Micro & Macro Planning by Esther Kiruba

Micro & Macro Planning SINGAPORE CITY

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Planning Highlights Land Transport Authority

Reclamation

CBD Raﬄes, Marina Bay

Warehouses

CBP Changi Business Park

Garden City / Pollution

HDB

Green Initiatives

Public Transport

Water Desalination and Recycling

Maritime Economics

Tourism

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Singapore Planning History •

The Master Plan is a statutory land use plan that guides Singapore's developments in the medium term over the next 10 to 15 years.

•

It is reviewed every five years and translates the broad long-term strategies of the Concept Plan into detailed plans to guide the development of land and property.

•

The Master Plan shows the permissible Land Use and Density for developments in Singapore.

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

“From day one, our urban planning policies and redevelopment strategies paid close attention to holistic economic, social and environmental outcomes. This is the only city we have.” - 50 Years of Urban Planning in Singapore

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

MICRO PLANNING

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Environmental Psychology

Micro Level

Small Scale Environment

Personal Living Space

Inhabitants

Local Urban Planning Materials MRT Stations Land Use

Housing Facilities

Built Forms Intersections

Landmarks Parking Space

Plots Neighbourhoods Government Schemes Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Place Making in Neighbourhoods

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Layouts

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Building Planning •

Singapore makes highly eﬀective use of Floor Space Index with variations by location and type of use.

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Floor Area Ratio is higher near metro stations because transport system can accommodate increased density.

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As higher FSIs will require more infrastructure investments, they can be financed by suitable instruments like development fees or pricing of Tradable Development Rights (TDRs) and so on.

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

•

Variations in FSI are linked to the location of metro stations and to the network of main streets.

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme The Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme (SERS) renews older housing estates. SERS resident get the opportunity to move to a new home with a new 99-year lease.

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Clementi

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Developments Marina Bay: Marina Bay as a seamless extension of the Central Business District, was first mooted in the 1970s. From just an empty land, it has become an iconic destination.

1960s

Now

Bustling Hubs: The idea for commercial and regional centres was introduced in the 1991 Concept Plan. Tampines Regional and Novena Fringe Centres have since become bustling hubs. More are underway.

1991

Now

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

MACRO PLANNING

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Urban Design

Macro Level Land Use Pattern

Street Patterns

Urban Form

Transportation Green Spaces

Urban Space

Future Expansions Planning Typology

Building Planning Districts Land Ownership Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

0.2

19% 0.15

14%

13%

12%

0.1

8% 0.05

5% 3%

3% Land Use

Housing Utilities Airports

Industry Land Infrastructure Green Spaces

Parks & Nature Reserves Reservoirs Defence Requirements Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

MASTER PLAN 1980

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Master Plan 2003

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Master Plan 2008 Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Concept Plan 2011

Master Plan 2014

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Housing and Development Board 8 in 10 Singapore residents are HDB dwellers

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Land Ownership While land for residential use tends to have a tenure (land ownership period) of 99 years, land tenure for industrial and commercial use is deliberately kept short, at 30 years.

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Checkerboard Planning Approach that separates High-rise buildings with Low rise buildings and spaces.

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Road Reserves LTA (Land Transport Authority) uses a “Road Reserves / Line” plan. It allows LTA to reserve strategic portions of land to construct new infrastructure arises

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Green Cover Beyond interspersing the cityscape with greenery, there is a larger focus on making sure that people are close to nature.

1/3 increase in green cover in just 9 years. Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Public Transport System

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Developments Greening Paid Oﬀ: Even in the 1960s when planners grappled with slums and overcrowding, greening was made a priority. Today, Singapore stands out as a City in a Garden.

1960s

Now

Airport Relocated: The international airport was relocated to the east as decided in the 1971 Concept Plan, allowing for several expansions. It is one of the busiest in the world.

1971

Now

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Micro & Macro Relationship an example

Main Layout

Neighbourhood

Precinct

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

How does Micro and Macro Planning help in Sustainable Urban Design Projects?

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Sustainable Housing with HDB

More Homes in CBD

More Recreational Hubs

Cycling and walking paths for 50 km

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Repurposing Vacant State Properties

Water Front Developments

Land Reclamation ‘Car Lite’ Precincts

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Green Initiatives

More Recreational Hubs Transit Priority Corridors

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Smart City Initiatives

Permanent Landmarks

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Future Plans

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Micro Planning

Strengths

Opportunities

Weakness

Threats

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Micro Planning Strengths

Weakness

Streetscape and Sky-rise greenery to parks within 400 m homes. Conserving key buildings and protecting and enhancing. Neighbourhoods with unique identities. Physical layout of housing blocks within easy access. Blocks well-served by Public transport and Road networks Ensuring that housing is available and affordable.

Tourism has led to degradation in some parts. Pavements and Tree Planting in detail. Economic impact. Environmental impact. The challenge of balancing land use needs within Singapore has never been an easy one. In making land use decisions, planners often have to think about meeting current and future needs.

Opportunities

Threats

URA ongoing climatic mapping island-wide study that examines the impact of buildings, greenery, and urban spaces on micro-climatic conditions like air flow and temperatures. Designing Living Environments, Over 7,000 Heritage buildings and structures in more than 100 areas have been gazettedfor conservation. The total quality living environment, creative strategies have been adopted to leverage on Singapore’s key assets to enhance our leisure environment.

Smaller Regions to be designed into Neighbourhoods. Unprecedented Urbanisation. Rapid Growth of Industrial Sectors. Overcrowding in HDB. Economic Problems. Environmental Responsibility.

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

Macro Planning Strengths

Weakness

The Concept and Land Use Map Idea Green Cover in the Neighbourhoods Existing Vegetation Natural Terrain and Land Forms People Oriented Design and Planning 3 R’s Retention, Restoration, Repair Innovative Environmental Policies and technologies to manage Waste and Energy Resources Holistic, Far Sighted, Comprehensive Planning

Tourism has led to degradation in some parts Certain areas such as Little India: Population Density Covered by Water on all sides No scope for Industrialisation High Maintenance Costs Limited Resources Increased growth means more Transport

Opportunities

Threats

Conversion of Vacant Lands Urban Furniture Design Wild Life introduction to smaller islands Growth in CBD Reinventing and Reimagining the City URA Studies on parameters Building Homes and Amenities around major MRT stations.

Degradation of Heritage Buildings Climate Change No space for Wildlife Political Turmoil Loss of Top Soil Over population Exponential Growth due to Land Use Plan

Esther Kiruba Jeba Kumar, JBRAC Sustainable Development and Planning

References 1.

Applying macro urban morphology to urban design and development planning: Valletta and Floriana David W. Chapman

The macro and micro of place, Panethos

World Scientific Series on Singapore's 50 Years of Nation-Building, Cham Tao Soon

Urban Planning, Place Management and The Role of Residents: A Case Study of Public Housing in Singapore , Tan Choi Hang

A HIGH QUALITY LIVING ENVIRONMENT FOR ALL SINGAPOREAN. (2013)

City-Industry Integrated Planning and Development in Singapore By: Economic and Industrial Planning Team Dr Zhang Qingy.

Compilation by Tan.

Wong and Yeh 1985

Yeh 1975

10. D H Komlosy, Master Plan Singapore 1958 11. Designing our city Planning for a sustainable Singapore, Urban Redevelopment Authority

References 1.

https://www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/residential/living-in-an-hdb-flat/sers-and-upgradingprogrammes/overview-of-sers

What a 99-year lease looks like. The lease is a way to be fair to future generations. gov.sg

https://www.ura.gov.sg/dc/mp80/mp80map_index.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Singapore_MRT_Network.svg

https://freevectormaps.com/singapore/SG-EPS-01-0001

https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/more-homes-planned-in-city-centre-to-inject-vibrancy

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/new-ura-draft-master-planplanning-11383928

https://mustsharenews.com/housing-estate-cbd/

www.vexels.com

10.