Controversial Essays

ControversialThemes

Controversialissuesplayanimportantroleintoday'ssocietyduetoincreasingsocialandcultural diversity,asadirectresultofthisdiversitythereisavastarrayofcontroversialissuesthatmaybe encounteredwithinthemodernschoolsetting(Woolley,2010;Mulet,2014)Itwouldbeunfeasible toexploreallofthecontroversialissuesencounteredinsideschoolswithinthisessay,therefore,the focusofthisassignmentwillbeexploringthedebatescentringondeathandviolence.Thedecision tofocusontheseareasisasadirectresponsetoscenariosIhaveencounteredwithinschoolsettings whichhavehighlightedtheimportanceofaddressingtheseinterconnectedcontroversialthemes. Whilsttherearemanyqualitynon–fictiontextsavailablethatcentreontheseissues,theemphasisof thisassignmentwillbeonchildren'sfiction.

Acontroversialissuecanbedefinedasasubjectthatcausesdebateanddisputeshowmore content...

Fictionallowsustoexperienceeventsvicariously(Appendix2.3–teacher'sviewpoint),enablingus togainagreaterdepthofunderstandingregardingatopic,adifferentperspectiveandengender empathyforthecircumstancesofourpeers(Emery,1996;Wise,nodate;Mulet,2014;Rowling, 2010;Barnett,2014;Tomasino,Zarnowski,andBackner,2003;Lysaker,Tonge,2013;Medwell, Wray,andMoore,2014).Vygotsky'stheoriesofcognitivedevelopmentsupportthisperspective, statingthatchildrendevelopasadirectresultofencounteringnewexperiencesandfromusingthe newinformationtoconstructorreconstructexistingknowledge(Johnson,2003).Arguably, therefore,thereisalinkbetweentheprocessofsocialandculturalinteractioninconjunctionwith lifeexperiencesandtheimpactuponthelinguistic,cognitive,social,andemotionaldevelopmentof children(Johnson, ...Getmorecontent...

Researchingonatopicofinterestcanhelpindividualsbeabletolearnsomethingnewandtobeable toseeasideofatopicthathasnotbeenseenbefore.AsIamanindividualwhoislookingforward toowingmyownbusinessoneday.Therecomestobemanytopicsthatinterestme.However, currentlythereisatopicthatinterestsmethatIfeelwillimpactmypersonal,academic,andworking life,whichiswhethercompaniesshouldmarkettowardschildrenornot?Hence,Ifindthetopicof whethercompaniesshouldmarkettowardschildrenornottobeveryinterestingandcontroversial. Companieswillmarkettowardschildrentomakemoneyinthelongrun.Forexample,frommy personalexperienceIwillgetanoccasionalnostalgiccraving

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ControversialIssues

Morailty:AceptedorOpressed IosifTodoran–February21,2017–Soc130

ABSTRACT

Howdocountriesfeelabutcontroversialtopicssuchas:Homosexuality,Abortion,PremaritalSex andDivorce

Controversialissueshaveplaguedmankindsincetheverybeginningandthatisduetheideology thatwithoutcontroversyyoucantflourishasarace,countryorsimplyagroupofpeopleHowever, thecontroversialissueswefacetodaydifferentfromcontinenttocontinentandcountrytocountry duetotheculture,normsandmoralvalueseachpersonisexposedtoo.Therearefourissuesin particularthatriseupagainandagainandtheyare:Homosexuality,Abortion,PremaritalSexand Divorce.Thefourcountriesinquestiondifferfromone...showmorecontent...

TheNewYorkTimesreportedastaggering23%ofadultsarenotaffiliatedtoanyreligionTherest ofthepopulationisamixtureofreligionssuchas:Christian,Catholics,Islam,andothers.This changeinreligiousaffiliationsisn'taffectingjusttheindividualswhonowpartakeinanon–religion categorybutalsothepoliticalparties.TheRepublicanPartyreliesonthevotesofthosewhoaffiliate withtheChristianfaithandifthosevoteschangeduetoachangeinreligiousaffiliationthenwe couldalsoseeadeclineinthenumberofmoralityfortheseissues(Cohen)Fornow,thenumbers seemtobecloserelatedwhichmeansthatduetodiversityofreligionandnon–religiousaffiliates, themoraleseemstobalanceitself

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July22,2010

TheVaccineControversy

Thevaccinecontroversyisthedisputeoverthemorality,ethics,effectiveness,and/orsafetyof vaccinations.Themedicalandscientificevidenceisthatthebenefitsofpreventingsufferingand deathfrominfectiousdiseasesoutweighrareadverseeffectsofimmunization.Sincevaccination beganinthelate18thcentury,opponentshaveclaimedthatvaccinesdonotwork,thattheyareor maybedangerous,thatindividualsshouldrelyonpersonalhygieneinstead,orthatmandatory vaccinationsviolateindividualrightsorreligiousprinciplesAndsincethen,successfulcampaigns againstvaccinationshave...showmorecontent...

Othercriticsarguethatimmunitygivenbyvaccinesisonlytemporarilyandrequiresboosters, whereasthosewhosurvivethediseasebecomepermanentlyimmuneLackofcompletevaccine coverageincreasestheriskofdiseasefortheentirepopulation,includingthosewhohavebeen vaccinated,becauseitreducesherdimmunity.Forexample,measlestargetschildrenbetweenthe agesof9and12months,andtheshortwindowbetweenthedisappearanceofmaternalantibody (beforewhichthevaccineoftenfailstoseroconvert)andnaturalinfectionmeansthatvaccinated childrenfrequentlyarestillvulnerableHerdimmunitylessensthisvulnerability,ifallthechildren arevaccinated.Increasingherdimmunityduringanoutbreakorthreatenedoutbreakisthemost widelyacceptedjustificationformassvaccination.Massvaccinationalsohelpstoincreasecoverage rapidly,thusobtainingherdimmunity,whenanewvaccineisintroducedCommonlyusedvaccines areacost–effectiveandpreventivewayofpromotinggoodhealth,comparedtothecostof treatmentofacuteorchronicdiseasesIntheUSduringtheyear2001,routinechildhood immunizationsagainstsevendiseaseswereestimatedtosaveover$40billionperyear,overall socialcostsincluding$10billionindirecthealthcosts,andthesocietalbenefit–costratioforthese vaccinationswas

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Introduction

Advertisingtextsandimagesseemtobethemostvisibleandubiquitousiconsofconsumersociety.

TheAdvertisingindustryindeedhassimultaneouslybecomeoneofthemostpowerfuland apparentlymostuncriticalinstitutionsoftodayaswellasthis,peopleseeminglyhaveaccepted billboardadvertisingasanusualpartoftheirenvironment.Neverthelesstheresometimesdevelop certainadvertisingcampaignsundergoinggeneralideasaboutwhatadsaresupposedtoshowand theyhenceprovokecontroversialpublicdebatesSocalledcontroversialadvertisinghasoftenbeen claimedtosomehowsubvertconventionaladvertising'spracticebytheaudiences,justice, advertisers,companies,advertisingindustry'sselfregulatingshowmorecontent

(CompareVogel1997)Subversioninthatcasecharacterisesanaestheticactofinfiltration,that indeedredefinescertainsubsystem–conventions,butthatnorthreatensthesubsystem'sexistence neitherreallyconcernstheentireorderofsociety

Inordertoanswerthequestion,howfaradvertisingcanbesubversive,Ithereforesuggestto differentiatetwonotionsofsubversion.ReferringtoVogel,Iassumesubversionasamainly aestheticpresumptiononitslow–level.Consideringthenotion'spoliticalconnotation,evenonthis stagetheaestheticredevelopmentatleasthasinanywaytobeabletoreflecttheownsubsystem Otherwiseitonlycanberegardedassystem'sextension.Ashigh–gradesubversionIsuggestto assumetherecruitmentofasubsysteminordertoentirelydestroyit.Initsmostextensive perspectivethatsecondmeaningincludesrevolutionarysubversionastheintentionaldestructionof theentiresociety.

Sincenobodywouldseriouslyclaimtheadvertising–industry'scontemporaryintentionwasto destroycapitalistsociety,theseconddefinitionofsubversioncanbeneglected,inorderto investigate,howfarcontroversialadvertisingcampaignscontainsubversivepotentialsItishence necessarytoanalyseifandhowcontroversialadvertisingmanagetoreflectthesubsystemof advertisingbychallengingitsrulesandaestheticconceptions.

Commodifyingor ...Getmorecontent...

Artistheexpressionofhumancreativeskillsandimaginationcharacteristicallyinavisualform suchaspainting,drawing,photographsorsculptureproducingworksofartstobevaluedprimarily foritsbeautyoremotionalinfluence.Conceptualartistshavebecomelessinterestedinmaking beautifulartworksthatvaluetheaesthetic,preferringinsteadtousetheprocessofarttoexplore ideasandchallengebeliefs,whetherartisticorpoliticalOvertime,thishasdistortedthedefinition ofwhatartisconsideredtobeasitconstantlybeingchangedandsimplified.Thecontinual redefinitionofarthasbeenperpetuatedbyartistswhocontinuallychallengewhatissociallyand culturallyacceptableasinordertotestandwidenexistingboundariesAsargumentscontinueto ariseoverwhetherartthatpushesboundariesisacceptable,manyartistshavebeenheavilycriticized fortheirexplicitandfrequentlyconfrontationalportrayalofshowmorecontent

Thisempowermentgiventoartistsofteninspiresotherartistsandmembersofsocietytoexpress theirvaluesandbeliefsthroughimagery.Thisinturngivesthemtheabilitytodrawfromthe reflectionofthesocietyinwhichweliveandgivesthemtheartisticfreedomtocapturethereality thatmerelycreatingartworksabouttheirownpersonalbeliefsandopinions.Despitethecountless numberofcontroversialfigureinhabitingtheartworldofthe20thcentury,societyasawhole shouldallowartiststochallengethestandardandtobeedgy,asovertime,viewerswillbeableto appreciatetheirartworks.Manyartistsfrompastandpresentcontinuetochallengethese conventions,withAndersSerranoandSalvadorDalibeingtwoofthosewhodoManycanargue theiraestheticqualities,buteachworkfulfillsthecriteriaofaworkofartandmoreimportantly reflectsonsocietalvaluesand ...Getmorecontent...

INVESTIGATEARANGEOFARTWORKSTHATHAVESHOCKEDORCONFRONTEDAN AUDIENCEAsvalueshavechangedwithmodernandpostmodernthought,artistshavesettocreate moreshockingandconfrontingworktodistinguishthemselvesfromtherest.MarcelDuchampwas perhapsthefirsttopushtheboundarieswithhisFountain,aurinalinanartgallery,whichwasvoted themostinfluentialartworkofthe20thCenturyby500artistsandforcedhisaudiencetothinkfor themselves.ManyartistshavefollowedDuchamp,buthavehadtogotomoreandmoreextreme measurestogetnoticed,henceChrisBurden'sShootandsoon.IfXiaoYuhadhaveputhisdead femalefetusheadinanartworkfortyyearsagohewouldhavebeenarrestedimmediatelyshow morecontent...

Thepiece,whichhadbeendisplayedattheVeniceBiennalecontemporaryartfairin1999,is comprisedofafemalefetusheadaffixedwithrabbiteyesandgraftedontothebodyofabird.The entirepieceisafloatinabasinofformaldehyde.Themuseumhadpostedsignswarningvisitors aboutcontroversialartworkandhasscheduledasymposiumonAug22todiscussethicalissues surroundingtheexhibit.XiaodefendedhisworkfromBeijingafteramuseumvisitorinSwitzerland whosawthepiecefiledacriminalcomplaint."It'spreciselybecauseIrespectalllifethatIdidthis," Xiao,whoisknownforhisshockingartwork,toldtheAssociatedPress."Iwantittobedisplayed." Thebirdandfetus"diedbecausetherewassomethingwrongwiththem,"hesaid."Ithoughtputting themtogetherlikethiswasawayforthemtohaveanotherlife"Xiaohasalsosaidthepieceisa statementagainstgeneticmanipulationandmodifications.Culturaldifferencesarequiteobvious here.InBeijingthiskindofartworkiscompletelyacceptable,withpoliticalart,controversial,unlike theWestwhereyouseepoliticalsatiredailyincartoonsBeijing'sImperialMuseumevenhasa separatesectionfortheChinesepublicwithembalmedbodiesofgrandparentsandtheir grandchildrenandthelike.AccordingtoXiao,heboughtthehumanfetusheadin1999forthe equivalentofafewdozenUSdollarsfromsomeonecleaningoutascientificexhibitionhall.A stickerhad

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