Fine arts architecture department first grade structural systems

Structural Systems

It is not the beauty of a building you should look at , it's the construction of the foundation that will stand the test of time. ‘’ David Allan Coe ‘’

Table of Contents Summary Narrative……………………………. (2-45) Overview

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Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 Project Main Goal …………………………………………………………………………………….......... 4 Structural Hints……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5

Structural System Types

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Cantilever …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 Simple Beam ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15 Frames ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20 Continuous Beam ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 Simple Beam with two movable supports ………………………………………………………...... 31 Trusses …………….…………………………………………………………………………………………... 35

Bio-mimicry Mola

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Supporting Documentation …………………….. (46-50) References ……………………………………… (51-52) 1

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Summary Narrative 2

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Overview

Introduction

Structural systems transfer their loading through a series of elements to the ground. This is accomplished by designing the joining of the elements at their intersections. Each connection is designed so that it can transfer, or support, a specific type of load or loading condition. In order to be able to analyze a structure, it is first necessary to be clear about the forces that can be resisted, and transferred, at each level of support throughout the structure. The actual behavior of a support or connection can be quite complicated. So much so, that if all of the various conditions were considered, the design of each support would be a terribly lengthy process .

And yet, the conditions at each of the supports greatly influence the behavior of the elements which make up each structural system.

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Project main goal In one it was said ‘’ The question of the relation of Structure to function is the great biologic problem ‘’ And then , does structure determine function, or does function Determine structure, or does each determine the other!

Our answers seem to be a matter of point of view , which simply keeping focus on explaining the relation between structure and function.

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Structural Hints Supports Types The three common types of connections which join a built structure to its foundation are; roller, pinned and fixed. A fourth type, not often found in building structures, is known as a simple support . They are found at the ends, at midpoints, or at any other intermediate points. The type of support connection determines the type of load that the support can resist. The support type also has a great effect on the load bearing capacity of each element, and therefore the system.

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Loads acting onto a structural systems • • • • •

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Dead load Live load Wind load Stress created by temperature differences Stress created by other form of disruption including ground movement, vibration , deformation or earthquake

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Spans How long is longspan for buildings ?

Structure with span larger than 20m can be regarded as long span structure for this span is usually unable to be achieved by ordinary RC structure.

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What are suitable materials for various forms of long span and complex structure ?

• • • • • • • •

All reinforced concrete including precast All metal (e.g. mild-steel, structural steel, stainless steel or alloyed aluminum, All timber Laminated timber Metal/RC combined Plastic-coated Textile material Fiber reinforced plastic

Structure

Structural System Types

Cantilever definition It is a beam supported at one end and carrying a load at the other end or distributed along the unsupported portion.

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Applications Parking canopies This particular parking canopy structure is cool because it is a truss-system. It is vintage and they do not make them like this anymore. Most parking canopies today are still cantilevers, but they are made from solid steel beams.

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Traffic light (have a remarkable span)

Check that span out! Only supported on one side. Cool engineering feat! Again, a column on the other end would not make any sense and would be in the way of traffic, so it is another perfect application of a cool cantilever.

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Cantilever Chair A cantilever chair has no back legs, relying for support on the properties of the material from which it is made.

This famous form was designed

by Mart Stam in 1926, and remains an important example of 20th century design.

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Cantilever Stairs

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One of the seller's modern designs which can be manufactured in various different materials, shapes and finishes. They are fixed at a straight wall with no visible fixing element and no railing at all or minimalistic glass or stainless steel railings.

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Cantilevered House would you see a house that has a protruding side that seemingly floats on air!

It would be a floor beam supported by columns. But if the house design is unique, there would be more structural analysis to work on to make sure that the entire structure will not collapse you should look at how the designers worked on it with intelligence!

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Famous Example Fallingwater The house designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright .

Wright described his architectural style as "organic"--in harmony with nature , the house very much engaged with its surroundings.

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Simple Beam Definition A structural beam that rests on a support at each end.

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Applications Beam Bridge Beam bridges are the simplest type of bridge. The first bridges would probably be just a fallen tree trunk.

Single slabs of stone are also simple beam bridges.

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Interior beams A simple interior beam is a very useful type of beams. In this photo it's not only the beam in the celling but it also in the table and the lower part of the chair.

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Awning Awnings is one of the facilities that depend built on two Pillars and is considered one of the types of simple beam construction types beam.

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Famous Example Tower Bridge Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, which gives it its name and has become an iconic symbol of London. Construction started in 1886 and took eight years to build. The bridge consists of two towers which are tied together at the upper level by means of two horizontal walkways which are designed to withstand the forces of the suspended sections of the bridge.

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Frame Definition Frame structures are the structures having the combination of beam, column and slab to resist the lateral and gravity loads.

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Applications Greenhouses Greenhouses are used in cool climates. They are useful for growing and propagating plants because they both allow sunlight to enter and prevent heat from escaping. The transparent covering of the greenhouse allows visible light to enter unhindered, where it warms the interior as it is absorbed also prevents the heat from leaving by reflecting the energy back into the interior and preventing outside winds from carrying it away.

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Arch The arch is one of the oldest structural elements of traditional architecture.

Historically it appears in two typical forms: the rigid masonry arch constructed from natural stones ones or bricks, or the flexible arch constructed from wood, bamboo and reed bunches.

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The Glass Walls The steel frame structure, the glass walls, the minimalist style– this is the epitome of an open space floor plan!

This house is situated in Amsterdam and is pretty perfect for people who loves the open space and do not care too much about privacy. The glass walls allow the natural light to come into the home.

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Dome The shape of the casing distributes the forces to the frame, so that each part of the structure supports a small portion of the load giving  strength to the structure.

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Handrails handrails for indoor, outdoor and rooftop applications are also classified within frame structure system.Â

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Famous Example Sydney Harbor Bridge

Sydney Harbor Bridge is one of Australia’s most well known and photographed landmarks. It is the world’s largest (but not the longest) steel arch bridge with the top of the bridge standing 134 meters (440 feet) above Sydney Harbor. It took eight years to build and opened in March 1932.

Because the steel expands or contracts depending on whether it is hot or cold the bridge is not completely stationary and can rise or fall up to 18 cm (7.1 inch).

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Continuous Beam Definition Continuous beams are those that rest over three or more supports, thereby having one or more redundant support reactions.

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Continuous Beam Bridges

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The farther apart its supports, the weaker a beam bridge gets. As a result, beam bridges rarely span more than 250 feet. This doesn't mean beam bridges aren't used to cross great distances it only means that there may be a series of beam bridges joined together, creating what's known as a "continuous span." The beam bridges can be made of timber, iron, steel, reinforced concrete.

Structure

Temples Temples are considered one of the main constructions that basically depend on columns to carry its upper part , this type of constructions is classified within continuous beams.

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Famous Example Stonehenge Stonehenge is a massive stone monument located on a chalky plain north of the modern-day city of Salisbury, England. Construction at Stonehenge slowed down around 4,000 years ago. As time went on the monument fell into neglect and disuse, some of its stones fell over while others were taken away.

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Simple beam with movable supports ( Roller )

Definition supports are free to rotate and translate along the surface upon which the roller rests. The surface can be horizontal, vertical, or sloped at any angle

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Applications Roller Skate Is the traveling on surfaces with roller skates. It is a form of recreational activity as well as a sport, and can also be a form of transportation.

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Projection screen A projection screen is an installation consisting of a surface and a support structure used for displaying a projected image for the view of an audience.

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Famous Example The Roller Coaster Some of the best thrill rides and roller coasters in the world are in the Vegas area. In fact, almost all of these rides are at local hotels.

Here's a rundown of roller coasters in Las Vegas.

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TRUSSES Definition

A truss is essentially a triangulated system of straight interconnected structural elements.

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Applications Roof trusses Usually, roof trusses are used when the span or width of a garage exceeds 20 ft. they are scientifically designed for strength and durability, eliminating the need for guesswork on the construction site.

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Trusses bridge Efficient bridge type adopting a structure made up of a combination of thin members that convey only axial force The applied span of truss bridges is generally 50 to 110 meters.

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Famous Example Eiffel Tower The deepest foundations lay just 15 meters underground. The feet of the tower were set in each of these foundation ditches (four foundations in masonry, which supported the four pillars, known as truss frames

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Bio-Mimicry There has been an enormous surge of interest during the last ten years, brought about to a large extent by individuals, Julian Vincent defines it as ‘the abstraction of good design from nature’,2 while for Janine Benyus it is ‘The conscious emulation of nature’s genius’.

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Bio mimicry and Function From the physical point of view, a structure is a body or an assembly of bodies of matter in the space forming a defined system in size and shape with a defined purpose, usually with the ability to support an object or load.

To achieve its function, each part of the structure must be strong enough to support its own total weight, and the forces (stresses) that the structure may be subjected will not change its shape or size.

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Casa batllo' is a building that have been based on a very detailed understanding of natural forms and have used this to great effect.

The comparing shows that the similarity between Casa battlo' building and the skeleton of human .the comparing wasn't done as a comparing between shapes only but also it was done to benefit from how can we distribute the loads structurally like the skeleton

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Mola is a new way to study and teach structural behavior.

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Supporting Documentation 46

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ooking for Common Ground between Art and Structure.

Paintings inspired from physical structure.

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To see how the idea will look from all sides.

Simple Marquettes.

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Reference s 51

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Internet Sources http://academic.reed.edu http://www.jstor.org/stable/1413176?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents http://www.structurearchives.org

Bibliography

American Society of Civil Engineers (2005). Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures: ASCE Standard 7-05, ASCE Publications, Reston VA. Dinehart, Coulson, and Fares, Design of Castellated and Cellular Beams Draft Design Guide, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.

Books ‘’ Nature and Architecture ‘’ written by Paolo Portoghesi.

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Presented by : Esraa Khaled ( Presentation ) Esraa Hossam ( collecting data ) Sara Tarek ( Manual Sketches ) Kareem Essam ( collecting data ) Mahinour Ahmed ( collecting data ) Yasmine Mohammed ( Marquettes )

Doaa Ali ( collecting data ) Reem Tarek ( collecting data ) Rowan Nabil ( collecting data ) Alaa Mohammed ( collecting data ) Sama Sami ( collecting data ) mohamed ahmed abdelrhman (Photography )

Thanks to :

Dr.Abd El-hamid

Eng.Abd El-rahmman