (2016) Facts about Water: Statistics of the water crisis. Why Water? ... By the numbers. Retrieved from: https://thewaterproject.org/water-scarcity/water_stats UNDESA (2010). The human right to water and sanitation. United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs. Resolution A/RES/64/292. United General Assembly, July 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml UNDESA (2002). The human right to water and sanitation. United Nations Department of Economic Affairs. General Comment No. 15. The right to water. UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. UNICEF (2003). Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene. Common water and sanitation-related diseases. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/wash/index_wes_related.html United Nations (1999). The state of the environment; freshwater. GEO-2000: Global Environment Outlook. Nairobi, United Nations Environment Programme, 1999. WHO (2002). WHO, Ed. The World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002. WHO (2017). Water, health and ecosystems. The Health and Environment Linkages Initiative (HELI). World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/heli/risks/water/water/en/

COPHA 2017 Official Proceedings ISSN 2189-2237