/Small_Hydro_in_Norway

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Hydropower in Norway -With focus on Small Hydro -Prepared for the AHEC course

”Grid Based Small Hydropower Development” Roorkee, 27 Jan.-9 Feb. 2005

Tore S Jørgensen International Centre for Hydropower


Some key facts • • • • • • • •

Land area: 326,000 km2 4,5 million inhabitants 99 % of electricity from hydro 27,000 MW installed capacity Mean annual production 118 TWh Real capital in the hydel system >200 BNOK Yearly operating income 60-65 BNOK About 17,000 employees

International Centre for Hydropower


Why so much hydropower? • A mountainous country; 40 % of land area above 600 m • High precipitation; 300-6,000 mm/year; average 1,400 mm/year • 4,000 river systems; 25-30 % are developed • 240,000 lakes, covering 5,5 % of land area • Low evaporation due to cold climate International Centre for Hydropower


Mean runoff 1961-1990

International Centre for Hydropower


The hydropower system • • • •

580 plants >1 MW 825 reservoirs 330 large dams 3,500-4,000 km rock tunnels • Nearly half of the world’s underground plants (200 plants) International Centre for Hydropower


Nesjø dam

International Centre for Hydropower


Variations in water inflow and power production during a year

International Centre for Hydropower


Inflow characteristics • Large yearly variations in precipitation • Inflow high during snow melting (MayJune) • Pattern of demand the reverse of fluctuations in inflow • Reservoir capacity 84 TWh • 20 % variation in annual production International Centre for Hydropower


Electricity consumption in households according to purpose

International Centre for Hydropower


Per capita energy use

International Centre for Hydropower


Effect of climate change • Previously: – Using inflow time series for 1931-1990 gave annual yearly production of 114 TWh

• Now: – In 2001 it was changed to inflow time series for 1970-1999; gives annual yearly production of 119 TWh

International Centre for Hydropower


Installed capacity

International Centre for Hydropower


Some facts • The 10 largest power plants account for about 25 % of the production capacity • Largest power plant is Kvilldal: Installed capacity of 1240 MW (3 turbines, 530 m head) • Largest run-of-river plant is Solbergfoss: 208 MW (14 turbines, 20 m head)

International Centre for Hydropower


Solbergfoss power plant

International Centre for Hydropower


Import/export of power

International Centre for Hydropower


Hydropower plants as per 2002

International Centre for Hydropower


Number of small hydro plants

International Centre for Hydropower


Digital resource mapping • Based on digital maps, terrain models and GIS: – Locate relevant heads in the river – Calculate catchment area and run-off at top of each head – Mark heads with sufficient flow for a small hydro station – Calculate the production potential by use of GIS International Centre for Hydropower


Prerequisites • • • • •

River stretches with slope >1:25 Heads 10 – 600 m River flow 0.05 – 25 m3/s 70 % of the water can be utilized Installed capacities 50 – 5000 kW

International Centre for Hydropower


Method • Find river course from outlet to source • Calculate profile point every 50 m • Calculate slope every 50 m: – > 1:25 green – < 1:25 black

International Centre for Hydropower


Example of river profile

• Blue triangle: Proposed intake • Yellow circle: Proposed power station International Centre for Hydropower


Cost estimates • Cost estimates for road access and power line construction by means of GIS • Cost estimates for power station based on head, capacity, flow, length of headrace tunnel, distance to road access and cost manual for small hydro plants

International Centre for Hydropower


Potential sites; 55% of Norway analyzed

International Centre for Hydropower


Potential sites in one county

International Centre for Hydropower


Potential sites; one municipality

International Centre for Hydropower


Potential sites; one municipality Cost NOK/kWh <3

No. 31

Capacity MW 31

Production GWh 127

3-5

29

8

20

60

39

147

1 US $ = NOK 6,20 International Centre for Hydropower


Small hydro potential • The digital resource mapping indicates a total potential of 18 TWh with construction costs below 3 NOK/KWh • Realistic to build 5 TWh within next 10 years

International Centre for Hydropower


Thank you

International Centre for Hydropower


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