COMENIUS PROJECT SUN, WIND AND HYDRO: THE FUTURE OF MANKIND STEP BY STEP, THE WAY IS DONE Escola Secundária de Emídio Navarro- Viseu
THE DICTIONARY
COMENIUS MULTILATERAL PARTNERSHIP 'SUN, WIND, HYDRO: THE FUTURE OF MANKIND'
PROJECT 1: A Multilingual Dictionary of Environmental Terms October 2009
Greek/Cypriot
1
2
Polish
Definitions
Air
Capable of being broken down or decomposed by natural biological processes.
Αέξαο [aæras]
Ar [ar]
Aria [„arja]
Powietrze
Rain that damages trees and plants because it contains substances put into the air by factory smoke
Όμηλε βξνρή
Chuva ácida [∫uva asyda]
Pioggia acida[ „pjoddʒa „atʃida]
Kwaśne deszcze
Climate change, which is often called global warming, refers to changes in weather patterns including: - a rise in global temperatures - changes in rainfall patterns, which result in flooding and droughts - a rise in sea level. Climate changes can be caused both by natural forces and by human activities.
Κιηκαηηθή αιιαγή [klimatiki allaghi]
Alterações climáticas [ alterasõj∫ klymatykas]
Cambiamento [kambja‟mento] climatico [kli‟matiko]
Zmiana klimatu
A hard black material dug out of the ground and burned to give heat
Άλζξαθαο (Anthrakas)
Carvão [karvãw]
Carbone [ kar‟bone]
Węgiel
Acid rain
Climate change
4
Coal
6
Italian
Terms
3
5
Portuguese
Conservation
Protecting, maintaining or improving natural resources, to keep them safe from destruction or degradation and conserve them Εμνηθνλόκεζε for future generations. [aekseikonomissi] Clean rivers and lakes, wilderness areas, wildlife, healthy soil, and clean air are natural resources
Dam
A barrier that is built across a river in order to stop the water from Φξάγκα [fragma] flowing, used especially to produce electricity
Conservação [ kõservasãw]
Barragem [baRajẽ]
Conservazione [konservat‟tsjone]
Diga [„diga]
Ochrona środowiska
Tama [ tama]
Greek/Cypriot
Portuguese
Italian
Polish
Terms
Definitions
7
Diesel oil
A type of heavy oil used as a fuel, instead of petrol/gas
Πεηξέιαην (petrelaio
Gasóleo [gazólyu]
Gasolio[ ga‟zɔljo]
Olej napędowy
8
Earth
Our planet.
Γε [ghei]
Terra [tεRa]
Terra [„tεrra]
Ziemia
Οηθνινγία [eikologheia]
Ecologia [εkulujya]
Ecologia[ekolo‟dʒ ia]
Ekologia
9
Ecology
The study of the relationship of living things (plants, animals and humans) with each other and with their environment.
10
Electricity
Electric current used or regarded as a source of power.
Ηιεθηξηζκόο [eilectrizmos]
Electricidade [ylectrysydade]
Elettricità[elettritʃi ‟ta]
Elektryczność
11
Energy
The power which can do work
Ελέξγεηα [aenærgeia]
Energia [ynerjya]
Energia [ener‟dʒia]
Energia
12
Energy Sources
What in Earth gives us the power which can do work
Πεγέο ελέξγεηαο
Fontes de energia [fõte∫ de ynerjya]
Fonti energetiche[„fonti ener‟dʒetike ]
Źródła energii
13
Environment
Our natural surroundings
Πεξηβάιινλ [perivallon]
Ambiente [ãbyẽte]
Ambiente [ am‟bjεnte]
Środowisko
Fossil fuels
Fuels that are formed in the ground from the remains of dead plants and animals. Oil, natural gas and coal are all fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are not a renewable resource. Once consumed they are gone forever. When burned, they are a major cause of greenhouse gases and global warming.
Οξπθηά θαύζηκα [oreikta kafseima]
Combustíveis fósseis [kõbu∫tyvei∫ fósei∫]
Combustibili fossili [ kombus‟tibili „fɔssili]
Paliwa kopalne
Geothermal energy
Energy produced from the natural heat of the rocks deep in the ground
Γεωζεξκηθή ελέξγεηα [geothermiki energia]
Energia geotérmica [ynerjya jeotεrmyka]
Energia geotermica [ener‟dʒia dʒeo‟termika]
Energia geotermalna [energia geotermalna]
14
15
Greek/Cypriot
16
Portuguese
Italian
Polish
Terms
Definitions
Global warming
A gradual warming of the earth's surface temperature reportedly caused by the emission of gases that trap the sun's heat in the earth's atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases form a blanket around the earth (similar to the walls of a greenhouse), holding heat and raising temperatures on the ground. Climate change is believed to be linked to global warming.
Υπεξζέξκαλζε ηνπ πιαλήηε [eiperthermansei]
Aquecimento global [akesymẽtu glubal]
Riscaldamento globale [ riskalda‟mento glo‟bale
Globalne ocieplenie
Φαηλόκελν ηνπ ζεξκνθεπίνπ (fenomenon tou thermokipiou
Efeito de estufa [yfeytu de y∫tufa]
Effetto serra[ ef‟fεtto „sεrra ]
Efekt cieplarniany
17
Greenhouse effect
Gases that trap the sun‟s heat and make the Earth‟s temperature rise
18
Hydropower Hydraulic power
The force or energy of moving water.
Υδξαπιηθή ελέξγεηα [eidravleikei aenærgeia]
Energia hidráulica [ynerjya ydrawlyka
Energia idrica/idraulici[en er‟dʒia „idrika / i‟draulika ]
Energia wodna/hydraulicz na
Οξγαληθόο [organeikos]
Orgânico [organyku]
Biologico [ bio‟lɔdʒiko ]
Organiczny
Τξύπα ηνπ όδνληνο (tripa tou ozontos)
Buraco do ozono [buraku du ozônu]
Strato di ozono[ „strato di od‟dzɔno]
Warstwa ozonowa
19
Organic
General term used for a type of gardening or agriculture using no chemical or synthetic fertilizers or pesticides.
20
Ozone layer
A layer of ozone that protects the earth from the bad effects of the sun
Greek/Cypriot
Terms
21
Photovoltaic (PV)
22
Power
23
Recycling
24
Renewable
25
Solar energy
26
Solar panel
27
Sun
28
Sustainable development
29
Water
Portuguese
Definitions A solar power technology that uses solar cells or solar photovoltaic arrays to convert light from the sun directly into electricity. The amount of work done or energy transferred per unit of time. The process of minimising waste by recovering materials and transforming them into new products. Relating to or being a commodity or resource, such as solar energy, that is inexhaustible or replaceable by new growth. Energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy. A device consisting of copper pipes, casing, glass, etc, that converts solar energy into thermal energy. A star that is the basis of the solar system and that sustains life on Earth, being the source of heat and light. Development of Earth involving the use of natural products and energy in a way that does not harm the environment Naturally occurring mineral water.
Italian
Polish
Φωηνβνιηαΐθόο [photovoltaeikos]
Fotovoltaico [fotovoltayku]
Fotovoltaico [fotovol‟taiko]
Fotowoltaiczny
Ιζρύο (isxis)
Potência [putẽsya]
Potenza[ po‟tεntsa]
Siła
Αλαθύθιωζε [anakyklossi]
Reciclagem [Resyklajẽ]
Riciclaggio[ ritʃi‟kladdʒo]
Powtórne przetwarzanie
Αλαλεώζηκε [ananeossimos]
Renovável [Renuvável]
Rinnovabile[rinno ‟vabile]
Odnawialny
Ηιηαθή ελέξγεηα [eileiakei aenaergheia]
Energia solar [ynerjya sular]
Energia solare[ener‟dʒia so‟lare ]
Energia słoneczna
Ηιηαθά πάλει [eileiaka panael]
Painel solar [paynεl sular]
Pannello solare [pan‟nεllo so‟lare]
Kolektor słoneczny
Ήιηνο [eileios]
Sol [sol]
Sole[ „sole]
Słońce
Αεηθόξνο Αλάπηπμε [Aiforos Anaptiksi]
Desenvolvimento sustentável [ dezẽvolvimẽtu su∫tẽtavel]
Sviluppo sostenibite [zvi‟luppo sosteni‟nibile]
Zrownowazony rozwoj [zrunoavaʒoni rozvui]
Νεξό [naero]
Água [água]
Acqua[ „akkwa]
Woda
Greek/Cypriot Terms
30
31
32
Wave energy
Wind power
Wind turbine
Portuguese
Definitions
Energy from the waves of the sea
The conversion of wind energy into more useful forms, such as electricity, using wind turbines. A wind turbine is a machine that converts the kinetic energy in wind into electrical energy.
Italian
Polish
Κπκαηηθή Ελέξγεηα [kimatiki energia
Energia das marés [ynerjya da∫ marε∫]
Energia portata dale onde mare [ener‟dʒia por’tata ‘dalle ;onde ‘mare
Αηνιηθή ελέξγεηα [aeoleikei energia]
Potência eólica [putẽsya εolyka]
Energia eolica[[ener‟dʒ Energia wiatru ia e‟ɔlika ]
Αλεκνγελλήηξηα [anaemogheneitrei a]
Generatore Turbina eólica eolico [turbyna εolyka] [dʒenera‟tore e‟ɔliko ]
Energia Plywow [energia puivuv]
Turbina wiatrowa
“ENVIRONMENT” THE QUESTIONNAIRE
COMENIUS PROJECT
COMENIUS MULTILATERAL PARTNERSHIP
TOTAL OF QUESTIONNAIRES: 219
PERSONAL DATA
SEX
AGE 8%
12% 0%
Male
<25 43%
25-45 80%
57%
45-65 >65
OCCUPATION 15%
Students
5%
Teachers 80%
Public Employes
Female
R E S ID E NC E C ity Village 47% 53%
Mas ter’s
E D UC AT ION L E VE L
B ac helor’s
0,5%
50,2%
0,0%
14,6% 0,5%
L yc eum Hig h S c hool (9º) B as ic S c hool (6º) P rimary S c hool
34,2%
COMENIUS PROJECT
COMENIUS MULTILATERAL PARTNERSHIP
PERSONAL PRACTICES
1. Do you recycle at home / school / work?
42,0%
58,0% no yes
2. Does your government give you financial motives to invest in Renewable Energy Sources?
89,0%
11,0% no
yes
3. Is your house heat-insulated?
51,1%
48,9% no yes
4. Have you installed special equipment for saving water in your school / house wash basins?
74,0%
26,0%
no
yes
5. Do your WC flashes have two to conserve water?
59,4%
40,6% no yes
6. Have you installed solar panels at home?
87,2% 12,8% 15,5
84,5
Yes No
solar heating hot water
7. Are there established Wind Farms in your country?
18,7%
81,3%
no yes
8. Do you leave any electrical/electronic devices with the function standby?
52,5%
47,5% n o
9.Do you fall asleep while watching TV?
61,2%
38,8% no yes
10. Do you have in your home/work/school economic lighting bulbs?
14,2% 85,8%
no yes
11. What technology has your family invested in? photovoltai c solar
74,4%
aeolic
hydroelectr ic geothermal other none
8,2% 1,8%
0,5%
5,5%
0,0%
6,8%
2,7%
12. What materials do you recycle? glass
64,8%
50,2%
aluminiu m paper
54,8%
plastic other
26,5%
13,7%
none
11,0% 1,8%
13. The area you live in, would be suitable for the use of: biomass
62,1% wind energy
46,1%
geothermal energy solar energy tide energy
20,5%
16,4% 5,9%
0,0%
water dams
2,3%4,1%
other
COMENIUS PROJECT
COMENIUS MULTILATERAL PARTNERSHIP
PERSONAL OPINION
14. Environmental benefits of using solar water heaters are very significant. 49,3% 40,6%
1. I totally disagree 2. I disagree
3. I am not sure 4. I agree 5. I agree entirely 6. No answer 6,4% 1,8% 0,9%
0,9%
15. Energy conservation is essential. 87,2%
1. I totally disagree 2. I disagree 3. I am not sure
4. I agree 5. I agree entirely 6. No answer
11,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,9%
0,9%
16. Use of Renewable Energy Sources will save the earth from destruction. 46,1%
1. I totally disagree
33,8%
2. I disagree 3. I am not sure 4. I agree
18,3%
5. I agree entirely 6. No answer
0,0% 0,9%
0,9%
17. Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate is deteriorating because of the humanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities 56,6%
1. I totally disagree 36,5%
2. I disagree 3. I am not sure 4. I agree 5. I agree entirely 6. No answer
0,0%
1,4%
4,6%
0,9%
18. When you leave a room, how often do you turn the lights off? 38,8% 37,4% 1. Never
2. Occasionally 3. Sometimes 15,5%
4. Very often
5. Always 6. No answer
5,9%
1,4%
0,9% 1
19. How often do you talk about the environment issues in your family? 37,4%
38,8%
1. Never 2. Occasionally 3. Sometimes 4. Very often
15,5%
5. Always 6. No answer
5,9% 1,4%
0,9%
20. How often do you take a shower? 53,9%
1. Never
40,2%
2. Occasionally 3. Sometimes
4. Very often 5. Always 6. No answer
1,4%
0,5%
3,2%
0,9%
21. How often do you take a bath? 35,2%
33,8%
1. Never 2. Occasionally 3. Sometimes
4. Very often
17,4%
5. Always 6. No answer
8,2% 4,6%
0,9%
COMENIUS PROJECT
COMENIUS MULTILATERAL PARTNERSHIP
General conclusions
• Mostly of the inquirers shows ecological conscience. • They recognize the importance of the renewable sources of energy and selective split of different materials and racional use of energy.
COMENIUS PROJECT
COMENIUS MULTILATERAL PARTNERSHIP
...General conclusions
• Sometimes, daily practice doesn’t match with this knowledge because of the lack of financial support from our Government or another institutions and lack of equipments.
“ENERGY”
In order to reduce the most we can the “carbon deficit” and the national emissions until 2012, we’ll adopt special measures to reinforce The National Programme of Climatic Changes. We will proceed the important investment we have done on renewable energies (eolic, hydric and photovoltaic ) in order to accomplish and achieve the communitarian line established to Portugal (30% of renewable energies until 2020). There is a plan – PEAASAR (Strategic Plan for Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal) which is a priority among others. In a country like Portugal, which doesn’t have fossil energetic resources, the use of renewable energies should be one of the main goals of the national energetic politic.
Does Portuguese Government promotes the use of renewable sources of energy?
Yes. The legislation considers a financial support for the solar panels acquisition
Artigo 2ยบ; Decreto Lei nยบ 29/2001/M, de 20 de Dezembro
And what about the transports?
The projects whose objectives are the renovation of public transports’ fleets in order to decrease the environment pollution, can be financially supported.
Artigo 3º; Portaria nº 383/2002, de 10 de Abril
SUN, WIND AND HYDRO: THE FUTURE OF MANKIND
PORTUGUESE DAMS
DAMS
RIVER
YEAR
POWER (MW)
DAMS
RIVER
YEAR
POWER (MW)
Alto Lindoso
Lima
1992
630
Carrapatelo
Douro
1971
201
Lindoso
Lima
1922
44
Torrão
Tâmega
1988
140
Touvedo
Lima
1993
22
Crestuma/Lever
Douro
1985
117
Alto Rabagão
Rabagão
1964
68
Caldeirão
Caldeirão
1994
40
Venda Nova-Vila Nova
Rabagão
1961
90
Aguieira
Mondego
1981
336
Venda Nova-Frades
Rabagão
2005
191
Raiva
Mondego
1982
24
Paradela-Vila Nova
Cávado
1956
54
Sabugueiro I
Ribeira da Lagoa
1947
13
Salamonde
Cávado
1953
42
Desterro
Alva
1959
13
Vilarinho das Furnas
Homem
1972
125
Ponte de Jugais
Alva
1923
20
Caniçada
Cávado
1955
62
Vila Cova
Alva
2001
23
Miranda
Douro
1960
369
Santa Luzia
Ribeira de Unhais
1943
24
Picote
Douro
1958
195
Cabril
Zêzere
1954
108
Bemposta
Douro
1964
240
Bouçã
Zêzere
1955
44
Pocinho
Douro
1983
186
Castelo do Bode
Zêzere
1951
159
Valeira
Douro
1976
240
Pracana
Ocresa
1993
41
Vilar-Tabuaço
Távora
1965
58
Fratel
Tejo
1974
132
Régua
Douro
1973
180
Belver
Tejo
1951
81
Varosa
Varosa
1934
25
Alqueva
Guadiana
2003
240
Hydropower In Portugal, the water is considered as a public well; the State imposes taxes to the private ones that want to use it. Portugal has a Strategic Plan of Water-Supply and Residuals Waters, PEAASAR 2007-2013, that has, as main aims: • To overstep the needs of low systems ; • To reinforce the economical and financial sustainability of the already installed system; • To launch requalification programs of the main Portuguese rivers.
PORTUGAL - NORTH
PORTUGAL – NORTH CENTER
PORTUGAL – SOUTH CENTER
PORTUGAL - SOUTH
LINDOSO / ALTO LINDOSO Here in Lindoso, river Lima, was born in Portugal, in the year 1922, the first big dam. The power, 8750 KVA was very much significative at that time. In that same year, it became possible, to reach the city of Oporto, using the electric cables built in 1918 and 1922, and take the energy produced, Exactly on the same place where in the first quarter of the 20th century was built the first dike, is now built the big dam of Alto Lindoso with 630 MW power.
The old dam - 1922
The new dam - 1992
RABAGﾃグ RIVER Alto Rabagﾃ｣o Venda Nova
Cร VADO RIVER Salamonde
Paradela
Caniรงada
HOMEM RIVER Vilarinho das Furnas
Remains of the village, flooded by the water of the dam
DOURO RIVER – INTERNATIONAL DAMS Miranda
Bemposta
Picote
DOURO RIVER Valeira
Pocinho
DOURO RIVER Carrapatelo
Crestuma / Lever RĂŠgua
TÂMEGA RIVER
Torrão
MONDEGO RIVER Aguieira Raiva
ZĂ&#x160;ZERE RIVER Cabril
Castelo do Bode
TEJO RIVER Fratel
Belver
GUADIANA RIVER Alqueva
SUN, WIND AND HYDRO: THE FUTURE OF MANKIND PORTUGUESE SOLAR PARKS
Solar energy This type of energy uses light energy radiated by the sun to produce electricity. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the source of almost all energy available to man, is as vital energy or strength and motor processing in the execution of daily tasks. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s common in calculators or garden lighting and despite not yet being used to produce large amounts of industrial electricity, the costs of their use have been drastically reduced and the areas where solar energy is used are growing quickly .
SERPA The photovoltaic park in Serpa is the biggest park in the world producing solar energy (almost the double of the biggest park in Germany). It has 52 thousand solar panels, spread for 32 hectares of land.
The equipment used in Serpa, will allow a reduction of 22000 tons of CO2 each year;
MOURA The park in Moura has 46 MWp of power and produces 93 millions of kWh, enough energy for 30 thousand Portuguese homes. The park will prevent the production of 89383 tons of CO2 each year.
FERREIRA DO ALENTEJO It has 45500 solar pannels, producing each year 19 GWh, enough energy to supply 7300 houses and save about 32 thousand tons of gas emissions ( CO2) each year
ALMODĂ&#x201D;VAR The Solar Park is the 3rd biggest photovoltaic park in the national territory. It has 426 solar towers spread in na area of 22,3394 hectares, and produces 2,15 MW. In order to obtain the best results from the solar energy, the towers are equipped with a metal mechanical structure which regulates the orientation angle of the panels, according to the solar hour.
MĂ&#x2030;RTOLA The second solar park at the district of MĂŠrtola is already operating . The photovoltaic park of Olva, has got a capacity for almost 2,4 MW and has 14870 solar panels. Its annual production is 3800 MWh, energy enough to supply 980 homes, and it will prevent 2650 tons of CO2 emissions each year.
FATIMA SANCTUARY Fatima Sanctuary possesses a solar park, being able to provide the National Energy Net. This way, the Sanctuary is now a more efficient building as well as environment friend. Each year, the energy produced by this park will allow to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions in 77,2 tons. This reduction is equivalent to 31390 litres of non spent gasoline or 160 barrels of not used fuel oil. Fatima Sanctuary will also be able to reduce significantly the energetic bill, as the energy produced by the solar park, will be sold to the National Energy Net.
CO2 GAS EMISSIONS
SUN, WIND AND HYDRO: THE FUTURE OF MANKIND PORTUGUESE WIND FARMS
Eolic energy
In order to answer to the challenges of the climate changes, at the Quioto’s Protocol Board, Portugal has a special program, PNAC – National Program for the Climate Changes, which have the main aims: • Reduce, as most as possible, the carbon’s deficit and the national emissions until 2012; • Reach the communitarian goal established to Portugal, 30% of the renewable energies until 2020. The companies that hold the exploration licenses of eolic parks have to pay the rent to the municipalities where those are installed.
WIND FARMS - POWER
WIND FARMS
WIND FARMS
MONTEMURO
CARAMULO
MARﾃグ
EDUCATIONAL VISIT “MILLS OF TIA ANTONINHA”
EDUCATIONAL VISIT TO “MILLS OF TIA ANTONINHA” Presentation The Tourist compound “Mills of Tia Antoninha” is totally autonomous energy- wise, the production being assured by a solar and hydro system. The cables are underground, and the solar panels are placed suitably so as to preserve the rural landscape. The generating system is made up of a photovoltaic field, installed on a hill on the eastern side of the property, and of a micro hydro turbine located by the mouth of the small river that used to serve the old mill. The system is complemented by a support generator. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic field The photovoltaic field allows the direct transformation of the solar energy hitting the modules into electric energy. It is made up of two units of twelve solar photovoltaic modules each, mechanically driven by an automatic system which follows the position of the sun. This system allows the automatic adjustment of the inclination and orientation of the photovoltaic modules (control of the rotation axis of the support structure), in such a way as to maximize the energy production throughout the day during any season of the year.
Micro hydropower â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Hydro-turbine
The watercourse, longer than 150m, is used to start the hydraulic micro-turbine, on an existing waterfall (more than 10m), between the already existing and recuperated pond and one of the mills. The term Micro-hydro is applied to the hydroelectric improvements with a potency lower than 100kW, and which due to their reduced environmental impact are considered renewable centrals. In the present case an electrical generator of 12kW is coupled with the turbine. Accumulation and support system â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Batteries and Generator
In order to store the energy produced by the above described systems, stationary batteries is installed in the central control building, together with the conditioning potency unit. This bank of 24 cells, with a capacity of 2500 Ah C100, permit autonomy of approximately 3 days of average consume. The process of charging the batteries is controlled from the management and control unit which starts automatically the generator, in case the capacity of the batteries goes below minimum security level.
The visit The educational visit took place on 4th June, Friday, with students of classes 12ยบA, 12ยบD, 12ยบE and 12ยบI, and the teachers Fรกtima Santos, Isabel Ivo Gomes and Maria Alexandra Ramos. It took place on the afternoon, and all the compound was visited. The owners were very careful in explaining all the systems related to the energy production. Besides being totally autonomous energy- wise, it makes the waste split, regarding its recycling, and the customers are informed through leaflets placed in the bedrooms, to the need of sparing water. Everybody considered the visit very useful and interesting, and at the end, everyone was more sensitized with the greater and greater necessity of using renewable sources of energy, that will take to a better preservation of the environment and the Earth. BY THE MICRO-HYDRIC DAM
SOLAR PANNELS ABOVE BEDROOMS
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANNELS
AT THE END OF THE VISIT...................RESTING
THE PROTOTYPES
SUN, WIND AND HYDRO: THE FUTURE OF MANKIND DAM PROTOTYPE Escola Secundária de Emídio NavarroViseu
THE SCHEME 1. Reservoir 2. Back wall 3. Filter grate 4. Water channel 5. Group Generator-turbine 6. Hydraulic Turbine 7. Spindle 8. Generator 9. Converters 10. Energy transportation lines
THE CONSTRUCTION
THE CONSTRUCTION The turbine
The generator
THE TURBINEGENERATOR GROUP
THE DAM
THE DAM – OUTSIDE VIEW
THE DAM – OUTSIDE VIEW
SUN, WIND AND HYDRO: THE FUTURE OF MANKIND WIND GENERATOR PROTOTYPE
Although there are turbines only with 2 shovels, the most powerful have 3, with 40m high. They are made of very light materials and can rotate on the base to profit the wind direction The wheels change 20 to 30 rotations per minute, into 1000 to 1500
The generator â&#x20AC;&#x201C; changes mechanical energy into electric
THE SCHEME
Under control â&#x20AC;&#x201C; each turbine has a computer, that adjust it according to the speed and the wind direction. It turns on the generator when the wind reaches the minimum speed ( 10km/h), and turns it off when the wind speed is too high ( over 95Km/h)
IN THE WORKSHOP
IN THE WORKSHOP
THE WIND FARM
THE WIND FARM
THE TRAFFIC LIGHTS The wind generator and the photovoltaic panels, store energy in batteries so that whenever the renewable sources of energy do not produce, the batteries, already charged, can provide the necessary energy for the traffic lights system.
PRESENTING THE PROTOTYPES
PRESENTING THE PROTOTYPES
“THE WATER”
EDUCATIONAL VISIT “RÉGUA DAM”
COMENIUS MULTILATERAL PARTNERSHIP “SUN, WIND AND HYDRO: THE FUTURE OF MANKIND” 2009-1-CY1-COM06-00467
Report of visit to the dam in Régua by students from the Secondary School Emídio Navarro On November 16th, 2010, students in the classes involved in the Comenius project carried out a visit to the dam in Régua. Each class has been accompanied by the responsible teacher. This visit is one of the activities related to the referred project being the subject under study, "The Water." The visit was accomplished in the morning around 9a.m., and we arrived to Régua around 10:30 a.m. When we arrived at the dam, the group was welcomed by responsible technicians and a brief history was presented, about the description of the operation of the dam. Due to the large number of students, the group has been divided into two groups; each visiting some sectors, while the others were visiting other places of interest, having changed places later... The students learned many new things, and could see the equipment of the control facilities, and how electric power is generated. In the next picture we can see the dam from the outside. This photo, captured by a student, depicts the downstream side of the same dam where you see the discharge of all the water.
Students have always seen their doubts explained by technical advisors during the visit. The next picture presents a schematic longitudinal section of the dam, an existing wall, where you can see the three vertical axis turbines and their generators. Students have always seen their doubts cleared by technical advisors of the visit. The next picture presents a schematic longitudinal section of the dam, an existing wall, where you can see the three vertical axis turbines and their generators.
This is the aerial view of the Ruler's dam, which can be found itself on the right side of the sluice navigation.
The Ruler's dam is located in the Douro River and started working in 1973 and it has a capacity of 180 MW. In the next picture we can see students and a teacher of the vocational class of Technical Management of Computers hardware.
This visit was very interesting and useful, because it allowed us a wider knowledge and awareness of the urgent need for water conservation, since it is a renewable, nonpolluting source of energy used to produce electricity.
Water
Introduction This work was performed under the project "Comenius". In it we talk about water, its importance, the types of water as it is treated and so on. ...
Water is life The water is for humans, animals and plants need an element of the first, is essential to life! It is essential to man, as a beverage, for food, hygiene, and as a source of energy, raw material production, transport route and support of recreational activities that modern life requires more.
Water is life On our planet we can find two types of water:
The sweet and salty Percentage of water on Earth is 97%. However, the remaining 3% of fresh water (+ 99%) present in the frozen polar regions so difficult to use.
Only 0.3% of all fresh water is available to the man, with a view to their use.
Fresh water is the life of man and other living things depend.
Water is life About 60% of the human body consists of water.
Man can survive without food, about 28 days but without water only four days.
In the body, the water carries food, waste and minerals, lubricates the joints and tissues, leading to glucose and oxygen to the interior of cells and regulates temperature.
Water is an exhaustible resource and essential for the continuation of life on earth.
It is urgent to combat waste and ensure the preservation of water.
The water that exists in the earth's surface is always the same. It circulates millions of years ago on our planet.
In nature, Water is found in three physical states: _liquid (seas, rivers and lakes) _ solid (glaciers) _ gaseous (water vapor in the atmosphere)
Divided by three major reservoirs - the oceans, continents and atmosphere that's between them the permanent circulation of water, allowing it to change your position and physical state again and again. This phenomenon is called the Water Cycle.
The Water Cycle is a huge system of natural water purification, which recycles and purifies continuously. However, currently only the water cycle is not sufficient to purify the water by human action is increasingly polluted. And to lend a helping hand is needed Stations Water Treatment.
How does the water reach the tap ? Water for Domestic supply is generally caught in rivers and subject to rigorous physical and chemical treatment to eliminate bacteria and microorganisms harmful to health. Only after assessing their quality and guaranteed to be distributed to the population. The water is transported after it is captured by adductors (diameter pipes that can reach 2 m) to the Water Treatment Plants (WTP), where he begins a long and sophisticated process of treatment.
How does the water reach the tap ? After completing analysis that demonstrates the quality of drinking water, is referred to for other adducts that lead to the pumping stations and reservoirs. The reservoirs are connected to a set of conduits (pipes smaller), which constitute the distribution network and leading up to the water tap in our homes
Estação de Tratamento de Água
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The water supply in a city, if untreated, can become an important vehicle of transmission of disease. Quality control is mainly a measure to ensure the health of the population and must be exercised in both urban and rural areas.
Major diseases transmitted directly from the water: Cholera symptoms: diarrhea abundant, occasional vomiting, rapid dehydration, acidosis, muscle cramps and respiratory collapse.
Amebiasis: Symptoms: acute dysentery, with fever, chills and bloody diarrhea.
Gastro-enteritis virus symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting and severe dehydration.
Hepatitis: Symptoms: Fever, malaise, poor appetite, jaundice. Bacillary dysentery symptoms: stool with blood and pus, vomiting and cramps
Water has always been a determining factor in the establishment of life in general and of human populations in particular.
To manage in a sustainable way, the fresh water that we need to know some fundamentals about this precious resource. Water has an inexhaustible ecological value and is a determining factor in the agricultural and industrial production.
The 25% of land not covered by water have a diversity of habitats, although terrestrial, have a distribution and density of organisms that depend on the available water.
The plants can not survive without water and the ecosystems collapse. Water is the medium where all vital processes occur, dissolves and distributes the nutrients by the cells. In most animals it contributes to regulate the body and remove excreta.
There are even certain kinds of water recommended for the treatment of diseases: Drinking water - is the ideal type for consumption (drinking, cooking) is fresh and without impurity.
Polluted water - the water is dirty or contaminated, that is contains impurities, microbes etc.. Fresh water - is water from rivers, lakes and springs. Salt water - is water that contains many dissolved salts (such as sea water) Distilled water - shall consist solely of hydrogen and oxygen. There is no impurity and no amount of salt dissolved in it
Mineral water - mineral waters are so named because it contains a large amount of minerals dissolved in it, so it has a different taste and smell of tap water we receive in our homes. There are several types of mineral waters. The main ones are: - Brackish: slightly salty and it does not foam with soap - Thermal: besides showing dissolved minerals, the thermal water has a higher temperature than the surroundings in which it is. This type of water is used to cure certain skin diseases.
â&#x20AC;˘ - Acid: contains carbon dioxide. It is also called soda water, has an acid taste and is used to aid digestion. - Water Magnesium: this type of water is dominated by magnesium salts. It is used to help the functioning of the stomach and intestine. - Alkaline: has sodium bicarbonate and the acidic stomach. - Sulfurous: contains sulfur-based chemicals and is used to treat skin and respiratory tract. - rusty: it has iron and helps with anemia
Only 0.8% of the planet's water is fresh water and much of that reserve is already polluted, or is still threatened by pollution. Water is a powerful solvent. It dissolves portions of almost everything with that comes into contact.
In the city the water is contaminated by sewage, carbon monoxide pollution, petroleum products and bacteria. The chlorine used to protect the water can contaminate it to react with organic substances present in water, forming harmful trihalomethanes (carcinogen).
â&#x20AC;˘ Agriculture pollutes the water with fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and nitrates which are carried by rain or infiltrates into the soil, contaminating groundwater sources and aquifers. Groundwater also is contaminated by all these pollutants that seep into the ground, reaching the springs that feed the wells of various types. Rain water is contaminated by pollution that is in the air, and may be contaminated with particles of arsenic, lead and other pollutants including acid rain to be one
- Dissolved - as part of its chemical composition. - Suspended - part of the physical composition: sediment, particles, sand, clay, etc.. - Biological - Water is an excellent medium for microbial growth. Classification of Water Contaminants: Chemical contamination; Organic contamination; Biological contamination; Strange flavors; Strange odors.
Water is present in many moments of our lives: In our daily hygiene, when we bathe, wash hands before meals, brush teeth, etc.
In our food when we eat, cook food, wash fruit and vegetables and juices prepared;
Household tasks such as washing dishes and clothes, cleaning the floors; In our games, when we refresh at the beach or play with bubbles;
In the hydration of our bodies when we drink water and other liquids.
Close the tap while washing your hands, your teeth or shaving; Close the tap at the shower while soaping; Close the tap while soaping the dishes; Keep in good channeling faucets, flush and machinery; Reduce the amount of water for each flushing toilet. To put this in a depositing plastic bottle filled with water.
Do not leave taps dripping, close them well; Reduce water consumption at the car wash; If you detect a water leak in the street tell the City Council; In case of water supply cuts, store only the amount you need;
There is no life without water. Water is a precious, essential to all human activities. The freshwater resources are not inexhaustible. It is essential to preserve them, manage them and, if possible, increase them. Change the water quality is to harm human life and other living things that depend on it. Water quality must be maintained at levels appropriate to use for what is expected and must in particular satisfy the demands of public health. When the water after use, returns to the natural environment should not compromise the subsequent uses which it will be, whether publicly or privately. Maintaining an adequate forest cover, preferably forest, it is essential to the conservation of water resources.
With this work we can conclude that water is an indispensable asset, we must preserve it for the welfare of all mankind. We hope you have enjoyed it and it has been clarifiying.
A drop saved today is just a drop that you can use
Made by: Carolina Célia Débora Manuela Mónica
“THE WIND”
EDUCATIONAL VISIT “WIND FARM – FONTE DA MESA ”
COMENIUS MULTILATERAL PARTNERSHIP “SUN, WIND AND HYDRO: THE FUTURE OF MANKIND” 2009-1-CY1-COM06-00467
Report of the visit to the Wind Farm of “Fonte da Mesa” by students from the Secondary School Emídio Navarro On November 16th 2010 students of the classes involved on Comenius project visited the Wind Farm of “Fonte da Mesa”, situated in the mountainous area called “Serra das Meadas” near Lamego. Each class has been accompanied for the responsible teacher. This visit is one of the activities related to the referred project being the study theme, “The Wind”. “The The visit was accomplished in the afternoon and the return to Viseu took place around 4:30 pm.
Plan of the visited wind farm near Lamego
This wind farm has got 17 wind generators/turbines with 0,6 MW of power, which makes a total power of 10,2 MW. The above picture describes the elements which are parts of a wind turbine:
Some of the pictures taken in the Wind Farm. This one shows some turbines and a group of students:
This visit was very interesting and very useful, because it allowed us a wider awareness to the urgent need of using renewable sources of energy, which wonâ&#x20AC;&#x;t pollute/damage so much our environment.
THE MOBILITIES
PADOVA ITALY OCTOBER 2009
PADOVA
PADOVA
PADOVA
PADOVA
PADOVA
PADOVA-Istituto de Gas Ionnizati
PADOVA
GOING TO VENECE
VENECE
VENECE
APRIL 2010
KARDITSA ATHENS
GREECE
AT THE AIRPORT
AT THE AIRPORT
KARDITSA
KARDITSA
KARDITSA
KARDITSA
KARDITSA
METEORA
METEORA
METEORA
METEORA
METEORA
AFTER LUNCH
ATHENS
ATHENS
ATHENS
ATHENS
ATHENS
October 2010
GORLICE KRAKOW
POLAND
GORLICE
GORLICE
GORLICE
GORLICE
GORLICE
GORLICE
GORLICE
MARCH 2011
VISEU
PORTUGAL
ESCOLA SECUNDÁRIA DE EMÍDIO NAVARRO MEETING IN PORTUGAL -MARCH 23 to 27
2011
PROGRAM March 23rd
March 24th Thursday
Wednesday
10h30min Reception at Emídio Navarro School Visit to the school
Arrival of the teachers and students
from the school partners to Oporto Trip to Viseu and
accommodation of teachers and students
12h30min Lunch at school 15h00min Presentation and evaluation of the work carried out by each school partner Planning of the future work 17h00min Free time
March 25th Friday
March 26th Saturday
11h00min Reception at the City Hall by the local authorities
Visits outside Viseu:
13h00min Lunch at school
•Wind Generator Park in Fornelo do Monte
• Lunch in Torredeita •Car Museum in Caramulo
•S. Pedro do Sul , Thermal
14h30min Visit to Viseu: • Historical Centre • Treasure of the Cathedral •Grão Vasco Museum • Monuments and Parks
village – visit the hot springs,
20h00min Dinner at school with students, teachers and families
flying home
geothermal resources March 27th
Sunday
Teachers and students of the school partners are Departure from Viseu to Oporto airport at 7h30min a.m.
MARCH 24 THE RECEPTION
DISCUSSING THE PROJECT
PRESENTING THE WORK
PRESENTING THE WORK
MARCH 25
AT THE CITY HALL
AT THE CITY HALL
VISITING VISEU
VISITING VISEU
VISITING VISEU
DINER AT SCHOOL
DINER AT SCHOOL
MARCH 26
AT THE WIND FARM
CARAMULO MUSEUM
TORREDEITA LUNCH
CLASSES INVOLVED
OUR CLASS OF LANGUAGES AND HUMANITIES, 10ยบ H(2009/2010)- 11ยบH(2010/2011)
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OUR CLASS OF LANGUAGES AND HUMANITIES, 10ยบ I(2009/2010)- 11ยบI(2010/2011)
OUR CLASS OF SCIENCES, 12ºA(2009/2010) I’m Paulo
I’m Andreia
OUR CLASS OF LANGUAGES AND HUMANITIES, 12º E (2009/2010) I’m Ana.
I’m Chiara .
I’m Adriana.
OUR CLASS of ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS 12ยบI (2009/2010)
I’m Ricardo
I’m Parente
OUR CLASS OF SOCIO-ECONOMICS 12ºD (2010/2011) I’m Paulo
I’m Filipe
I’m Ricardo
OUR CLASS OF TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTERS HARDWARE 12ºJ (2010/2011) I’m Helder
I’m Filipe
OUR COMENIUS PARTNERS
Greece
ITALY
ROME, the capital
The Quirinale Palace, headquarter of the Republic Presidence.
Montecitorio Palace,
headquarter of the Chamber of Deputies.
Madama Palace, The Senate headquarter.
A touch of North Italy
The Carnival of Venice
A Ferrari
The Duomo in Milan The soccer championship
Polenta: a typical meal in the north
The central regions Towns
Florence: a view of the Arno River
Pisa: Campo dei Miracoli
...and countryside
A vineyard in Chianti - Tuscany
A Chianti fiasco
Piking up olives
Napoli
A touch of South Italy
Paestum
Alberobello i Trulli
Capri
Castel del Monte
Metapon to Metaponto
Sicilia
Etna
La valle dei templi
I pupi
Siracusa
Sardegna
I nuraghi
Greek art in Southern Italy (Magna Grecia)
Roman art
Rome and the Baroque
FAMOUS ITALIANS DANTE ALIGHIERI 1265-1321 Writer LEONARDO DA VINCI Humanist Artist 1452-1519
MICHELANGELO Painter 1475-1564 GALILEO GALILEI Scientist 1564-1642
Italian food!
Cyprus
Demography The Greek and Turkish Cypriots share many customs, and keep their ethnicity based in their religion, language and other strong relations with their native land. Greek is spoken in the majority of the cases in the south regions of the country and Turkish in the north. This difference in distribution of language is due to the fact that the Island is actually divided in two countries.
Geography Cyprus is one of the major islands of the Mediterranean Sea (along with Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and Crete), the most eastern of all, located between the south coast of Anatolia and the Mediterranean coast of the Middle East. Geographically, it belongs to Asia, but culturally is a mix of European and Asians costumes.
Cyprusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; History After being successively occupied by Egyptians, Assyrians, Persians and Greeks in ancient times, Cyprus was ruled by the Venetian Republic from 1489 until the invasion of Ottoman Turks in 1570. By the Congress of Berlin, the island passed to the British administration to July 12, 1878, and officially converted into a colony in 1914, with the onset of WWI. In 1930 began the first revolt in favor of enosis (union of Cyprus with Greece) and, at the end of World War II, the Greek Cypriot increase pressure to end the British domain. Archbishop Makarios led the campaign for enosis and deported to the Seychelles in 1956 after a series of bombings on the island.
In 1960, Cyprus, Greece and the UK signed a treaty declaring the independence of the island, leaving the British sovereignty over the bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Makarios took the chair, but the constitution stated that the Turkish Cypriots would get the vice presidency with veto power, which has hampered the functioning of state and relations between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, ending in explosions of violence intercommunity in 1963 and 1967. The July 15, 1974 a pro-Hellenic ousted the legitimate government, which provoked the reaction from Turkey, which invaded and militarily occupied the northern part of the island. This was the origin of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a state of fact which is recognized only by Turkey and the Organization of Islamic Conference. The Republic of Cyprus is accepted as a member of the European Union in 2004, while it applies to a plan for UN-backed reunification, despite a referendum in which 76% of Greek Cypriots voted against.
Cyprusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Politics Cyprus is a republic with a presidential system. The president is the head of state and government, appointing and leading the Council of Ministers, which exercises executive power. The president is elected for five years by direct universal suffrage. The weighted legislation is exercised by the House of Representatives. The Members are democratically elected by a system uninominal of 5 in 5 years. Members are only Cypriots Greeks. The representatives of the so called Turkish Republic Northern Cyprus is not recognized internationally.
Cyprus and EU membership Cyprus joined the EU in 1973 (called the European Economic Community), through an Association Agreement that think they will become a Customs Union. This agreement contains provisions on trade and financial cooperation and technical and was complemented by a Protocol signed in 1987. In 1990, the Republic of Cyprus to the European Union has shown, their intention of becoming a Member State. The commission concluded in 1993 that this appeal would have to be made on behalf of the entire island. The March 6, 1995, Cyprus was admitted to being a candidate for Member State. All negotiations, particularly the adoption and implementation of EU legislation, began in December 1998, ending four years later, the European Council in Copenhagen. After approval by Parliament on 16 April 2003, was signed in Athens a Treaty of Accession of Cyprus to the European Union.
Economy of Cyprus The economy of Cyprus is clearly affected by the division of the island into two territories. It has an economy highly vulnerable, more stable after the entry into the European Union, and with a strong dependence on the services sector, which accounts for 78% of GDP. Nevertheless, in 2008 it was classified by the International Monetary Fund as one of the 32 most prosperous in the world. Over the past twenty-five years, Cyprus has to depend on agriculture (where only the production of citrus is commercially important), having a structure more in line with the European context, with a major presence in the industrial sector that underpins most exports and employs 25% of the population. About 70% depends on the services sector, specially tourism. The geographical location next to the Middle East causes large fluctuations from year to year in time become a tourist destination. The country is the 34th in the competitiveness ranking of the World Economic Forum.
Culture of Cyprus Cyprus is a rich blend of diverse cultures that have occupied this beautiful territory, although the Greek culture to be more prevalent. Examples of traces of this cultural diversity villas and Roman theaters, Byzantine churches and monasteries, Crusader castles and testimonies of prehistoric habitats. UNESCO World Heritage classified as nine Byzantine churches on the mountain and the entire town of Kato Paphos, specially the Church of Ayia Paraskevi dated in the tenth century Apart from churches, other places that are of great cultural importance as Palaipaphos, Old Pafos, was one of the most famous pilgrimage centers of the ancient Greek world it was here that he was the Sanctuary of "Aphrodite" and the Paphos Odeon which is a small amphitheater dating from the second century, now used for musical and theatrical performances. In this country there are various celebrations either religious or festive, so there is hardly a week without celebrations. The more relevant celebrations are Panigiri ", " Easter "," Carnival, ""Spring Flower "and Kataklysmos.
Cuisine of Cyprus The food in Cyprus is closely related to the cuisine of Greece. The main ingredients used for cooking in Cyprus are: green peppers, green beans, okra (it is a plant of the mallow family), carrots, artichokes, cucumber, tomatoes, grapes, beans, peas, olives and lentils. As for fruits, the main ones are: ripe pears, apples, oranges, nectarines, golden, juicy berries, cherries, strawberries, figs, watermelon, avocado, citrus, pistachios, almonds, chestnuts, walnuts and hazelnuts. Their products are herbal products, fresh vegetables and spices, but they also use fish (grilled or fried), meat and dairy products. One of the dairy products used in cooking is the Feta Cheese, which is a traditional Greek product.
Religion in Cyprus An analysis made in 1995 showed that the majority of the Cypriot population belongs to Christianity, within this belief, 92% are Greek Orthodox and just over 1.3% are Maronites. Still, 6.7% of the population profess other beliefs.
Religion
Other Beliefs (6,7%)
Christianity Greek Orthodox (92%)
Maronites (1,3%)
WELCOME TO OUR DEAR COUNTRY WE HOPE THAT YOU ENJOY YOUR STAY HERE!
The written history of Poland started in the 10th century. In 966 Poland became a Christian state. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Poland prospered and town life flourished. However, in 1241-1242, the Mongols invaded Poland. The Poles were defeated at the battle of Legnica in April 1241 but the Mongols withdrew. In 1385 Poland merges with Lithuania and the dynasty of The Jagillonians begin. During the 15th century, Poland continued to expand and in 1454 annexed Prussia and some large areas of Russia. In 1569, Poland and Lithuania signed the Lublin Union and formed a Commonwealth.
The Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy, through a series of invasions and partitions, terminated the Commonwealth's independent existence in 1795. At the Congress of Vienna, in 1815, the great European powers divided up the continent. Poland was divided between Prussia, Russia and Austria. At that time, there was no independent Polish state. Poles had engaged intermittently in armed resistance until 1864. The opportunity for freedom appeared only after World War I, when the partitioning imperial powers were defeated by war and revolution. The Second Polish Republic was established and existed from 1918 to 1939. It was destroyed by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union by their Invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II.
Furthermore, Communism was imposed on the Poles. The Communists took power in stages between 1945 and 1947. At first a provisional government was formed with mostly Communists. Elections were finally held in January 1947 but they were carefully rigged. As a result, the Communists and Socialists won a victory as the so-called Democratic Bloc. With the Soviet Union increasingly destabilized, in the late 1980s the government was forced to negotiate with Solidarity in the Polish Round Table Negotiations. The resulting Polish legislative elections in 1989 became one of the important events marking the fall of communism in Poland. In 1990 Lech Walesa was elected President. In October 1991 were held completely free elections for the Parliament. In 1997 gained a new constitution. Lech Kaczynski became President of Poland in 2005. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004. Today the population of Poland is 38 million.
The Polish cuisine is a mix of Slavic, Turkish, German, Hungarian, Jewish, Russian and French traditions. They use many ingredients, especially rich in meat of all kinds, spices, pasta and cookies, becoming a high-fat diet tended. With a wide variety and quality that characterize the traditional Polish cuisine, isn’t strange to know that the Polish are enjoying a good meal and as such like to enjoy these moments.
ď&#x192;ź Since the cuisine of this country evolves over time, since the middle-age now, a typical meal consists of, at least, three dishes. ď&#x192;ź In soups stands out barszcz (beet), in main dishes bigos (sauerkraut with pieces of meat and sausage) and ending with desserts, the makowiec (homemade cake with poppy seeds).
Barszcz
Bigos
Football is the most practiced sport in Poland, followed by volleyball, handball and speedway; The two most successful football teams are Wisła Kraków and Légia Warsaw. Internationally they don’t have a great success, however they have an Olympic golden medal; Poland is strong in several sports such as weightlifting and athletics. Their rugged terrain is perfect to practice winter sports;
A great Polish’s passion are motor sport, giving a greater emphasis to the F1 driver Robert Kubica, speedway and the mythical rally in Poland, in WRC until 2007; The winner sport is volleyball. This modality has brought countless European, World and Olympic titles, in male and female competitions; There are many great figures in Polish sports: in football standout Lato, Dudek and Boniek; in athletics Robert Korzenioswski and Szewińska Irena; Helena Rakoczy in gymnastics; Adam Małysz in ski jumping and Robert Kubica in Formula One;
During the World War II Poland was invaded by Germany and the Soviet Union, losing 6 million inhabitants, which 95% were civilians; The main Nazi concentration camps were in Poland: Auchwistz; Treblinka; Sobibor; Belzec; Chelmo and Maidanek; About 7000 soldiers died in battles against the Soviet Union. The Polish were the most affected people in the war, and the terror ended after break free of Soviet rule, in the end of Cold War, they say;
With a young and educated society, Poland is an attractive country for foreign investment. There are over 100 Portuguese companies in Poland, especially in the areas of construction, housing and food; The Portuguese bank Millennium-BCP is currently the fourth largest bank located in Poland; In construction and public works, Mota-Engil is a stand out company, being the 4th most important. It is also notable Martifer and EDP in the renewable energies sector, the latter invested 160 million euros in Polish territory;
ď&#x192;ź Portuguese companies have invested, in 2008, about 2.1 billion euros in Poland, making it the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 5th largest destination of Portuguese investments abroad; ď&#x192;ź The Polish investment in Portugal is lower than the reverse, although the recent increase. This stands in products such as switches, car seats, data processing machines and cosmetics. Currently, about 900 companies export products to Portugal. This large number is due to the fact that prices are more competitive, attracting the attention of Western Europe.
Poland was invaded in the beginning of the Second World War and was the nation who suffered the most, not only during the war but also after the war, leading to a new geopolitical map after the Soviet occupation. Albeit all that, Poland rose up, rebuild itself as a Nation, acquired a new identity, regained it's economical power, redefined it's culture and even started to innovate in the realm of the New Information Technologies. Poland's entry to the European Union in 2004 contributed for this growth and development to be even greater, bringing countless advantages like free circulation to people, goods and services, which lead to the growth of internal trade, competition and companies' productivity; in short, enabled the people of Poland and the country itself to have greater benefits.
Nowadays, Poland has around 38 Millions of inhabitants, with a GDP for ppp (Gross Domestic Product for purchasing power parity) per capita of 14 880 USD, GDP for ppp of around 600 Billion dollars in 2008 and having recorded in the same year an industrial production growth rate of 10%. That shows that Poland, an ever suffering nation, did it's utmost and crossed it's own limits and became an important member of the European Community and the World.
OUR WEB PAGE
http://www.esenviseu.net
Se Toda a Escola Devia Ter Uma Biblioteca Do Que Já Se Sabe, Devia Ser-lhe Paralela Outra, Ainda Mais Fecunda: A Do Que Não Se Sabe Agostinho da Silva, Filósofo Português
If Every School Should Have a Library With All Our Knowledge, There Should Be A Similar One, Even More Prolific: The One With What We Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t Know. Agostinho da Silva, Portuguese Philosopher